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Khairil Et Al Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020 17(1): 13-24. OPEN ACCESS Tree species composition, diversity and aboveground biomass of two forest types at Perhentian Island, Peninsular Malaysia M. Khairil1,2,3, A. Noor Ain2, M. Salmah2, A. Nur Faranazuha2, K. Moneruzzaman2, Y. Nornasuha2, A. Nur Azalina2, I. Azimah3, R. Noor-Amalina4 and M.S. Razali5 1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Besut Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia 3East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), UniSZA KAmpus Gong Badak, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kampus Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5School of Marine and Environmental Sciences (PPSMS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia *Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14-10-2019, Revised: 21-11-2019, Accepted: 23-11-2019 e- Published: 16-01-2020 Perhentian Island is a famous ecotourism site in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. However, the increase in tourism activities such as chalets development and deforestation had contributed to habitat degradation in some areas on Perhentian Island. A study was conducted to determine the composition, diversity and aboveground biomass of the trees species at the coastal and inland forest of Perhentian Island, Terengganu. Three plots of 20 x 30 m were established on each inland and coastal forest of the island which altogether study plot was 0.36-hectare and all trees with the size of one cm diameter and above were recorded. Inland forest has higher individuals with 844 individuals representing 70 species from 48 genera and 30 families. A total of 367 individuals, representing 93 species from 71 genera and 30 families were recorded at the coastal forest. The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’) was high in both forest plots with 3.20 (H ’max = 4.25) at the inland forest and 3.97 (H’ max = 4.53) at the coastal forest. The Shannon Evenness Index (E’) in the inland forest plots was 0.71 and 0.88 at coastal forest. The total above-ground biomass at the inland forest was higher than the coastal forest with 600.51 t/ha and 364.01 t/ha respectively. Seven tree species which considered endemic to East Coast Peninsular to Malaysia were found at Perhentian Island. Besides, a total of 23 species of 125 species recorded found were listed in the IUCN Red Data Book. Keywords: Coastal forest, floristic variation, aboveground biomass, Perhentian Island, Peninsular Malaysia INTRODUCTION two islands called as Perhentian Kecil and Perhentian Islands is a well-known tourism Perhentian Besar. Both islands were separated by site for Terengganu, Malaysia since decades and a very narrow channel with strong water current. it is located approximately 21 km from mainland Perhentian Besar is the largest island within this Kuala Besut Eetty which can be reached by 45 archipelago and consists of many ridges with the minutes boat ride. Perhentian Island comprised of highest peak reaching 321 meters above sea Khairil et al., Tree species diversity of two forest types at Perhentian island, Malaysia level, separated by lowlying valleys (Turner et al., MATERIALS AND METHODS 2003). Perhentian Besar was covered with several plant species such as trees, climbers, palms and Study site shrubs forming a dense forest floor and heavily The Perhentian Island Archipelago is located covered canopy. between 102°43’30” E to 102°45’30” E and 5°54’N There are many impacts caused by tourism to 5°54’30” N, approximately 21 km off Kuala development especially on physical elements Besut, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia (Figure 1 such as water supply, solid waste management, & 2). Pulau Perhentian is one of the thirteen electricity supply, sewage management, hill gazetted islands in Terengganu and became one erosion and water pollution based on studies of the fabulous marine parks in Malaysia. The carried out by Muhibudin & Mohamed (2014). population of Perhentian Island is about 1,300 Besides, the land clearance for resorts and chalet people with nearly 80% engaged in the tourism development chad contributed to the habitat sector, 20% in the public sector and retail destruction on Perhentian Island (Tan 2000). business (Anon 2015). Perhentian Island is Based on Gazi et al., (2004) and Tamblyn et al., experiencing monsoon season from November to (2005), there are several studies highlighted that March each year and it is closed from any events the coral habitats have been destructed due to the and visits to tourists during the monsoon expansion of tourism activities in Perhentian Islands. The wildlife in the forest also disturbed by Statistical Analysis noise and air pollution that derives from tourists Aboveground biomass of the trees was activities such as open burning and use of calculated following Kato et al. (1978) where the motored vehicles (Masduki et. al, 2016). basal area (BA), tree height (H), the biomass of Moreover, the smuggling of endangered species stems (Ws), branches (Wb) and leaves (Wl) by would be the most feared damage to wildlife using the formula the tree diameter. Density, (Ibrahim & Ahmad, 2010). All these activities had dominance, frequency, and Importance Value brought attention from the state government and Index (IVi) were determined at species and family other government agencies in conserving this levels of species abundances following Brower et area. al., (1997). The Species diversity was measured Previous researches on tree species expending the Shannon-Weiner Index of Diversity distribution and diversity on Malaysian Peninsular (H’) Shannon Evenness Indices (E’) and Margalef islands were collectively done at Tioman (Latiff et Richness (R’) were also been calculated following al., 1999), Langkawi (Rohaiza, 2011), Pangkor Magurran (1988) and was made using (Ghollasimood et al., 2011) and Redang (Khairil et Paleontological Statistics (PAST) Version 3.15 al., 2012). Besides research on tree species (Hammer et. al 2001). diversity and composition at Pulau Perhentian had also been conducted recently by Pesiu et al., RESULTS (2015) and Pardi et al., (2018). However, their studies cover a small plot which limited to the Taxonomic composition inland forest and focused on trees with a diameter A total of 1211 trees of 125 species from 60 of 5 cm and 10 diameters and above. According genera and 38 families from total of 0.36 ha plot to Memiaghe et al. (2016), small-diameter tree were recorded. Inland forest plots consist 844 population are also important to demographic individuals of 70 species from 48 genera and 30 rates and nutrient cycling, thus in this study, we families while 367 individuals of 93 species from sampled the trees with the size of 1cm diameter 59 genera and 30 families were recorded at and above on this island. By this sampling, the coastal forest plots (Table 1 & Appendix). important features of the tree species composition Myrtaceae had the highest density at the inland and structure on this island can be determined. forest plot with 1656 ind/ha, while the highest The study conducted comprises two main density in coastal forest is Rubiaceae with 361 objectives which are to determine the ind/ha. Based on species, Syzygium cinereum composition, diversity and abundance of tree had the highest density at the inland forest with species with the diameter size of 1 cm and above. 1217 ind/ha followed by Symplocos adenophylla Secondly, to assess the above-ground biomass (733 ind/ha), Rhodamnia cinerea Eack, Psydrax and the status of endemism and conservation of sp. 10 and Vatica cinerea with 272 ind/ha, the tree species on this island. respectively. Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(1): 13-24 14 Khairil et al., Tree species diversity of two forest types at Perhentian island, Malaysia Table 1: List of taxonomic composition in the two forest plots at Perhentian Islands, Terengganu. Inland plot Coastal plot Family Genera Species Individual Genera Species Individual Anacardiaceae 2 2 29 4 5 14 Annonaceae nil nil nil 2 2 7 Aquifoliaceae 1 1 1 nil nil ni Burseraceae 1 1 2 1 2 2 Calophyllaceae 1 3 6 1 1 2 Clusiaceae 1 4 55 1 6 56 Dipterocarpaceae 1 1 40 3 4 34 Ebenaceae 1 2 23 1 3 8 Elaeocarpaceae 1 5 24 1 2 9 Erythroxylaceae nil nil nil 1 1 2 Euphorbiaceae 5 6 21 6 7 22 Fabaceae 1 1 1 2 3 9 Fagaceae 2 2 4 1 1 1 Hypericaceae 1 2 6 0 0 0 Ixonanthaceae 1 2 8 0 0 0 Lauraceae 1 2 4 2 3 6 Lecythidaceae 1 1 2 nil nil ni Melastomataceae 1 1 2 1 1 2 Meliaceae nil nil nil 1 1 3 Moraceae 1 1 2 2 2 9 Myristicaceae 3 3 3 1 3 16 Myrtaceae 2 9 298 2 9 38 Ochnaceae 2 2 13 nil nil ni Oleaceae 1 1 4 nil nil ni Peraceae 1 1 1 nil nil ni Phyllanthaceae 1 2 2 1 1 5 Picrodendraceae 1 1 4 nil nil ni Polygalaceae nil nil nil 1 1 1 Portulacaceae nil nil nil 1 1 1 Primulaceae 2 2 9 1 1 2 Rosaceae nil nil nil 1 1 1 Rubiaceae 7 7 96 10 17 65 Sapindaceae 1 1 4 3 4 16 Sapotaceae 2 2 38 3 4 12 Simaroubaceae 1 1 10 1 1 10 Sterculiaceae nil nil nil 2 3 7 Symplocaceae 1 1 132 1 2 6 Verbenaceae nil nil nil 1 1 1 Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(1): 13-24 15 Khairil et al., Tree species diversity of two forest types at Perhentian island, Malaysia Table 2: Families and species with the highest density in the two forest plots at Perhentian Islands, Terengganu.
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