March 2017
RMMSRMMS Briefing Briefing Paper Paper 3: Smuggled3: Smuggled South South Smuggled South secondary research. through (4Mi), initiative Mechanism which field monitorsMonitoring conducted 398 interviews inMigration South Africa, asMixed well as additional interviews inRMMS southern Africa and the from data upon draws research The to Somalia and Ethiopia southern from Africa and economy highlights many of smuggling the protection migrant issues migrants and illicit refugees face while the being smuggled of south. value the and migration of volume the on the volume, trends and dynamics of mixed migration and migrant smuggling along this route. It offers new estimates on update an provides paper briefing destination. RMMS final This their to get to smugglers use them of all almost Abstract: Written byBramFrouwsand Christopher Horwood This seriesproducedbyRMMSshowcaseskey issuesinmixed migration,highlightsnewresearchanddiscusses emergingtrends. focus onprotectionsrisks,humansmugglingandtrafficking An updatedoverviewofmixed migrationfromtheHornof Africa tosouthern Africa withspecific 1 (GMMS) and conducted the main field research. This analysis and compilation was jointly led by Bram Frouws. Email contacts B.Frouws@ Email Frouws. by Bram led was jointly and compilation regionalmms.org /[email protected]. analysis This research. field main the conducted and (GMMS) the secondaryresearch. the Horwood is Christopher Global Specialist LeadforMixed Migration fortheDRC Global Mixed Migration Secretariat Bram Frouwsistheacting Coordinator of the Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS) in the East and Africa Yemen region, and conducted Migrants from the Horn of the from Migrants route towards southern along the continue totravel Africa South and Africa 1 Page 1 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South As an update to the International Organization of Migration’s seminal 2009 study 2009 seminal Migration’s of Organization International the to update an As southern route,itshowsthatthefollowingtrendsandcharacteristicsdefinedynamic: exposes migrantsinmixedflowstohighlevels ofabuseandrisk. and thrive to continues route southern the along smuggling migrant that finds paper the (4Mi), Initiative Mechanism Using a combination of primary and secondary sources, as well as new data from the RMMS Mixed Migration Monitoring findings aregenerally paper’s this route, thesouthern consistent withthedynamicsofmigrantsmugglingalongallroutesoutHorn to particular characteristics and conditions specific Despite Summary ofkey findings 3 2 h Hr t Suh fia Gnv: nentoa Ognzto fr irto. vial a:
008/9. 3 on migrant smuggling along the along smuggling migrant on Africa. 13,400–14,050year.per Page 14,750– 2 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South • • ransom demandsmeansactualearningsarelikely muchhigher. USD 47 million was estimated to be worth at least USD 40 million economy smuggling migrant illicit the 2008/9, In migrants. of number the in decline the despite 2008/9, in With earnings rising faster than inflation, the profits from this illicit industry appear to be higher in 2016 than ofthe smugglers orofficials,andotherrisks. lubricants essential are officials, state involving smuggling machine. For migrants, corruption, the risk of failure is low with most and reaching South Africa despite abuses Collusion by risks. low by matched profits high with involved, those for lucrative percent extremely remains 69 economy smuggling almost the 2009–2016,by from increasing Africa South to Africa of Horn the from trip the of cost average the With per annum. These estimates are based on fees paid to smugglers but the rising prevalence of per year. For 2015/16, RMMS estimates it was worth up to Page 3 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South Map 1:Mixed migrationintheHornof Africa and Yemen: fourmainroutes below showstheseroutesandtheirkey characteristics,aswellthenumberstravellingalongthem. west. and east south, north, heading map routes, The of major Horn four the along leave Africa refugees and Migrants Introduction 4 seekers whohadreached South Africa fromtheHorn. data collected through the RMMS Mixed Migration Monitoring Mechanism Initiative (4Mi) among migrants and asylum Africa, tosouthern ofAfrica on draws and visits issues. field and protection RMMS major by the study literature extensive an on based is paper The Horn the from flows migration mixed of including new estimates on the volume of mixed migration, the routes and overview destinations, smuggling and trafficking and new a provide to aims paper This from theHornof Africa receivesless attentionfrominternationalmedia,policymakers andresearchers. solid data is available on numbers arriving in Yemen, the substantial flow of migrants and asylum seekers heading south While international attention tends to focus on migratory flows towards Europe and other Western countries and while Africa during2015 and2016. in South interviewed were seekers asylum and migrants Eritrean and Ethiopian, Somali 398 project, 4Mi the of part org/index.php/4Mi-page. As Europe and Central and South East Asia, the 4Mi project tracks migrants on the move. Latest finding can be accessed at http://www.regionalmms. Through a growing network of over 100 locally-recruited monitors in strategic migration hubs in Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Africa, The RMMS 4Mi project is an innovative approach to collect and analyze data on mixed migration flows, that started in the Horn of Africa in 2014. 4
Page 4 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South most publicationsonmixedmigrationflowstothesouthern Africanregion. Thispaperoffersanupdatedestimate. aeon Tnai, eoh ad eea. n 06 te eatet ad ht uuaiey eitrd asylum registered cumulatively that said department 1,082,669. at the stood years 10 2016, past the over In applications Congo-Brazzaville, Senegal. Uganda, and Mozambique, Burundi, Lesotho Tanzania, Ghana, Cameroon, Somalia, Malawi, DRC, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Affairs: Home of Department Africa’sSouth by follows as ranked were countries African ‘sending’ 15 top the 2015, In Africa. There arealsogrowingirregularflowsfrom Asia,especiallyPakistan,Bangladesh,Indiaand China. from Westdegree, lesser a to and, (DRC) Congo of Republic Democratic the from leaving also refugees and migrants of numbers significant with Somalia, and Ethiopia particularly Africa, of Horn the from come migrants many region, the towards outside directed from South mainly flows economy.is migration dominant it mixed the of Africa, terms In often and region the outside is from in coming flows which the than larger far circular.is and migrants, movement seasonal intra-regional This labour of movement cross-border irregular considerable is there bloc, (SADC) Community 2011–2015, 311,795asylumapplicationswererejected,according totheDepartmentofHome from Affairs. example, For Africa. South in accepted are applications asylum few very seen, be can As people. Oromo the of 8 Ibid. 7 6 5 Horn: out of more than 62,000 the asylum applications received in South from Africa in 2015, Ethiopian nationals accounted for 10,176 Africa South into arrivals new actual of indication critical a offers information of piece one However, of migrantsorrefugeesintransitisdifficult. absence of any specific crossings into South Africa where numbers can be recorded means that estimating the number the and routes of proliferation the fact, In gleaned. be could estimates workable which from bottlenecks strategic no most mixed migrants enabled IOM by to estimate numbers. By Malawi late 2014, the northern transit centre was no longer in in use and there were centre transit a of use the and Africa South into routes of number limited the 2008/9, In numbers travellingfromtheEastandHornof Africa towardssouthern Africa. actual the on data little is there smuggling, of prevalence the and flows migration mixed increasing of claims Despite Developing newestimates disasters. natural and conflict to due displacement and migration labour migration, irregular and mixed including movements, population of types all experiences region southern African The The volumeofmixed migrationalongthesouthernroute Somalis. 5–6,000 some also were there but Ethiopians were majority Africa. The South reach to countries African southern and Lakes Great the through travelled countries two these from migrants and 17,000–20,000refugees year every that estimated was it 2009, In Somalia. and Ethiopia countries, neighbouring from originate year each Africa mixed migration flows towards the southern South African region originate to a large extent entering in the Horn of Africa, particularly migrants economic of majority the While route deservesanalysisifwearetounderstandthedegreewhichmigrantscontinueusethisin2 South Africa has for years held a special attraction for many migrants from the East and Horn of Africa and the southern and theHorn,they alsomovewithsmugglersfromtheHorntosouthern Africa. free East Africa within move to including smugglers engage frequently people do integration, only Not people. and capital economic goods, of movement endorse expressly that (IGAD) Development on Authority Intergovernmental the and (EAC) Community African East the within protocols despite restricted is movement Africa, of Horn and East the In rule. the than rather exception the remains movement legal free Africa, of parts different in protocols Despite The southernroutefromtheHornof Africa Africa Mixed migrationfromtheHornof Africa tosouthern 1. Somalia (619), DRC (190) and Eritrea (44). seekers and applicants, while the top four nationalities that received recognition as refugees were from Ethiopia (1,001), Home Affairs. 8March 2016. Available at:
12/10/16). org/index.php/research-publications/feature-articles/item/48-courting-commotion-changing-migration-dynamics-on-the-s> 2016.RMMS, Courting commotion? Changing migration dynamics onthesouthernrouteto South Africa. Availableat: 12 However, RMMS understands that these detention recommendations may be may recommendations detention these that understands RMMS However, 11 9 This finding is significant is finding This ls accessed (last Page 6 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South region, countries such as Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Botswana are increasingly being viewed as alternative as viewed destinations. being increasingly are Botswana and Mozambique Malawi, Zambia, as such countries region, However, with growing labour opportunities in the mining, manufacturing and agricultural sectors in other parts of the irregular flowsthroughthepoliciesoutlinedabove. that due to costs and logistics Ethiopians and Somalis are not being deported but the authorities hope to address these 15 14 13 for springboard a as migrants by used south, also is moving secondary migrationtoEurope,the United States or Africa refugees Australia. Southern and opportunities. migrants economic for its country of destination because traditional particularly the been has Africa South decades, For Routes, transithubsanddestinations have South Africa into migrants irregular of flows mixed that declined. suggest The reasonsforthereducedattractionof South Africa couldincludethefollowing: paper this in proposed estimates new The South Africa’s reducedattractionforirregularmigrants and Zimbabwean Mozambican, were percent 82 whom nationals. Lesotho of deported, were people 54,169 2015, 2014–March April From deported. be or countries their to voluntarily return to illegally country the entering people require which rules, departures and take overall control of South Africa’s borders. The Paper notes the need to enforce current immigration and admissions 2017manage March Management to by Border Authority a establish to Finally,seeks the Paper Green migrants remaining in these formerly transit countries is increasing. IOM said in 2013 that migrants from Somalia and Somalia from migrants 2013that in said IOM increasing. is countries transit formerly these in remaining migrants because some migrants will remain in countries along the southern route. Observers already report that the number of 17 16 allafrica.com/stories/201606100814.html> (lastaccessed 22/11/2016). 013–2016. ls accessed (last Page 7 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South 19 18 based aroundthelucrativeminingeconomy, whileothersstayedinMalawior Zambia. the DRC were increasingly staying in Mozambique and joining the growing artisanal mining sector or engaging in trade South Africa, whilethetextbelowelaboratesonsome oftheseroutes. The following map shows the major hubs, transit points and direction of movement from Ethiopia and Somalia towards can beidentified. Generallythey aresimilartotheroutesdescribedin 2009 IOMreport. points transit major some and clear is direction the this, Despite controls. border and police avoid to evolve constantly (shortcut) routes or rural tracks to avoid detection, roadblocks and major towns. major and roadblocks panya detection, avoid use to will tracks rural smugglers or possible routes (shortcut) Where cost. on choice their base also may Smugglers interference. or detention of risks low offering many with southern Africa to get to routes of variety a from choose can smugglers and Migrants iomresearchassessment.pdf> (lastaccessed 14/11/16). Page 8 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South or to another destination. another to or Africa South to them take to agents, or brokers as known often smugglers, for search then and own their on Nairobi keythe makemakeorganisers. to with migrants smuggling easily irregular it contact migrants Some where hub major 60 percent of the town’s income is said to come from this illicit trade. illicit this from come to said is income town’s the of percent 60 Kenya, and Ethiopia between border the economy.on local Moyale, the In to important is smuggling migrant places, many In 22 21 20 Somalis callit. Map 2:Mixed migrationalongthesouthernroutefromHornof routes,transithubsanddestinations Africa: Steinberg, 2015. A Manof Good Hope. One Man›sExtraordinary Journey from Mogadishuto Tin Can Town. London: Jonathan Cape, 2015. %5BTeshome,%20Bailey,%20Teller%5D.pdf> (lastaccessed 15/10/16). iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/Irregular%20Migration%20from%20south%20Ethiopia%20to%20South%20Africa%20 http:// < at: Available24. p. Korea, South Busan, 2013. August, 26-31 PopulationConference International IUSSP XXVII the at presented Paper Africa. to South Ethiopia from Southern migration adult young of consequences and and causes Bailey Kanko,migration: Teller,Irregular 2013. 21 Many irregular migrants in Nairobi end up in the neighbourhood of Eastleigh, or Eastleigh, of neighbourhood the in up end Nairobi in migrants irregular Many 20 The Kenyan capital, Nairobi, is also a also is Nairobi, capital, Kenyan The Page as the as Islii 9 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South spent some time at the Songwe transit camp but this is now closed and migrants tend to travel through northern through travel to tend migrants and closed now is this but camp transit Songwe the at time some spent Malawi northern entering migrants all Previously,virtually disappearing. others and drowning some with Malawi, and study found that, as well as using canoes, many people tried to swim at night across the Songwe river between Tanzania growing numberofEthiopianwomenwithchildrenweretransitingalonethroughMozambiquebyair a is there wire fence, numerous holes where have been cut by migrants, offeringEven easy entry to Southpermeable. Africa. IOM reportedvery in 2014 that a be to Africa South and Mozambique between border the found has research in Malawi, with an average of 5,000 entering every year and hundreds being arrested by the authorities. Malawi in Tanzania chargedbetween USD 100and USD 250 permigranttofacilitatemovementthroughthecountry. smugglers that estimated 2012was in it cost, of 20152016.terms in and In sea lake the the or using reported migrants few activity.Certainly this restrict to in stepped have also may authorities Local popular. less are crossings lake that Lakethe in routes appears However,accidents,new it region. and using Victoria started drownings after had migrants In addition to travelling through coastal towns in to South Africa, althoughalmostallboardbusesandwalkatsomepoint. route 4,000-km the along transportation of means various use migrants that shows project 4Mi RMMS the from Data that large numbers of Ethiopian and Somali migrants were arriving on smugglers’ boats from Mombasa. from boats smugglers’ on arriving were migrants Somali and Ethiopian of numbers large that 27 26 25 24 23 Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 1:Migrants’reportedmeansoftransportto South Africa (multipleanswers;N=398) unsafe. be to perceived is route overland the when boats in Ocean to Mombasa where migrants will then travel southwards along the coast to Tanzania. Some migrants take to the Indian As shown on the map, there are several routes from Nairobi: either directly south towards the Tanzanian border or east it was reported that Ethiopian migrants increasingly flew directly from Addis Ababa to Maputo, Mozambique as it South Africa. to as route overland the took Mozambique migrants the Maputo, Maputo, From visa. tourist to a get to Ababa easy relatively Addis was from directly flew increasingly migrants Ethiopian that reported was it popular.increasingly 2013,becoming In are airports that appears it overland, travel migrants of majority the Although would onlybebyaminorityofirregularmigrants. information is not available but reportedly this maritime route is still being used although RMMS research suggests this 28 pdf> (lastaccessed 12/10/16). Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Available at: Other The 2009 IOM 1% 24 Up-to-date Page 27 25 RMMS 10 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South day, mostly labourers from Mozambique responding to informal seasonal demand in South Africa. Ethiopians also travel through Mozambique’s Tete region to get to Zimbabwe and continue to South Africa from there. In 2013, IOM reported a large increase in the number of irregular migrants from Ethiopia and Somalia in Mozambique. to majorportsand South Africa. There are53officialborderstations. Mozambique has numerous transport corridors linking landlocked countries – such as Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi – to percent reportedbeingdetained,and15saidthey hadexperiencedorwitnessedlaboursexualexploitation. according route; the with associated risks known to due RMMS/4Mi findings, 16.7 percent of migrants reported deaths in their group, 45 be percent reported disappearances, 81.7 could decline This more. or percent 60 was Malawi into straight going percent 49 RMMS/4Mi research in early 2015 found that only 22 percent of migrants travelled from Tanzania through Malawi, with 5 percentofinterviewedmigrantssayingthey knewofsomeonewhohad disappeared. between 2,500USD and 3,500,USD just reported and deaths zero with routes, believedother was than and safer be to the Horn did not pass through Kenya/Tanzania, compared to only 1.6 percent before 2013. from migrants The of trip to percent Mozambique cost 11 2014, In increasing. be may trend Mozambique. This to sea or air by travelling most with Kenyaand bypassing were some to TanzaniaSouth Somalis that way Africa, 2015showed the in on 4Mi from Findings 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 one ofthemaintransithubsinmixedmigrationflowsto South Africa. remains stop, rest a as used widely is which Dzaleka, Lilongwe. capital the outside just camp, Dzaleka towards Malawi The vast majority of irregular and smuggled migrants enter migrants South smuggled and irregular through of majority Africa vast The through Africa South countries. to two the between on town border move main the Ressano Garcia, to try most Mozambique, in asylum seek Ethiopians and Somalis some Although their finaldestination, even thoughsomemigrantsuseitasaspringboardtothe United States, AustraliaorEurope. reach to intend route southern the travelling migrants the of most that shown has research surprisingly, not and Generally, disappearances, deaths, reporting migrants fewer with safer, is detention orlabour/sexualexploitation,relativetootherroutes. it that fact the to due be could This increased. has migrants who travelled in 2014 used this route, compared to 39 percent over 2012/13, suggesting the the route’s popularity of percent 53 Furthermore, Africa. South into crossing before Zimbabwe and Kenya,Tanzania, Zambia, through who are smuggled across the Limpopo River around Beitbridge are from Zimbabwe itself, although Horn of Africa of Horn although itself, well. as Zimbabwe route this use from migrants are Beitbridge around River Limpopo the across smuggled are who migrants obtain services, generate income and make arrangements for the next stage of the trip. the of stage next the makefor arrangements and income generate services, obtain migrants Within Zimbabwe, the Tongogara refugee camp and Nyamapanda reception centre are important transit points, where percent hadexperiencedorwitnessedsomeformoflaboursexualexploitation. route. On thisroute, 31 percent of migrants reported deaths in their group, 34 percent reported disappearances and 23 before Zimbabwe entered then Mozambique, the Zambia-Zimbabwe-Souththan dangerous to more is Africa this route, TanzaniaMalawi into South the crossing Africa. with As from travelled who those of percent 100 that indicated Smuggling%20Report%202009.pdf> (lastaccessed 11/12/16). Forced Migration Studies Programme, University of the Witwatersrand, p. 49. Available at: cessed 12/10/16). Zimbabwe. 34 RMMS research in 2015in research RMMS 35 32 Most of the people the of Most Some Somalis and Page 11 30 33 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South ne n ot Arc, lre ubr f irns li ayu. n 05 Suh fia eevd 220 asylum 62,200 received Africa South 2015, In asylum. claim migrants of number applications, of which over large 10,000 were from Ethiopians. a Africa, South in Once informal paymentscannotresolve,particularlyifthemigrantsarewithsmugglerswhoknowhowtoworksystem. those from that situations Somalis few are there or Apart appears it apprehended, Ethiopians are they If countries. South entering Africa. of from prevented actively being groups African of informed southern been not other has RMMS of route, southern citizens the along deported are and detained entering from prevented those cases most In and theuseoflegalloopholeassociatedwithasylumapplications. 40 39 38 37 particularly Zimbabwe and Mozambique. in live immigrants million countries, South 2–5 neighbouring from that estimated coming is majority It the with Africa, Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 2:Reportedfinaldestinationofinterviewedmigrants(N=398) the system to regularise their stay in the country.the in stay their regularise to system the use who migrants’ ‘economic by abuse curb and migration regional manage better to need the citing regime, asylum in 2012/2013, while12,151foreignerswereapprehendedin2014/15. apprehended were 21,244 than more 2010/11,entering South in from Africa prevented were 20,613migrants irregular Department, Defence Africa’sSouth to According (Maluti). Free Cape Eastern the the and Fouriesburg) Pongola),and (Ladybrand State (Ndumuland, KwaZulu-Natal Zonstraal), and and Musina Macadamia Drift, River, (Pont Limpopo (Sand to Mpumalanga deployed Madimbo), are Units out. criminals cross-border and migrants irregular keep to personnel along its frontiers, with a special focus military on the deploys borders with country Zimbabwe, Mozambique, The Africa. in Lesotho and capabilities Swaziland, security border advanced most the of one has Africa South years. forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html 12/10/16). >(last accessed: Number of Respondents 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% Reported finaldestinationofinterviewedmigrants South Africa 95% 37 However, it has become increasingly difficult to enter South Africa in recent 40 The proposed new policies mainly target irregular labour migration labour irregular target mainly policies new proposed The 39 As discussed above, the government is seeking to revamp its USA 4% 38 Europe 1% ls accessed (last Page 12 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South and 112females. those interviewed corresponds with these general findings. Within the sample, the average age was 27, with 285 males of profile the representative, not is Africa South in 4Mi through interviewed migrants of sample the Although 18–35. Previous research concluded that the migrating population of Ethiopia and Somalia mainly comprises young men aged The profileofEthiopiansand Somalisin mixed migrationflowsalongthesouthernroute attraction of South Africa asadestination,particularlyamongEthiopianmigrantsandasylumseekers. the reduce likely will Migration International on Paper Green the in proposed measures the previously, mentioned As 98 over Just stay. their regularise to system asylum percent ofthoseinterviewedhadappliedforasylumorwereplanningtodoso. the use indeed do migrants many that suggests also data The 4Mi data shows that, even though migrants cite several reasons for choosing South Africa, economic factors dominate. 41 Figure 3:Reportedprimaryreasonsforchoosing South Africa asafinaldestination(N=398) Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 4:Reportedasylumseekingstatusofinterviewedmigrants(N=398) Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) green-paper-on-international-migration> (lastaccessed 16/10/16). 0% Number of Respondents 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Intend toapplyforasylum 63% Reported asylumseekingstatusofinterviewedmigrants Reported primaryreasonsforchoosingSouthAfrica 14% 65% 7% 6% as afinaldestination Pending asylumapplication 4% 34% 2% 1% 1% No intentiontoapplyforasylum 1% 1% 0% 41 0% Page 13 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South children makingtheseperilousjourneys withoutadultcompanionship. Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 5:Reportedreasonsforleavingcountryoforigin(N=398) journey. this undertaking increasingly were minors unaccompanied that air.by suggested Mozambique also through Evidence alone transiting were children with women Ethiopian some that In 2014, IOM reported that a growing number of female migrants were travelling among groups of Somali migrants and 43 42 The primaryreasonsforleavingarepoliticalandeconomic. iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/AUP00579-RO-Pretoria-Regional-Strategy.pdf> (lastaccessed 15/11/2016). IOM, 2013. Regional strategy for Southern Africa 2014-2016. Pretoria: International Organization for Migration, p. 6. Available at: < https://www. pdf> (lastaccessed 12/10/16). Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Available at: 42 7% n 03 IM a aray oe a ie in rise a noted already had IOM 2013, In 2% 2% 1% Page 14 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South or alloftheirjourneys. early 2015,in conducted interviewed several allmigrantsin areasin South said theyAfrica had usedsmugglerspart for stretches. As illustrated below, 97 percent of migrants said they had used a smuggler along the route, and in interviews Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) southern the along journey their of route. parts facilitate to broker or smuggler a use flows mixed in migrants Somali and TwoEthiopian of majority the that show project, 4Mi 2014,RMMS in the studies from IOM data recent more as well as Migrant smugglingalongthesouthernroute Smuggling andtraffickingalongthesouthernroute 2. 44 Figure 6:Reportedfacilitationofdeparturefromhome(N=398) Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 7:ReportedFacilitationofMigration alongtheRestof eea ItrainlOgnzto fr irto, . 3 vial a: Number of Respondents Number of Respondents subsequent on crucial family, are or smugglers friends by facilitated mostly is journey the of leg first the While 100% 120% 20% 40% 60% 80% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% 0% Reported facilitationofmigrationalongtherestjourney Friend orfamily 76% Reported facilitationofdeparturefromhome Smugglers Broker/Smuggler 97% 20% Journey (N=398) support networks Ethnic cultural 3% Other 1% Self 3% government agency Official 1% Page 15 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South much as USD 5,000fortheroutethrough Zambia andMozambique. than the price originally agreed. much higher thus was cost officers.The final immigration and officials prison police, bribing through costs extraneous incurred or route, en robbed also were migrants many however,that noted, was It South Africa. to of Africa Horn the from journey the for person per 3,000 USD and 1,000 USD between paying reported migrants study, IOM 2009 the In Costs andduration region. the outside from were those of 7,000 According only tothe UNODC, itisunknownhowmanyofthe350,000 weresmuggledinto South Africa. but Africa South from deported were migrants 350,000 period, same the In 2016. and 2012 between smuggling migrant to related cases criminal 4,500 than more investigated Africa South into smugglers. on anddependingthe Nations Drugs Accordingwithout to (UNODC),United on Africa, Crime South way Office own their make likely most region African southern the within countries from migrants the of many 14-16,000 for 2015 and 2016 used a smuggler to get to South Africa illustrates the scale of migrant smuggling. However, of seekersHorn 20,000asylum the the and from of migrants 2008/2009most in that Africa fact The estimated the and 49 48 47 46 45 migrants financetheirjourneys withhelpfromfamily/friends,byusingpersonalsavingsorsellingproperty. Most below). they 10 Figure (see smugglers said and officials immigration 4Mi police, to mainly through payments” “additional make years to had two last the in interviewed those of half Over means. other and kidnapping detention, through extracted money additional including not route, southern the along made being potentially is that money of 45-47 amount the of USD indication an between gives sum this least assumptions, of number at a on based worth are estimates these was million. Although business smuggling the then 13,400–14,050, of range estimated the in was Consequently, if in 2015 and 2016 the estimated number of smuggled migrants from the Horn making it to South Africa almost 69percentbetween2009 and2016. by increased Africa South to Africa of Horn the from trip the of costs average the USD correct, to are 2,000 figures USD these of If 2,500).average an (from 2013 and 2009 between seen costs in rise the with line in increase an Africa, of Horn the from journey the for 3,000, USD of median a or 3,372, USD of average an paying reported South Africa in migrants 2016, and 2015 In again. risen have costs that indicates data 4Mi 2013, and 2009 from figures to Compared they seem to be higher than in 2009. in than higher be to seem they Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 8:Reportedaveragecostofmigrationto South Africa (USD) (N=398) 05/11/16). org/index.php/research-publications/feature-articles/item/48-courting-commotion-changing-migration-dynamics-on-the-s> at: 45 ls accessed (last Page 49 16 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South However, after 47 migrants from the Horn of Africa drowned on Lake Malawi in 2012, in Malawi Lake on drowned of Africa Horn the from migrants 47 However,after Zambia, Mozambiqueor Zimbabwe ontheirwayto South through Africa. transiting then and Park National Nyika through crossing started Malawi, Lake along boats used previously Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) organised. and efficient more Transit timein2013become wasestimatedatapproximatelysixweeks,onaverage,comparedtoeightweeks in2009. had journeys migrant facilitating of process the that concluded IOM 2013, In 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 Ibid. Figure 9:Daysneededtoreachlocationofinterview(N=398) 50 safety, levels of violence, ease of transfer to the next stop and levels of corruption likely to be encountered. of perceptions on based route the choosing take, smugglers they with routes which over influence little have Migrants Smuggling routes,networksandoperations the southern route into Kenya. Between mid-2014 and mid-2015, the Federal Police in Ethiopia reportedly arrested reportedly more than200 peopleforallegedinvolvementinsmugglingandtraffickingofEthiopiansintoEthiopia Kenya. in Police Federal the mid-2015, and mid-2014 Between Kenya. into route southern the smuggler to another along networks described as "informal chains" or "loose alliances". These differ from the more trafficking. human the of typical networks from organised differ alliances".These "loose or chains" "informal as described networks along another to smuggler one from passed be journey. or their way of the leg of first part the for on alone take Thereafter,them travel may they are adaptive and flexible and frequently change their routes and methods in response to, for example,changing to,for response in methods and routes border protocols. In 2012, tighter border controls in Malawi drove their migrants onto Lake Malawi to cross from Tanzania. change frequently and flexible and adaptive are their costs, mainly relating to bribes and additional logistics. additional and bribes to relating mainly costs, their illustrating the ability of smugglers to react quickly to prevailing conditions as they seek to evade detection and reduce Lake via Mozambique in arriving Malawi those had decreased. of Meanwhile the number number of the Horn of that Africa noted migrants transiting through UNHCR, agency,Malawi overland refugee increased, Nations United the and under 7weeks,withintherangeofprevious findings. The average duration of the journey to South Africa, reported by 4Mi respondents in 2015 and 2016, was 48 days, or just independently or in loose affiliation, without a strong hierarchy. a strong without affiliation, loose in or independently behave who actors, multiple by characterized are route this along networks smuggling involved. The getting be now whole route from the Horn of Africa to South Africa, although seasoned gangs and criminals in individual countries may the along operating organisations smuggling multinational large-scale, no are there suggest findings RMMS and IOM Sahan Foundation and IGAD Security Sector Program (ISSP), 2016. Human Trafficking and Smuggling on the Horn of Africa –Central of Horn the on Smuggling and Migrants generally only know the smugglers who smugglers the know only generally Migrants 150 180 53 smugglers altered their routes their altered smugglers 210 58 51 Smugglers 240 Page 50 17 52 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South the smuggling enterprise. Border guards and police at checkpoints are routinely bribed to facilitate the passage of passage the facilitate to migrants. of bribed undocumented part routinely are considered checkpoints and at police institutionalised and was guards Border routes enterprise. transit smuggling the along corruption that concluded 2014 in research IOM 2009 IOMreport described fightsbetweensmugglerscompetingformigrants. smooth. always not country.are The next relations the But in or country same the in smugglers other with collaborate of numbers phone the containing often country one in smugglers book’ and Brokers facilitators. other with ‘code points meeting of location the a or smugglers other with migrants provide smugglers some that reported (UNOCHA) over a fifth were smuggled. were fifth a over 2010 or, on average, 51 cases per year for the whole of the region. the of whole the for year per cases 51 or,average, 2010 on 2004–January January from Africa southern in trafficking of victims 306 only assisted IOM that out point Researchers characteristics andthereisoftenafinelinebetweenactivitiesdefinedassmugglingthosetrafficking. abusive same the of many share trafficking and smuggling however,that noted, study route. The southern the along found was trafficking human of evidence no as smuggling on focused ultimately but southern Africa to Horn the from trafficking of analysis an as proposed originally was paper IOM 2009 the that noted be may (SACTAP).It Programme Counter-TraffickingAfrican Southern IOM’s Assistance of part as out carried research and training as well as hotline, disproportionate tothescaleofproblem. is reporting media and prioritisation policy in receives issue the attention the that arguing states, donor by issue this Several continues. that – trafficking donors trafficking to and fromand South human Africa is a major problem.organisations Over the years, they have questioned the resourcesinternational devoted to of some by prevalenceadvocated – notion the the question concerning academics and debate researchers the beyond, and Africa South Within trafficking victimsaremainlydetectedinotherEast Africancountries. Cross- victims. detected East example, for that, so region, African a particular inside distance small a relatively covers usually of trafficking border quarters three than more for accounting Africa, sub-Saharan in trafficking international than the UNODC’s2014 common to According more Global ismuch Trafficking trafficking domestic in report, Persons Human traffickingalongthesouthernroute camps. refugee and towns cities, in houses’ ‘safe organize and officials bribing with assist guides, procure logistics, the arrange smugglers and brokersTypically 68 67 66 65 64 Ibid. 63 Ibid. 62 61 60 59 entitled free of charge. were they which to with permits, asylum obtain to pay to those or enter South informally to Africa – asylum border for claims including legitimate – and migrants the policy many immigration encouraged of smugglers, African University by South spread the about misinformation by with information together Research clear procedures, Africa. of South lack into a journey that found the 2009 of in stretch Witwatersrand last the for hired also are Smugglers distinct tactics, routines and schedules. and routines tactics, distinct with operating players key of number a small by primarily organised officials, and providers service of network a with South Africa. into get to smugglers paying to resort will migrants more that expected be could it asylum, for apply to difficult more police officer in a smuggling racket along the Nairobi-Arusha (Tanzania) highway in the south. Somalimigrants thesouth. in highway (Tanzania) theNairobi-Arusha along reportedly hadtopaybetween USD 800and USD 1,200 forsafepassageinlorriesacrosstheborder. racket asmuggling in officer police iomresearchassessment.pdf> (lastaccessed 14/11/16). In 2014, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ofHumanitarian the Coordination for Office UN the 2014, In 67 This is despite extensive publicity and a dedicated a and publicity extensive despite is This 65 61 Page 18 68 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South being trafficked onthesouthernroute: people of referenced, otherwise unless report Department the US State from takenall examples, these of some listed forexamplethe region, the by the US Department within of State includes few references to trafficking of East Africans along the southern route. We trafficking have involves to Mozambique South and Malawi from Africa. boys and girls mainly of Thetrafficking 2016 report Trafficking (TIP) in Persons Africa in southern trafficking human Cross-border in the supply of, or demand for, sex work during the World Cup was registered, and the Department of Justice and Justice of Department the and registered, Constitutional Development didnotfindonecaseoftraffickingduringthetournament. was Cup World the during work sex for, demand or of, supply the in 2010the during World increase No problem. trafficking the of scale the of exaggeration the example of another as Cup trafficked intobe workerswould sex South40,000–100,000 that claim Africa reported widely the cite Researchersalso 70 69 migrant smugglingonthe Zimbabwean-South African borderwasnotconnectedtohumantrafficking. Africa along the route to southern Africa. southern to route the along orthe of Africa Horn the from Africa networks South trafficking human into cross-border extensive trafficking are there of that unlikely patterns is it or region, surrounding prevalence the into research systematic of absence the Despite 71 75 74 73 72 Africa Check, 2014. Factsheet: Understanding human trafficking. Available at: 70 A study by the University of the Witwatersrand concluded in 2009 that 2009 in concluded Witwatersrand the of University the by study A 74 In 2016, the State Department reported that potential trafficking potential that reported Department State the 2016, In rnie vlnaiy hog Tnai bfr being before Tanzania through voluntarily transited Tanzania and Kenya South Africa. 69 ae unrbe to vulnerable are Tanzania, to South to Zimbabwe 71 Page 75 19 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South should benotedthatthisfindingmayentirelyunrelatedtosmugglingortraffickingpractices. it However been. had who person another of knew they in South or exploitation Africa, sexual to subjected or work to forced been had themselves they said percent 2015,10 early in RMMS by arrival. interviewed upon those situations Of Peopleas trafficking. might defined be smuggled those voluntarily and into smuggling South as defined Africa are but they that could activities face between violence line on the fine way,a often or end is up there in noted, exploitative As • then somearesubjectedtoforcedlabourandsubsequentlyarresteddeportedasillegalimmigrants. and work farm for South to Africa migrate countries neighbouring from boys and Men purposes. similar for forced into sex work, domestic servitude or forced labour in the service sector. Some are also taken to Europe Women and girls from neighbouring countries are recruited for legitimate work in work legitimate for recruited are countries neighbouring from girls and Women South Africa Page but then but 20 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South In 2014, IOM reported that many migrants are transported in container trucks through Tanzania, Mozambique and Mozambique Tanzania,through abuse. and malnutrition suffocation, risking Zambia, trucks container in transported are migrants many that reported IOM 2014, In 83 82 81 80 79 Ibid. 78 77 76 cartels smuggling on with Tanzania.frontier down southern the crack and Ethiopia to with border initiative northern the police between operating and military joint a launched Kenya 2015, of end the Towards Detention, harassmentandcorruption foot, frequently by are travel Migrants to forced minimal. often is – amenities sanitation and health and water food, safe as such in – requirements hiding described They boats. overcrowded and containers airless houses, and spoke of being sealed, robbed, beaten cramped and arrested. in into They also described having to forced travel bribe officials. Provision of sometimes basic to were compelled and or night at spaces travelled often they how described migrants 2013, in collected interviews In takeevenmonths. can journey or the weeks and route southern the on harsh are travel of conditions The Conditions oftravel face many serious rights and protection risks. These include extortion, abandonment and physical and sexual violence. Research shows that migrants and asylum seekers travelling the 4,000-km route from the Horn of Africa to South Africa Protection risks 3 than thoseusingtheeasternrouteto Yemen orthewesternroutethrough Sudan andLibyatowardsEurope. route this along violations to exposed less are categories the some in migrants along that suggest vulnerabilities findings route. The southern specific on findings recent most RMMS’s for outline unlike, sections refugees; than following rather The Somalis. migrants example, economic as viewed are they as risks greater face often south routes the between migrants. Nonetheless, interviews conducted as part of this research indicated that Ethiopian migrants along migrants all face these risks. Smugglers, traffickers and corrupt state officials do not respect oracknowledge differences travel, migrant smuggling and high vulnerability to abuse and rights violations. Refugees, asylum seekers and economic growth of transnational crime and, sometimes, irregular migrants get caught in a cycle of organized crime, clandestine Smuggling and trafficking of people is a rising phenomenon of international crime. Increased globalisation facilitates the However, thetruenumbercouldbehigher. Kenya. in areas urban various in 2016 May and 2015 November between arrested were migrants Ethiopian 1,000 than journeys areexhaustingandrisky, particularlygiventhelackofwater, foodandshelter. said they hadbeenalertedbythesmell. The truckwascarrying100migrantsandasylumseekers. Somali migrants who had suffocated in a Zambian-registered truck. Guards at the border between the DRC and Zambia migrants were reported on an almost weekly basis in 2016 in basis weekly almost an on reported were migrants migrants travelling south through Kenya and/or enhanced efforts by Kenyan authorities to crack down on irregular on down crack migration. to authorities Kenyan by efforts enhanced and/or Kenya through south travelling migrants 12/08/16). org/index.php/research-publications/feature-articles/item/48-courting-commotion-changing-migration-dynamics-on-the-s> 2016.RMMS, Courting commotion? Changing migration dynamics on the southernrouteto South Africa. Availableat: 81 80 Arrests of Ethiopian of Arrests ls accessed (last Page 21 76 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 10:Recipientsofadditionalpaymentsfrommigrants(N=398) congested andsqualidthatthey werefrequently insulted. were cells prison that IOM entry.told were illegal Ethiopians for The in Zambia detained who were South to Africa, way migrants, their on The Zambia. from home return to minors, unaccompanied 15 including migrants, Ethiopian 39 Corr immigration officials. additional payments. The figure below shows that in 66 percent of the cases, these payments were made to police and Another risk involves corrupt officials. Migrants interviewed by 4Mi reported 1,298 incidents in which they had to make 85 84 migrants. on attacks well as extortion, and harassment and police alleged to migrants due threat Ethiopian under were rights some their felt seekers that asylum reveal neighbourhood Eastleigh Nairobi’s in observers by conducted Interviews 86 alongside other criminals. other alongside by anti-terrorist security forces. In the Horn of Africa, migrants who are not deported will normally serve their sentences Migrants from certain countries are sometimes also viewed as potential terrorists and may be subjected to interrogation imprisoned bypoliceontheirjourney southfromtheHorn. or detained been had group their in someone or they said migrants of percent 68 2015, early in RMMS by interviews conducted In personnel. military or police by times several detained been have they say Typically,migrants centres. detention long-stay and prisons in held being are migrants of numbers large – Malawi, Zambia Kenya, and Tanzania, Zimbabwe including Mozambique, – countries many In on terms. laws jail tightened or have fines countries increased and some infringement migration, immigration over control greater exercise to bid a In criminals. or foreigners undocumented aliens, illegal as law criminal under treated are migrants route, southern the along countries many In to South Africa. way the on times several pay to had migrants most that means which sample, 4Mi the in respondents of number the than larger ismuch bribes ofreported The number trafficking. and smuggling in involved directly were the1,041reported officials some of percent 80 In migrants. of movement incidents, government officials received bribes inthe to turn a blind eye to smuggling, while smaller numbers of migrants said involved unofficially were officials government ResearchInitiatives/Behind_Bars_the_detention_of_migrants_in_and_from_the_East___Horn_of_Africa_2.pdf> (lastac RMMS, 2015. Behind Bars. The detention of migrants in and from the East & Horn of Africa. Available at: tion and police harassment are prevalent along the southern route. Figure 11 shows the various ways in which in ways various the shows 11 Figure route. southern the along prevalent are harassment police and tion Number of Respondents 84 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 49% 45% 0% 5% 40% 85 Recipients ofadditionalpaymentsfrommigrants In July 2016, IOM and the United Nations children’s agency UNICEF said they had assisted had they said children’sagency UNICEF Nations the United and IOM 2016, July In 26% 16% 14% 86 1% 1% 0% cessed 20/12/2016). ls accessed (last 0% Page 22 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South Figure 12: Type ofphysicalabuse(N=398) rape (of bothmenandwomen) alongtheroute. and violence sexual for responsible were companions travelling and police prisoners, smugglers, said migrants 2014, in IOM with interviews In fatal. cases, some in are, which muggings, and shootings torture, include abuses Reported Ethiopian migrantstravellingsouthreportedsexualviolenceand29.5percentsaidthe of percent 2.5 2013, in study via one Yemen.route In eastern the and Italy, to Egypt and Libya Sudan, through route southern the on travelling migrants route, although such incidents seem by less common than along the northern route reported towards Egypt and Israel, the western all were violence sexual and kidnappings disappearances, Deaths, Violence, kidnappingsandmigrantdeaths Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 11: Type ofinvolvementgovernmentofficials(N=398) 88 87 Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) finalweb.pdf> (last accessed 12/10/16). International Geneva: Organization for Migration, p. 10-11. Available at: 9% Extortion 4% 5% over migrantsto Sold orhanded 3% traffickers 4% y observeddeaths. 3% Returned escaped migrants to traffickers 2% 3% 87 Page 0% 23 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South and, toalesserextent,thepolice,militaryandhostcommunities. brokers and smugglers mostly be to found were perpetrators money.the was Again, it percent 48 in and stolen, were belongings personal cases of percent 51 In it. witnessed they which in instances 50 and robbery experienced directly Robberies and extortion are also common along the southern route. Respondents reported 248 incidents in which they Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 13: Perpetrators ofphysicalabuse(N=398) most thoughtitwouldbepointlessorsaidthey fearedthesecurityforces. military. These incidents are rarely reported to the authorities. Just four migrants reported physical abuse to the police; In most cases, smugglers or brokers were responsible, although there were also some reports of abuse by police and the As shown in the graph above, most cases involve ‘mild physical abuse’, but migrants also told of more extreme abuse. 146 incidents where they directly experienced physical abuse and 98 instances in which they witnessed physical abuse. reported Respondents route. southern the along abuse physical experience migrants many that reveals research 4Mi 89 Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 14:Perpetrators ofrobbery/extortion(N=398) Note thatsexualabuse isnotincludedinthisgraph.Dataon incidentsofsexualabusearepresented inaseparatesectionthispaper Number of Respondents Number of Respondents 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0% Trafficker/ Smuggler/ Criminal Trafficker/ Smuggler/ Broker/ 75% Criminal Broker/ 64% Police 14% Perpetrators ofrobbery/extortion Police 13% Perpetrators ofphysicalabuse community Local 5% 11% Other Border guards 4% Military 7% Immigration 2% community Local 5% Military 1% Border guards 1% Other 0% Page . 24 89 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South In death whileworking. traffickers; ofbanditry; aresult as wildanimals;death from death indetention; and officials state by action deathfrom and criminals smugglers, by murder smuggled; when neglect malicious through death stranded; being from resulting death suicide; or debilitation general illnesses, from death lakes; and seas on or death containers; accidents in road locked being in from death forests; in death included: have route southern the on fatalities reported years, the Over with interviews but route southern the along moving while die who migrants andgovernmentofficialsshowdeathsdisappearancesarenotuncommon. numbers the on data systematic no is There been had who USD 175 perpersonasransom.FiveofthesixkidnapperswereEthiopiansthemselves. Ethiopians 47 rescued police African South 2012, kidnapped In for ransom from Africa. the Musina South refugee centre in in Limpopo. arrival The kidnappers reportedly upon demanded approximately kidnapped being Even though kidnappings are not being reported on the scale seen in Yemen, there are infrequent reports of Ethiopians Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 15: Perpetrators ofholdingmigrantsagainsttheirwill(N=398) do notcooperate. who those punish to violence use to prone more also are refugees. Smugglers not and migrants economic as seen are of this nature. In particular, smugglers have become more predatory and exploitative towards Ethiopian migrants, who incidents reported few very were there 2009 in mentioned, As common. become had friends and relatives their from money extort to migrants holding of practice new the suggested already 2015 early in RMMS for conducted Research of threats reports), (60). restraints physical (478 and (74) force of blackmail use (82), documents identification included other or passports keeping control (173), violence of means The will. their against migrants detaining of were smugglers accused cases, reported all of percent 88 in below, graph the in shown As reported. were total, incidents In journey.such 867 their during once least at will their against held been had they said respondents of number large A 91 90 of thesedeathshappenedonthe westernroutetowardsEurope. majority the that shows below travels. table their The during deaths these witnessed had and hotspots migration 4Mi in interviewed were migrants The deaths. 2,748 recorded 4Mi 2016, 2014–December November from Africa of Horn the of out routes all on migrants 2,932 with interviews In Egypt. and Libya Sudan, through route western the on than common less are deaths 2014–2016indicate throughout route southern the on 4Mi through recorded deaths Migrant deaths know traffickers and Smugglers would bringunwelcomeattentionfromauthoritiesandsothey donotreportfatalities. contexts. clandestine and remote in die People pertains. imprecision same the route, southern the Along used. currently figures than higher times three be may deaths of number true the that suggested report sea. The at deaths migrant to relate to seems manner incomplete, albeit systematic, a in collated is gaps in terms of data concerning the number of deaths and the identities of those who die. The sole context where data , a report released in late 2014, late in released report a Journeys, Fatal O, 04 FtlJuny:Takn Lvs ot uig irto.Aalbe t Number of Respondents 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% Brokers orSmugglers Perpetrators ofholdingmigrantsagainsttheirwill 88% 91 IOM looked at migrant deaths across the world and identified large identified and world the across deaths migrant at looked IOM State officials 8% 90 Other 4% Page 25 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South reported perpetratorsofsexualabuseandthenatureincidentsalongsouthernroute. the show below route. graphs southern two the The were on reported incidents 28 incidents just with route, western these the on reported of bulk the routes, 4Mi all on the rape While of arises. incidents 701 picture including SGBV,of similar cases a 1,189 recorded (SGBV), project violence gender-based and sexual of incidents reported of terms In Sexual andgender-based violence suffocation; excessivephysicalabuseandsexualabuse. medicines; starvation; vehicle accidents; shooting or stabbing; harsh weather or lack of adequate shelter; dehydration; to access of lack and order,sickness in are: death, of causes reported migrants. commonly towards most violence The report more incidents of abuse and serious violence. Some of the reported deaths on the western route are the result of route traversing the Sahara desert. western Another the likely with explanation may cross, relate to to the fact have that migrants migrants on the terrain western the route to related be could disparity the for explanation likely most The conclusively thatthewesternrouteismoredangerous. sufficient to rationalise the substantialnot difference betweenis however, the fact, twoout. This routescarried but neitherbe can is interviews it compelling enoughmore means to indicate which route, western the on monitors more are there that fact the by part, in explained, be can routes two the along deaths reported of number the in difference The the southernroute–areunderestimates. and route western the of terms in both – numbers these likelythat is it project, 4Mi the in monitors of number limited relatively the given However,separately. incident same the to refer group same the in travelling were who migrants if twice reported be may deaths some Furthermore, accounts. their verify to place in system no is there and migrants other of deaths the reporting migrants on based are figures the First, data. this to limitations of number a are There Limitations todataonmigrantdeaths southern route. The 398 migrants and asylum seekers, interviewed in South Africa from 2014–2016, reported a total of 56 deaths on the Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 16:Perpetrators ofsexualabuse(N=398) Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Table 1: Comparison ofreporteddeathsonmigrationroutesouttheHorn Africa Other countries/routes Ethiopia, Sudan, S. Sudan, Libya,Egypt, Yemen Zimbabwe Mozambique Malawi Tanzania Kenya Country Number of Respondents 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 0% 5% Military 47% Perpetrators ofsexualabuse Other 19% Police 16% 20 2,672 5 8 2 27 14 Reported deaths Trafficker/Criminal Smuggler/Broker/ 13% community Local 6% Page 26 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South rmnlgop,kon as known groups, criminal 95 94 Ibid. 93 92 them asservants,exposingtoforcedlabour, physicalabuseandsexualviolence. treat who men, Mozambican and local to sold are women and girls the Africa, South in Once marriage. or education, money,jobs, of promises with South Africa to border the across 15–45 aged women and girls lure Mozambique. They are men, Swazi in and province in Gaza and Magude and Mozambican Moamba of districts the of in recruit actively and consisting trafficking human in involved gangs, also these IOM, to According children. kill even girls and rape migrants, women from and possessions and money take forcibly to known been have Africa, South and Mozambique that situation trafficking.resembles a by exploitative the study to Save 2008 or According smugglers Children, an in up end may migrants that is risks major the of one above, described As destination. their to get they when risks face also refugees and migrant South Africa, to route the on focuses paper this Although Protection issuesin South Africa had injuriesduetoassociatedviolence. patients the of percent 50 almost and knife, or perpetrator.gun a one as such than threat, armed more an involved by rapes the raped of percent were Seventy percent 60 nearly and raped, been had year that month one during saw they patients 2,000 approximately the of percent 75 that reported MSF Africa. South and Zimbabwe between border the 2009,crossing when In girls and route. women facing southern risks the on the reported Borders) travelling without seekers(Doctors Frontières asylum sans Médecins and migrants for risk major a clearly is SGBV Nevertheless, route. This mayaffectthewillingnessoffemale SGBV victimstorecounttheirexperiences. fact that oftheactual 4Mi monitors are exclusively male on the southern route underestimate while there are some tobean female monitors on the western likely are cases number reported of SGBV incidents on the the southern route. Moreover, the caninterview, disparity in reported incidents may they be partly due to the migrants many how affects which project, 4Mi the in monitors of number small relatively the data. Given the to limitations some are there Again, rape, abduction and murder at the hands of criminal elements who are difficult to distinguish from smugglers. from distinguish to difficult are riskedwho elements criminal of hands the Africa at murder and abduction South rape, and Zimbabwe between border the crossing migrants said Witwatersrand the of University The waiting toprey onunsuspectingmigrants. University, the University, Source: 4Mi(http://4Mi.regionalmms.org/) Figure 17: Natureofsexualabuse(N=398) (last accessed the Save and UK Children the Save Mozambique: Maputo, Africa. Norway,Children 32. p. Availablesouthern Number of Respondents 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% amagumaguma amagumaguma Rape 76% may be smugglers or independent criminals who lurk in the bushes near the border, the near bushes the in lurk who criminals independent or smugglers be may 92 94 or Nature ofsexualabuse Indecent assaultor aentrosfretrin n bs.Acrig o the to According abuse. and extortion for notorious are guma guma, touching 10% Prefer notto discuss 10% mareyanes 95 , who operate between operate who , Other 3% Page 93 These 27 RMMS Briefing Paper 3: Smuggled South Some literature-basedsectionsinthisreportareusedwithkindpermissionfromthe analysis. and routes migration titled, is paper mid-2015. The in RMMS the of coordinator as Horwood Christopher by written paper, UNODC unpublished an on draw also that report this of sections are report. There previous the with, findings its contrasting and on, building while information up-to-date more offer to seeks study this but changed little are findings the of paper.Some this of authors the of one by written was which IOM, the by study a 2009 of findings the on draws frequently also report This analysis offouryearsRegional MixedMigration Secretariat (RMMS) resources. and data accumulated the including sources, referenced multiple on drew writers the research, secondary of terms In The graphsinthisreportarebasedonthesecondsetof4Miinterviewsonly Ethiopian, Somali and Eritrean migrants and asylum seekers between January 2015 and December 2016 in South Africa. with the UNODC (see below). The second data set consists of 398 in-depth interviews by the 4Mi’s active monitors with wltii rprel ictd olwr t tk ato b clig o frinr t pc ter as n leave. and bags their pack to foreigners for calling by action take to followers incited reportedly Zwelithini, Goodwill king, Zulu the 2015, April In violence. xenophobic of wave a in displaced 150,000 than more and killed were Africans, South 21 including people, 62 2008, In three. in one of rate unemployment estimated an has and world the were lootedorburneddown. other urban areas. At least five people were killed, hundreds were forced to flee their homes and shops run by foreigners to swiftly spreading but Durban in starting years, recent in violence xenophobic of outbreaks worst the sparkedof one 99 98 97 Ibid. 96 countries. other African from migrants targets it ‘Afrophobic’as labelled been has violence South Africa. in This violence xenophobic of eruptions frequent the to relates risk Another completed questionnaires to the researcher as part of a rapid initiative of 4Mi. the transmit to technology smartphone using monitors field trained by conducted were and 2015 February of end the and lateJanuary between place took and Somalia Ethiopia from migrants irregular with interviews 278 of set first The and January late 2015,676February between with of interviews end keyof the with sets meeting two total. conducting and in agencies migrants Malawi and Mozambique Africa, South visited researcher the research, data,concerning primary In of secondary Africa. of terms Horn and and East primary the from by route southern the along trafficked informed and smuggled those analysis, and migrants trend irregular recent most the offers report research This Methodology interviewed in South Africa during2015 and2016. were seekers asylum and migrants Eritrean and Somali Ethiopian, 398 and project, 4Mi the Southern of part Eastern, As www.regionalmms.org/index.php/4Mi-page. Northern, in hubs migration strategic http:// in at accessed be can finding Latest move. monitors the on migrants tracks project 4Mi locally-recruited the and East Asia, and WesternCentralEurope South Africa Africa, of 100 Horn over the in of started network which growing flows, migration a mixed Through on 2014. data in analyse and collect to approach innovative an is project 4Mi RMMS The Ibid. com/world/2015/apr/17/xenophobia-south-africa-brothers-violence-foreigners> (lastaccessed 01/09/16). The Guardian, 2015. Xenophobia in South Africa: ‹They beat my husband with sticks and took everything›. Available at: 96 South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in societies unequal most the of one is South Africa . 99 This research was done in collaboration UNODC. Page 97 This 28 The Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS): Formed in 2011 and based in Nairobi, the overall objective of the RMMS is to support agencies, institutions and fora in the Horn of Africa and Yemen sub-region to improve the management of protection and assistance to people in mixed migration flows in the Horn of Africa and across the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea in Yemen. The Steering Committee members for the RMMS include UNHCR, IOM, Danish Refugee Council (DRC), INTERSOS, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, IGAD, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the European Union. The RMMS is a regional hub aiming to provide information and data management; analysis and research; support and coordination; and support to policy development and dialogue. It acts as an independent agency, hosted by the DRC, to stimulate forward thinking and policy development in relation to mixed migration. Its overarching focus and emphasis is on human rights, protection and assistance. See our websites www.regionalmms.org and http://4mi.regionalmms.org Follow RMMS on Twitter @Mixed_Migration RMMS Briefing Paper 2: Smuggled South Smuggled RMMS Briefing Paper 2: www.regionalmms.org