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Livestock Predation and Its Management in South Africa: a Scientific Assessment

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Livestock Predation and Its Management in South Africa: a Scientific Assessment Livestock Predation and its Management in South Africa: A Scientific Assessment Editors Graham Kerley, Sharon Wilson and Dave Balfour 2018 Livestock Predation and its Management in South Africa: a Scientific Assessment Year of publication: 2018 Editors: Graham I. H. Kerley, Sharon L. Wilson and Dave Balfour Publisher: Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, South Campus, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, South Africa (P O Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa). http://predsa.mandela.ac.za Copyright and permissions: Entire publication © 2018 by Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University Introduction and chapters © 2018 by individual authors Photographs © the named photographers ISBN 978-0-620-78763-5(print) 978-0-620-78764-2(e-book) All rights reserved. Cover photographs clockwise from top left: Merino sheep © Petrus De Wet Cattle © Alicia Campbell Springbok © Sophie Monsarrat Angora goats © A. Blake Hobson of Martyrsford Angora Stud Anatolian guard dog © Janine Cotterell Dorper sheep © Ben-Jon Dreyer Design, layout, typesetting and reproduction by Mike Swanepoel of Design Legends, Port Elizabeth Printing and binding by Valmac Printers Recommended citation: Kerley, G.I.H., Wilson, S.L. & Balfour, D. (Eds) 2018. Livestock Predation and its Management in South Africa: A Scientific Assessment. Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth. Livestock Predation and its Management in South Africa: a Scientific Assessment Edited by Graham I H Kerley, Sharon L Wilson and Dave Balfour Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa Startup funding provided by iv Foreword GRICULTURE and biodiversity are both key elements of the South African economy. The management and use of livestock in support of society has been a feature of the peoples of southern Africa for over two millennia. TheA production of meat, fibre, skins and other animal products such as milk, on a sustainable and adequate scale are important factors contributing to the economy and food security of the country. A role of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry is to provide an enabling regulatory environment for the production of goods and services by the livestock industry. Equally important is the role of the Department of Environmental Affairs to provide a regulatory environment for the management of the natural environment in a manner that enables growth and development today without limiting the options of future generations. The ecosystem goods and services that are provided by the natural environment, along with all the other benefits that humans receive from the biodiversity of our country, play an important role in supporting the lives and economies of every South African. Predators and predation are an important element of the natural landscape and functional ecosystems. The conundrum for society is how to promote both these societal benefits when they appear locked in an unavoidable conflict between each other, livestock production vs natural predator populations in the landscape. The conflict has persisted for thousands of years with no solution; at first glance it seems like a zero sum game. The challenge is for legislators to understand and to formulate policy which is attentive to the needs and benefits of both biodiversity and livestock producers which at the same time seeks to minimize the net overall losses to society. In this historic first (nationally and globally) Scientific Assessment covering the topic of predation on livestock in South Africa, both government departments are being afforded a single document containing detailed and current insight and knowledge on this complex situation as a basis for contemplating policy development. This assessment contributes seamlessly to the government’s strengthening resolve to develop evidence-based policy and to recognise that in many complex situations, such as where there is predation on livestock, there is no silver bullet solution. Rather a process of adaptive management is required. The partnership of government, industry, stakeholders and leading researchers that emerged to resource and formulate this Scientific Assessment provides evidence of the broad and strong commitment to address the conflicts around livestock predation management. We are confident that this Scientific Assessment will set the stage for improved policy formulation and management of livestock predation in South Africa, thereby reducing conflict around this issue and contributing to sustaining both agricultural production and biodiversity. We thank all the role players who have made this possible. Bomo Edith Edna Molewa Senzeni S Zokwana MP: Minister of Environmental Affairs MP: Minister of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries v Authors Babatopie E. Akinyemi Nico L. Avenant Dave Balfour Kevin G. Behrens Andre J. Botha Nicole Broadbent Jane Carruthers Harriet Davies-Mostert Marius Diemont Emmanuel Do Linh San Marine Drouilly Lihle Dumalisile J. Jurie du Plessis Elisa Galgut Jillian Gardner Jan Glazewski Heidi-Jayne Hawkins M. Axel Hunnicutt Graham I.H. Kerley Kelly Marnewick Haemish I.A.S. Melville Liaan Minnie Ntuthuko R. Mkhize Motsamai Molefe Desley Fahlaza Monaledi Lana Müller Nkabeng Maruping Mzileni Nicoli Nattrass M. Justin O’Riain Daniel M. Parker Gail Potgieter Phillip R.K. Richardson Sieglinde C. Rode Igshaan Samuels Michael J. Somers Lourens H. Swanepoel Marion Tafani Craig J. Tambling Julius Tjelele Jane K. Turpie Niel Viljoen Sharon L. Wilson vi Author Biosketches The identified topics (i.e. the chapters and their contents) of this assessment were addressed by multi- author teams that included one Lead Author, several Authors and Contributing Authors. Authors were drawn from a range of sectors and regions of South Africa and together represented a balance of expertise and perspectives for each of the topics. These authors are listed below, with abridged biographies, their affiliations and email address. Babatopie E. Akinyemi (PhD) is a Post-doctoral fellow and lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension at the University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa. He holds B. Agric. Tech (Hons), M.Sc Agric and PhD in Agricultural Economics, from The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, University of Ibadan, Nigeria and University of Fort Hare, South Africa, respectively. His research focuses on the effects of land fragmentation on technical efficiency of farmers in Nigeria, rural household willingness to pay for community-based ecotourism in Wild Coast, South Africa and prevalence of NEET status among rural youths and drivers of youth participation in agricultural activities in South Africa. Affiliation: Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa. Email: [email protected] Nico L. Avenant (PhD) is Curator, Senior Specialist Scientist and HOD in the Department of Mammalogy at the National Museum in Bloemfontein. He is also a Research Fellow, post-graduate Supervisor and Guest Lecturer at the University of the Free State. His research interests include small mammal ecology, with a specific focus on predator- prey relations and the management of mesopredators. Affiliation: National Museum and Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Email: [email protected] Dave Balfour (PhD) is an ecologist with wide ranging interests and a focus on ecological processes, larger mammals and conservation governance. He is member of the IUCN/SSC African Rhino and African Elephant Specialist Groups and has extensive experience working at the interface between science and protected area management. He currently consults on a freelance basis. Affiliation: Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Email: [email protected] Kevin G. Behrens (D Litt et Phil) is an associate professor at the Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics at the University of the Witwatersrand. His research interests lie in the area of applied ethics, in particular in bioethics and environmental ethics. A major emphasis in his work is on applying African moral philosophical notions to ethical questions. Affiliation: Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] vii AUTHOR BIOSKETCHES Andre J. Botha (BTech) is a Special Projects Manager at the Endangered Wildlife Trust where his primary focus is the conservation of African vultures and reducing the impact of wildlife poisoning. He is also the Overarching Coordinator for the drafting of the CMS Conservation Multi-species Action Plan for African-Eurasian Vultures and the co-chair of the IUCN SSC Vulture Specialist Group. Affiliation: The Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Nicole Broadbent (MPhil) is an environmental ethicist, completing a PhD on African wildlife ethics. Her research interests include human-wildlife conflict management, captive wildlife management ethics, and human-animal interaction theory. Affiliation: Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Jane Carruthers (PhD) is Emeritus Professor at UNISA and an internationally renowned environmental historian who has extensively researched protected areas and the rise
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