“Ingénieur” Program

École Polytechnique’s “Ingénieur” Program

A unique curriculum leading to an advanced Master’s degree in Science and Technology

Table of contents

Introduction ...... 5

Area Map ...... 6

Campus ...... 7

Organization Chart ...... 8

The “Ingénieur Polytechnicien“ curriculum ...... 10

Student status and Course evaluation ...... 11 a 4-year program ...... 15

Year 1 ...... 16

Year 2 ...... 17

Year 3 ...... 18

Year 4 ...... 19

International Exchange Program ...... 20

Internship Program for International Students ...... 21

Tutoring ...... 22

Departments ...... 23

Applied Mathematics ...... 27

Biology ...... 31

Chemistry ...... 39

Economics ...... 45

Humanities and Social Sciences ...... 49

Informatics ...... 57

Languagues and Cultures ...... 63

Mathematics ...... 65

Mechanics ...... 71

Physics ...... 77

Sport ...... 89

The fourth year of the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien“ Curriculum ...... 91

Training, projects and Internship ...... 97

Leardership and Physical Training Program ...... 101

The Preparation Term ...... 103

Office of Careers, academic advising and Internship Programs (SOI) ...... 104

Table of contents 3 Programs, Flowcharts ...... 107

Year 1 Core Curriculum ...... 111

Year 2 Fall Semester ...... 113

Year 2 Spring Semester ...... 115

Year 3 Scientific Specialization Program ...... 117

Program Prerequisites ...... 210

Index ...... 215

4 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Introduction

Ecole Polytechnique was founded in 1794 as a state-supported institution for higher education and research. It is the most highly-competitive Graduate Institute of Science and Tech- nology in France and, as such, trains the scientific, industrial and economic leaders of the nation. Famous scientists, many of whom are better known through the fundamental laws and concepts they invented, have walked its halls either as students or as professors (Am- père, Becquerel, Cauchy, Coriolis, Fourier, Fresnel, Lagrange, Monge, Poincaré, Poisson). Degrees awarded by Ecole Polytechnique are the key to diverse, high-level careers, in Engi- neering, the corporate world, research and academia. The education program focuses on analysis and synthesis. “Polytechniciens”, the name given to Ecole Polytechnique’s graduates, are particularly apt at managing complex systems. Technological achievements such as the French high-speed train (TGV), Airbus aircraft, the Ariane space rocket or the French electro-nuclear program all attest to the excellence of the Ecole. In France, nearly 30% of multinational companies are headed by Ecole Polytechnique Alumni or Alumnae.

Ecole Polytechnique has four distinct educational programs taught mainly in French. ■ the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum: starting after two to three years of undergraduate studies in Science or in Engineering, this advanced Undergraduate and Graduate program lasts four years and leads to an advanced Master’s degree in Science and Technology. ■ the Master’s programs: graduate studies in the fields of Science and Technology, Enginee- ring, Economics and Business Management. The courses are open to the best European and International students, who have at the minimum a bachelor’s degree or equivalent. ■ the Doctoral program: students admitted to this program enter into the preparation of a Ph.D. thesis in one of Polytechnique research laboratories. ■ the International Exchange Program (IEP): study abroad opportunity for international students to come to Ecole Polytechnique from 3 months up to a full academic year to take courses offered in the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum or to do a research internship in a laboratory. http://www.polytechnique.edu – http://www.enseignement. polytechnique.fr Competitive entrance Entrance on Entrance on examinations quali cation quali cation

INGENIEUR POLYTECHNICIEN

2 to 3 years of MASTER undergraduate studies in Science PhD or in Engineering

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7

Introduction 5 Area Map

PARIS RER ORLY Techno-centre (sud) Renault vers PARIS TGV MASSY INRA (ouest) Jouy Air liquide HEC- Faculté de ISTA Pharmacie

N118 Ecole ECOLE Centrale CEA POLYTECHNIQUE

INSTN Visiteurs ENSIA DANONE Lac

Laboratoires Elèves ONERA Thales TRT RER CNRS IOGS Gif ENSTA Université Paris-SUD 11

SUPELEC

Institut IHÈS Curie INSERM

6 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Campus

PARIS A6 Palaiseau

Boulevard des Ma P5 réch Saclay au ENSTA Accueil x Parking min de la Hun principal Che ière Terrain de football

s LOA à 300 m

e t Terrain de football r

a c s e ENSTA D Ave Tennis Piste d’athlétisme e nu u e B n or e ot v ra A A ve nue Hand Bec Basket Serv que ice rel Visiteurs auto

Lac Cour Sports Logements

des cérémoniesCour Amphis Cour Ferrié Vaneau Piscines Boncourt Amphis

Centre Poly-Média Laboratoires Résidences Langues des élèves Chaufferie Navette Villas cadres Massy TGV Chemin piétonnier

Laboratoires SIE Elèves

Matériel Station RER B Lozère G3S Centre THALES Ladhyx IOGS équestre Crea Navette Massy TGV

vers Orsay

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 7 Organization Chart

Director, President’s office Philippe Alquier

Director of Corporate communications Jean Deschard

Vice-President Vice-President for Academic Affairs for Research Yves GNANOU Michel BLANC

Graduate School Industrial Relations Thanh-Tâm LÊ Departments of Education Department Doctoral School and Research Philippe Guédon Development service Éric Leroy 400 lecturers

Head of service Selection, 1600 researchers Recruitment, Doctoral Course Alexandra Belus Doctoral School ■ Applied Mathématiques Head of service careers, Academic ■ Biology Advising and Internship Program Laura Fioni ■ Chemistry ■ Economics ■ Humanities and Social Sciences Dean of Studies ■ Informatics Rachel-Marie PRADEILLES-DUVAL ■ Languages and Cultures ■ Mathematics Director Education Services ■ Mechanics Sylvie Benedetti ■ Physics ■ Centre Poly-Média ■ Bibliothèque (département d’enseignement)

8 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 President

Général Xavier Michel

Accounting officier

Dean of Admissions Suzanne Salasc Michel GONIN

Vice-President for Steering and Strategy Claude PERNEL

Fondation de l’École Polytechnique

Department for development

Marie-Stéphane Maradeix

Leadership General Secretary Vice President Informations System training Director for External Relations Director Isabelle ANTOINE Colonel gontier Élisabeth Crépon François de CASTELBAJAC

■ Promotions ■ Ressources humaines ■ Développement international ■ Section technique ■ Bureau organisation études ■ Patrimoine immobilier ■ Recrutement international ■ S ection études et développements ■ Sports ■ Bureau juridique ■ Information et orientation e ■ Service médical ■ Budget, Planification 4 année à l’International Finances

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 9 The “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum

This program targets students with an excellent level in Mathematics who have completed two to three years of undergraduate studies in Science or in Engineering. The “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum focuses on the fundamental Sciences, but also includes courses in the Humanities and Social Sciences, seminars in Communication, Leadership and Mana- gement. Scientific courses include Pure and Applied Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Computer Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Economics. They are supplemented by lectures and seminars on Philosophy, Literature, Politics and Arts. An extensive leadership training encompassing the pratice of sports in competition and of two foreign languages is an important part of the curriculum. All students live on campus. There is an active social, scientific and cultural life both on and off campus.

Admission

International students are selected through competitive entrance examinations following one of two mutually-exclusive tracks: ■ The first admission track (“Voie 1”) is reserved for students who have gone to “Classes Préparatoires”. After high school graduation, the best students in Science are selected to spend the first two years, sometimes three, of their undergraduate education in special scientific programs, called “Classes Préparatoires“, to prepare for a highly-competitive entrance examination at the National Level. “Classes Préparatoires” are located in France, Morocco and Tunisia.

■ The second admission track (“Voie 2”) is reserved for students who haven’t gone to “Classes Préparatoires”. They apply after a minimum of two to three years of undergraduate studies in Science or in Engineering. Students are first selected on their application material (Academic records, statement of purpose and letters of recommendation), and then through entrance examinations that include oral and written tests in Mathematics, Physics and General Aptitude. The application deadline is October 1st of each year. The duration of studies for international students varies from two, three to four years depending on the admission date and the diploma target.

The full “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum lasts four years and provides: ■ A multidisciplinary scientific education at the highest level ■ Courses in the Humanities and Social Sciences ■ Professional know-how acquired through a series of internships and based on strong scientific back-ground, leading to a career either in the corporate world or in academic research

10 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Student status and Course evaluation

Student status

The “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum takes four years with possible cross validation for joint or double degree with a partner institution.

French students have the status of officer of Ecole Polytechnique for the duration of the academic program; they are promoted to first-class standing six months after they have joined the Ecole. They are then trained as reserve officers of the French Army.

International students are subject to the same academic rules and regulations as the French students. They wear the dress uniform of Ecole Polytechnique for special events and ceremonies.

Evaluating Academic Performance

Ecole Polytechnique has one of the most comprehensive systems for evaluating student academic performance of any university in Science and Technology in Europe.

The evaluation system consists of two major components: the assignment of a final grade in the course and an accompanying evaluation of their performance during the course (continuous assessment); the latter comprises personal work, class attendance, experimental and written work and communication skills.

Evaluation at Ecole Polytechnique is carried out within the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) framework. Each course corresponds to a number of credits which are mentioned following each course description. Pre-requisites for each course are left to the appreciation of each professor and communicated to the students prior to the beginning of the course.

Attendance to all courses is compulsory and is closely monitored.

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 11 Grades

At the end of each course, students receive one of the following grades: A: very high honors B: high honors C: with honors D: passing E: conditional failure F: fail

“Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum

Undergraduate Studies

Objectives General education focuses on multidisciplinary, in-depth scientific education, leadership training and developing students’ awareness of the social environment.

Organization ■ The first year begins for French students and for some international students (French- speaking) with an eight-month internship in leadership training and community service. The internship is organized throughout France within the Armed Forces, NGOs or education programs. For international student the length of the internship in leadership training and community service depends on their previous curriculum. It can be replaced by a specific academic program enhancing student’s skills in French and in Mathematics. At the end of april, the whole incoming class follows a three-month program to enhance their knowledge of Science and widen their scientific perspectives. This course is located on the Palaiseau campus.

■ The second year at Polytechnique is equivalent to a final year of undergraduate studies. Scientific instruction is multidisciplinary. Students are required to choose a minimum of six courses from eight proposed fields of study, and to carry out a team-based scientific project. They can also take special experimental courses. Campus activities include sports, lectures, communication seminars and entrepreneurial student organizations which build student skills in Communication and Management.

12 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Graduate Studies

The second phase, or graduate program, of the curriculum focuses on research and specialization.

Organization ■ The third year is centered on scientific specialization. During the first two terms, students have to choose a set of courses in a specialized domain “Programme d’Approfondisse- ment” complemented by instruction in the Humanities and Social Sciences, two Foreign Languages and Sports. The third term is dedicated to a three-to-five-month research internship allowing students to develop a scientific project in an academic or corporate research environment after which a final report is presented before a panel of professors and professionals.

■ In the fourth and final year of the Ecole, students choose an education program providing an advanced specialization in Science and Technology from among four types of allied or in-house graduate schools.

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 13

a 4-year program

Per year enrolment Duration of studies In your home University 400 French students 2, 3 or 4 years for international students, 2 to 3 years of undergra- 100 International students depending on the admission date duate studies in Science Year 1 or in Engineering International October Intensive French courses admission + scientific preparation

International April Core Curriculum admission Year 2 International September admission Multidisciplinary International scientific education Exchange Program (IEP) Internship }Gradué en Ingénierie Advanced U ndergraduate S tudies (Bachelor’s level) Year 3 Degrees awarded At the end of the third year, International students are awarded the Exchange diploma “Ingenieur de l’École Program Scientific specialization Polytechnique” a Master’s (IEP) degree which corresponds to a multidisciplinary scientific Ingénieur de Internship education. } l’École Polytech-

Year 4 Students having completed the full curriculum are awarded the degree Advanced specialization “Diplôme de l’École Polytechnique”,

Graduate studies in i.e. a second Master’s degree in a specialized Science & Technology domain. Diplôme de Internship l’École Polytech- nique

PHD JOB

Livret d’enseignement 2011-2012 15 Year 1

September April/May July

Leadership Training Core Curriculum

Economics Eco 311 – Economic Analysis Field assignment 5 ECTS

Fire Brigade Informatics INF311 - Introduction to Informatics National Police INF321 - Principles of program- Army ming Air Force languages Navy 5 ECTS … 5 ECTS Mathematics MAT311 – Real and complex analysis 5 ECTS French students French Applied Mathematics Civil service – Justice MAP311 - Randomness Officer training preparation Officer Humanitarian Volunteer 5 ECTS 5 ECTS Physics PHY311 - Quantum Mechanics Community Service 5 ECTS Education, Police, Languages Civil service, Humanitarian 2 ECTS Volunteer work rench speaking rench F 5 ECTS Humanities 5 ECTS

Welcome term Communication 2 ECTS Intensive Intensive linguistic and scientific brush- French up language course classes or laboratory

International S tudents internship Non French speaking Non French

16 ➟ Livret d’enseignement 2011-2012 Year 2

August January February June

Fall semester Spring semester Long courses: 2 per semester BIO 451 – Biology CHI 431 – Chemistry ECO 431 – Economics INF 431 – Informatics MAT 431 – Mathematics MAP 431 – Applied Mathematics MEC 431 – Mechanics PHY 432 – Physics 10 ECTS 10 ECTS 72 hours of instruction and 72 hours of personal work scheduled per course Short courses: 1 per period

period 1 period 2 period 1 period 2 BIO452 – Biology INF421 – Informatics BIO431 – Biology BIO432 – Biology CHI411 – Chemistry PHY431 – Physics MAT451 – Math MAT452 – Math ECO432 – Economics MAP432 – Probabilities MEC432 – Mechanics MAP411 – App. Math INF421/422 – Informatics MAP433 – Statistics MEC433/434 – Mechanics

MAT432 – Math Experimental course Experimental course Experimental course

5 ECTS 5 ECTS 5 ECTS 5 ECTS

36 hours of instruction and 36 hours of personal work scheduled per course Scientific research team projet 7 ECTS Humanities 6 ECTS Languages 6 ECTS Campus activities 5 ECTS Sports

Livret d’enseignement 2011-2012 17 Year 3 August & September/December January/March April/July Sept. Fall Term Winter Term Spring Term Scientific specialization Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter Applied Mathematics Applied Mathematics 3 Biology Biology BioInformatics BioInformatics Chemistry at frontiers Chemistry at frontiers Design and management of Design and management of complex computerized systems complex computerized systems (CoMaSIC) (CoMaSIC) Economics Economics Ecosciences Ecosciences Electrical engineering Electrical engineering Energies of the 21st century Energies of the 21st century Engineering and innovation techno- Engineering and innovation technologies logies Informatics Informatics Mathematics Mathematics Mechanics Mechanics Mechanics and physics for environ- Mechanics and physics for environ-

Work placement Work ment ment Physics 16 ECTS Physics 16 ECTS

Humanities 4 ECTS Advanced research internship Advanced research Languages 4 ECTS Campus activities 5 ECTS* 20 ECTS Sports Ingénieur de l’École Polytechnique * Including work placement

18 ➟ Livret d’enseignement 2011-2012 Year 4 September Serving the State (“Corps de l’état”)

Graduate Institutes of Engineering in par-

Coursework Internship in a Company

“Diplôme d’ingé- nieur”

Master’s Program

Coursework Internship

Master of Science

Four tracks in France or Abroad or in France tracks Four Ph.D. Program

Doctoral Coursework Research

Livret d’enseignement 2011-2012 19 International Exchange Program Non-degree Program

The International Exchange Program offers selected international students in Science and in Engineering the opportunity to come to Ecole Polytechnique from 3 months up to a full academic year to take courses offered in the “Ingenieur Polytechnicien” curriculum and to do a research internship in a laboratory.

This non-degree program is aimed at students whose universities agree to validate the courses taken at Ecole Polytechnique through the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) or/and the grades, thus counting towards the students’ further studies and graduation in their home universities.

This program welcomes exchange students from the following networks: ■ Erasmus E.U. students from European universities that have signed a bilateral agreement with Ecole Polytechnique

■ North America Program A program to welcome students from top North American universities in the frame of a study abroad mobility, i.e. with validation of their academic results in their home universities

■ The Partner Universities Program It welcomes students from all over the world whose universities have signed a cooperation agreement on exchanges of undergraduate and /or graduate students.

Courses offered: Either classes of the year 2 or classes of the Year 3 Students apply to courses for which they have the appropriate preparation and background. Applications are made in the frame of a pre-established proposal/agreement approved by the home institution and the student

Qualification

Upon successful completion of the program, exchange students receive a transcript of records.

20 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Internship Program for International Students

The Internship Program for International Students gives undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to carry out a 3 to 6-month internship in one of the 22 laboratories from Ecole Polytechnique.

This Program welcomes students from the following networks: ■ Erasmus E.U. students from European universities that have signed a bilateral agreement with Ecole Polytechnique, with validation through the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System)

■ Partner Institutions It welcomes students from Partner institutions for this Program.

The Program is open to students at the following levels: ■ Undergraduate: Bachelor’s students in their 3rd or 4th year ■ Graduate: – Master’s students in their 1st or 2nd year – PhD students

The research internship is carried out in one of the 22 laboratories at Ecole Polytechnique. It takes place at any given time of the year for a minimum duration of 3 months.

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 21 Tutoring

P. Harinck Responsable

The offered tutoring is a methodological and academic support for students with learning difficulties in scientific courses.It is not mandatory but registration is requested with the tutoring office.

L. Guével Assistante First and second year students of the engineering cycle and external students in first year of a Master Program of Ecole Polytechnique can request academic help.

A tutor will be attributed to the students. This tutor is a student in second year of Master Program or a PhD student of Ecole Polytechnique. He will meet his group about 10 students two hours per week.

For particular situation, a personal program can be put in place after an interview with the responsible.

22 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Departments

Table of contents

Applied Mathematics ...... 27

Biology ...... 31

Chemistry ...... 39

Economics ...... 45

Humanities and Social Sciences ...... 49

Informatics ...... 57

Languagues and Cultures ...... 63

Mathematics ...... 65

Mechanic ...... 71

Physics ...... 77

Sport ...... 89

The fourth year of the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien“ Curriculum ...... 91

Departments 25 ➟ Applied Mathematics

S. Méléard President

➟To describe complex scientific problems and to be able to devise solutions requires a language and this language is mathematics. Applied mathematics offers tools for building models, analyzing their mathematical properties and performing numerical simulations, in various scientific and industrial situations.

Applications are extremely varied: mechanics, applied physics, scientific computations, G. Allaire Vice-President control of dynamical systems, signal and image processing, financial mathematics, econometrics, statistics to mention a few.

Applied mathematics gives an access to engineering careers, as well as many thriving economic sectors such as banking or telecommunications.

Applied mathematics is relevant at all stages of the multidisciplinary curriculum of Ecole N. Touzi Vice-President Polytechnique. Besides the introduction of new mathematical tools, courses emphasize the modeling of complex problems as well as the use of numerical computations.

N. Hurel Moreover, the research teams of the “Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées“ cover most Assistant subjects that are taught, and the close interaction with teaching offers students the possibility to carry out a research project.

Departments 27 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

To describe complex scientific problems and to be able to devise solutions requires a language and this language is mathematics. Applied mathematics offers tools for building models, analyzing their mathematical properties and performing numerical simulations, in various scientific and industrial situations.

Applications are extremely varied: mechanics, applied physics, scientific computations, control of dynamical systems, signal and image processing, financial mathematics, econometrics, statistics to mention a few. Applied mathematics gives an access to engineering careers, as well as many thriving economic sectors such as banking or telecommunications.

Applied mathematics is relevant at all stages of the multidisciplinary curriculum of Ecole Polytechnique. Besides the introduction of new mathematical tools, courses emphasize the modeling of complex problems as well as the use of numerical computations.

Moreover, the research teams of the «Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées» cover most subjects that are taught, and the close interaction with teaching offers students the possibility to carry out a research project.

Basics of Applied Mathematics CFirst and second year courses include the basic disciplines of applied mathematics which share the same approach of modeling, mathematical analysis, and numerical simulation. There are two main axes. On the one hand, scientific computing, numerical analysis, and optimization, on the other hand randomness and its elements of probability and statistics.

In the first year, course MAP311 (“Stochastics: Introduction to Probability and Stochastic Simulation”) is accessible to all students and is an introduction to the basics of probabilities leaning on numerical simulation. In the second year, probabilities or statistics are studied in detail in the short courses MAP432 or MAP433; numerical analysis and optimization, fundamentals in the modeling of scientific or industrial problems are studied in MAP431 and the short course MAP411.

Master

Ecole Polytechnique’s 4th year corresponds to Master year 2 (M2) and features 3 programs:

■ Mathematical Modeling Program: (4 tracks different tracks) This program is devoted to training engineers and researchers with a high level in applied mathematics and scientifing computing. Three different programs are proposed.

28 ➟ Livret d’enseignement 2011-2012 Numerical analysis and P.D.E.’s ➟ Chair: G. Allaire Modeling, partial differential equations, discretization and error analysis, scientific computing, applications in physics, mechanics, image processing, finance, engineering.

Optimization, Game Theory, and Economic Modeling ➟ Chair: S. Sorin/F. Bonnans) Continuous and combinatorial optimization, game theory, economic modeling.

Mathematics, Vision and learning ➟ Chair: S. Mallat Modeling, mathematical and computing techniques applied to vision, perception, learning, signal processing.

Mathematics Applied to Biological & Medical Sciences ➟ Chaire: S. Méléard/B. Perthame Course centered on the stochastic and deterministic tools of analysis in simulation and modeling for the life sciences. Proposes a general view of the “continuous” tools and applications, covering questions in fondamental biology and biomedical applications . This track aims to train future researchers in the field of “Mathematiques for biology” and to give insight into the career opportunities in biotechnology.

■ Probabilities & Finance Program ➟ Chair: N. El Karoui/N.Touzi Probabilities and stochastic calculus applied to finance, modeling and finance, inverse problems in Finance and model calibration, risk assessment, American options: numerical theory and numerical methods, stochastic control and portfolio management, credit risk market, exponentials of Ley processes. The aim of this course is to prepare students for quantitative professions in the market finance field.

■ Probabilities & Random Models Program ➟ Chair: S. Méléard This program is devoted to giving complete training in modern probabilistic tools and their applications. Brownian motion and stochastic calculus, Markov processes, limit theorems and large deviations, Monte-Carlo methods, network models, ergodic theory, statistical mechanics, random matrices, branching processes and Lévy trees, models in evolutive biology.

Departments 29 ➟ Biology

T. Simonson President

➟There is no doubt that biology is in the midst of a revolution. The amount of data to exploit and interpret has grown enormously, so that new technologies are needed, which rely on engineering and physical sciences such as computer science, chemistry or optics. The students of Polytechnique have the opportunity to take a broad range of biology courses, many of which are interdisciplinary. C. Morais Assistant They will thus be well prepared for this changing field and its many professions. The courses offered are nourished in part by the research activities of two laboratories on our campus: the Laboratoire de Biochimie and the Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences. Through these laboratories, the school is an active participant in current research, including interdisciplinary research and partnerships with many of the other departments at Polytechnique. Several courses are organized jointly with other departments.

Departments 31 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

The second year courses are meant to give a basic knowledge of biology to as many students as possible, and to allow the future engineer or executive to make decisions that are informed and scientifically sound. Indeed, biological questions are increasingly pervasive in the socio-economic world, and the biology training received at Polytechnique will be needed by our graduates at some point in their careers. The prior training of the students is uneven.

Therefore, our second year courses include a basic grounding in molecular and cell biology, providing a passport for the other biology courses, both in the 3rd and 4th years. After 2nd year molecular and cell biology, several tracks are possible for those who wish to specialize. Two new short courses are offered, in ecology and in molecular physiology. Finally, an experimental course is offered that introduces them to modern experimental methods in the life sciences.

Graduate Studies

This third year program is for students who want to explore the properties of living matter at increasing levels of integration: genetics, cloning, cellular architecture and differentiation, cell networks, brain development, populations, biodiversity, genomics. The aim is to increase the students basic biological knowledge in these domains.

32 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 For students who seek to a multidisciplinary formation, interface programs are also offered, including: – biology-physics-chemistry, – biology-informatics, – biology-modelling.

These programs involve several departments and give students solid bases for a specialization in many domains related to health, agrochemistry, environmental science, chemistry… Two themes are proposed: “Cells, organisms, genomes, evolution” and “Biology at the interfaces”.

Each theme allows students to study the most recent advances in biology, which are revolu- tionizing life sciences and biotechnology.

The last trimester of the third year is devoted to an internship in a research laboratory (“BIO591: Biology and Ecology”).

Fourth Year

Teachings referents: ➟ Yves Méchulam – Associated professor Mél: [email protected] ➟ Loïc Lepiniec – Senior Lecturer Mél: [email protected] ➟ Emmanuelle Porcher – Senior Lecturer Mél: [email protected]

The department proposes two basic options:  An engineering training with a double degree, involving one of the following partner schools: ■ AgroParis Tech (track “Agronomie“ or “Water and Forrests“ ■ Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines Paris Tech de Paris (Bio-technology) ■ Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées Paris Tech (Environment) ■ Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles Paris Tech (Bioengineering) ■ Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Paris Tech

2 A research specialization in France or Europe The department takes part in the school’s Masters in Science and Technology. The biology program is entitled Molecular and Cellular Biology. The 4th year specialization is entitled “Engineering of Biomolecules”. The students can also follow a variety of other Masters programs in the general area of “Biology, medecine, health”, depending on the doctoral program and the research laboratory chosen (which could belong to any of the main research agencies: CNRS, INSERM,INRA,PASTEUR,CEA, etc.).

Departments 33 Master

Year M2 of the Master’s Program in ‘’Biomolecules: structure, function and engineering’’

Persons in charge: ➟ Yves Mechulam E-Mail : [email protected]

Associated professor ➟ Thomas Simonson E-Mail : [email protected]

The Master’s program offers a broad training at a high level in molecular and structural biology. It includes strong connections with integrative approaches at the cellular and organism level, and with the therapeutic strategies that are emerging thanks to advances in genomics and chemistry.

The second year, devoted to «Biomolecules: structure, function and engineering», repre- sents a specialisation in biochemistry and structural biology. This is a multidisciplinary area, which draws on biology, physics, bioinformatics and chemistry. This specialisation is a joint program with the Universities of Paris XI and Paris V, with AgroParisTech, with Chimie ParisTech,with the Atomic Energy Agency’s INSTN, and with the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Cachan.

After completing a Ph D, the students will have an advanced specialization in: ■ structural biology techniques, especially crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; ■ in proteomics, enzymology, biochemistry and protein engineering; ■ this training can also become one half of a dual formation, with the scientific part being complemented by another social or economic area, such as: regulatory issues in biotechnology, industrial property rights, funding and management of innovation, scientific communication.

The professions targeted include research and development in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and agronomy industries, as well as research and teaching in the academic sphere.

34 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratories

Laboratory of Biochemistry (BIOC) www.bioc.polytechnique.fr

The research interests of the laboratory of Biochemistry (BIOC) revolve around four themes: the macromolecular interactions at the origin of the translation of messenger RNAs into proteins, detoxification systems with an interest in molecular pumps, the development of nanobiosensors, and structural bioinformatics.

 BIOC identifies the components of the large macromolecular complexes involved in the translation of the genetic message, in order to obtain a structural and functional description of these complexes. The final goal is a global description of proteosynthesis including relationships with other complex cellular processes.

2 The project on intoxication and detoxification aims at identifying the metabolic pathways disturbed by several toxic agents, as well as the cellular responses involved in detoxification. BIOC is mainly focused on selenium. This metalloid is especially important since its regular administration to humans, at subtoxic levels, reduces the incidence of several cancers. Yeast has been chosen as a model system to understand the toxicity pathways of selenium.

3 The development of biosensors is a pluridisciplinary project based on an original fabrication process of silicon nanowires developed by a physics laboratory of the Ecole Poly- technique.

Departments 35 4 Structural bioinformatics is focused on biomolecular interactions and on the engineering of these interactions. Targeted interactions include several complexes between enzymes of the translational machinery and their substrates or inhibitors: amino acids, RNAs, anti- biotics. Another target is the complex between the HIV protein gp120 and small inhibitory proteins.

Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB) www.lob.polytechnique.fr

The work we are performing in the domains of femtosecond spectroscopy and related technologies has contributed in elucidating ultrafast molecular dynamics in biological molecules playing a role in oxygen transport, bacterial photosynthesis, oxidative metabolism as well as primary processes in vision through the studies of bacteriorhodopsin, a bacterian analog of rhodopsin. To achieve these experiments, we have developed original techniques (spectral continuum amplification, optical rectification in the femtosecond regime, characterization methods for femtosecond pulses, femtosecond X-ray diffraction, etc.). In the last few years, an important part of our projects deals with the observation and control of in vivo reactions by associating nonlinear microscopy, coherent control and intracellular femtosecond photo- ablation. Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB) relies on a project-based rather than team- based organization. The research team composition is not permanent and is rearranged according to the undertaken research projects. This method of organization is particularly suited to our laboratory due to the pluridisciplinary researchs being pursued.

One project in collaboration with the group of H. Myllykallio at University Paris XI in Orsay concerns structure-function analyses and the environmental/oxygen regulation of a new class of thymidylate synthases, ThyX. These enzymes perform the conversion of dUMP into dTMP, an essential DNA precursor. Found in a large number of human bacterial patho- gens, among them Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, ThyX enzymes represent attractive targets for specifically inhibiting microbial growth. As ThyX proteins are present in many anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria, we are currently exploring the link between nucleotide and oxygen metabolisms in these organisms by studying the effect of O2 on in vivo thymidylate synthesis in Helicobacter pylori.

A second project concerns the coherent vibrational control in proteins: Vibrational climbing is a method for controlling the vibrational motion of a molecular bond in the coherent regime and on a timescale shorter than intramolecular vibrational relaxation. Such an approach relies on the use of a resonant infrared pulse with a frequency chirp accounting for the anharmo- nicity of the vibrational potential. We have shown that coherent vibrational climbing could be applied to a molecule as complex as a protein, here carboxyhemoglobin, by exciting the vibration of the CO ligand using chirped infrared pulses.

36 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 The laboratory has undertaken an important research project on in situ functional microscopy aiming both at developing new microscopy techniques and at applying them to biological and biomedical imaging. A major part of this project deals with nonlinear microscopy, a method which makes use of a nonlinear process such as multiphoton excited fluorescence, harmonic generation or stimulated Raman emission. Two biological projects take profit of this methodological development. The first one aims to gain insight into the mechanisms whereby hypertensive conditions lead to renal and vascular fibrosis. Our working hypothesis is that progression and regression of fibrosis is not only a function of production of collagens, but that collagen assembly processes are also critical. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has been shown to cross-link collagens and other ECM proteins. However, its pathophysiological role has not been demonstrated so far. To address these issues, we are using transgenic mouse strains that express fluorescent reporters as markers of renal myofibroblastic cell differentiation and collagen I gene activation, and mice that are genetically deficient for TG2. We are using the nonlinear microscopy to track ex vivo and in vivo transgenic myofibroblastic cells and to quantify the density of collagen fibres.

The second project using nonlinear microscopy concerns the interplay between mechanics and genetic and molecular activity during embryo development. More specifically, in collaboration with E. Farge at Institut Curie, we have demonstrated the use of femtosecond pulses to modulate and analyze morphogenetic movements in vivo. We have shown that femtosecond photablation can modulate 3D cell movements of Drosophila gastrulation and shown that the expression of twist, a master regulator gene of embryo morphogenesis, is in turn mechanically induced by tissue deformations.

Departments 37 ➟ Chemistry

S. Zard President

➟Since the Second World War, the evolution of chemistry has been quite impressive. New theoretical (DFT, ELF…), synthetic (new reactions…), and analytical tools (X rays, NMR, ESR, mass spectrometry…) have been introduced. New fascinating objects such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes or high temperature supraconducting materials have been constructed by chemists. S. Chrétien Assistant Chemistry will be faced with numerous new challenges in the coming years such a high performance materials, human health, energy resources, and environmental issues. It will be necessary, for example, to find more effective new antiviral drugs (AIDS), new anticancer treatments (epothilone, taxol…), and new antibacterial agents against highly resistant strains.

Departments 39 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

Introduction to chemistry Chemistry is initially present in all human activities: food, clothing, housing, transport, health, car, etc. It is therefore necessary understand the language of chemistry in order to have a better apprehension of our modern society and the various moral, social, political and economics issues we have to deal with.

Two courses are offered to the students: on the one hand, a short initiation course for those who do not intend to pursue a career in chemistry or related to chemistry and, on the other hand, a more comprehensive course for those who are particularly interested in chemistry.

Fourth Year

Chemical Engineering : combined diploma with another school Exemples of Schools of Engineering : ■ E NSCP – Processes and methods of the Chemical Industry – Chemistry of living organisms and biotechnology – Chemistry and Radiochemistry (electronuclear industry) – Process Engineering

■ Ecole des pétroles et moteurs ■ ESCPI ■ ENSTA

Graduate courses: Master Students have opportunity to complete their formation with the multinational Master in « Molecular Chamistry» which received the EEC Label in 19999. This multinational Master associates professors and students from the universities of Lou- vain (Belgium), Lausanne, Bern and Geneva (Switzerland), Saarbrück (Germany), Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon (Portugal) with those from Ecole Polytechnique.

It covers three main areas: ■ Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry ■ Synthetic Organic Chemistry ■ Orgaometallic Chemistry and Catalysis More specialised courses are given on hetero-elements synthesis, molecular electronics, organic polymers, molecular modelling, catalysis, and structural determination.

40 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Master

Graduate Courses in Molecular Chemistry Responsible: ➟ Samir Zard E-Mail: [email protected]

Medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. Additional courses in NMR spectroscopy, heterogeneous catalysis, polymer chemistry…

Departments 41 Laboratories

Laboratory “Hétéroéléments et coordination” (DCPH)

The “Hétéroéléments et Coordination“ laboratory focuses principally upon the interaction of organic molecules (“ligands”) with transition metals. Understanding and controlling this interface is of crucial importance to processes as diverse as catalysis, making sophisticated molecular materials, small molecule activation, and preparing metallic nanoparticles. The laboratory specialises in the synthesis of heteroatom (O, N, S, P)- containing ligands which are designed to coordonate and modulate the reactivity of transition metals and lanthanides, and has acquired a worldwide reputation for innovation in the preparation and use of cyclic molecules containing carbon-phosphorus bonds. This area, which became part of chemical mainstream in the 1970’s, is now at the forefront of industrial catalyst design.

Organic Synthesis Laboratory (DCSO)

The research undertaken in the Organic Synthesis Laboratory focuses on the discovery of novel reactions and the development of original and efficient strategies for the total synthesis of natural products. The synthetic targets are chosen either for their interesting structures or for their biological activities, and hence their potential applications in human therapeutics: the total synthesis of dolabelide, taxol (an anticancer agent), vinigrol (an anti-hypertensive) and colchicine are in progress; the total synthesis of 10-norparvulenone (anti-viral) has been completed.

These substances are generally extremely scarce in nature. Their total synthesis is therefore necessary in order to study their properties and applications, but they also constitute a subs- tantial synthetic challenge due to their structural complexity.

This research has stimulated the design of new strategies or reactions to achieve known chemical transformations in a more efficient manner. The elaboration of original reactions, relevant to a wide range of chemical fields, is also an important activity in our laboratories; in particular in the area of free radicals and the chemistry of sulphur, fluorine, and nitro com- pounds, as well as isocyanides and hydrazones. One of these novel reactions has indeed been developed into a radical polymerisation of unusually wide scope and efficiency. Many of these achievements have been facilitated through collaborations with the pharmaceutical industry (Aventis, Syngenta) and the speciality chemicals and polymer industries (Rhodia).

42 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratory of Reaction Mechanisms (DCMR)

The laboratory uses a combination of experimental mass spectrometric techniques, and of intensive computation, to study molecular processes in chemistry and biochemistry. Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool, applicable to all types of molecules, with a specta- cular development in recent years in molecular biology. Besides its ability to detect and quantify the components of a mixture, even at the ultra-trace level, mass spectrometry is also an ideal means to study the thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions of molecular ions in the gas phase. It is especially powerful when complemented by molecular modelling. Our research endeavours cover these various facets, from small organic molecules to biological macromolecules, from fundamental studies to applied issues.

Research areas: ■ Analysis of biomolecules with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry : peptides, proteins and their non covalent assemblies ■ Interactions of metal cations with biological molecules; modelling of enzyme active sites and catalytic cycles ■ Reactivity and thermochemistry of organic ions in the gas phase ■ Development of analytical methods of interest in toxicology and environmental sciences ; modelling of combustion processes.

Departments 43 ➟ Economics

F. Bloch President

➟At the Ecole Polytechnique, teaching in the field of Economics corresponds to the hetero- genous expectations of a population of students who have various occupational objectives. Many students aim at embracing a career as engineers in the industrial world and in such a case they mainly need a broad introduction to the methods of economic analysis as well as courses that focus on corporate issues. However, a growing proportion of the positions offered to the students who leave the Ecole Polytechnique are in economic or financial J.-F. Laslier Vice-President institutions and, although these students will not fully specialize in economics (at leat at the beginning of their career), they need a strong grounding in the fundamental methods of economics as well as courses that focus on applied economics issues. Lastly, education is also conceived for those who aim at later specializing in economics, for instance at ENSAE, through a master degree or a PhD in economics.

During the first two years at the Ecole Polytechnique, economics courses are devoted to A.-D. Charlès Assistant the basic principles of micro and macroeconomics as well as to an introduction to corporate economics. The third year gives an introduction to more advanced issues and it also gives more weight to personal work It particularly includes an internship with a firm, a state or international institution or an academic research center, in France or abroad.

Offre de formation 45 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

Years 1 and 2 The courses offered by the Department of Economics in years 1 and 2 are devoted to introducing the main issues of micro and macroeconomics (one course in each year) as well as presenting some topics in business economics (one course in year 2) and econometrics (one course in year 2). Complementary courses are offered by other departments, particulary the HSS Depart- ment, with seminars or courses in economic history or about corporate issues.

Graduate Studies Third year The Economics department offers third year courses in two master programs: ■ Quantitative Economics and Finance, in cooperation with the Applied Mathematics department and HEC, ■ Economics and Public Policy, in cooperation with Sciences Po and ENSAE.

This first year of the master program lead to several further courses either in France or abroad. These courses lead to economical careers in a public, private, national or international context. During the first quarter of these two master programs students consolidate the achievements and go ahead in microeconomics, macroeconomics and econometrics. In the second quarter students can choose a specialization way related to their professional project. A research internship is done during the third quarter in a firm or in an administration or in a research department, either in France or abroad.

These two master programs give access to Ecole Polytechnique’s application schools and to the second year of master programs at Ecole Polytechnique in cooperation with intitutions of higher education: ■ Economic analysis and politic’ master with EHESS, ENSAE, ENS, HEC and ENPC ■ Economics and Public Policy’ master with Sciences Po and ENSAE ■ Economics of Markets and Organizations’ master with Toulouse 1 University and EHESS ■ Economics of sustainable development, energy and environment’ maser with Paris X Nan- terre University, EHESS, INAPG, ENSMP, ENGREF, INSTN, ENSPM and ENPC ■ Modeling Mathematics’ and ‘Probability and Applications’ masters with the Applied Ma- thematics department and Paris VII University.

These two master programs are mandatory for a fourth year at ENSAE.

Fourth Year After the first three years, students at the Ecole Polytechnique can complete their training and specialize in economics through various channels, including ■ Partner schools such as ENSAE or ENPC,

46 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 ■ A Master’s degree in business economics at HEC management school, ■ A more research focused degree such as a DEA, a Master or a PhD, in a university in France or abroad

Laboratory

Econometrics

The laboratory brings together economists, mathematicians, and organization specialists interested in theoric and applied modelization from a microeconomic angle. The laboratory’s members mostly belong to the CNRS or Ecole Polytechnique, but some of them also belong to the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA) and to different universities (by agreement or association).

The main research fields concern: Mathematical methods: optimization, game theory; Economic policy: collective choice, environmental and urban economics, public economics; Firms and markets: industrial organisation, risk analysis, and crisis management. For each one of these research fields, the laboratory is in contact with the international scientific community, and collaborates with several foreign universities: ■ University of Louvain-la-Neuve (CORE), ■ London School of Economics, ■ Montreal Cirano ■ Leontief Center of St-Petersburg, ■ University of California in Santa Barbara (Department of Applied Probability and Statistics), ■ University of New York in Stony Brook (Institute for Decision Sciences, founded by a member of the laboratory), ■ University of Delaware (Disaster Research Center), ■ University of Cambridge (Department of Land Economics), ■ University of Dortmund (Institut für Raumplannung), ■ Universidad de Grenada (Departamento de Mathematica Aplicada), ■ University of Leiden (Department of Public Administration), ■ Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (Cambridge, USA), ■ University of Tokyo (Institute of Social Sciences), ■ University of Chili in Santiago (Department of Applied Mathematics), ■ University of Pennsylvania (Wharton Business School), ■ Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Center for Rationality and Interactive Decision Theory), ■ University of Tel-Aviv (Department of Mathematics).

Beyond this scientific recognition, most of the laboratory’s members do expert evaluations with public and private organizations, such as the World Bank, the OECD, the European Commission, ministries, firms, and professional associations. The Econometrics Laboratory is a combined unit of the National Center of Scientific Re- search (CNRS) and Ecole Polytechnique. In the CNRS, it is affiliated to the Department of Human and Social Sciences, as well as to the Department of Engineering Sciences.

Offre de formation 47 ➟ Humanities

and Social Sciences E. Godelier President

➟Overall presentation

The Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), established when the École Poly- technique moved to its current location in Palaiseau in 1976, is in fact the product of a long humanist tradition in the education of Polytechnique students. From the very start of the École Polytechnique in the nineteenth century, the founders always wanted there to be a H. Loilier Vice-President counterbalance to the traditional technical areas of study, so that in addition to scientific knowledge, there would also be art, history, and literature, providing a more intuitive sense of how to live in the human world.

It is therefore in a spirit of dialogue and debate, rather than in a spirit of confrontation or opposition, that the Department’s has built his curriculum. In no sense do the humanistic courses at Polytechnique deny or reject the precision, provability, or power of the exact Y. Boyer Vice-President sciences, but rather they serve as an invitation to put those sciences in the perspective of the fundamental lessons in human history and society, and in particular to connect science with the personalities and unique creativity of the people who master, develop, and trans- form it.

It is crucial that the education offered at Polytechnique to future engineers, business execu- tives, researchers, managers, and administrators be integrated, along with scientific knowle- R. Bernard Assistant dge and techniques, into the repertoire of ideas that lie beyond quantification and mathema- tization, starting with the major languages and representational systems used by humanity, not only on the global level of cultures and societies, but also on the more local level of business organizations and individuals. As is obvious, such an ambition is far from trivial, and as a consequence, the programs of study offered by the HSS Department are wide and far- ranging. In order to make our offerings as clear and as attractive as possible to our students, we have established, for each semester, three complementary sets of courses in which students have the right to select among lectures (ranging from 60 to 400 students) and seminars (usually numbering between 15 and 30 students). These options are as follows:

(1) the study of economic history, law, and political science, and in addition an introduction to the world of business and management science;

(2) the study of the humanities and the social sciences in the traditional sense of those terms: literature, philosophy, history, sociology, and foreign civilizations, as well as epistemology, anthropology, ethics, the philosophy of action , and finally cognitive science;

Offre de formation 49 (3) the study of the arts, including studio courses in drawing, painting, sculpting, and print- making, seminars on the history and philosophy of art, and workshops in architecture and urban design, taking advantage of the most recent developments in CAD and so forth.

These courses and seminars take up roughly half a day per week for the entire duration of a student’s time at Polytechnique (one weekly seminar lasting two hours, and one large lecture course lasting 90 minutes). Most are taught by professors in the HSS Department (see the list of teaching staff), but some take advantage of various connections with eminent researchers and faculty members from foreign or French universities, or of connections with people from the corporate world. Of course, whenever possible, the HSS Department cosponsors courses with other Departments in the École (most often the Economics De- partment and the Biology Department), or at times with one or another of the so-called «Grandes Écoles», such as HEC (Hautes Études Commerciales).

Much like the other scientific Departments at Polytechnique, the HSS Department offers research programs to students in their fourth and final year of study, which lead to either the Master’s degree or the DEA degree (Diplôme d’études approfondies) in the following areas: – Management and dynamics of organizations; – Scientific methods of management; – The economics of organizations; – Cognitive science.

To summarize, the HSS Department serves the students of the École Polytechnique not only as a launching pad for their study of the humanities but as a way of deepening man’s origins, and as an opportunity to master the spirit of constructive criticism. It is a hallmark of success whenever the HSS Department’s teachings lead its students to enrich their scientific understandings by infusing into them those special types of intangible musings and intuitive shadings centered on values and esthetics that only a humanistic approach can bring -- and indeed, must bring -- to the more hard-edged, objective, and pragmatic worlds of science and technology.

50 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratory

PREG-CRG (Pôle de Recherches en Économie et Gestion - Centre de Recherche en Gestion)

➟ Directeur : Christophe Midler 32, Boulevard Victor - 75015 Paris Tél. : 01 45 52 47 97 - Fax : 01 45 52 45 13 – [email protected]

Fondé en 1972 par une décision du Conseil d’Administration de l’École, le Centre de recherche en gestion (PREG-CRG) réunit aujourd’hui une quinzaine de chercheurs permanents, un ou deux chercheurs étrangers en période sabbatique, une vingtaine de doctorants (dont un tiers d’étrangers) et sept personnes occupant des fonctions d’administration ou de support technique. Comme tous Laboratory de l’École, il est devenu « Unité Mixte de Recherche » et dépend donc également du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Il existe deux grandes manières de faire progresser les connaissances en gestion. La pre- mière consiste à développer des recherches spécifiques à des domaines d’action préalable- ment isolés : stratégie, finance, marketing, gestion de la production, gestion des ressources humaines, organisation, etc.

Ces démarches conduisent notamment à perfectionner des outils et des modèles spéciali- sés, faisant parfois appel à des techniques mathématiques sophistiquées, comme ceux de l’analyse financière ou de la gestion de production. La seconde consiste à prendre la gestion en un sens proche du mot anglais « management », issu d’un verbe qui peut se traduire par « se débrouiller », où l’on admet que la réalité à laquelle les « managers » ont affaire com- porte de multiples facettes, et que leur action doit savoir articuler différentes perspectives.

Offre de formation 51 Ainsi, par exemple, un problème de production peut comporter une dimension technique (performances des machines) aussi bien qu’une dimension sociale (climat social dans les ateliers) et souvent plusieurs autres.

Le PREG-CRG s’inscrit clairement dans cette seconde perspective, c’est-à-dire qu’il déve- loppe une approche « globale » de la gestion, conçue principalement comme la mise en œuvre de moyens permettant de faire face à des situations comportant des dimensions hétérogènes. Pour cela, des liens, souvent de longue durée (plusieurs années) sont établis avec des entreprises ou d’autres genres d’organisations (administrations, associations, syn- dicats) intéressées à ce que des chercheurs contribuent au progrès de leur propre réflexion.

Parmi les domaines ayant fait l’objet au PREG-CRG d’un volume conséquent de recherches, on peut citer : ■ la gestion de projet et l’organisation de la conception ; ■ l’impact des nouvelles techniques de l’information et de la communication sur les entreprises ; ■ la sécurité industrielle ; ■ la modernisation des services publics ; ■ l’entreprise et les nouvelles règles de la concurrence ; ■ les caractéristiques spécifiques des industries culturelles ; ■ les relations entre donneurs d’ordres et sous-traitants. Le PREG-CRG est fortement impliqué dans l’enseignement de l’École, sous les formes sui- vantes : ■ séminaires et amphis HSS ; ■ stages d’option en entreprise ; ■ Masters de Fourth Year ; ■ Doctorats.

Il coordonne ou intervient dans plusieurs chaires d’enseignement et de recherche avec de nombreux partenaires industriels (Renault, Valéo, Dassault système, Arcelor, France Télécom).

CREA (Centre de recherche en épistémologie appliquée)

➟ Directeur : Paul Bourgine 32, bd Victor - Bât. 28 – F-75015 Paris Tél. 01 45 52 61 89 - Fax 01 45 52 64 55 [email protected] – http://www.crea.polytechnique.fr

Fondé en 1982 par Jean-Pierre Dupuy et Jean-Marie Domenach à l’initiative de Jean Ullmo, le CREA est le centre de sciences cognitives et d’épistémologie de l’École Polytechnique. Il est devenu une UMR en 1987. Dès l’origine, sa double tradition a concerné à la fois la modélisation en sciences humaines (auto-organisation de systèmes complexes tant cognitifs, qu’économiques et sociaux) et la philosophie des sciences.

52 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Les recherches du CREA sont centrées sur les différents aspects des sciences cognitives, qu’elles soient individuelles ou sociales, sur l’étude des systèmes complexes et sur la philosophie des sciences.

■ Elles sont théoriques au double sens de modélisation mathématique (modèles dynamiques, théorie du contrôle, logique, théorie des catégories et des topoï) et de réflexion épistémologique. Les liens avec les disciplines empiriques (en particulier les neurosciences, la psychophysique, l’économie expérimentale et la linguistique cognitive) sont cependant étroits et officialisés par des conventions d’association avec d’autres centres.

■ Elles sont polyscientifiques au sens où leur interdisciplinarité est intrinsèque et endogène. Elle est imposée par la nature même des structures cognitives comme structures symbo- liques abstraites descriptibles dans des langages formels appropriés, mais émergeant de processus sous-jacents physiques et bio-chimiques complexes.

La spécificité du CREA est d’abord d’approfondir techniquement et épistémologiquement les transferts de modèles dynamiques et physiques non triviaux à la sphère du mental et du social et de spécifier leurs usages proprement cognitifs.

Elle est aussi de clarifier le problème particulièrement difficile de la synthèse, dans un cadre computationnel unifié, de ces modèles avec les modèles logiques des contenus mentaux. Elle est enfin de « revisiter » sur cette base les principaux problèmes fondationnels hérités des doctrines philosophiques modernes (en particulier la phénoménologie).

Le CREA repose sur quatre opérations de recherche se regroupant en deux domaines : Mo- délisation et Épistémologie.

Du côté de la modélisation, la différence principale se situe entre :  les modèles dynamiques et logiques de cognition « individuelle » (modèles des états, processus et contenus mentaux liés aux neurosciences) et  les modèles complexes de cognition sociale et de rationalité adaptative, même si, le CREA adoptant le principe de l’individualisme méthodologique pour les modèles sociaux, cette différence n’est pas une dichotomie.

Du côté de l’épistémologie, la différence principale se situe entre :  les réflexions épistémologiques et fondationnelles sur les sciences cognitives elles- mêmes et  les implications épistémologiques des sciences cognitives pour d’autres sciences humaines et pour les fondements des sciences.

Le CREA dépend de 4 sections et 3 départements du CNRS : 35 (SHS), 34 (SHS), 29 (SDV et SHS), 01 (SPM).

Offre de formation 53 Le CREA anime deux Master :  Sciences cognitives – http://www.ehess.fr/Departments courses/scog/home.html  Économie des institutions – http://www.uparis10.fr/enseignement/deadess/man/segmi_ dea_ei_man.htm

LE GRISÉ – CREA (Groupe de Recherche et d’Intervention sur la Science et l’Éthique)

➟ Directrice : Monique Canto-Sperber Bât 28 – 32 boulevard Victor – 75015 Paris Tél. : 01 44 32 31 57 – 01 45 52 64 11 – [email protected]

En 1999, s’est ajouté à l’ensemble du dispositif du Centre de recherche, en application d’une recommandation du schéma directeur invitant l’École à « se constituer en lieu privilégié de réflexions et de débats sur la place de la science dans notre société », un Groupe de Recherche et d’Intervention sur la Science et l’Éthique (GRISÉ).

Sous la direction de Monique Canto-Sperber, professeur au département HSS, la mission principale du GRISÉ est de permettre, par ses activités de recherche, ses manifestations et ses publications, tant aux élèves de l’École qu’à son personnel scientifique (enseignants, chercheurs et administratifs), un retour réflexif sur l’apprentissage et la pratique de la science au regard, en particulier, de l’éthique et de la philosophie morale.

Au cours de ses trois premières années d’existence, le GRISÉ a exercé ses capacités d’expertise sur des thèmes aussi variés que les implications du réchauffement climatique, l’im-

54 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 pact social, économique, politique et culturel à attendre du développement des nanotechnologies, la question de la responsabilité des scientifiques et des ingénieurs, les problèmes éthiques posés par le diagnostic pré-implantatoire, la brevetabilité du vivant, la représenta- tion de la violence dans les médias, la détection et la prévention des crises géopolitiques et la corruption.

Ces travaux ou interventions sont réalisés à la demande d’organismes comme l’Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales, le Conseil Général des Mines, l’université Stanford, le Comité Consultatif National d’Éthique pour les Sciences de la Vie, le Comité d’Éthique et de Précaution de l’INRA, la commission Kriegel sur la violence dans les médias et des groupes industriels comme Thalès et General Motors.

Les travaux du GRISÉ débouchent sur des publications (trois Cahiers ont été publiés à ce jour, sur le principe de précaution, les attentats du 11 septembre et la bioéthique) et alimen- tent des soirées qui sont organisées à intervalles irréguliers sur le campus de Palaiseau.

La vocation du GRISÉ à animer et rassembler autour d’opérations communes la commu- nauté, très dispersée, des chercheurs qui travaillent sur ses thèmes se concrétise par la tenue d’un séminaire de recherche hebdomadaire qui réuni en moyenne une trentaine de chercheurs et d’étudiants, et sert de lieu d’accueil pour des chercheurs étrangers de pas- sage à Paris.

Offre de formation 55 ➟ Informatics

B. Wermer President

➟The principal goal of our teaching is to give a solid grounding in computer science to all the students at the Ecole polytechnique, and also to offer the possibility of specializing in this subject up to research level. The courses cover equally fundamental and essential aspects as well as specialized teaching on the cutting edge of the subject.

O. Bournez Vice-President Education

F. Nielsen Vice-President Education

P. Baptiste Vice-President Research

C. Bensoussan Assistant

Departments 57 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

Courses in computer science for the first and second years are built to offer to most of students, ideally all, what is commonly considered as the minimum level of computer science. Ubiquitous in the society, economy and science, any engineer, whatever its domain, must be trained to computer science. It is necessary to understand the problems and the complexity of computer systems. This includes the understanding of the basis of algorithmic, programming and computability and the knowledge of the behavior and architecture of networks and computer systems.

The courses provided during these first two years are: ■ INF311 Introduction to computer science ■ INF321 Principles of programming languages ■ INF421 Fundamentals of programming and algorithms ■ INF422 Components of a computing system: Introduction to computer architecture and operating systems ■ INF423 Foundations of Computer Science: Logic, models and computation ■ INF431 Algorithms, Networks and Languages ■ INF441 Computer science modal: Web, Networks, Images, Reliable programming…

For the first year, the students are sorted in courses INF321 and INF311, essentially according to the courses the have already followed. The INF421 course provides students who followed INF311 with knowledges which allow them to follow the other computer science courses.

INF422 and INF423 are two thematic courses which are investigating two complementary aspects of compter science. INF422 details the functioning of a computer at a low level and shows how elaborated programs are built upon integrated circuits. This courses is adapted for the level of students who followed INF321 or INF421. It is also opened for students who followed INF311 though they must be prepare for heavier work during the first weeks. INF423, also opened to all, exposes the foundations of computation models of computer science.

The long computer science course, INF431, provides students with the core knowledge in computer science that any engineer, whatever his domain, must know: Modeling, treatment and representation of information and software, communicating systems, designs for the conception of algorithms.

This course is a general prerequisite for all computer science courses in the third year

The computer science modal, INF441, is open to all students. It deals with a deep view of key technologies in computer science as: dynamic website conception, network conception, efficient algorithms, robotics, augmented reality, analysis of image, computer-generated imagery or tools which allows to make bug-free softwares.

58 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Graduate Studies

Context: Computers and computing will be included in all future positions of the École polytechnique students, for example: companies management, industrial products development, research projects and so on. In theses positions, they will have to use existing software and conceive new ones.

Objectives: The courses of the 3rd and 4th years - Master level - of the Ecole polytechnique Computer Science Department aim at providing students with tools for understanding the technological shifts in the vast domain of information science and technology that constitute the environment where engineers, civil servants and researchers evolve. The 3rd year consists of four themes that cover most of the large domains of contemporary computer science. The goal of this year is to bring students to learn advanced general knowledge and to start learning their 4th year specialization.

Content: ■ The programme Computer Science offers 4 themes: Languages, Proofs, Computation Algorithms and Optimisation Image and Geometry Computer Networking and Security

It leads to a second master year at ENST, ENSIMAG, MPRI or abroad.

■ The program Systems Modelling aims at presenting methods and concepts used to design and verify large systems based on software. To the computer science main content, this course also adds signal processing and electronics. These particular courses introduce the M2 specialization and especially the embedded systems. It leads the ISIC master second year or to an engineer education. ■ The program From the Semiconductor to the Computing System is shared with both the Physics Department and the Applied Mathematics Department. It consist in introducing “Electrical Engineering“. The main aspects of semi-conductors are taught : material physics, complex formalisms and structure of computer science, components (diodes, transistors…) and microprocessors architecture. Several points highlight the link between advanced technologies and physics. This course also teaches basic knowledge for mixed hardware and software systems design.

The program Bioinformatics is shared with the Biology Department. It takes advantages from both departments.

Fourth Year

The Department of Computer Science offers the following options (others are possible subject to approval by the Department).

Departments 59 ■ Engineering Track: ENSEEI HT ENSIMAG ENST (Télécom) ENSTA Supélec Supaéro

■ Research track : Master co-sponsored by the Ecole Polytechnique: Parisian master of research in computer science (MPRI) Other French DEAs in Computer Science.

■ Professionnal Track: Master co-sponsored by the Ecole Polytechnique: Master Design and Management of complex computerized systems programme (COMASIC)

■ Foreign Education Track: European Masters degrees: at the EP Lausanne, ETH Zürich, Imperial College Londre, TU Karlsruhe, UPC Barcelona, Technion. USA Masters degrees: at Berkeley, MIT, Stanford, University of Michigan at Ann Harbor, University of Washington at Seattle, etc.

Master

Parisian Master of Research in Computer Science (MPRI) The MPRI Master focuses on research topics and replaces the former DEA in Algorithms and Programming. This master program is opened to students of the «Grandes Ecoles» and to students who have completed a Bachelor’s degree (or Licence) in a French or a foreign university. The natural continuation of this Master is a doctorate degree (although this does not exclude the possibility exercised by a certain number of students that one stops their schooling after this Master) followed by positions as teacher/researcher or researcher at universities or academic research centers or within industrial research and development centers. The training provided by this master aims at offering both fundamental lessons in the general background of computer science as well as specialized lessons introducing research topics. These traditional lessons are supplemented by one or two research-oriented training courses. In order to accommodate the great diversity of background and training of the students in this Master, each student proposes their own course of study during the two years program. This course of study depends on both selected classes as well as the internships. The student’s selection needs to be validated by the commission of studies for the Master, which also considers the personal goals of the student and the courses followed since the baccalaureate.

60 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 The year M2 starts in the first semester with a specialization via advanced courses of level 2. The second semester consists of an introductory internship in research within a French or foreign laboratory.

Some possible specializations are: Algorithms -- Automata and applications -- Cryptography, complexity, formal systems -- Security -- Semantics -- Networks, circuits, and embedded systems -- Verification.

Laboratory

Laboratoire LIX, UMR 7161 X-CNRS

Located in the heart of the research center on the Palaiseau campus of Ecole Polytechnique, LIX (“Laboratoire d’Informatique de l’X”, UMR X-CNRS) has a hundred members of which half are PhD students and forty are permanent researchers, equally distributed between CNRS, INRIA, and Ecole Polytechnique.

The activities of LIX are organized into three areas: algorithmic, networks, and formal methods. Among the ten teams housed within the lab, six are INRIA projects that have been with LIX since the creation of PCRI (Common Pole of Research in Informatics) on the Saclay plateau. A joint team between LIX and LIST at the Atomic Energy Commission has existed prior to the establishment of the RTRA Digiteo that promotes the co-location of its various teams. LIX also hosts the Chair in «Complex Industrial Systems» financed by Thalès. Since LIX collects such a number of projects, the lab has become an essential academic actor in the System@tic Pole of Competitiveness. LIX has a particular interest in developing competence in the multiple facets of network communications, ranging from the treatment of signals, the coding and routing of communications, the distribution and mobility of computation, and the safety and engineering of protocols.

Since mobile networks will be a central component of the future world of embedded systems, lab members have put a particular stress on the development of reliable and effective communication systems in mobile networks.

The lab is heavily involved in teaching at Ecole Polytechnique and at several Master’s programs in the Paris area. LIX has various contractual relationships with public organizations (Ministry of Higher Education and of Research, Directorate General of Armaments, the French Agency for Innovation, INRIA, etc) and with several international organizations.

During the last years, LIX sought to develop collaborations with the industrial world. In addition to Thales, LIX has also established connections Microsoft Research, Hitachi Labs, and NASA.

Departments 61 ➟ Langues et Cultures

O. Bertrand President

➟Course objectives There are classes at several levels, depending on the language chosen. The level is determined according to performance during the entrance examination.

The emphasis during the first semester is almost entirely devoted to a strengthening of the four basic skills, but includes a discovery of culture as well. The other two semesters are thematic in certain languages (English, French as a foreign language, German and Spanish). In the C. Schütz latter case, although language is obviously still an important factor, students are free to select Vice-President a course suited to their own interests. A wide range of topics are available, ranging from music, history, literature, cinema, drama, communications, government. It also includes a debating tournament organized between twelve of France’s most prestigious institutions of higher learning, the grand finale of which takes place at the French Parliament in Paris. In the third semester, a student of an excellent level may wish to do a personal research project under the guidance of a tutor, and write a dissertation on it, which he will then defend A. Picelli in the presence of several members of the Modern Languages Department. Assistant After three semesters of languages, the better students should reach a high level of competence in all the skills and, in addition, should possess an in-depth knowledge of several cultural aspects of the language in question. They should have no difficulty in communicating in that language and in following a scientific course abroad. The weaker students must acquire a very adequate level of comprehension and competence in spoken and written communications in their foreign languages. A minimum score of at least 570 in the TOEFL is a prerequisite for being awarded the final diploma from the Ecole Polytechnique (89 IBT version). For international student level 5 in TCF is necessary to obtain their diplomas.

Assessment Continuous assessment as well as course examinations are used for student evaluation. Regu- lar work is a must at all levels. Assessment is calculated on credits for work actually done and for the students’ level of language. Students are also assessed on attendance, quality and quantity of written work, on class participation and oral presentations in class. All students are required to do the language exams in both their languages. These take place at the end of the second year. The form of the exam varies according to the language in question but command of the language itself is the main priority as well the capacity to use it to produce a clear, accurate, thought out and informative essay in the foreign language. In addition to the TOEFL, the École Polytechnique offers German exams under the aegis of the Goethe Institute. In Japanese, there is an aptitude test that takes place once a year in Decem- ber. In those two cases, a contribution towards costs is requested.

Languages courses abroad The Ecole Polytechnique strongly encourages students to go on an intensive language course during the summer following the second year. They should also be encouraged to do their hands-on work placement in the country whose language they have been studying. The Mo- dern Languages Department will be able to help the students find the appropriate language school.

Departments 63 ➟ Mathematics

F. Golse President

➟Courses taught in the Department of Mathematics play an important role in the students’ education, either in their own right, because they are related to very active areas of research in mathematics, or in other scientific disciplines.

Interactions between mathematics and other disciplines, such as physics, mechanics, computer science, economics, biology, play an increasingly important role in modern science. D. Renard Vice-President

Students can choose to study only the mathematics that are essential to twentieth century physics, such as Hilbert space methods and Fourier analysis. Others will prefer to choose courses covering algebra (group theory, code theory, Galois theory), analysis (the theory of distributions, partial differential equations), geometry and topology, including dynamical systems and general relativity, and a wide range of applications. Of course, all intermediate cursus are also possible. C. Juppin Assistant

Departments 65 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

This series of lectures is an introduction to real and complex analysis. The lectures are organized around 4 main topics: ■ Lebesgue’s theory of measure and integration; ■ Fourier analysis; ■ Hilbert spaces and variational methods; ■ the theory of holomorphic functions (functions of one complex variable which are complex differentiable).

This course is aimed at giving all students some basic knowledge in functional analysis, opening up the way to many different fields: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, mechanics, theoretical physics… In particular, this course is an important toolbox for the second and third year courses in pure and applied mathematics especially MAT431 and MAT432, which are the natural extensions of this course.

The theory of measure and integration developed by H. Lebesgue is a key tool in many branches of mathematics and is commonly used in applications (e.g. in numerical analysis). This theory also offers a natural framework to probability theory which is presented in the second year’s course in applied mathematics (MAP432) and is the foundation of geometric measure theory. Applications to Fourier analysis and in the contest of Hilbert spaces will be given. Fourier analysis finds many applications in the solvability of partial differential equations also in signal processing and (see course MAP555)… Hilbert spaces theory is at the crossroad of analysis and geometry, it constitutes a first step towards the theory of opera- tors and spectral theory. It is also an essential tool in the resolution of variational problems (see the course in optimization MAP431) and partial differential equations (see the courses MAT431, MAT432 or MAP431) used in physics as well as in mechanics (heat equation, wave equation Schoedinger’s equation). The theory of holomorphic functions finds a variety of applications either in pure mathematics (number theory, minimal surfaces and geometry…) or in applied fields (fluid mechanics…).

The mathematical concepts introduced in this course will be illustrated by applications : the use of Fourier analysis in the modeling of diffraction in optics, the use of Hilbert spaces in quantum mechanics and in variational problems, the use of holomorphic functions in fluid mechanics (aerodynamics) or in the study of minimal surfaces…

No particular prerequisite other than the background of «classes préparatoires» are needed to follow this course. The first lecture will discuss some complements in topology (topology of normed vector spaces and metric spaces) that are essential in Lebesgue’s theory of integration and that Hilbert spaces.

66 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Second year Each student will select a first-semester mathematics course, either MAT431 or MAT432, which are different both in scope and aim. However both include an in-depth study of Fourier analysis, whose role is essential in physics, theoretical as well as experimental, and in many fields of pure and applied mathematics, such as signal analysis and probabilities.

MAT431 is more intensive, developing in addition various aspects of calculus, in particular the theory of differential equations. The qualitative, geometric and dynamic properties of their solutions will be emphasized. Moreover, Fourier analysis will be studied in the framework of distribution theory. This course is therefore a basis for all further study in analysis and geometry.

During the second semester, courses MAT451 and MAT452 will deal with more algebra- oriented topics. MAT451 studies the Galois group for algebraic equations, while MAT452 studies the Poincaré group of topological spaces.

Graduate Studies

The third year organized by the Mathematics Department offer to the students an initiation to some very active themes in contemporary Mathematics research, most of them having applications to one or several other sciences (Mechanics, Physics, Chemisty, Computer Science, Cryptography). They are followed by a “stage d’option“ (internship).

They are aimed to a diversified public: students wishing to acquire mathematical background which will be difficult to obtain later, before their engineering studies, or their formation in research in another field; students wanting for cultural reasons to have had a contact with live Mathematics before turning to other activities; and of course students considering a career in Mathematical research.

Various courses are taught in coordination with other Department: Applied Mathematics, Physics or Computer Science.

List of courses: First semester 551: Dynamical Systems 552: Algebraic number theory 553: Topology I 554: Nonlinear Analysis 556: Groups and Representations

List of courses: Second semester 561: Nonlinear Schrodinger equation: from Bose Einstein condensates to supersolids 562: Discreet Mathematics, Combinatorial Arithmetical and Codes 563: Topology II 565: Fermat Last Theorem, Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms

Departments 67 567: Transport and diffusion 568: General Relativity

Fourth Year, Master in Mathematics

A Master degree of Analysis, Arithmetic and Geometry is offered by the Math. Department (jointly with University of Paris Sud).

During the fourth year in Ecole Polytechnique, the student can prepar the M2 of the Master degree in Mathematics of Ecole Polytechnique and University of Paris Sud. The student has to pass two courses (15 ECTS each), usually during the first semester. During the second semester a research internship (21 ECTS) is prepared. Concerning the Master degree of Ecole Polytechnique lectures can be chosen either among those offered by Ecole Polytechnique - Orsay (University of Paris-Sud) or among those offered by another University after approval by the person in charge of the curriculum.

Other Masters in France or abroad are of outstanding level. After approval by the person in charge of the curriculum, the student could apply such a program. The Master degree will give also the so-called “Diplôme de l’Ecole Polytechnique“ for students of the ingeneer degree of Ecole Polytechnique.

2011-2012 – List of courses: First semester ■ Algebraic geometry ■ Number theory ■ Introduction to differential geometry ■ Introduction to dynamical system theory ■ Technique d’analyse harmonique ■ Theory of Riemann surfaces

List of courses: Second semester ■ Laplacien hypoelliptique et ingégrale orbitale ■ Cohomologie galoisienne et théorie des nombres ■ Introduction à l’étude des flots géométriques ■ Dynamique des équations aux dérivées partielles ■ Théorie ergodique et systèmes hamiltoniens ■ Problèmes aux limites elliptiques à coefficients peu-réguliers ■ Fonctions zêta de Hasse-Weil des courbes modulaires ■ Les marches aléatoires et la géométrie des groupes ■ Limiting and asymptotic results for nonlinear PDE with random force ■ Introduction mathématique à la théorie des champs ■ Homéomorphismes conservatifs des surfaces ■ Introduction à la théorie du corps de classes en dimension supérieure ■ Transport optimal

68 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratory

Center for Mathematics Laurent Schwartz (CMLS) The Center for Mathematics was founded in 1965 by Laurent Schwartz and was one of the first laboratories of the Ecole polytechnique. It took the name Center for Mathematics Lau- rent Schwartz (CMLS) on January 1st 2004, as a tribute to his founder. The ambition of the center is to practice research at the highest level and to develop teaching of mathematics not only at Ecole polytechnique but also in the University. It wishes to attract to this domain the most gifted young people in the field, while also transmitting to as many as possible the idea that mathematics are also – but not only – an essential tool for understanding the world. The three teams, Algebra, Analysis and Geometry organize a colloquium which is common to the Applied Mathematicians and the Computer Scientists. The CMLS takes an active part in instruction through research: XUPS conference organized for teachers in preparatory classes for the engineering school Concours, teaching in Masters De- grees, research internship for the students of Ecole polytechnique. Seminars and workshops are organized on a regular basis. The student’s seminar and the PhD student’s seminar take place once a week, and a special workshop is organized for students at the beginning of the 3rd year Program, which enables them to discover Mathematics interacting with other sciences.

Research Departments

Sub-sections: ■ Analysis The analysis group works on various aspects of the theory of partial differential equations. This thematical unity hides in fact a great diversity. On the one hand, the methods and tools in play require important developments from harmonic analysis, symplectic geometry, complex analysis, functional analysis and topological methods for the analysis of critical points of functionals. On the other hand, some works are centered on general classes of PDEs, while others study equations or systems modelising various phenomena from physics or mechanics. The group organises the PDE seminar (XEDP) whose proceedings are published and diffused by the Ecole. In charge of the team: François Golse ■ Algebra The themes studied by the Algebra group concern, among others, algebraic and analytic geometry, algebraic topology, groups, arithmetics and combinatorics. In charge of the team: Jean Lannes ■ Geometry The main research area of the geometry team can be grouped under the following titles: geometry of manifolds of negative curvature, ergodic geometry and dynamical systems, symplectic geometry, index theorems, diophantian geometry of convex polytopes. The team organises the the A. Besse seminar of riemaniann and complex geometry, the ergodic geometry seminar, and the symplectic topology seminar (Symplect’X). In charge of the team: Paul Gauduchon

Departments 69 ➟ Mechanics

E. de Langre President

➟The Mechanics program is designed to present the main concepts and methods underlying the description and understanding of macroscopic phenomena in the Engineering and Natu- ral Sciences. It strives to teach the students how to implement these concepts and methods in order to achieve the optimum design of various mechanical systems or to control their operation. The program involves both theoretical modelling and experimentation and it seeks J.-J. Marigo Vice-President to make students aware of industrial applications.

Mechanics courses are open to all students: they are organized so as to take into considera- tion the growing diversity of incoming students’ backgrounds and career objectives.

C. Dieu Assistant

Departments 71 Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

The objective of second year courses is to introduce the main concepts of the subject, without attempting to be too comprehensive. It seeks to give students a working knowledge of the most general methods. In this second year, a significant portion of the program is already devoted to the implementation of concepts and methods, most notably through the use of numerical simulations and experimentation.

Graduate Studies

The third year of the “Ingénieur”’s program at Ecole Polytechnique corresponds to the first year M1 of the Master’s degree. The Mechanics department then proposes four specialties, all of them built in partnership with other departments.

The objectives of this M1 year is to introduce the fundamental concepts and methods which are essential in order to fully benefit from the more advanced Specialty programs offered in the second year M2. Eligible students should have successfully completed an undergraduate degree in science or engineering.

The M1 programs offered by the department are: ■ The graduate program in Mechanics ■ The graduate program in Mechanics and Physics for Environment ■ The graduate program in Engineering and Innovation Technologies ■ The graduate program in Energies for the 21st Century

Fourth Year

Several specialties are offered for the second year of the Master’s program in Mechanics. Organised in partnership with other academic institutions, they encompass, at a high scientific level, a wide range of mechanical topics in fluid mechanics, material and structural mechanics as well as geophysical mechanics and environmental sciences.

■ Fluid Mechanics, Fundamentals & Applications ■ Materials and Engineering Sciences ■ Advanced Structural Calculus ■ Materials Science for Sustainable Construction ■ Oceans, Atmosphere, Climate and Observation from Space ■ Engineering and Innovation Technologies

72 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratory

Laboratoire d’Hydrodynamique (LadHyX) www.ladhyx.polytechnique.fr

Ecole Polytechnique – CNRS ➟ Director: Jean-Marc Chomaz – [email protected] ➟ Deputy-Director: Christophe Clanet – [email protected]

The Hydrodynamics Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique (LadHyX) is engaged in theoretical, numerical and experimental research in fundamental fluid dynamics.The research efforts of the laboratory are focussed on the following areas of fluid mechanics: Instabilities and Flow Control; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics; Flow-Structure Interactions and Plant Biomechanics; Microfluidics, Particles and Bubbles; and more recently Soft Matter Physics. In many of these topics, theoretical, numerical and experimental aspects are synergistically intertwined so as to benefit from a full range of methodological tools. Although most of the research programs are clearly fundamental in nature, they involve flow configurations which commonly arise in the natural environment and in industrial applications.

The laboratory currently comprises 14 researchers, 6 support staffs, 10 postdoctoral fellows and 22 doctoral students. LadHyX is a partner in numerous contracts and grants from industry in both the private sector (Airbus Industries, Arcelor, Bouygues, EADS, Institut Français du Pétrole, etc.) and in public agencies (Agence Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, European Commission, Délégation Générale de l’Armement, INRA, INRIA, ONERA).

The laboratory maintains close collaborations with several international academic establish- ments in Germany, Canada, China, the USA, Poland, the United Kingdom and Sweden. Its research staff actively participates in the academic programs offered by the department of Mechanics, both at the undergraduate (Ingénieur) and graduate (Masters) levels. The laboratory offers a Master in “Fluid Mechanics, Fundamentals and Applications” in partnership with Université Pierre & Marie Curie. This graduate degree program which is entirely taught in english, attracts highly qualified international students.

Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) www.lmd.ens.fr

Ecole Polytechnique – ENS – UPMC – CNRS ➟ Director: Patrick Le Tallec – [email protected]

The Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology is located on three sites (at the Ecole Polytech- nique, at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and at the University of Paris 6) and is also a laboratory of the CNRS, the leading French research institute. In addition to these four partners,

Departments 73 there is the CNES (the French space agency), with which the laboratory maintains privile- ged links, LMD being one of its spatial laboratories. In total, the LMD employs almost 200 researchers, doctoral fellows, engineers, technicians and administrators, of whom over 100 are permanent staff. Despite its complexity, the LMD is characterised by a strong unity of purpose, since the studies - as its name indicates - concern the dynamics of the atmosphere, and its role in the climate system. It is the study of climatic fluctuations from year to year, on the continental or global scale of atmospheric movements, and the role of human activities in this (greenhouse effect, deforestation), which constitute the prime objectives of studies at the LMD.

However, smaller-scale studies, regional and continental, have become increasingly important in the laboratory, as these concern the validation of models based on the analysis of elemental processes, or approaches to new problems and issues, such as the quality of air. The atmosphere constitutes a complex and interactive part of our environment. To study this, the LMD sets up the methods of observation (by satellite or in situ) or complex numerical models. In recent years the laboratory has contributed to important space missions (CALIPSO for the study of clouds, IASI an interferometer for multiple uses for which the laboratory has developed a method of tracking atmospheric CO2).

The LMD is a prime partner for future missions (MEGHA-TROPIQUES, a Franco-Indian space program).

It has initiated numerous recent campaigns (AMMA for studying the African monsoon, STRATEOLE to study, by means of balloons, the vortex which allowed the appearance of the ozone hole above the Antarctic, and VASCO in the Indian Ocean). It has contributed, in a significant measure, to modelling studies, which provided the basis for the IPCC report on climate change.

This work is not merely experimental, but also incorporates a conceptual and theoretical approach. This is the case when it concerns attempts to understand the fundamental processes (such as the role of stratification, the interactions with the planet’s surface and its topography, or the interactions between different scales) or the more heterogeneous processes, often organised on a larger scale (such as the stratospheric circulation, the monsoons, tropical perturbations, or the midlatitudes perturbations).

Finally, the atmosphere is also an efficient means of transport, which interacts strongly with the continental and oceanic surfaces, and the study of the atmospheric budgets is in many cases the best method to constrain, for example, the exchanges of water, or the emission of trace gases near the surface. The atmosphere plays a particularly active role in the wider climatic system, which comprises the oceans, the cryosphere, the biosphere, demanding interdisciplinary studies. A federation of laboratories, the Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) organised within the Ile-de-France and including LMD, coordinates these studies. An observation site, SIRTA, is run by the LMD at the Ecole Polytechnique for IPSL.

74 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides (LMS) www.lms.polytechnique.fr

Ecole Polytechnique – ENSMP – CNRS ➟ Director: Patrick Le Tallec – [email protected]

The research done at the LMS pertains to the mechanics of solids covering all scales in space (from nanometer to terrestrial) and time (from quasistatic to dynamic), studied from a theoretical, experimental and numerical perspective. Researchers at the lab are interested in bridging scales from atomistic to micron to study material behavior at the structural level. They want to understand and quantify the link between their composition, their texture and their mechanical behavior and the presence of different chemical elements. In addition to these highly coupled problems in the physics of matter, the major part of the lab’s research pertains to studies at the macroscopic level of materials, systems and natural or manmade structures. These studies have applications in tranportation, energy production and storage, and in life sciences.

The main research thrusts of the LMS are: Dynamics, analysis and identification: experiments in the dynamics of materials and structures, identification of mechanical parameters by inverse methods based on experimental measurements, modeling of problems in nonlinear dynamics and associated instabilities. Fatigue, fracture, contact, interfaces and discontinuities: models to predict fatigue and fracture in structures and processes (e.g. welding); Geomechanics and Earth Works: thermo-hydromechanical behavior of rocks, micromecha- nics and local field analyses, methods of change of scale and analysis of relevant mechanisms. Biomaterials and biomechanics: experimental characterization and modeling of biological tissues and cell mechanics. With about twenty-five researchers, the LMS contributes significantly to the Ecole Poly- technique’s engineering curriculum, its Masters and Doctoral level educational programs. Ten researchers from the LMS are also members of the Ecole’s teaching faculty. More than thirty doctoral students do their thesis here at any given time.

Departments 75 ➟ Physics

P. Grangier President

➟Physics courses on the campus of Ecole Polytechnique The aim of the courses taught in physics have four main objectives:  Provide the students with a basic scientific culture in modern physics. 2 Introduce them to the practice of experimentation in the laboratory and to the practice of scientific research. C. Kopper Vice-President 3 Prepare them to their subsequent specialized formation either in physics (masters in Education research) or in technical fields (Engineering institutions). 4 Make them aware of the many links which relate advanced modern technologies and the progress of basic and applied physics.

The physics courses are taught in two periods: The first one includes the two first years (cf. file PHY300). It is an introduction to the main A. Aspect theories and methods which are the basis of modern physics (quantum and statistical phy- Vice-President sics, special relativity, variational principles), and to their simplest fields of application. This Research period also includes an introduction through experiments in the laboratory to a large variety of subjects in physics, materials sciences and modern electronics. Finally, students can also perform, under supervision, a collective project pertaining to physics or electronics.

The third year, organized into two teaching periods and a research training period (cf. file

phy 500) includes a more specialized introduction to most major fields of modern physics G. Petite Vice-President and of its industrial applications: quantum optics, solid state physics, particle physics, quan- Campus tum field theory, statistical theory of complex systems, general relativity, astrophysics and Infrastructures planets, geophysics, cross disciplinary subjects (mechanics-physics, biology-physics, chemistry-physics), physics of optical, electronic, and magnetic devices. These courses are a strong basis for further specialized course given in the fourth year (cf file PHY600): research or professional Masters in France or abroad, Engineering programs.

S. Pottier Assistant Physics research on the campus of Ecole Polytechnique Research in the various fields of physics is strongly developed on the Campus of Ecole Polytechnique!

Nearly all the principal domains of research are present, those which are at the heart of physics, but also fields which are shared with related sciences such as biology, chemistry,

(technical) mechanics, computer science and mathematics. Even if the fields of activity be- P. Vovard longing to fundamental physics are majority, those directed towards applications are also Assistant

Departments 77 large in number and presently undergo rapid evolution. The main research interests of the nine Laboratories which are associated with the department of physics of Ecole Polytech- nique are briefly resumed below.

We have to add to research institutions which joined the campus recently: L’Institut d’Op- tique Graduate School (IOTA) and Thalès Research and Technology (TRT). More generally, the Saclay plane (plateau de Saclay) comprises a group of research centres - such as CEA- Saclay, the university Paris-Sud (Orsay) and l’ONERA - of exceptional performancce in physics research and of worldwide importance. These research activities imply obviously numerous international collaborations and cooperations.

The physics department wants to strongly encourage the students of Ecole Polytechnique and all students on the campus to profit at the maximum from this exceptional scientific environment. They should contact as often as possible the research staff in the Laboratories and also their academic teachers, and not only on subjects related to their courses. They will discover science at work, and science on the way to prepare tomorrow’s technology!

Departments courses

Undergraduate Studies

First year Teach to students the principles of quantum mechanics which is the theoretical basis of modern physics and of many recent advanced technologies.

Quantum mechanics is the fundamental and complete theory of microscopic structures and processes. All physics is quantum, from elementary particles to stars and the Big bang. Quantum mechanics is certainly one of the greatest intellectual endeavours of mankind. All students follow an introductory course on quantum mechanics. This course has strong cross-references with the courses on mathematics and on probability theory (PHY311)

Second year The second year involves three types of physics courses. ■ First semester: a two-month course on Relativity and variational principles (PHY431). ■ Second semester: the main course on Quantum and statistical physics (PHY432). ■ Second semester: experimental courses called «Modal» (PHY441A-B,442A-B).

Students can also participate in a team work (PSC) on subject of their choice related to basic or applied physics.

78 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Graduate Studies Third year The second part of scientific teaching at Ecole Polytechnique turns from basic to more specialized subjects: the third year is subdivided in three trimesters, Periods 1 and 2 and the subsequent research project (Period 3). The physics department proposes a catalogue of courses which contains mainly courses in physics but also courses on subjects relating physics to other sciences such as biology, (technical) mechanics, informatics, mathematics and applied mathematics. In addition, there are courses proposed by other departments which give insight into subjects of physical interest from a different point of view.

For those students who have a precise idea on the field of activity they want to study in industry, technology or research (such as energy, environment, theoretical physics, biophysics, electrical engineering etc.), the physics department proposes courses covering the third and fourth years (Master 1 and Master 2). They carry the name of “scientific specialization program“ which themselves subdivide into different tracks. This will help students to find out the courses, research projects and orientation of their fourth years’ studies which are most adapted to their fields of interest. (If the number of courses recommended in the first or second periods of Master 1 is smaller than the minimal number of courses required, the student will be free to choose courses from other themes related to his field of interest. In this context the program “Physics“ comprises three tracks oriented towards different general themes, and two international tracks (PON and PHE) which are somewhat more specialized. They all give access to a M1 in the speciality “Physics and Applications“. Details on the program “Physics“ can be found in www.catalogue.polytechnique.fr

Some students could not have completely fixed their personal and professional orientation, or could have a project which is not fully aligned with any of the existing programs/tracks. Others would like to discover the methods of modelling or instruments of modern physics in order to use them in some other domain which is their principal field of interest. For all those students, the department of physics makes an offer allowing them to learn what is required for their specialization in the fourth year (Master 2), and to deepen their knowledge of certain fields of modern physics at the same time. The physics department has organized its teaching program in such a way that the students can follow the courses of the Master 1 program just over one trimester, or over two trimesters, and such that they can choose their research project according to their personal projects.

Most courses proposed are based on the fundamental concepts of microscopic physics taught in the first and second year courses in physics.

The teaching program of Period 1 permits to get acquainted with the great fields of modern physics : quantum optics and lasers, solid state physics, elementary particles, astrophysics and nuclear physics, physics of biological objects, physical origin of mechanical properties, soft matter. In Period 2, students are prepared more specifically to the specialization during the fourth year: Master courses in physics oriented towards research in fundamental phy-

Departments 79 sics, material science, optics, geophysics, astrophysics, biophysics, introduction to the physical basis of electronics and industrial optics. All those tracks comprise also some individual work (in-depth study) on a subject of interest in modern physics. This personal work can be theoretical or experimental. In any case it gives rise to a written report and an oral communication.

Fourth Year Partner Graduate Institutes of Engineering ■ ESPCI ■ ENSTA ■ ENST ■ Mines-Paristech ■ CEA-INSTN ■ Pétroles et Moteurs ■ Supaéro ■ Supélec ■ Institut d’Optique Graduate School

Masters Masters in Physics and Applications. After the M1 “Physics“, seven M2’s are proposed in collaboration with universities and engineer schools: ■ Fundamental concepts in Physics ■ Optics, Matter and Plasmas ■ Materials Sciences and Nano-Objects ■ Fusion science ■ Quantum devices ■ Nanosciences ■ High energy physics

The English-taught M1 “Physics for Optics and Nanosciences“ can be followed by two En- glish-taught M2,s (Optics, Matter, Plasmas or Nanosciences). The M1 “High energy physics“ is followed by a M2 year at the ETH in Zürich (Switzerland)

Masters or PhDs abroad in ■ Physics ■ Applied Physics ■ Electrical Engineering ■ Aerospace Engineering ■ Mechanical Engineering

(Universities of Stanford, Berkeley, Caltech, Cornell, UCLA, MIT, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Karlsruhe, Munich, Zürich, London…)

80 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratories

Center for Theoretical Physics (CPHT) www.cpht.polytechnique.fr

The Center for Theoretical Physics numbers about 70 researchers (half are permanents) which activity is devoted to the development of theories in various domains of physics. Ini- tially founded by specialists of mathematical physics, the CPHT has varied his interests, with the successive coming of groups of particle physics, of plasmas physics, and more recently of condensed matter physics.

Indeed, one studies in CPHT fundamental interactions, with the help of quantum chromodynamics or string theory, as well as thermonuclear controlled fusion, in the context of the international project ITER, the theory of chaotic systems, the modelisation of solar flares, the analysis of laser matter interaction with ultra-intense lasers, or the development of modern theories for the computation of electronic structures of strongly correlated materials, to take only a few examples. A sheet of paper, a pen, a computer, these are the tools of the researchers of the CPHT, in close relation with numerous collaborators operating in laboratories where the theories are compared with the experimental results.

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR) polywww.in2p3.fr

The Leprince-Ringuet laboratory has two domains of research which are sharing not only physical concepts but also technical approaches, very high energy gamma astronomy and particle physics. Founded in 1936 at Ecole polytechnique by Louis Leprince-Ringuet, the laboratory was looking at cosmic rays to understand their nature and mostly to study the particles they are made of. Then after a long period of activity on the sole particle accelerators, cosmic rays are again under study at the laboratory, now to understand their sources. The gamma astronomy looks at the sky through photons of energy around the TeV, thou- sand billions times more energetic than those from the visible light, a totally new way of observing the sky. The quest is twofold: what mechanisms generate such photons, what are their sources. We use an observatory, HESS, sited in Namibia which detects these photons through their interaction on the nuclei of the atmosphere, the atmospheric Cerenkov teles- copes. About fifty sources have been identified,blazars, supernovae, active galaxy nuclei, etc. HESS has received the Descartes prize of the european union. A satellite containing a photon detector of calorimetric type (GLAST) has been launched in 2008. We have built the mechanical structure of this calorimeter. Our activity in particle physics focusses on the strong interactions with the study of the quark-gluon plasma at Brookhaven (NY, USA), state of the universe a little after its creation, on the proton structure at DESY, (Hambourg), on the electroweak physics. Our knowledge of the particles and their interactions is summa- rised in the so-called ”standard model“. This model provides excellent predictions but is not really coherent from the theoretical point of view. The most important missing piece is the “Higgs boson“ responsible for the mass. It will be actively searched for starting in 2010 by

Departments 81 the CERN experiment CMS. in proton-proton collisions, and finely characterised in electron- positron collisions (ILC) by the end of the next decade. These experiments should bring a lot of new physics, may be up to revealing new dimensions of space. We study also with BaBar, close to San Francisco, the particle-antiparticle symmetry. Finally, the oscillations between the three fammilies of neutrinos observed since few years, will be studied in an experiment in Japan. Our physics has a world-wide development and the experimental installations are scattered all around the world.

Always at the limit of the existing technologies, our field develops its own technologies which can be applied at many other domains. We develop codes for simulating the interactions of particle with matter, or realize beam profilers for the ions accelerators used in cancer therapy. We also prepare the future by looking at new acceleration techniques by plasma in collaboration with other laboratories from the Ecole..

Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (LPMC) pmc.polytechnique.fr

An original aspect of the condensed matter research carried out within the PMC laboratory is that both physicists and chemists collaborate closely on subjects ranging from solid state chemistry and soft matter physics to the elaboration, modification and properties of different materials. More recently, studies at the interface between physics, chemistry and biology have begun to emerge.

From a practical viewpoint, scientists at PMC attack these problems either experimentally, theoretically or via numerical simulations. Of particular note is the tradition of “in-house scientific instrumentation for new science” that has been part of the culture of the laboratory since its creation. A recent and on-going example of this is the construction of a scanning tunnelling microscope capable of producing images of surface magnetism. Typically, projects involve people with diverse scientific backgrounds, either from within the laboratory itself, or via external collaborations. This is best exemplified by the fact that while scientific activity within PMC is organised around four research groups, there are a number of inter- group projects. Fundamental research remains the primary goal at PMC, but at the same time the laboratory maintains a number of applied research projects in collaboration with industrial partners.

The principle scientific theme at PMC concerns the physics and chemistry of condensed matter at the nanoscale. Examples include the fabrication and characterisation of magnetic nanoparticles or nanostructures, the study of fluid flow in disordered or irregular solids and over a large range of length scales, and studies of instabilities at phase transitions or during electrolytic growth. Further information on these and other projects can be found at pmc. polytechnique.fr.

PMC attracts a significant number of foreign scientists either as short-to-medium term visi- tors, as post-doctoral scientists or (most commonly) as Ph.D. students. In total, there are

82 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 typically about twenty Ph.D. students at any one time at PMC, and these graduates go on to find positions both within the public (research) sector and, most often, in private industry. From a scientific and social viewpoint, students are the lifeblood of PMC (see their website, pmc.polytechnique.fr

Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM) www.lpicm.polytechnique.fr

The research activities of the laboratory deal with the synthesis and applications of thin film and nanomaterials, based on carbon and silicon. These research are devoted both to growth mechanisms and opto-electronical properties. Fundamental aspects of nanomaterial synthesis are investigated. On the other hand, most of the researchs lead to many practical applications, such as large area electronics (solar cells, flat panel displays), molecular electronics and optical instrumentation (ellipsometry…). More precisely, the research activities of the laboratory cover four different topics: ■ Plasma synthesis of silicon based thin films and nanomaterials: influence of growth processes on the electronic properties. ■ Applications of silicon thin films to solar cells and flat panel displays (thin film transistors) ■ Synthesis and applications of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowires, in particular biological and chemical nanodetection. ■ Optical instrumention in polarimetry. Applications to semiconductor metrology and bio- medicine.

Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP) www.lpp.fr

The Laboratory of Plasma Physics (LPP) was created in January 2009 by the fusion of the Laboratoire de Physique et Technologie des Plasmas (LPTP, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique) with the Centre d’étude des Environnements Terrestre et Planétaires (CETP, CNRS, UVSQ, UPMC). We pursue research into all fields of plasma physics, from hot to cold plasmas and from laboratory to space plasmas, combining theoretical, simulation and experimental approaches.

Our objective is to make significant contributions to the major contemporary international projects in plasma physics: space plasma research into the sun-earth and other planetary systems, and the ITER project where magnetically confined hot plasmas will be harnessed to achieve controlled nuclear fusion. LPP is also strongly involved with plasma technologies such as plasmas for nano-technology, de-pollution, and plasma sources.

Plasma: the common scientific theme across the laboratory Whether we are astrophysicists or laboratory physicists, we are all plasmacists. From astrophysics to nanotechnology, our working tool and our research goal is the physics of plasmas. This ionized gas, completely or partially ionized, is the fourth and least known state of mat-

Departments 83 ter. At the earth’s surface the plasma state rarely exists naturally (lightning is one exception), but a few hundred kilometers overhead is the ionosphere which is a plasma. On the cosmic scale, 99 % of observed matter is ionized and therefore in the plasma state. However, plasmas are also present in a variety of everyday objects, such as fluorescent and low energy lamps and plasma TVs. One should not forget that plasma physics also plays an essential role upstream of a wide range of technological applications: more than half of the processing operations used to manufacture integrated microelectronic circuits such as memory chips are carried out in plasma reactors, and plasma thrusters are considered to be the most pro- mising technology for a manned mission to Mars. Pollution abatement can also be achieved with plasma technologies, along with high power micro-wave and X-ray generation. Finally, plasma physics is essential for the understanding of the different experimental systems implicated in thermonuclear fusion research.

LPP is in position to anticipate, prepare and influence the major international projects in plasma science. The controlled fusion by magnetic confinement project ITER is based on an international treaty between 7 partners (Europe, USA, Russia, Japan, China, Corea, In- dia). For space exploration projects, the instruments built by the group have been selected on most of the space science missions by the space agencies (CNES, ESA, NASA, JAXA (Japan), CNSA (China), IKI (Russia)). The scientists of the group are part of the proposing teams of major programmes of Solar System Plasma Physics: they are preparing the mission BepiColombo toward Mercury, ESA cornerstone mission in collaboration with JAXA (Japan), they will build instruments for Solar Orbiter(ESA/NASA) and for the ESA programme Cosmic Vision (2015-2025), they support the missions Laplace toward Jupiter-Europa and Cross- Scale in the Earth Environment.

Main Research Topics at the LPP ■ Magnetic fusion plasma and ITER project ■ Space plasma ■ Dense plasmas ■ Cold plasmas for environment, energy and nanotechnologies ■ Theoretical plasma physics

Transverse topics: ■ Turbulence in magnetised plasmas ■ Space engineering ■ Numerical simulations ■ Resarch & Technology diagnostics

84 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI) www.lsi.polytechnique.fr

The Laboratory of Irradiated Solids depends on three institutions : CEA, CNRS and Ecole Polytechnique. Its experimental and theoretical scientific activity is related to the behavior of solids under different types of excitations, either under irradiation with various charged particles (electrons, heavy ions), strong light intensity or synchrotron radiation.

The topic of materials irradiation includes the study of materials microstructural evolution, in particular materials of nuclear interest, under irradiation (the lab owns unique facilities for irradiation with high energy electrons) and the effect of high energy deposition (irradiation with swift heavy ions and aggregates). One can associate to this topic radiation effects in polymers and the study of radiografting and its applications in various fields, such as fuel cells with polymer membranes and biomaterials.

Laser-solid interaction with ultra-short pulses are studied and, using pump-probe methods, ultrafast electronic kinetics (relaxation, trapping, electron transfer) involved in excited materials. Applications concern the understanding of optical breakdown at high power or materials nanostructuring by femtosecond laser pulses.

The activity on superconductivity covers transport properties in high Tc or exotic supercon- ductors, especially the study of disorder effect on the thermodynamics of «vortex matter». The development of novel methods for local magnetic measurements (magneto-optics, Hall nanoprobes...) is a specialty of the concerned team. We are also working on «bottom-up» nanofabrication of many nanosystems (magnetic nanowires, semiconductors, carbon nanotubes..) and on the study of their electronic transport properties. «Nanospintronics» is from this point of view a rapidly developing activity.

The solid-sate theory group, finally, is working on ab-initio calculations of electronic structure of solids, whether in the ground state (transition metal oxides, boron-rich solids...) or for properties involving excited states (optical aborption spectra, electron energy loss, photoemis- sion, X-ray inelastic scattering, nonlinear optical properties, electron-phonon relaxation...). These activities combine the development of new theoretical concepts and their application to cases of practical interest, possibly until industrial applications. This research is complemented by atomistic simulation activities (grain boundaries studies, growth phenomena simulation) by semi-empirical methods.

Departments 85 Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI) www.luli.polytechnique.fr

Research Centre on the physics of hot plasmas, LULI is specialised in the study of laser- generated plasmas and their applications. Experiments are mainly based on the irradiation with laser pulses of tiny solid or gaseous targets, bringing them to the exotic plasma state, at extreme temperature, density and pressure conditions. Many topics can be explored, from fundamental plasma physics (including laser-plasma interaction, hydrodynamics and atomic physics of hot and/or dense plasmas) to x-ray sources, laser-driven particle acceleration, and laser-induced shocks. Applications for energy production, material processing, laboratory astrophysics or geophysics are currently explored. As a national and European facility, LULI operates and continuously upgrades two high- energy multi-beam laser facilities and experimental areas and equipment. Open access is offered on these facilities to the scientific community.

In complement to plasma physics programs, LULI develops R&D programs on laser technology and laser optics, including ultra intense lasers and high-power solid-state diode-pum- ped lasers.

Active member in national and international collaborations, LULI is a training centre for undergraduate and graduate students in laser-generated plasmas and applications and high- power laser physics and technology.

Requirements : General physics (classical mechanics, waves, electric and magnetic fields, Maxwell equations, Thermodynamics…)

Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée (LOA) http://loa.ensta.fr

The Applied Optics Laboratory has for research theme the production and multidisciplinary use of ultra-short pulses (few femtoseconds (fs), 1fs = 10-15 s), and high powered impulses (up to 100 terawatts = 1014 W). The high peak intensity of those laser pulses allows the matter analysis in extreme interaction circumstances. In this new system told “relativist“, the special relativity effects deeply change the dynamics of interaction and help to create ultra-fast particles or radiation sources.

So at the LOA the themes of study concern: ■ Ultra-short impluses generation, femtosecond ■ Interaction between light and matter in the ultra-intense, relativist and ultra-relativist system ■ Laser beams in the extrem ultra-violet (XUV) in order to extend laser physics to very short wavelengths, based on a plasma as a gain medium ■ Attosecond impluses also in the XUV. The typical duration is about 100 as (10-16 s), the fastest light pulses ever created

86 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 ■ X-ray femtosecond coherent and incoherent. These sources allow the X-ray science to open up little by little to questions about the dymanics of the matter ■ Packages of femtosecond electrons accelerated to several hundreds of mega-electronvolt

The LOA is concerned about applying intensive pulses to medical, especially in two ways: ■ Femtosecond ophtalmology. In collaboration with the Biotechnology and Eye Laboratory af the Hotel Dieu hospital of Paris, the LOA is developping a “femtosecond laser trepan“ more precise than the mechanics now used. It is used to correct myiopa, corneal graft, glaucoma ■ Proton therapy. The LOA is studying the proton and neutron pulsed sources from the laser- plasma interaction for the cancer treatment.

Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences (LOB) http://www.lob.polytechnique.fr

The Optics and Biosciences Laboratory (LOB) is a mixed structure (Ecole Polytechnique – IN- SERM – CNRS) which gather in one point several domains as Molecular and Cellular Biology, Optics ans Femtosecond Dynamics in order to develop synergies beyond the thematics of each specialities. This process is made to bring about new concepts and tools, especially for the understanding of how proteins function and their organization inside cells and tissues.

The themes taken on by the laboratory include the dynamics of proteins in a femtosecond time scale. The general principle of these experiences is based on the excitation of a bio- chemical reaction by a femtosecond impulse. Its further development is observed by different resolved real-time methods as visible or infrared spectroscopy, the multidimensional consistent spectroscopy, circular dichroism, or the X-ray diffraction. Another focus of the laboratory is the development of new approaches of biological organisms imagery, by using the follow-up of single biomolecules or non-linear optics process, as harmonic generating devices or fluorescence by multiphoton absorption.

The researchers are teaching at Ecole Polytechnique in the Physics and Biology departments, and also in different Master programs.

Departments 87 ➟ Sport

CBA. Derongs Sport Director

➟Sports play an essential role at Ecole Polytechnique. First because sport helps develop more well-rounded students, secondly because the outstanding results achieved by the different teams enhance the reputation of the school.

LT. Lailheugue Teaching sports at Ecole Polytechnique Deputy Sports is a prerequisite for every student. They may choose from among sixteen sporting activities which they practice for six hours a week. Just like any other regular course, sports activities are assessed and graded by professional teachers, attentive to the progress of the students.

The school’s teams are made up of its best athletes. They take part in the interuniversity competitions which take place every week. M. Henry Deputy

However, there are no sports scholarships at Ecole Polytechnique.

Sixteen sports to choose from Team sports: Basketball, Handball, Volley-Ball, Football (or soccer), Rugby Outdoor sports: Field and Track events, Orienteering, Climbing, Badminton Water sports: Rowing, Swimming, Sailing Individual sports: Horse-riding, Fencing, Golf, Judo, Tennis

Ecole Polytechnique has numerous sports facilities, indoors and outdoors, as well as two swimming pools and a golf links.

Offre de formation 89

The fourth year of the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” Curriculum

The final Advanced Master’s degree, «Diplôme de l’École Polytechnique», is granted after completion of the fourth year to all students who have obtained both the «Ingénieur de l’École Polytechnique» diploma and a specialized Master degree. The «Ingénieur de l’École Polytechnique» diploma is a Master degree granted at the end of the first three years and corresponding to an intensive, multidisciplinary scientific education. The fourth and final year leads to a second Master degree in a specialized domain.

Specialization can be achieved along one of the following tracks: 1. The elite technical professions that serve the State (also called “Corps de l’État”) This track is exclusively reserved for French and EU students willing to serve the State.

2. Graduate Institutes of Engineering in France (“Ecole d’Ingénieur”) This track allows the students to acquire more technical and specialized knowledge in a specific industrial domain. This graduate program, offered by a partner Graduate Institute of Engineering (“Grande Ecole”), allows students to discover yet another intellectual and educational culture.

The third-year research internship can be integrated within the program and organized in cooperation between Ecole Polytechnique and the partner Institute.

The standard organization of the fourth year is as follows: The first part of the academic year is devoted to coursework while the latter consists of an internship within a company or a laboratory. Admission to this track is made through the regular application procedures; the students’ applications are reviewed by the juries of the respective Institutes. Students receive individual notification of the results.

The partner Institute grants a diploma “Diplôme d’Ingénieur” once the program has been completed. The program is offered by the following Institutes, some of which are members of ParisTech (Paris Institute of Technology), while others are located in the South of France (Toulouse) or the Southeast (Grenoble, Sophia-Antipolis).

Departments 91 Graduate Institute Specialized Graduate Program AgroParisTech Life Sciences (Agriculture), Food, Biology, Environment, 2-year program in Ecology and in Environmental Engineering

ENSAE ParisTech Economics and Statistics

ENSCP ParisTech Chemistry, Biotechnology

ENSEEIHT Computer Science, Telecommunication, Networks, Electro- nics, Fluid Mechanics, Electrical Engineering

ENSIMAG Information Processing and Modelling

ENSPM – IFP School non renewable energy (petroleum, gas, automobile)

ENSTA ParisTech Mechanical Engineering, Systems Engineering, Information Systems, Mathematic Engineering

INSTN Nuclear Engineering, Nuclear Power

IOGS Optics Engineering and New Technologies

ISAE-SUPAERO Aerospace industry (aircraft space program, energy and propul- sion, control and onboard systems), Computer Science, Auto- mation, Robotics

Mines ParisTech Industry

Ponts ParisTech Civil Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Economics, Urban Planning, Computer Science, Applied Mathematics

Supélec Information Technology, Energy

TELECOM Bretagne Telecommunications and Systems

TELECOM ParisTech Information Technology, Telecommunications

HEC Strategic Management, Finance and Entrepreneurship

3. Masters in France 3a. Masters of Ecole Polytechnique The Masters programs offered by Ecole Polytechnique are graduate studies in the fields of Science and Technology, Engineering, Economics and Business Management, as well as Sustainable Development.

92 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 The courses are open to the best European and international students, who have at least a Bachelor’s degree or an equivalent. They are also open to French students completing a “Diplôme d’ingénieur” (3rd year of “Grandes Ecoles”). The Masters diplomas are internationally recognized degrees, allowing the student to follow with doctorate-level education or to enter the workplace at a senior level.

The different programs offer a variety of specialized courses which are built upon three complementary elements: – High-level scientific training, focused on a given field, with strong emphasis on modelling, simulation and experimental validation, – Familiarity with technical tools related to a given field, thereby allowing an application of the acquired knowledge directly at the workplace or in a research environment, – Insight into the workplace as well as the Humanities and Social Sciences.

What Ecole Polytechnique offers is unique in several ways: – On-site equipment of a high standard, as well as an internationally known multidisciplinary research centre covering all the fields taught in the Masters programs, – Very strong partnerships with other higher education institutes and universities all over France and Europe, – A strong tradition of excellence in Science, as well as in the Humanities and Social Sciences, with an emphasis on foreign languages and cultural exchange.

The Masters courses extend over 4 semesters (2 years and 120 ECTS). The 1st year (M1, 60 ECTS) is built upon the 3rd year of the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum. The 2nd year (M2, also 60 ECTS) is jointly organized with partner Graduate Institutes or Universities.

Students from the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum complete the first year (M1) through their 3rd year of the “Ingénieur Polytechnicien” curriculum and join the second year (M2) during their final year of study.

Ecole Polytechnique offers differents Masters Programs with several specialities:

Applied Mathematics Speciality: Mathematics and Modelling – PDE and Numerical Analysis – Mathematics: Applications to Biology and Medical Science – Mathematics, Vision, Learning – Optimization, Game Theory and Modelling in Economics

Speciality: Probability theory and Finance

Speciality: Probability theory and Aleatory Models

Departments 93 Chemistry Speciality: Molecular Chemistry

Complex Software System Speciality: Conception and Management of Complex Software Systems

Computer Science Speciality: Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

Speciality: Research in Informatics

Speciality: Operational research

Economics Speciality: Economics Analysis and Policy

Speciality: Economics of Markets and Organizations

Speciality: Economics of Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development

Speciality: Economics and Public Policy

Engineering and Innovation Technologies Speciality: Technological Innovation: Engineering and Entrepreneurship

Mathematics Speciality: Analysis, Arithmetic and Geometry

Mechanics Speciality: Fluids Mechanics, Fundamentals & Applications – Multiphysics and Multi-scale Modelling for Materials and Structures

Speciality: Materials Science and Structural Mechanics – Materials and Engineering Sciences – Advances Structural Calculus

Speciality: Materials Science for Sustainible Construction

94 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Molecular and cellular biology Speciality: Structural and Functional Engineering of Biomolecules

Speciality: Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

Physics and Applications Speciality: Fundamental Concepts in Physics – Solid State Physics – Liquid and Soft Matter Physics – Quantum Physics – Theorical Physics

Speciality: Quantum Devices

Speciality: Nanosciences – Nanochemistry – Nanodevice – Nanophysics – International Track in Nanosciences

Speciality: Optics, Matter and Plasmas – Laser/Matter – Light, Atom, Measure – Optics from Science to Technology – Plasma Physics

Speciality: High Energy Physics

Speciality: Fusion Sciences – Inertial Confinement Fusion – Magnetic Confinement Fusion Speciality: Materials Science and Nano-Objects – Thin Layers and Activated Surfaces – Quantum Electronics & Photonics – Nanostructures & Interfaces – New Material Research & Applications

Science for the Energy (ParisTech Master Program) Speciality: Renewable Energies Science and Technology

Departments 95 Sciences, Technologies, Society Speciality: Cognition and Complex Systems – Cognition Science – Science of Complex Systems

Speciality: Management, Innovation, Conception in Science and Technology – Network Industries and Digital Economy – Project, Innovation, Conception

3b. Masters of research in France Students may apply for second year of French scietific Master of research. This specialization ins a prequisite for a PhD in France.

4. International specializations 4a. MSc Master of Science with thesis curriculum type in best universities.

4b. PhD This program combines academic training and professional experience in a specific sector at the cutting edge of research either within the Ecole Polytechnique’s Doctoral Program or in a program abroad. It leads to the writing of a dissertation which is defended in front of a jury. The degree of Doctor is then conferred, subject to approval by the jury after oral defense.

The Ecole Polytechnique’s final degree “Diplôme de l’Ecole Polytechnique” will be awarded as soon as the student qualifies to enter the doctoral program (after a master’s degree or after some qualifying exams or equivalent). The goal of doctoral coursework is to acquire further knowledge on a particular topic. The second year of the Master’s program (M2) must help in defining and refining the research subject. Scholarships (from the French Ministries of Defense and of Research) can be awarded.

96 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 Training, Projects and Internship

Table of contents

Leadership and Physical Training Program ...... 101

The Preparation Term ...... 103

Office of Careers, academic advising and Internship Programs (SOI) ...... 104

Departments 99

Leadership and Physical

Training Program S. Keyser Assistant

The leadership, military and physical training program is taught to Polytechnique students all troughout their syllabus. It aims at enhancing physical abilities, building character and opening their minds. The sought-after qualities include self-control, self-knowledge, flexibi- lity, team-spirit, professional discipline… The content is focused on their understanding of human nature within different groups of the population, their capacity to communnicate and lead, their sense of public interest and ethics.

The responsibility for this training lies mainly with the military staff.

Leadership training The leadership training Quarter is scheduled during the first year. Its purpose is to acquaint students with command responsibilities. It is organized into two distinct tracks: ■ 60 % of the students will be appointed to a military unit, either in France or abroad, betwwen December and April. ■ For the remaining 40%, the posting will be a civilian field unit, such as police and justice organizations, municipal and local government administrations, schools in difficult areas, humanitarian relief non-governemental organizations, etc…

The basic operator internship lasts for four weeks and is scheduled during the summer concluding the second year. This activity takes place either in France or abroad, and requires the students to undertake basic functions in a genuine working environment (usally a firm or an NGO), allowing them to graps - from the bottom up- the realities of the workplace, especially its psychological dimension.

Three conference series are organized during the second and third years, with the aim of introducing students to today’s societal issues. ■ The “distinguished speakers“ series, schedules during the first semester of the second year. ■ The «corporate» series, programmed in the second semester of the second year. ■ The “international relations“ series, presented during the first semester of the third year.

Numerous extra-curricular activities, whether they be of social, cultural or traditional nature, are encouraged and often partially financed by Ecole Polytechnique. Indeed, they provide students with the necessary opportunities to develop their entrepreneurship, their sense of responsability, their creativity, their understandong of psychology, as well as their ability to conduct a team project.

Departments 101 Military training The initial military training Quarter in September of the first year takes place in La Courtine, which hosts a training center of the French Army. The first Quarter is then followed by an officer course lasting between three weeks to two mounths, and which is given within one of the four military academies (Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie).

The three years unclude several other milestones: ■ The “armed forces seminar“ (SIGEM) scheduled in March of the first year improves the students’ knowledge of the various French military forces. ■ The “defense seminar“ programmed during the third year in November and February has a dual objective: to inform students about careers in the armed forces and in the reserves. ■ Numerous military ceremonies and parades, which culminate during the Bastille Day military parade on the July 14th.

102 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 The Preparation Term Intensive French courses and scientific preparation

P. Harinck Responsable

The Preparation Term lasts about ten weeks starting end of January and finishing in April. It is intended to prepare international students admitted through the admission track “Voie 2” for the core scientific curriculum of the 1st Year starting in May.

Upon arrival, students are acquainted with their new surroundings. They meet students, teachers, professors and staff of Ecole Polytechnique. L. Guével Assistante

The teaching program includes classes of French as a foreign language for about 20 hours per week (written, oral, phonetics, grammar). The linguistic part pays particular attention to the language of the Sciences taught at Ecole Polytechnique. Language laboratories as well as software tools are at their disposal. Students are prepared for the TCF exam taken at the end of the term (Test de Connaissance du Francais). Level 3 is compulsory from 2006 on.

The program also includes preparatory courses in Pure and Applied Mathematics and in Phy- sics. Besides preparing students for the core scientific curriculum beginning in May, these courses are also intended to help students in adapting themselves to the working rhythm at Ecole Polytechnique.

Furthermore there are cultural activities such as visits to important monuments and institutions in Paris which acquaint students with the French culture and way of life. Attention is paid to bring students into contact with their French colleagues. Courses in Sport and the use of the large sporting facilities of Ecole Polytechnique are intended to serve that purpose.

Thus the objectives of the Preparation Term are for students to: ■ Improve their knowledge of the French language and culture ■ Get acquainted with the working rhythm and methods at Ecole Polytechnique ■ Be well prepared for the scientific curriculum, in particular in Mathematics and Physics ■ To discover and use the sporting facilities

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 103 Office of Careers, academic advising and Internship Programs (SOI) L. Fioni Responsable

The Office of Careers, Academic advising and Internship programs (SOI) provides for engineering undergraduate, and graduate students. Academic advising focuses on helping students choose subjects, internships, graduate schools and careers.

The SOI helps students achieve lifelong success through career services, global experiences, and connections with graduate schools and employers. Find expert advice, data, tools, and events to ensure their success.

Regular advising conversations enable the advisers to serve as a resource of knowledge and a source of referrals - so that students may plan and prepare, in the broadest sense, over the course of their years during and after the Ecole Polytechnique.

The second year Summer Internship

As part of the Ecole’s curriculum, this summer internship is to last four to six weeks between July 15 and September 2.

The aim of the training period is to help students to develop their knowledge and understanding of industrial and corporate environments. This training period should enable students to acquire experience of the company environment and its different professions, thus facilita- ting their entry into the working world. The objectives concern both the quality of the work and the students’ ability to fit into their environment. Therefore, the internship must:

■ enable them to understand the organization, the functioning and the management of the company; ■ provide students with their first opportunity to become totally involved in the working world. Students can show their ability to adjust to a new environment, whether in a firm, a factory or a public organisation. They will be able to take advantage of this experience in their future careers as leaders and to acquire personal knowledge of relationships at work; ■ facilitate their transition from the arena of higher education to the business or professional world; ■ Give students a first taste of professional life.

The internship project is discussed between a member of the company and the student. The objective of such a program is to help the student to discover what the world of work

104 ➟ “Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 is about. The internship will offer the students an opportunity to observe and analyze the environment of the organization. In addition, it will allow them to participate in one or several activities included in the mission statement.

The student will attempt to analyse the work environment, the formal and informal relations between the different hierarchical levels which play an important role in the operations of the company.

The Third-Year (M1) Research Internship

The third-year (M1) research project is chosen from a wide range of scientific fields selected with the advice of the Ecole’s professors or associate professors. The research project is to last three to four months and can take place in either industrial or university research centres where the trainees are asked to carry out a project consisting of a theoretical and/or experimental study, using the knowledge they have acquired at the Ecole.

During the course of this internship, the trainee’s work is supervised by two scientific advi- sors: one from the faculty of the Ecole Polytechnique and one from the host university/company. At the end of this period, the student presents the progress and results of his project in both a written report and an oral presentation to a jury of professors who assign a grade for the quality of his work.

Educational objectives: ■ To give students the opportunity to apply their scientific knowledge in the analysis of a new subject, to master the different approaches to a problem and to deepen their learning in the given subject. ■ To further the students’ experience in the implementation of a scientific process through personal research. ■ To give students an immersion experience in an industrial or university research team, to put them in contact with a professional environment. ■ For the students carrying out an internship abroad, to be immersed in the cultural and linguistic aspects of the host country.

Nature of the work: The students are required to carry out their research work by attaching equal importance to the following stages: ■ Bibliographic research on the given subject. ■ Exact definition of the objectives to be reached, description of the most appropriate solu- tion and the means to accomplish this. ■ Study of the subject itself. ■ Description and discussion of the results thus obtained.

“Ingénieur“ Program 2011-2012 105

Programs Flowcharts

Table of Contents

Year 1 – Core Curriculum ...... 111 Year 2 – Fall semester ...... 113 – Spring semester ...... 115 Year 3 – Scientific Specialization Program ...... 117

Applied Mathematics ...... 119 Biology ...... 123 Cells, Organisms, Genomics, evolution ...... 126 Biology at the interfaces ...... 128 Bioinformatics ...... 131 Chemistry at Frontiers ...... 135 Complex systems Science ...... 139 Economics ...... 143 Economics and Public Policy ...... 144 Quantitative Economics and Finance ...... 146 Ecosciences ...... 153 Electrical Engineering ...... 157 st Energies of the 21 Century ...... 161 Engineering and Innovation technologies ...... 165 Engineering of the innovation ...... 166 Entrepreneurship ...... 170 Management of the innovation ...... 174 Informatics ...... 177 Algorithmic and Optimization ...... 178 Image and Geometry ...... 179 Languages, Proofs, Computation ...... 180 Computer Networking and Security ...... 181 Mathematics ...... 183 Mechanics ...... 187 Mechanics and Physics for Environnement ...... 191 Modelling of the systems ...... 195 Embedded systems ...... 196 Information systems ...... 197 Physics ...... 199 From particules to the stars ...... 200 Lasers, Optics and plasmas ...... 202 From atom to material: the physics of condensed water, soft matter, bio-

and nano- objetcs ...... 204 M1 - Physics for Optics and Nanosciences ...... 206 M1 High Energy physics (Polytechnique) ...... 208

Program Prerequisites ...... 210

Program Flowchart 109 Eco311

INF311 INF INF321

MAP311

MAT311

phy311

110 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Year 1 Core Curriculum

ECO311 Introduction to Economic Analysis Pierre Cahuc INF311 Introduction to computer science François Morain INF321 Principles of programming languages Éric Goubault MAP311 Randomness Sylvie Méléard, Emmanuel Gobet MAT311 Real and complex analysis Frank Pacard PHY311 Quantum mechanics Jean Dalibard, Philippe Grangier

Quarter: Spring

Program Flowchart 111 Bio452

chi411

eco432

inf421 BIO451 inf423

mat432

eco431

BIO441A mat431 ECO433

inf422 mec431 INF441A

map432 PSC

MEC441A HSS

Langues phy431

SPORT

112 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Year 2 Fall Semester

Long Modules (2 per semester) BIO451 Molecular and cellular biology Arnaud Echard, Sandrine Etienne-Manneville ECO431 Economic analysis: Introduction Pierre Picard, Edouard Challe MAT431 Distribution Theory, Fourier Analysis and Dynamical Systems François Golse, Raphaël Krikorian MEC431 Continuum Mechanics Patrick Le Tallec

Short Modules 1st Quarter (1 per Quarter) BIO452 Molecular biology Arnaud Echard CHI411 Introduction to molecular chemistry Éric Clot ECO432 Econometrics: An Introductory Course Francis Kramarz, Julien Pouget INF421 Fundamentals of Programming and Algorithms Leo Liberti INF423 Foundations of Computer Science: Logic, models, computation Olivier Bournez MAT432 Fourier analysis and spectral theory Yvan Martel

2nd Quarter (1 per Quarter) BIO441A Experimental project in Biology Yves Méchulam ECO433 Economy Business Alfred Galichon, Philippe Tibi INF422 Components of a computing system: Introduction to computer architecture and operating systems Albert Cohen INF441A Experimental project in computer science Dominique Rossin, David Monniaux, Xavier Rival MAP432 Markov chains and discrete time martingales Nizar Touzi MEC441A Experimental Project in Mechanics Xavier Amandolèse PHY431 Relativity and variational principles Christoph Kopper, David Langlois

PSC Scientif Reserach Team Project Rachel-Marie Pradeilles-Duval

Prerequisite: www.catalogue.polytechnique.fr

During the course of the second year, each student must select and complete courses within at least 6 different disciplines. Cloosing an experimental project is mandatory and counts as an independant discipline. Students are limited to one such project. Given that number of places in an experimental project is limited, a student could potentially request an experimental project during another period or in another subject.

Program Flowchart 113 BIO431 bio441B CHI431 map433 chi441

ECO441 mat451 HSS441 inf431 mec432 iNF441B

modAL MAP441A

MAT441A

BIO432 mec441B map431 phy441A map411 phy442A mat452

phy432 mec433 bio441C

mec434 chi441B

modAL INF441C

PSC MAP441B

HSS MAT441B

LANGUES mec441C

SPORT phy441B phy442B

114 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Year 2 Spring Semester

Long Modules (2 per semester) CHI431 The foundations of molecular chemistry Philippe Maître, Samir Zard INF431 Algorithms, networks and languages Benjamin Werner, Thomas Clausen, François Pottier MAP431 numerical analysis and optimization Grégoire Allaire, François Alouges, Pierre-Louis Lions PHY432 Quantum and statistical physics Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Manuel Joffre, Marc Mézard

Short Modules 1st Quarter (1 per Quarter) BIO431 Ecology and biodiversity Tatiana Giraud BIO441B Experimental project in Biology Yves Méchulam CHI441A Experimental Project in Chemistry (Modal) Fabien Gagosz, Corinne Gosmini ECO441 Experimental project in Economics Jean-François Laslier, Yukio Koriyama, Eric Strobl, Michael Visser HSS441 Experimental Project Florence Charue-Duboc INF441B Experimental project in computer science Christophe Dürr, Dominique Rossin, Jean-Marc Steyaert MAP433 Introduction to statistical methods Marc Hoffmann MAP441A Experimental Project in Applied Mathematics Yacine Chitour, Jean-René Chazottes, François Alouges MAT441A Experimental Project in Mathematics Romain Dujardin MAT451 Algebra and Galois Theory David Hernandez MEC432 Fluid Mechanics Patrick Huerre MEC441B Experimental Project in Mechanics Xavier Amandolese PHY441A Experimental project in Physics Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti, Antonello De Martino PHY442A Experimental project in Electronics Yvan Bonnassieux, Razvigor Ossikovski

2nd Quarter (1 per Quarter) BIO432 Biology and human pathologies: from symptoms to mechanisms Jean-Louis Martin BIO441C Experimental project in Biology Yves Méchulam CHI441B Experimental project in Chemistry (Modal) Fabien Gagosz, Corinne Gosmini INF441C Experimental project in computer science Thomas Clausen, Renaud Keriven, Dominique Rossin MAP411 Mathematical Modelling Pierre-Louis Lions MAP441B Experimental Project in Applied Mathematics Yacine Chitour, Jean-René Chazottes, François Alouges MAT441B Experimental Project in Mathematics Romain Dujardin MAT452 Fondamental Group, Covering Spaces and Knot Theory Jean Lannes MEC433 Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics Hervé Le Treut MEC434 Waves and vibrations Emmanuel de Langre MEC441C Experimental Project in Mechanics Xavier Amandolese PHY441B Experimental project in Physics Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti, Antonello De Martino PHY442B Experimental project in Electronics Yvan Bonnassieux, Razvigor Ossikovski

PSC Collective Scientific Project Rachel-Marie Pradeilles-Duval

Prerequisite: www.catalogue.polytechnique.fr

Program Flowchart 115 Scientific specialisation program list

Applied Mathematics

Biology Cells, organisms, genomics, evolution Biology at interfaces

Bioinformatics

Chemistry at frontiers

Complex Systems Science

Economics Economics and public policy Quantitative economics and finance

Ecosciences

Electrical Engineering

Energies of the 21st century

Engineering and innovation technologies Engineering of the innovation Entrepreuneur ship Managements of the innovation

Informatics Algorithms and optimization Image and geometry Languages, Proofs, Computation Computer Networking and Sécurity

Mathematics

Mechanics

Mechanics and physics for environment

Modelling of the systems Embedded systems Information systems

Physics From particules to the stars Laser, optics, plasmas and energy From atom to material: the physics of condensed water, soft matter, bio- and nano- objects Physics for Optics and Nanosciences High energy physics

116 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Year 3 Scientific Specialization Program

Applied Mathematics ...... 119

Biology ...... 123

BioInformatics ...... 131

Chemistry at Frontiers ...... 135

Complex Systems Science ...... 139

Economics ...... 143

Ecosciences ...... 153

Electrical Engineering ...... 157

st Energies of the 21 century ...... 161

Engineering and Innovation technologies ...... 165

Informatics ...... 177

Mathematics ...... 183

Mechanics ...... 187

Mechanics and Physics for Environment ...... 191

Modelling of the systems ...... 195

Physics ...... 199

Program Flowchart 117 ➟

118 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Applied Mathematics

F. Bonnans

➟Contacts: ➟ Frédéric Bonnans – [email protected] ➟ Carl Graham – [email protected] ➟ Olivier Pantz – [email protected]

C. Graham Objectives The program "Mathematical Engineering for Finance and Ecological Systems" is targeted to students motivated by mathematics, stochastic modelling, and the study and simulation of concrete phenomena. It is advisable to have followed 2nd year courses in mathematics or applied mathematics prerequisite to this program; a certain ease in these fields and in scientific computing are also recommended.

This program is selective and limited to 100 students. O. Pantz Prerequisites ■ MAP411-Mathematical Modelling or MAP431-Numerical analysis and optimization ■ MAP432-Probability: Random walk or MAP433-Statistics

In this program finance and environment meet risk analysis. Starting from the modelling of random dynamics and quantitative criteria, the tools of applied mathematics enable a better understanding of phenomena and the simulation of situations of particular interest, leading to strategies for action. Contrary to the preconceived notion claiming that market finance is only interested in immediate profitability, these modern tools can bring a real contribution to long term environmental issues. The durability of the financial system must come through conjoint reflection and interaction in these fields. The Applied Mathematics program is in line with this perspective. It offers a coherent selection of courses built around random models and their applications in mathematical engineering, with the unifying theme of finance and ecological systems. In this framework it exemplifies the method of the applied mathematician, notably the steps of modelling, mathematical analysis, numerical simulation, and interpretation of results.

Program Contents: ■ Science curriculum (MAP) ■ Scientific Option: Independent Research Project

Professional openings: In the 4th year of study, this program gives one access to numerous training programs in mathematics applied to random models in Finance and in Ecology, in many “grandes écoles“ and universities in France and abroad. These Master M2 programs can be professional in aim or continue on to a PhD level. The opportunities are careers in Finance, Insurance, and Risk Management, with an expertise in ecology and environment, as well as other fields where randomness is a factor to be taken into account. Program Flowchart 119 Quarter 1

ECO555

INF550

maP552

maP553

maP554

maP555

maP556 three Choose

maP557

maP559 MAP571

MEC551 MAP572 Choose one Choose MEC552

MAP554, MAP555 et MAP559: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall ECO555 Game Theory Rida Laraki INF550 Design and Analysis of Algorithms Gilles Schaeffer MAP552 Stochastic models in finance Nizar Touzi MAP553 Statistical Learning and nonparametric estimation Christophe Giraud, Alexandre Tysbakov MAP554 Communication Networks, Algorithms and Probability Philippe Robert MAP555 Signal Processing Olivier Rioul MAP556 An introduction to mathematical models in Ecology Jean-René Chazottes MAP557 Operations Research: Mathematical Aspects and Applications Frédéric Bonnans, Stéphane Gaubert MAP559 Advanced methods in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing François Alouges, Bertrand Maury MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture Jean-Jacques Marigo MEC552 Computational fluid dynamics Peter Schmid MAP571 Personal Project in Applied Mathematics Florent Benaych-Georges, Aline Lefebvre-Lepot, Stéphane Mallat MAP572 Electromagnetism and Acoustics in the aircraft and automobile industry: from modelling to high-performance calculation Isabelle Terrasse

120 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

INF580

MAP561

MAP562

MAP563

MAP564

MAP565 Choose three Choose

MAP/MAT567 INF585

MAT561 MAP581 Choose one Choose MEC564 MAP582

PHY560A

MAP562, MAP564 et MAP565: Courses taught in English Quarter 2 – Winters INF580 Constraint Programming and Combinatorial Optimization Christoph Dürr MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour MAP562 Optimal design of structures Grégoire Allaire MAP563 Random models in Ecology and Evolution Sylvie Méléard MAP564 Stochastic Simulation and Monte-Carlo methods Carl Graham, Denis Talay MAP565 Processes and estimation Stéphane Grégoir MAP/MAT567 Transport and diffusion Grégoire Allaire, François Golse MAT561 Nonlinear Schrodinger equation: from Bose Einstein condensates to supersolids Amandine Aftalion MEC564 Micro-scale viscous flows and complex fluids Antoine Sellier, Christophe Josserand PHY560A Complex systems Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Marc Mézard INF585 Programming C++ Leo Liberti MAP581 Personal Project in Applied Mathematics Aline Lefebvre-Lepot, Stéphane Mallat, Florent Benaych-Georges MAP582 Creation of Technology Start-Ups Bruno Martinaud

Période 3 – Spring MAP591 Image and Signal Stéphanie Allassonnière, Antonin Chambolle MAP592 Modelling and scientific computing Grégoire Allaire MAP593 Automatic Control and Operations Research Frédéric Bonnans, Yacine Chitour, Stéphane Gaubert MAP594 Probabilistic and statistical modelisation Christophe Giraud MAP595 Financial Mathematics Emmanuel Gobet - Nizar Touzi

Program Flowchart 121 ➟

122 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Biology

Y. Méchulam

➟Contact: ➟ Yves Méchulam (Phone 48 84) – [email protected]

Objectives

Life sciences in the 21st century have benefited from two major breakthroughs The first one is the evolution of tools for the sequencing of numerous genomes, from mi- crobes (bacteria, yeast…), from human, from model animals (mouse, drosophila…) and from plants.

The second one is the setting up of analytical and imaging tools at the interface between biology and other disciplines such as informatics, physics and chemistry.

The breakthroughs are such as it is now possible to integrate the molecular aspects of biology up to the study of ecosystemes, via the cellular, organellar and organism levels. The social and economical consequences of biodiversity now involve all the engineer sciences, and more generally the decisions, in the public as well as commercial contexts.

These aspects are: genomics and post genomics (“Cells, organisms and genomics”), interfaces between biology and other disciplines (“Biology at the interfaces”).

Each theme allows the Engineer’s program and Master program students to study the most recent breakthroughs in biology, which have key impacts on life sciences and techniques, definitely including them among the engineer’s sciences.

These two themes share several courses aimed at extending the second year biology courses. In this view, the cellular components and their interactions are presented, in order to show how these components co-operate and are organized to insure the functioning of a cell. The intra- and inter-cellular networks insuring at a higher level the functions of a whole organism are also illustrated. The study of the dynamic organization of a cell is followed by that of the development of living organisms, with emphasis on the development and functions of the brain system in vertebrate. Application and perspectives of genomics are also presented.

Program Flowchart 123 IIt will be shown how genomes are mapped and sequenced, how bioinformatics allow to convert these sequences into biologically relevant data, and how functional genomics allow the discovery of genes involved central physiological functions, in human as well as in other organisms. Genome plasticity is also introduced, using the immune system as a model. As part of this teaching, students have the opportunity to utilize their knowledge, by doing either an experimental program in genetic engineering or a bibliographic study. This aims at bringing the engineers face to face with some of the strategies for using and re-programming the properties of living matter and of its constituents.

In the “Cells, organisms and genomics” and “Biology at the interfaces” themes, the knowledge acquired in molecular and cellular biology will allow to introduce the study of central physiological processes and of their disfunctioning which cause diseases deserving much interest: infectious diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases… Molecular bases of these diseases can now be characterized, thereby contributing to the definition of new targets for new drugs, and of innovating therapeutic strategies.

During the second half, the two themes diverge with, on one side a focusing on animal transgenosis and genomics and on a second side several courses concerning the interfaces of biology with physics and chemistry.

The 2 thematics: ■ Cells, organisms, genomics, evolution ■ Biology at the interfaces

Research internship: ■ Biology and Ecology

Professional openings: Proposed fourth year studies: In France: ■ Engineering track with a double degree, involving one of the following partner schools: ■ AgroParis Tech (track “Agronomie“ or “Water and Forrests“ ■ Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines Paris Tech de Paris (Biotechnology) ■ Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées Paris Tech (Environment) ■ Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles Paris Tech (Bioengineering) ■ Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Paris Tech

Second year of Master: ■ In Ecole Polytechnique: “Engineering the structure and function of biomolecules“ ■ In other universities (for instance : biology, immunology, pharmacology, genetics, neurosciences, bioinformatics, physics of biological systems, ...)

124 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Abroad: ■ Master of Science: Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biochemistry, Environmental Engineering. Please note: many departments in Anglo-Saxon universities propose only PhD programs, not Master programs.

Possible carriers: Carriers connected to bioengineering, in particular in the following activity sectors: ■ Research in life sciences ■ Bio-medicine ■ Pharmacology (treatments, diagnostics, prophylaxy) ■ Cosmetology ■ Food-processing, agronomy-related chemistry ■ Environment

Program Flowchart 125 Cells, Organisms, Genomics, Evolution

Y. Méchulam

Responsable ➟ Yves Mechulam – [email protected]

Objectives This theme gives the necessary bases for exploiting the data obtained from genome sequencing and for utilizing genetic engineering for cloning or creating transgenic animals. The molecular bases of genetic diversity in the living kingdom are presented. The consequences of genomics are illustrated, not only for therapeutic applications but also for agronomy. Plants are indeed valuable models forgenetic engineering. The access of plant biology to the post-genomic era reinforces the academic knowledge and allows to imagine new strategies, unsuspected up to now, for the protection and use of plants.

This theme, corresponding to M1 studies, is appropriate for students interested in fundamental and applied aspects of genetic engineering (bio-medicine, pharmacology, agrochemistry, food industry, environment…)

Requirements: To follow this course, it is recommended to have attended at least one of the 2nd year Biology modules

Required previous courses: Cell Biology and its environment is compulsory if BIO451-Mo- lecular and cellular biology not attended during year 2. For periods P1 and P2 : 3 courses and one EA (“one specialization course”) are to be chosen.

Professional openings: This thematic is also appropriate for students interested in PhD studies.

126 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

bio551 bio561

bio552 bio562

bio553 three Choose bio563

bio554

bio581

bio582 bio571 one Choose

BIO581: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall BIO551 The cell and its environment René-Marc Mège - Cécile Sykes BIO552 Cellular identity and immunology Nathalie Dostatni, Jean-Pierre Levraud BIO553 neurobiology and Development Sonia Garel BIO554 Computational biology Thomas Simonson BIO571 Experimental laboratory work in Genetic Engineering Yves Méchulam

Quarter 2 – Winter BIO561 Biological Targets and Therapeutic Strategies Christophe Escudé, Christophe d’Enfert BIO562 Genetics, reproduction, cloning Philippe Monget BIO563 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Emmanuelle Porcher BIO581 Genomes: diversity, environment and human health Hannu Myllykallio BIO582 Human and environmental toxicology Benoît Schneider

Période 3 – Spring BIO591 Biology and Ecology Yves Méchulam

Program Flowchart 127 Biology at the Interfaces

C. Escudé

Responsable ➟ Christophe Escudé – [email protected]

Objectives This program illustrates the value of tackling biology with a multidisciplinary point of view. Physics enables us to understand the properties of polymers and biological membranes, to study biological assemblies and processes, to manipulate single molecules, whereas Che- mistry allows to study how enzymes work and gets inspiration from life in order to design more specific drugs. Physics and chemistry rely on predictive approaches based on modelling 3D structures and functions of biological macromolecules.

Research conducted at the interface between biology and other fields can have many different applications: concepts from polymers and colloïds physics help to improve drug absorption, microfluidics plays an essential role in the development of new tools for biological analysis and molecular diagnostics.

This set of advanced multidisciplinary courses, which associates knowledge in biology, chemistry, computer science and physical chemistry, is designed for students interested by the life sciences, and for engineers who plan a Career in the pharmaceutical, veterinary, agrochemistry or cosmetic industries. Environmental sciences are also a perspective.

Requirements: To follow this course, it is recommended to have attended at least one of the 2nd year Biology modules.

Required previous courses: Cell Biology and its environment is compulsory if BIO451-Mo- lecular and cellular biology not attended during year 2. For periods P1 and P2: 3 courses and one EA (“one specialization course”) are to be chosen.

128 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

bio551 bio561

bio552 bio562

BIO553 PHY565 bio554 three Choose BIO582 PHY552B CHI581 Choose one Choose

bio571

Quarter 1 – Fall BIO551 The cell and its environment René-Marc Mege, Cécile Sykes BIO552 Cellular identity and immunology Nathalie Dostatni, Jean-Pierre Levraud BIO553 neurobiology and Development Sonia Garel BIO554 Computational biology Thomas Simonson PHY552B Biophysics: from nanometers to microns Armand Ajdari, Ulrich Bockelmann BIO571 Experimental laboratory work in Genetic Engineering Yves Méchulam

Quarter 2 – Winter BIO561 Biological Targets and Therapeutic Strategies Christophe Escudé, Christophe d’Enfert BIO562 Genetics, reproduction, cloning Philippe Monget PHY565 Physics of biological polymers and membranes Cécile Sykes, Arnaud Echard BIO582 Human and environmental toxicology Benoît Schneider CHI581 Biological and Medicinal Chemistry Isabelle Artaud

Période 3 – Spring BIO591 Biology and Ecology Yves Méchulam

Program Flowchart 129 ➟

130 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Bioinformatics

T. Simonson Biology

➟Contacts: ➟ Thomas Simonson – [email protected] ➟ Jean-Marc Steyaert – [email protected]

J.-M. Steyaert Objectives Informatics

Since 30 years computer science and computer programs have played an essential role in a number of research and engineering domains of Biology. New domains of activity have developed which would simply not exist without computer science: e.g., genome sequencing hence comparative genomics, protein and RNA classifications, structure prediction and engineering, many aspects of metabolomics and pharmacy.

A new discipline is born which grows in this interface: Bioinformatics. It is concerned with the invention and development of models, issued from classical informatics and mathematics, in order to render biological, chemical and physical phenomena which occur in cells or in their specific units, as well as for groups of cells and even organs.

This discipline is quite diverse and in rapid evolution since the scientific puzzle is constantly moving due to the fast renewal of experimental tools and of modeling methods: for instance the experimental and analysis capacities for genome sequencing have exploded in the last years paving the way for new developments in biology, pharmacy and medecine.

Prerequisites: ■ BIO451–Molecular and cellular biology or BIO452- Molecular biologyor BIO432–Biology and human pathologies: from symptoms to mechanisms ■ INF421–Programming and algorithms or INF431–Algorithms and Programming: from sequential to distributed ■ or any equivalent selection of courses

Global consistency rule for quarter 1 and quarter 2: At least, three courses in Biology and three courses in informatics.

Program Flowchart 131 Quarter 1

bio551

bio554

bio571

INF550 Choose four Choose

INF553

INF558

Quarter 1 – Fall BIO551 The cell and its environment René-Marc Mège, Cécile Sykes BIO554 Computational biology Thomas Simonson BIO571 Experimental laboratory work in Genetic Engineering Yves Méchulam INF550 Design and Analysis of Algorithms Gilles Schaeffer INF553 Databases and information management Michalis Vazirgiannis INF558 Information Theory Jean-Pierre Tillich

132 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

bio561

bio563

bio581

INF580 Choose four Choose

INF582

INF585

Quarter 2 – Winter BIO561 Biological Targets and Therapeutic Strategies Christophe Escudé, Christophe d’Enfert BIO563 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Emmanuelle Porcher BIO581 Genomes: diversity, environment and human health Hannu Myllykallio INF580 Constraint Programming and Combinatorial Optimization Christoph Dürr INF582 Data mining: statistical models and combinatorial search for information Jean-Marc Steyaert INF585 Programming C++ Leo Liberti

Période 3 – Spring BIO591 Biology and Ecology Yves Méchulam INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez

Program Flowchart 133 ➟ Chemistry at Frontiers

S. Zard

➟Contact: ➟ Samir Zard – [email protected]

Objectives

The world of Molecular Chemistry has considerably evolved over the past three decades. The terms “molecule” and “molecular architecture” are not exclusive to chemistry anymore and have become part of various other scientific domains such as biology, physics, and mathematics, if one considers the development of codes for quantum calculations and modelling methods allowing the re-creation, and therefore understanding chemical reactions, “in silico”.

The development of new techniques for the examination of smaller and smaller objects and the analysis of more and more complex molecular assemblies, encompassing hence nanosciences, molecular biology, new therapeutic approaches, the production of essential raw materials on a large scale and all the associated problems of sustained development and environmental issues, have pushed chemistry to the frontiers and interfaces of numerous other domains. It is now almost impossible to master many subjects without a basic understanding of molecular chemistry.

The whole of the advanced course in chemistry is designed for those engineering students wishing who have elected to pursue a career in the core chemical sciences or in their interfaces, either in industry or in academia.

The implication of chemistry in many different professional activities demands some flexi- bility in the design and structure of the curriculum. It is thus relatively easy to combine the chemistry courses with courses in other departments, especially biology, physics, and economy.

It is also important to stress that in each quarter a visit to an industrial research or production centre is normally organised, and that some courses involve the participation of external speakers hailing from either industry or academia.

Program Flowchart 135 1st quarter – Molecular Chemistry This course provides the students with an advanced formation in organic and organometallic chemistry, allowing them appreciate research synthetic planning and retrosynthetic analysis, biosynthesis, NMR spectroscopy and its most recent refinements, the chemistry of transition metals, catalysis and materials chemistry.

The optional course CHI536-experimental project will be carried out in the research laboratories and will deal with an actual research project. The students will be individually supervised by the research chemist directly concerned by the project.

2nd quarter – Chemistry at frontiers This advanced module takes the students to the frontiers of chemistry with a course in organic and organometallic chemistry and a literature or experimental research project on a specialised topic under the supervision of a member of staff.

Three optional courses on industrial chemistry, polymers, and molecular modelling are also proposed. There is no prerequisite for these courses which are open to all third year students.

136 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

CHI551 CHI561

CHI552 CHI562

CHI553 CHI563 Choose three Choose

CHI564 CHI572

CHI581

PHY570 one Choose

CHI583 Choose one Choose PHY582

Quarter 1 – Fall CHI551 Structure, Symmetry and Spectroscopy Christophe Copéret CHI552 Organic Synthesis and Biosynthesis Samir Zard CHI553 Organometallic chemistry and catalysis Nicolas Mézailles CHI572 Experimental project Fabien Gagosz, Corinne Gosmini PHY570 Materials design Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin

Quarter 2 – Winter CHI561 Advanced organic and organometallic chemistry Samir Zard, Nicolas Mézailles CHI562 Polymer chemistry Laurent Bouteiller CHI563 Modeling in molecular sciences Gilles Ohanessian CHI564 Industrial Chemistry Elisabeth Crépon CHI581 Biological and Medicinal Chemistry Isabelle Artaud CHI583 Frontiers in chemistry Samir Zard PHY582 Functional thin films and active surfaces: research and innovation Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin

Période 3 – Spring CHI591 new reactions and natural products synthesis Samir Zard CHI592 Organometallic chemistry and catalysis François Nief CHI593 Chemistry/biology interface, mass spectrometry and quantum chemistry Gilles Ohanessian CHI594 Solid state and material chemistry Jean-Pierre Boilot

Program Flowchart 137 ➟ Complex Systems Sciences

➟Contact: ➟ Khashayar Pakdaman – [email protected]

Program Flowchart 139 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

ECO553 ECO563

INF570 INF560

MAP553 INF566

MAP555 INF582 Choose three Choose

MAP556 INF586 three Choose

MAP559 MAP561

MAt551 MAP563

HSS575 MAP564

MAP565

MAP/MAT567

PHY560A

HSS585

Quarter 1 ECO553, MAP555, MAP559: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 ECO563, MAP564, MAP565: Courses taught in English

140 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 – Fall ECO553 Economic Growth Pierre Cahuc, Jean-Olivier Hairault INF570 Peer-to-Peer Networks Fabrice Le Fessant MAP553 Statistical Learning and nonparametric estimation Christophe Giraud, Alexandre Tysbakov MAP555 Signal processing Olivier Rioul MAP556 An introduction to mathematical models in Ecology Jean-René Chazottes MAT551 Dynamical Systems Jérôme Buzzi MAT559 Advanced methods in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing François Alouges, Bertrand Maury HSS575 Complex systems Projet Khashayar Pakdaman

Quarter 2 – Winter ECO563 Public Economics, welfare and institutions Jean-François Laslier INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing Eric Goubault INF566 networks, Protocoles Thomas Clausen INF582 Data mining: statistical models and combinatorial search for information Jean-Marc Steyaert INF586 network security Julien Cervelle MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour MAP563 Random models in Ecology and Evolution Sylvie Méléard MAP564 Stochastic Simulation and Monte-Carlo methods Carl Graham MAP565 Processes and estimation Stéphane Grégoir MAP/MAT567 Transport and diffusion Grégoire Allaire, François Golse PHY560A Complex systems Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Marc Mézard HSS585 Projet de systèmes complexes Khashayar Pakdaman

Période 3 – Spring HSS592A Social and political philosophy, epistemology and cognitive sciences Yves Frégnac

Program Flowchart 141 ➟ Economics

➟Objectives

The École Polytechnique Economics Department offers the following level 1 master’s programs: ■ Master 1 Quantitative Economics and Finance, in cooperation with the applied mathematics department and HEC. ■ Master 1 Economics and Public Policy, in cooperation with Sciences Po and ENSAE.

Professional openings: This first year master’s program opens the way to several compli- mentary curricula, in France (Master 2 and Écoles d’application) as well as abroad (Master of Economics, Management, Finance, Management of Natural Resources and Technology, notably in the USA or United Kingdom). These curricula lead to careers with significant economic components in the public and private sectors, both nationally and internationally (banks, insurance companies, consulting, large businesses, international organizations, financial regulation agencies, economic administration, research, etc.). Two Master 1 programs “Economics and Public Politics” (EPP) and “Quantitative Economics and Finance” (QEF) allow entry to the Écoles d’application of the École Polytechnique. They establish a natural route (and are, in fact, strongly recommended) to continue with the subsequent 2nd year master’s programs, offered by the École Polytechnique in co-authorization with other higher education institutions:

In France: Grandes Écoles: ENSAE ParisTech, Mines ParisTech (industrial economics), École des Ponts ParisTech (economics, management, finance), HEC

M2 programs co-authorized by X: ■ Analysis and Political Economics (with EHESS, HEC, Ponts, ENS, ENSAE) ■ Economics of durable development for energy and the environment (with Paris X, EHESS, AgroParisTech, Mines ParisTech, INSTN, ENSPM, Ponts) ■ Project, innovation, design (MIXT, with HEC, Mines ParisTech, Paris Dauphine beginning in 2010) ■ Economics and Public Policy (with Sciences Po and ENSAE) ■ Economics of Markets and Organizations (with Toulouse 1, EHESS) ■ Mathematical Modeling (through OMJE) and Probability and Finance (with Paris 6) ■ Other M2 programs in economics Abroad: ■ Master (of Science) Finance and Economics, Economy, Master of Public Administration, Master of International Affairs, type “Technology and Policy”

Please note: in the majority of US and British universities, the economics departments only offer PhD programs with integrated master’s degrees.

Program Flowchart 143 Economics and Public Policy

P. Cahuc

Contacts: ➟ Pierre Cahuc (Ecole Polytechnique) [email protected] ➟ Yann Algan (Science Po) ➟ Elise Coudin (ENSAE)

Objectives

The Master 1 Economics and Public Policy (EPP) program is specifically designed for students interested in the application and evaluation of public actions in the economic domain. The recipients of this Master’s degree may pursue further research or careers in administration and international organizations.

Prerequisites: ECO431–Economic analysis Introduction

Professional openings: This Master 1 EPP program is intended for students wishing to obtain the “Public Policy“ master’s degree, co-authorized with Science Po and ENSAE.

This Master 1 program also leads to other economics master’s degrees which are co-authorized by the École Polytechnique (APE, EDDEE). It additionally provides the opportunity to spend a fourth year in an engineering school or partner technical university, particularly ENSAE, École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and École des Mines.

Third trimester: Internship within public administration, consulting offices, or research centers (CREST, CECO, IFS, OFCE…).

144 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

Eco561 Eco552A Eco552B ECO562 ECO553 ECO563 ECO554

ECO551 ECO566

ECO571 ECO581 Choose two ECO582

ECO572 Choose two

ECO552A : Course for Ecole Polyechnique students only. ECO552B: Courses for Sciences Po students only All courses are taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall ECO551 Public policy and the law Emmanuel Breen ECO552A Intermediate Econometrics Francis Kramarz, Michaël Wisser ECO552B Introductory Econometrics Koen Joachman ECO553 Economic Growth Pierre Cahuc, Jean-Olivier Hairault ECO554 Microeconomics for public policy Francis Bloch ECO571 Political Sciences Nicolas Sauger ECO572 International Economics Agnès Benassy-Quéré, Isabelle Méjean

Quarter 2 – Winter ECO561 Business Cycles Szofia Barany ECO562 Econometrics and Public Policy evaluation Christian Belzil, Éric Strobl ECO563 Public Economics, welfare and institutions Jean-François Laslier ECO566 Industrial Organization Patrick Rey ECO581 Economic Policy Benoît Coeuré ECO582 Economics and competition policy Philippe Choné, David Sevy

Période 3 – Spring ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies Marie-Laure Allain ECO592 The macroeconomic and Political Economy Patrick Artus, Philippe Tibi ECO593 Bank, Finance Antoine Frachot

Program Flowchart 145 Quantitative Economics and Finance

P. Picard

Contacts: ➟ Pierre Picard (Ecole Polytechnique) – [email protected] ➟ Laurent Calvet (HEC Paris)

Objectives

QEF is a joint program with HEC Paris. This program also benefits from the support of the Applied Mathematics Department of Ecole Polytechnique.

QEF is geared towards students who wish to follow a career in economics and finance and plan to complete a second year master or enter in the fourth year program of “Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Economiques” (ENSAE), Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussée or Ecole des Mines. All courses are in English.

QEF is associated to the Master “Analyse et Politique Economiques (APE)” (www.master- ape.ens.fr

Students may also choose to enroll in the following masters: ■ Master “Economie du Développement Durable, de l’Environnement et de l’Energie“ (www. inapg.fr);

■ Master “Economics of Markets and Organizations” co-organized with Université de Tou- louse 1 and Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) (www.univ-tlse1.fr/ MRE_410/0/fiche___formation/)

■ Master “Probabilités et Applications”, Parcours “Probabilités et Finance” www.masterfi- nance. proba.jussieu.fr

■ Master “Mathématiques de la Modélisation”, Parcours “Optimisation, Jeux et Modélisa- tion Economique” www.ann.jussieu.fr

Prerequisites: A solid background in mathematics.

146 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 – Ingenieur program Quarter 1 – Master's program

Eco556 ECO559 MAP551 ECO557 Eco556 ECO558 ECO557 ECO550A ECO558 ECO574 Choose one Choose

ECO550A

ECO559ECO574 Choose one Choose

ECO559 : refresher course for Ecole Polytechnique students only MAP551 : refresher course for students entering throught the Master's progam Quarter 1 – Fall – Ingenieur progam ECO556 Microeconomics Marie-Laure Allain - Eduardo Perez ECO557 Econometrics Bruno Crépon - Philippe Février ECO558 Macroeconomics Jean-Baptiste Michau ECO550A Economics of uncertainty and finance Eduardo Perez ECO574 Game theory and economic analysis Yukio Koriyama, Rida Laraki, Jorgen Weilbull

Quarter 1 – Fall – Master's program ECO559 Corporate and financial strategy Alfred Galichon, Philippe Tibi MAP551 Probability theory Mathieu Rosenbaum (HEC)

ECO556 Microeconomics Marie-Laure Allain - Eduardo Perez ECO557 Econometrics Bruno Crépon - Philippe Février ECO558 Macroeconomics Jean-Baptiste Michau

ECO550A Economics of uncertainty and finance Eduardo Perez ECO574 Game theory and economic analysis Yukio Koriyama, Rida Laraki, Jorgen Weibull

Program Flowchart 147 Quarter 2 – “Business Economics” option

ECO560

ECO563

ECO564

ECO565

ECO566 Choose three Choose ECO567

MAP565

ECO582

ECO586 Choose one Choose

148 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 All courses are taught in English except ECO564

Quarter 2 – Winter – “Business Economics” ECO560 Economics of contracts Raïcho Bojilov ECO563 Public Economics, welfare and institutions Jean-François Laslier ECO564 Economy of the Energy Sector: Introduction Jean-Pierre Hansen ECO565 Sustainable development and environment Patricia Crifo ECO566 Industrial organization Patrick Rey ECO567 Organizational economics and corporate finance Laurent Linnemer MAP565 Processes and estimation Stéphane Grégoir ECO582 Economics and competition policy Philippe Choné - David Sévy ECO586 Applied microeconometrics Bruno Crépon - Philippe Février

Période 3 – Spring ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies Marie-Laure Allain ECO592 The macroeconomic and Political Economy Patrick Artus ECO593 Bank, Finance Philippe Tibi

Program Flowchart 149 Quarter 2 – “Economics Research” option

ECO560

ECO583

ECO585

ECO586

Quarter 2 – Winter – “Economics Research” ECO560 Economics of contracts Raïcho Bojilov ECO583 Growth and development Eric Strobl ECO585 Advanced microeconomics Mohammed Abdellaoui, Nicolas Vieille ECO586 Applied microeconometrics Bruno Crépon, Philippe Février

Période 3 – Spring ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies Marie-Laure Allain ECO592 The macroeconomic and Political Economy Patrick Artus ECO593 Bank, Finance Philippe Tibi

150 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2 – “Finance research” option

Eco588A

Eco588B

Eco588C

MAP568

Quarter 2 – Winter “Finance” ECO588A Asset Pricing Thierry Foucault ECO588B Corporate finance Ulrich Hege - Laurent Frésard ECO588C Financial Econometrics Veronika Czellar - Laurent Calvet MAP568 Asset Pricing in the derivates market Peter Tankov

Période 3 – Spring ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies Marie-Laure Allain ECO592 The macroeconomic and Political Economy Patrick Artus ECO593 Bank, Finance Philippe Tibi

Program Flowchart 151 ➟ Ecosciences

E. Porcher

➟Contact: ➟ Emmanuelle Porcher (Biology) – [email protected]

Objectives

This program is recommended to the students eager to be initiated with the scientific and technical context of environmental questions concerning the biosphere and its relationship with human activities.

As a matter of fact, the needs for expertise and scientific research on sustainable development are considerable today, and imply multiple disciplines which must be able to dialogue, as the work of the three groups of the GIECC illustrates it, for example. These subjects also become strategic for the companies, in particular for their policies of innovation, which thus need engineers and researchers trained with these disciplines, in particular modelling.

The program attempts to examine how the rapid evolution of knowledge in ecology and economy revolutionizes natural sciences and humanities, and their interfaces with engineering, particularly in a sustainable development prospective, and influences the decision, whether it is public or private.

This multi-field program gathers, around mathematical modelling, the major ecological and economic concepts necessary to integrate biological phenomena in socio-ecosystems. There is indeed currently a very significant development of modelling in ecology, in particular with the interface between probabilistic models, ecology and evolution, to take into account the various scales of structure between communities, time, and populations.

The objective is to give to the student, who is likely to be confronted with environmental questions in many branches of industry, the capacity to formalize environmental questions, within a scientific framework.

Prerequisite: None Recommended courses: BIO551–The cell ans its environment; MAP 556–An introduction to mathematical models in Ecology. Recommended courses: BIO563–Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ECO565–Sustai- nainable development and environment

Program Flowchart 153 Quarter 1

bio551

bio554

ECO552A

ECO554 three Choose

MAP553

MAP556 bio571

PHY550 ECO574

HSS571

MAP572 Choose one Choose MEC571

ECO552A, ECO554 and ECO574: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall BIO551 The cell and its environment René-Marc Mège, Cécile Sykes BIO554 Computational biology Thomas Simonson ECO552A Intermediate Econometrics Francis Kramarz, Michaël Wisser ECO554 Microeconomics for public policy Francis Bloch MAP553 Statistical Learning and nonparametric estimation Christophe Giraud, Alexandre Tysbakov MAP556 An introduction to mathematical models in Ecology Jean-René Chazottes PHY550 Radiative exchanges in the atmosphere and climate Jean-François Roussel BIO571 Experimental laboratory work in Genetic Engineering Yves Méchulam ECO574 Game theory and economic analysis Yukio Koriyama, Rida Laraki, Jorgen Weilbull HSS571 Microthesis on sustainable development Guillaume Sainteny MAP572 Electromagnetism and Acoustics in the aircraft and automobile industry: from modelling to high-performance calculation Isabelle Terrasse MEC571 Climate dynamics Hervé Le Treut

154 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

bio563

ECO565

MAP563 Choose three Choose

MAP564

bio581

HSS581 Choose one Choose MAP581

BIO581, ECO565, MAP564: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winter BIO563 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Emmanuelle Porcher ECO565 Sustainable development and environment Patricia Crifo MAP563 Random models in Ecology and Evolution Sylvie Méléard MAP564 Stochastic simulation and Monte-Carlo methods Carl Graham BIO581 Genomes: diversity, environment and human health Hannu Myllykallio HSS581 Microthesis on sustainable development Guillaume Sainteny MAP581 Personal Project in Applied Mathematics Vincent Bansaye

Période 3 – Spring BIO591 Biology and Ecology Yves Méchulam ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies Marie-Laure Allain ECO592 The macroeconomic and Political Economy Patrick Artus MAP591 Image and Signal Stéphanie Allassonnière, Antonin Chambolle MAP592 Modelling and scientific computing Grégoire Allaire MAP594 Probabilistic and statistical modelisation Christophe Giraud MEC/PHY596 Geophysics & planetary environment Hervé Le Treut, Jean-François Roussel

Program Flowchart 155 ➟

156 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Electrical Engineering

Y. Bonnassieux Physique

➟Contacts: ➟ Yvan Bonnassieux (Physics) – [email protected] ➟ Henri-Jean Drouhin (Physics) – [email protected] ➟ Albert Cohen (Informatics) – [email protected] ➟ Fréderic Bonnans (Applied Mathematics) – [email protected] H.-J. Drouhin Physics

Objectives

This master program is an introduction to the Electrical Engineering field.

It presents the main aspects of the semiconductor area, from material physical properties A. Cohen to computing systems, as well as the signal processing foundations and the design and pro- Informatics gramming of such systems. It also introduces the area of embedded system design.

Recent scientific and technologic developments will be emphasized, in the fields of nanomaterials and nanostructures, of circuit design, of signal processing, of embedded, general- purpose and high-performance computing.

These concepts will be illustrated by an important experimental teaching, dedicated to par- F. Bonnans Applied ticular applications chosen by the student. Mathematics

Prerequisites: C or C++ languages for the INF583 course.

Program Flowchart 157 Quarter 1

INF556

INF558

INF559

MAP554

MAP555 three Choose

MAP557

PHY559 INF572

MAP571

PHY573A Choose one Choose

PHY573B

MAP554, MAP555: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall INF556 Software systems modelling Daniel Krob INF558 Information Theory Jean-Pierre Tillich INF559 Computer architecture Olivier Temam MAP554 Communication networks, Algorithms and probability Philippe Robert MAP555 Signal processing Olivier Rioul MAP557 Operations Research: Mathematical Aspects and Applications Stéphane Gaubert PHY559 Microelectronic devices Yvan Bonnassieux, Alain Greiner INF572 Operations research: modelling and software Leo Liberti MAP571 Personal Project in Applied Mathematics Caroline Hillairet, Aline Lefebvre-Lepot PHY573A Electronics experimental conception Yvan Bonnassieux, Costel-Sorin Cojocaru Yannick Geerebaert, Alain Louis-Joseph, Franck Wajsburt PHY573B Flat panel displays Yvan Bonnassieux

158 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

INF566

INF580

INF584

MaP561

PHY564A three Choose INF583 PHY564B Map582 PHY564C PHY581B Choose one Choose PHY567 PHY581C

PHY564B, PHY564C: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winter INF566 networks, Protocoles Walid Dabbous INF580 Constraint Programming and Combinatorial Optimization Philippe Baptiste INF584 Image Synthesis: Theory and Practice Xavier Décoret MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour PHY564A Integrated systems Alain Greiner PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications Razvigor Ossikovski PHY564C Optoelectronics Emmanuel Rosencher PHY567 Semiconductors and devices Henri-Jean Drouhin, Emmanuel Rosencher INF583 Operating systems principles and programming Albert Cohen MAP582 Creation of Technology Start-Ups Bruno Martinaud PHY581B Spintronics Henri-Jean Drouhin PHY581C Experimental project Yvan Bonnassieux, Yannick Geerebaert, Alain Louis-Joseph, Franck Wajsburt

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez MAP591 Image and Signal Stéphanie Allassonnière, Antonin Chambolle MAP592 Modelling and scientific computing Grégoire Allaire MAP593 Automatic Control and Operations Research Frédéric Bonnans, Yacine Chitour, Stéphane Gaubert MAP594 Probabilistic and statistical modelisation Christophe Giraud PHY593 Advanced technology physics Henri-Jean Drouhin

Program Flowchart 159 ➟

160 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Energies of st

the 21 Century P. Le Tallec Mechanics

➟Contacts: ➟ Patrick Le Tallec (Mechanics) – [email protected] ➟ Michel Gonin (Physics) – [email protected]

M. Gonin Objectives Physics

The Program "Energies of the 21st century" is jointly organised by the Mechanics and Physics Departments.

Its aim is to give the fundamental scientific concepts needed for the developments of non fossile energies such as nuclear energies or renewable energies. This a multi-disciplinary program with courses in physics, mechanics, computer science, applied maths, economy and social sciences

Prerequisites: those of each course

Program Flowchart 161 Quarter 1

MEC551

PHY555

PHY556 Choose three Choose PHY558A

PHY558B

HSS572

MEC571

MEC573 Choose one Choose

PHY579

Quarter 1 – Fall MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture Jean-Jacques Marigo PHY555 Energy and environment Michel Gonin PHY556 Physical bases of the mechanical behaviour of solids Yann Le Bouar PHY558A Nuclear reactor types and reactor physics Sylvain David PHY558B Photovoltaïc solar energy Bernard Drévillon, Jean-François Guillemoles, Joaquim Nassar HSS572 Microthesis on sustainable development Guillaume Sainteny MEC571 Climate dynamics Hervé Le Treut MEC573 Wind, solar and hydraulic potential: cases studies Alexandre Stegner PHY579 Direct energy conversion and storage Jean-Marcel Rax

162 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

ECO564

MAP/MAT567

MEC561 Choose three Choose MEC566

MEC569

PHY563 HSS582

PHY569A MEC569

PHY585 Choose one Choose PHY586

PHY589

Quarter 2 – Winter ECO564 Economy of the Energy Sector: Introduction Jean-Pierre Hansen MAP/MAT567 Transport and diffusion Grégoire Allaire - François Golse MEC561 Fluid-structure interactions Emmanuel de Langre MEC566 Heat transfer and fluid flow Hervé Lemonnier PHY563 Material sciences for energy Jean-François Guillemoles PHY569A Thermonuclear fusion Patrick Mora - Jean-Marcel Rax MEC569 Laboratory research project Jean-Marc Chomaz HSS582 Microthesis on sustainable development Guillaume Sainteny PHY585 Experimental work Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti PHY586 Nuclear reactor technology and fuel cycle Frank Carré PHY589 Laboratory course on Photovoltaics Pere Roca i Cabarrocas

Période 3 – Spring MEC/PHY597 Energies Frank Carré, Patrick Le Tallec, Arnd Specka

Program Flowchart 163 ➟

164 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Engineering and Innovation Technologies

➟Objectives

The aim of this multidisciplinary Program is to train future R&D engineers and project leaders which will be a part of highly innovative teams. Such specialists, with their resourcefulness and expertise are very valuable for international companies in different sectors. Any company that is aiming at creating innovative technology should rely on specialists with strong scientific and technical background intertwining several disciplines. The ability to manage and in the same time participate in a concrete international project which is developed by a number of people with different backgrounds, are qualities which are useful and esteemed.

The program is jointly run by the departments of Social Sciences,Mechanics, Economics and Physics, with the help ofthe deparment of Applied Mathematics.

The 3 thematics : ■ Engineering of the innovation ■ Entrepreneurship ■ Management of the innovation (Master 1 MIXT)

Program Flowchart 165 Engineering of the innovation

Contacts: H. Maitournam Mécanique ➟ Habibou Maitournam (Mechanics) – [email protected] ➟ Francisco Ruiz-Aliseda (Economics) – [email protected]

Correspondent for physics: ➟ Razvigor Ossikovski – [email protected]

F. Ruiz-Aliseda Objectives Économie

Content: The program is organized in two periods of courses and a period of reshearch internship. Every period of courses include three scientific teachings, a specialization course and/or courses of openings.

The courses(prices) chosen by the student have to cover the first three axes of the program. To avoid the scattering, the student has to choose between three or four courses of economy, and has to dedicate two courses at least on a scientific theme. The sepcialization course is in more the opportunity, after possibly some introductory sessions, after a supervised personal work fathomed on an experimental, bibliographical project, or digital giving rise to a written report and an oral viva.

166 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1

ECO550B

ECO559

MEC551

MEC554 ECO574 MEC557

Choose three Choose MEC574 PHY552A MEC575 PHY555 MEC577 PHY556 Choose one Choose PHY570 PHY557 PHY573A PHY558b PHY573b PHY559

ECO574, PHY552A, PHY570: Courses taught in English Quarter 1 – Fall ECO550B Economics of innovation Francisco Ruiz Aliseda ECO559 Corporate and financial strategy Alfred Galichon, Philippe Tibi MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture Jean-Jacques Marigo MEC554 Compressible aerodynamics Antoine Sellier MEC557 The Finite Element Method for Solid Mechanics Attilio Frangi PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids Antoine Georges PHY555 Energy and environment Michel Gonin PHY556 Physical bases of the mechanical behaviour of solids Yann Le Bouar PHY557 Soft surfaces David Quéré PHY558B Photovoltaïc solar energy Bernard Drévillon, Jean-François Guillemoles, Joaquim Nassar PHY559 Microelectronic devices Yvan Bonnassieux, Alain Greiner ECO574 Game Theory and Economic Analysis Jurgen Weibull MEC574 Inverse problems Andreï Constantinescu MEC575 Smart materials in Robotics and Microtechnology Moustapha Hafez MEC577 Complex Materials Elise Lorenceau, Yannick Peysson PHY570 Materials design Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin PHY573A Electronics experimental conception Yvan Bonnassieux, Costel-Sorin Cojocaru, Yannick Geerebaert, Alain Louis-Joseph, Franck Wajsburt PHY573B Flat panel displays Yvan Bonnassieux

Program Flowchart 167 Quarter 2

ECO564

ECO565

MAP561

MEC561

MEC568 ECO582 PHY564A

Choose three Choose HSS583 PHY564B MAP582 PHY564C

MEC581 one Choose PHY565 MEC589 PHY567 PHY581C

ECO565, ECO582, MEC561, MEC589, MEC568, PHY564B, PHY564C: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winter ECO564 Economy of the Energy Sector: Introduction Jean-Pierre Hansen ECO565 Sustainable Development and Environment Patricia Crifo MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour MEC561 Fluid-structure interactions Emmanuel de Langre MEC568 Structural dynamics Didier Clouteau, Jean-François Semblat PHY564A Integrated systems Alain Greiner PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications Razvigor Ossikovski PHY564C Optoelectronics Emmanuel Rosencher PHY565 Physics of biological polymers and membranes Cécile Sykes - Arnaud Echard PHY567 Semiconductors and devices Henri-Jean Drouhin, Emmanuel Rosencher ECO582 Economics and Competition Policy Philippe Choné - David Sévy HSS583 Managment of innovation Florence Charue-Duboc MAP582 Creation of Technology Start-Ups Bruno Martinaud MEC581 Projects in structural and fluids mechanics Andrei Constantinescu MEC589 Smart materials: multiscale modelling and applications Lev Truskinovsky PHY581C Experimental project Yvan Bonnassieux, Yannick Geerebaert, Alain Louis-Joseph, Franck Wajsburt

168 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Période 3 – Spring ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies Marie-Laure Allain HSS591A Economic systems and sustainable development Jean-Yves Grenier, Guillaume Sainteny HSS591B Strategic approach and competitive intelligence within the firm Dominique Rincé HSS591C1 A study of the world of the firm Marie-Anne Dujarier, Eric Godelier MEC592 Mechanics of materials and structures Nick Triantafyllidis MEC593 Soft matter, complex fluids, biomechanics & MEMS David Quéré MEC594 Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Antoine Sellier, Carlo Cossu MEC595 Civil engineering and petroleum engineering Andreï Constantinescu, Michel Bornert PHY593 Advanced technology physics Henri-Jean Drouhin

Program Flowchart 169 Entrepreneurship

Contact: ➟ Bruno Martinaud – [email protected]

Objectives

The “Entrepreneurship“ thematic is intended to prepare the students for the new business start-up innovative, in particular leaning on a strong scientific contents.

The new business start-up innovative leans on the sharp scientific and technical acquisition of an expertise in the interface between several disciplines, combined in the understanding of the process of new business start-up and the fundamentals of the management.

This program leans on four axes : ■ An introduction in the concepts, the methods and scientific tools of analysis and modelling organized around a theme to be firstly chosen among the following poles: “advanced technics in materials and structures“, “micro nano optoelectronic“ or “energic systems“

■ Methodology of management for innovative projects

■ A formation of raising awareness to the management and to the fundamental of the management of company

■ A theoretical and practical exposure in the process of creation of innovative start-up, and in the research and the maturation of entrepreneurship opportunities (in particular leaning on a result of the research)

A research internship in a new business start-up innovative will end this program.

170 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1

ECO559 course 1 compulsory ECo550b

mec551

mec557

PHY552A

PHY555 Choose two

PHY557

PHY559

ECO575

ECO550B, ECO559, PHY552A: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall ECO559 Corporate and financial strategy Alfred Galichon, Philippe Tibi ECO550B Economics of Innovation Francisco Ruiz Aliseda MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture Jean-Jacques Marigo MEC557 The Finite Element Method for Solid Mechanics Attilio Frangi PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids Antoine Georges PHY555 Energy and environment Michel Gonin PHY557 Soft surfaces David Quéré PHY559 Microelectronic devices Yvan Bonnassieux, Alain Greiner ECO575 Marketing and Business Development - Introduction Philippe Ginier-Gillet

Program Flowchart 171 Quarter 2

HSS561

HSS562 courses 2 compulsory

ECO564

MAP561

PHY564B one Choose

PHY567

MAP582

172 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 HSS562, PHY564B: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winter ECO564 Economy of the Energy Sector: Introduction Jean-Pierre Hansen HSS561 Exploration methodology of the innovation domains Romain Beaume, Christophe Midler HSS562 Business cases of innovation Philippe Ginier-Gillet, Bruno Martinaud MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications Razvigor Ossikovski PHY567 Semiconductors and devices Henri-Jean Drouhin, Emmanuel Rosencher MAP582 Creation of Technology Start-Ups Bruno Martinaud

Période 3 – Spring HSS591A Economic systems and sustainable development Jean-Yves Grenier, Guillaume Sainteny HSS591B Strategic approach and competitive intelligence within the firm Dominique Rincé HSS591C1 A study of the world of the firm Marie-Anne Dujarier, Eric Godelier

Program Flowchart 173 Management of the innovation

(Master 1 MIXT)

C. Midler

Contact: ➟ Christophe Midler – [email protected]

Correspondents: ➟ Du fait du caractère très transversal de la thématique du PA, des correspondants seront mobilisés dans les départements impliqués (économie et informatique en particulier).

ECO550B, ECO559: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall ECO550B Economics of innovation Francisco Ruiz Aliseda ECO559 Corporate and Financial Strategy Alfred Galichon, Philippe Tibi INF553 Databases and information management Michalis Vazirgiannis INF556 Software systems modelling Daniel Krob - Leo Liberti INF557 Introduction to networks Thomas Clausen MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture Jean-Jacques Marigo MEC557 The Finite Element Method for Solid Mechanics Attilio Frangi PHY555 Energy and environment Michel Gonin PHY559 Microelectronic devices Yvan Bonnassieux, Alain Greiner HSS573 Strategy, organization and process of the innovative firm Romain Beaume, Pierre-Jean Benghozi, Christophe Midler HSS574 Creation and developments of an innovative company Thomas Paris - Frédéric Iselin

174 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

ECO550B HSS561 course 1 compulsory ECO559 courses 2 compulsory ECO566 INF553 ECO567 Choose one Choose INF556 INF569 INF557 MAP561 MEC551 Choose one Choose MEC563 MEC557 one Choose PHY567 PHY555 HSS583

MAP582 PHY559 one Choose HSS573

HSS574 Choose one Choose

ECO566, ECO567: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winter HSS561 Exploration methodology of the innovation domains Romain Beaume, Christophe Midler ECO566 Industrial organization Patrick Rey ECO567 Organizational economics and corporate finance Laurent Linnemer INF569 Theory and Practice of Information Systems Yves Caseau MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour MEC563 Stability of Solids: from Structures to Materials Nicolas Triantafyllidis PHY567 Semiconductors and devices Henri-Jean Drouhin, Emmanuel Rosencher HSS583 Managment of innovation Florence Charue-Duboc MAP582 Creation of Technology Start-Ups Bruno Martinaud

Période 3 – Spring HSS591C1 A study of the world of the firm Marie-Anne Dujarier, Eric Godelier Sylvain Bureau HSS591C2 Strategy of innovation and Conception Christophe. Midler HSS 591C5 Digital innovation and regulation Pierre-Jean Benghozi

Program Flowchart 175 ➟ Informatics

O. Bournez

➟Contacts: ➟ Olivier Bournez – [email protected] ➟ Stéphane Lengrand – [email protected]

Computers are present in all professional activities that Polytechnicians will perform: from management of companies to the development of research or industrial products. In their activities, they will use software tools and will develop new ones. The courses offered to third and fourth year students in the Department of Informatics - Master level - aim to enable students to acquire the knowledge necessary to understand the technological changes in the broad field of Science and Technologies of Information and Communication that constitute the landscape in which engineers, civil servants and researchers evolve. To understand the nature of the “Computer Science” M1-programme, one must place it in the context of related programmes, especially ”Systems modelling“ M1-programme, the “Electrical Engineering” M1-programme, co-organized with the Department of Physics, and the "Bioinforma- tics" M1-programme, co-organized with the Department of Biology.

➟ While the “Systems modelling” M1-programme focuses on the problems of computer engineering that arise in all businesses, especially on the question of designing industrial information systems software architecture for embedded systems, that is to say, applications that are found in almost all industrial objects (mobile phones, cars, planes…), the “Computer Science” M1-programme focuses on issues central to the computer itself: ■ algorithms and optimization ■ languages, proofs and computation ■ image and geometry ■ computer networking and security. ➟ The interdisciplinary “Electrical Engineering” M1-programme and “Bioinformatics” M1-programme show, meanwhile, the strong links that IT has with other sciences, and the role that IT now plays in the redefinition of the boundaries between disciplines.

Objectives

The Computer Science M1-programme has a triple mission: to give students the basics of the discipline by putting them at the level of the best universities in the world; to start a specialization which will continue in fourth year either in the direction of engineering or in the training through research; and to give students the main elements of the discipline, which, combined with other courses in related disciplines (from other departments) will give students a true dual expertise to overcome challenges in industry, administration and research.

Program Flowchart 177 Algorithms and Optimization

Quarter 1 Quarter 2

inf550 inf565

inf551 inf580 inf55x inf56x inf572 ou inf581 ou inf57x inf58x

MAP554 inf560 Choose one Choose MAP555 inf562 one Choose

MAP557 inf582

MAP554, MAP555: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall INF550 Design and Analysis of Algorithms Gilles Schaeffer INF551 Logic and computability theory Stéphane Lengrand INF572 Operations research: modelling and software Leo Liberti 1 EA among INF5xx, MAP554, MAP555, MAP557 MAP554 Communication Networks, Algorithms and Probability Philippe Robert MAP555 Signal Processing Olivier Rioul MAP557 Operations Research: Mathematical Aspects and Applications Stéphane Gaubert

Quarter 2 – Winter INF565 Verification Xavier Rival, David Monniaux INF580 Constraint Programming and Combinatorial Optimization Christoph Dürr INF581 From randomized to quantum computing Frédéric Magniez 1 EA among INF5xx INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing Eric Goubault INF562 Computational Geometry: from theory to applications Luca Castelli Aleardi, Steve Oudot INF582 Data mining: statistical models and combinatorial search for information Jean-Marc Steyaert

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez

178 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Image and Geometry

Quarter 1 Quarter 2

inf552 inf562

inf555 course inf584 course 2 compulsory 2 compulsory

inf550 inf560 inf55x inf558 ou inf561 inf57x inf56x Choose one Choose

MAP555 one Choose ou INF582 inf58x inf577 Choose one Choose one Choose

inf587 MAP557

Quarter 1 – Fall INF552 Computer vision and augmented reality Renaud Keriven INF555 Foundamentals of 3D processing Frank Nielsen INF550 Design and Analysis of Algorithms Gilles Schaeffer INF558 Information Theory Jean-Pierre Tillich MAP555 Signal processing Olivier Rioul 1 EA among INF5xx, MAP557 INF577 Image and Geometry Project Renaud Keriven, Frank Nielsen MAP557 Operations Research: Mathematical Aspects and Applications Stéphane Gaubert

MAP555: Course taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winter INF562 Computational Geometry: from theory to applications Luca Castelli Aleardi, Steve Oudot INF584 Image Synthesis: Theory and Practice Elmar Eisemann INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing Eric Goubault INF561 Algorithms and Complexity Olivier Bournez INF582 Data mining: statistical models and combinatorial search for information Jean-Marc Steyaert 1 EA among INF5xx INF587 Image and Geometry Project Luca Castelli Aleardi, Steve Oudot, Elmar Eisemann

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez

Program Flowchart 179 Languages, Proofs, Computation Quarter 1 Quarter 2

inf550 inf563

inf551 inf564 inf55x inf554 ou inf565 inf57x inf56x ou INF556 inf58x

INF558 one Choose inf560 Choose one Choose

INF559 inf583

Quarter 1 – Fall INF550 Design and Analysis of Algorithms Gilles Schaeffer INF551 Logic and computability theory Stéphane Lengrand INF554 Introduction to the theory of programming languages David Monniaux 1 EA among INF5xx INF556 Software systems modelling Daniel Krob - Leo Liberti INF558 Information Theory Jean-Pierre Tillich INF559 Computer architecture Olivier Temam

Quarter 2 – Winter INF563 Static analysis of programs Xavier Rival INF564 Compilation Frédéric Pottier INF565 Verification Xavier Rival, David Monniaux 1 EA among INF5xx INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing Eric Goubault INF583 Operating systems principles and programming Albert Cohen

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez

180 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Networking and Security

Quarter 1 Quarter 2

inf557 inf566

inf558 inf567

inf570 inf568

MAP554 inf586

MAP554 : Course taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall INF557 Introduction to networks Thomas Clausen INF558 Information Theory Jean-Pierre Tillich INF570 Peer-to-Peer Networks Fabrice Le Fessant MAP554 Communication Networks, Algorithms and Probability Philippe Robert

Quarter 2 – Winter INF566 networks, Protocoles Walid Dabbous INF567 Mobile and wireless networks Philippe Jacquet INF568 Cryptology François Morain INF586 network security Julien Cervelle

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez

Program Flowchart 181 ➟ Mathematics

D. Renard

➟Contact: ➟ David Renard – [email protected]

Objectives: 1st quarter

The scope of the courses offered in the Mathematics covers various areas of geometry, analysis and algebra.

Each student will take courses (one of which can be selected from the courses offered by the Department of Applied Mathematics) and an in-depth research project, consisting of the independent study of a topic related to one of the courses he/she has selected.

Each of these courses is designed to include both theory and applications, such as cryptography in Algebra, Arithmetic and Codes, robotics in Dynamical Systems, Nonlinear Analysis Mechanics and particle physics in Groups and Representations.

At the beginning of the course, the instructor will hand out a list of topics related to his/her course. Each student, or in some cases, pair of students, will select one of these topics, prepare a written essay and defend it in an oral presentation at the end of the course. The instructor will provide guidance and bibliography, and sometimes a few hours of instruction to individual students or small groups at the beginning of the coursework.

Program Flowchart 183 Quarter 1

MAT551

Mat552

MAt553

mat554 three Choose

mat556 MAT571

MAT/PHY575

Quarter 1 – Fall MAT551 Dynamical Systems Jérôme Buzzi MAT552 Algebraic number theory Gaetan Chenevier MAT553 Topology I Andrei Moroianu MAT554 Nonlinear Analysis Raphaël Danchin, Pierre Raphaël MAT556 Groups and Representations Anna Cadoret MAT571 In-depht Study Jérôme Buzzi, Gaetan Chenevier Andrei Moroianu, Raphaël Danchin, Pierre Raphaël, David Renard MAT/PHY575 Symmetry groups in physics: In-depth study Denis Bernard, Yves Laszlo, David Renard

184 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

MAT561

MAT562

MAt563

MAP/mat567 three Choose

mat568

MAT581

PHY568

Quarter 2 – Winter MAT561 Nonlinear Schrodinger equation: from Bose Einstein condensates to supersolids Amandine Aftalion MAT562 Discreet Mathematics, Combinatorial Arithmetical and Codes Julia Wolf MAT563 Topology II Jean Lannes MAT565 Fermat Last Theorem, Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms Jacques Tilouine MAP/MAT567 Transport and diffusion Grégoire Allaire, François Golse MAT568 General Relativity Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, David Langlois MAT581 In-depth study Amandine Aftalion, Julia Wolf, Jean Lannes, Jacques Tilouine, Grégoire Allaire François Golse PHY568 General relativity David Langlois, Marios Petropoulos

Période 3 – Spring MAT591 Algebra and combinatorics David Renard MAT592 Analyis and applications François Golse MAT593 Geometry Christophe Margerin MAT595 Dynamical systems Charles Favre MAT596 Number theory and Algebraic Geometry Gaëtan Chenevier MAT597 Algebraic topology Jean Lannes

Program Flowchart 185 ➟

186 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Mechanics

A. Sellier

➟Contact: ➟ Antoine Sellier – [email protected]

Objectives

The Mechanics Program is organized jointly by the Mechanics and Physics Departments.

It consists of distinct but complementary courses that present the relations between different scientific domains, between science and technology, between theory and applications.

Different types of courses are offered: ■ fundamental courses in material science, fluid mechanics and structure mechanics ■ advanced courses on non linear behaviour of fluids or structures under complex stresses together with numerical modeling. ■ indepht courses on different aspects of mechanics. In these courses a large part is devoted to a personalized project. ■ conferences and visits of industrial companies and research centers ■ a final research project in an academic or industrial center in France or abroad.

Prerequisites: MEC431 – Continuum Mechanics

Program Flowchart 187 Quarter 1

MEC551

MEC552

MEC553 MEC559

MEC554 MEC572

MEC555 MEC574

MEC556 MEC575 Choose three Choose

MEC557 MEC576 one Choose

PHY556 MEC577

PHY557 MEC578

Mec559

MEC576: Course taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture Jean-Jacques Marigo MEC552 Computational fluid dynamics Peter Schmid MEC553 Modelling of slender structures Patrick Ballard MEC554 Compressible aerodynamics Antoine Sellier MEC555 Turbulence and vortex dynamics Pierre Sagaut MEC556 Earth dynamics: magnetism, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis Emmanuel Dormy, Jean-François Semblat MEC557 The Finite Element Method for Solid Mechanics Attilio Frangi PHY556 Physical bases of the mechanical behaviour of solids Yann Le Bouar PHY557 Soft surfaces David Quéré MEC559 Laboratory research project Jean-Marc Chomaz MEC572 Acoustics and sound environment Xavier Boutillon MEC574 Inverse problems Andreï Constantinescu MEC575 Smart materials in Robotics and Microtechnology Moustapha Hafez MEC576 Biomechanics in Health and Disease Abdul Barakat MEC577 Complex Materials Elise Lorenceau, Yannick Peysson MEC578 Aerodynamics Denis Sipp

188 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

MAP561

MAP562

MEC561

MEC563

MEC564 MEC569

MEC566 MEC581 Choose three Choose

MEC567 MEC584 Choose one Choose MEC568 MEC585

PHY565 MEC589

MEC569

MAP562, MEC568: Courses taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winters MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics Yacine Chitour MAP562 Optimal design of structures Grégoire Allaire MEC561 Fluid-structure interactions Emmanuel de Langre MEC563 Stability of Solids: from Structures to Materials Nicolas Triantafyllidis MEC564 Micro-scale viscous flows and complex fluids Antoine Sellier, Christophe Josserand MEC566 Heat transfer and fluid flow Hervé Lemonnier MEC567 Water Sciences and Environment Jean-Marc Chomaz MEC568 Structural Dynamics Didier Clouteau, Jean-François Semblat PHY565 Physics of biological polymers and membranes Cécile Sykes - Arnaud Echard MEC569 Laboratory research project Jean-Marc Chomaz MEC581 Projects in structural and fluids mechanics Andreï Constantinescu MEC584 Hydrodynamics and Elasticity Christophe Clanet MEC585 Turbulent flows: dynamics and numerical simulations Pierre Sagaut MEC589 Smart materials: multiscale modelling and applications Lev Truskinovsky

Période 3 – Spring MEC592 Mechanics of materials and structures Nicolas Triantafyllidis MEC593 Soft matter, complex fluids, biomechanics & MEMS David Quéré MEC594 Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Antoine Sellier, Laurent Jacquin MEC595 Civil engineering and petroleum engineering Andreï Constantinescu, Michel Bornert

Program Flowchart 189 ➟ Mechanics and Physics

for Environment H. Le Treut Mechanics

➟contacts: ➟ Hervé Le Treut (Mechanics) – [email protected] ➟ Jean-François Roussel (Physics) – [email protected]

J.-F. Roussel Objectives Physics

The ever increasing spectrum of environmental problems, which appear in a context ranging from local scales (air pollution, land use) to global ones (green house effect, desertification), subsequently impacts a large number of economy sectors: transportation, energy production, infrastructure development…

As a consequence environmental professions are developing quickly. They require a general knowledge in physics and mechanics. They also need a deeper knowledge of the physical mechanisms ruling our planet. The fields of knowledge involved are very diverse: atmosphere and ocean dynamics, solid Earth roles both as a source of risks (seismology) and as a storing place (wastes, CO2), physics of radiative exchanges with space, which influence the climate system energetics and provide analysis tools for the planet through space detection. Expertise or decisions, in the public or private spheres, often take place at the interface between several of these fields.

The objective of this program is to supply basic tools and knowledge in theoretical, experimental and modeling fields. They will be applied to several cases: energy sector, climate change, water management…

A double extension is also offered: ■ To more fundamental fields, towards universe science and astrophysics where many objects can be found (solar or extra solar planets) whose analysis leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms at work on Earth ■ To more applied topics, in the framework of the Sustainable Development Chair, by proposing two courses belonging to EcoSciences program (economy, biodiversity)

Program Flowchart 191 Quarter 1

MEC555

MEC556

PHY550

PHY553 three Choose

PHY555 MEC559 MEC559 MEC571

MEC572

MEC573 Choose one Choose

MEC577

PHY574

Quarter 1 – Fall MEC555 Turbulence and vortex dynamics Pierre Sagaut MEC556 Earth dynamics: magnetism, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis Emmanuel Dormy, Jean-François Semblat PHY550 Radiative exchanges in the atmosphere and climate Jean-François Roussel PHY553 Nuclear physics and astrophysics Martin Lemoine, Caroline Terquem, Roland Lehoucq PHY555 Energy and environment Michel Gonin MEC559 Laboratory research project Jean-Marc Chomaz MEC571 Climate dynamics Hervé Le Treut MEC572 Acoustics and sound environment Xavier Boutillon MEC573 Wind, solar and hydraulic potential: cases studies Alexandre Stegner MEC577 Complex Materials Elise Lorenceau, Yannick Peysson PHY574 Extrasolar planets: detection and formation Caroline Terquem

192 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 2

BIO563

ECO565

MEC565

mec567 three Choose

PHY566

MEC569 MEC569

MEC582

MEC585 Choose one Choose

PHY585

ECO565: Course taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winters BIO563 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Jérôme Chave ECO565 Sustainable development and environment Patricia Crifo MEC565 Meteorology and Environment Philippe Drobinski MEC567 Water Sciences and Environment Jean-Marc Chomaz PHY566 Solid earth and environment Marc Chaussidon MEC569 Laboratory research project Jean-Marc Chomaz MEC582 Numerical modelling and satellite remote sensing: the indispensable tools to study the Earth Hélène Chepfer, Thomas Dubos MEC585 Turbulent flows: dynamics and numerical simulations Pierre Sagaut PHY585 Experimental work Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti

Période 3 – Spring MEC/PHY596 Geophysics & planetary environment Hervé Le Treut, Jean-François Roussel PHY592 Astrophysics and cosmology Caroline Terquem, David Langlois, Martin Lemoine

Program Flowchart 193 ➟ Modelling

of the systems É. Goubault

➟Contact: ➟ Eric Goubault – [email protected] ➟ Daniel Krob – daniel krob

D. Krob Objectives

This programme aims at preparing students to the design and architecture of some of the large industrial systems which currently play a major role in industry: embedded systems for the automotive industry, for avionics, supervision systems, enterprise information systems etc.

These complex systems - those obtained by integration of many different systems - need, by nature, to master some major aspects of computer science, applied mathematics (simulation, signal processing and control theory), electronics and management.

The programme is coordonated by the Ecole Polytechnique-Thalès chair “Engineering of Complex Industrial Systems”.

Two tracks have been defined up to now in the programme:

■ “Embedded systems” orientation: This part of the programme allows for specializing later on, with courses in M2 on design and architecture of embedded systems.

■ “Information Systems” orientation: This part of the programme allows to specialize later on (in M2) in design and architecture of enterprise information systems.

Prerequisites: INF431–Programs and Algorithms: from sequential to distrubuted

Professional openings: This part of the programme allows for specializing later on, with courses in M2 on design and architecture of embedded systems.

Program Flowchart 195 Embedded systems

This part of program allows for specializing later on, with courses in M2 on Design and Archi- tecture of embedded systems.

Quarter 1 Quarter 2

INF553 INF560

INF556 INF565

INF557 INF564

INF559 INF583

Quarter 1 – Fall INF553 Databases and information management Michalis Vazirgiannis INF556 Software systems modelling Daniel Krob, Leo Liberti INF557 Introduction to networks Thomas Clausen INF559 Computer architecture Olivier Temam

Quarter 2 – Winters INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing Eric Goubault INF565 Verification David Monniaux, Xavier Rival INF564 Compilation Andreas Enge, François Morain INF583 Operating systems principles and programming Albert Cohen

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez, Daniel Krob

196 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Information systems

This part of program allows for specializing later on (in M2) in Design and Architecture of entreprise information systems.

Quarter 1 Quarter 2

INF553 INF560

INF556 INF569

INF557 INF582

INF572 INF586

Quarter 2 – Winters INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing Eric Goubault INF569 Theory and Practice of Information Systems Yves Caseau INF582 Data mining: statistical models and combinatorial search for information Jean-Marc Steyaert INF586 network security Julien Cervelle

Période 3 – Spring INF591 Internship in computer science Olivier Bournez, Daniel Krob

Program Flowchart 197 ➟ Physics

M. Gonin

➟Contacts: ➟ Michel Gonin – [email protected] ➟ Gilles Montambaux – [email protected]

G. Montambaux Objectives

The purpose of this program is to present an overview of the concepts in physics both experimentally and theoretically, and to provide more specialized courses in connection with new research domains in physics. The students will receive training which will give access to many professional activities. The first category involves careers in the domain of fundamental and/or applied research in physics such as tenure positions in universities and national laboratories or researcher and manager positions in R&D divisions in the private sector. The second category concerns careers related to industrial areas disconnected from physics but using the methods and the tools of this field such as for example financial markets, computer science, risk management or consulting.

The “Physics” program gives the unique opportunity to discover and understand concepts from the smallest to the largest scales of our universe. The student will get acquainted with many different fields of modern physics.

The courses area in particular devoted to elementary particle physics, general relativity, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, quantum optics, nanomaterials, electronics, plasma physics, materials science, earth science, astrophysics and cosmology.

Program Flowchart 199 From particles to the stars: fundamental interactions and elementary constituents P. Fayet

Contacts: ➟ Pierre Fayet – [email protected] ➟ Christoph Kopper – [email protected]

Objectives C. Kopper

This track adresses itself to students interested in fundamental physics and its role in the understanding of the origin of the smallest and the largest scales in the universe, from the experimental as well as from the theoretical point of view. In following these courses the students will be able to continue on their way of understanding the great intellectual revo- lutions in the physics of the twentieth century, starting from quantum mechanics and going to quantum field theory and particle physics, or leading from special to general relativity, astrophysics and cosmology. They will also make their first acquaintance with experiments, conceived and performed in worldwide cooperation in order to enlarge our knowledge and understanding of the universe and its elementary constituents.

Pre-requisites: PHY432-Quantum and statistical physics – PHY431-Relativity and variational principles

Recommended course of another tracks: PHY552A–Quantum physics of electrons in solids – PHY562–Quantum optics 2: photons

Year 4 (Master M2): M2 in Paris area : ■ Speciality: Basic concepts in physics [parcours : theoretical physics] ■ Speciality: Nuclei, Particles, Astroparticles and Cosmology (NPAC) M2 in France or abroad: ■ Fundamental physics, Theoretical physics, Particle physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology, etc.

Doctoral Education: Training by and for research in theoretical physics, physics of particles, astrophysics and cosmology.

Prospects: Corps de l’État, Industry, Research in academic or industrial area (R&D). This master program, which gives access to a large spectrum of scientific methods and tools, also opens the way to many fields of professionnal activity not directly related to physics (such as computer science, finance, in particular risk managemenT, and others...)

200 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

PHY552A PHY561

PHY553 PHY562

PHY554 PHY571A PHY568 MAT568 PHY574

Choose one Choose PHY581A PHY575 PHY583 Choose one Choose

PHY584

Quarter 1 – Fall PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids Antoine Georges PHY553 Nuclear physics and astrophysics Martin Lemoine, Caroline Terquem, Roland Lehoucq PHY554 Elementary particle physics Michel Gonin PHY571A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY574 Extrasolar planets: detection and formation Caroline Terquem PHY575 Symmetry groups in physics Denis Bernard - David Renard

PHY552A: Course taught in English

Quarter 2 – Winters PHY561 Introduction to relativistic field theory Pierre Fayet, Christoph Koppper PHY562 Quantum optics 2: photons Alain Aspect, Philippe Grangier PHY568 General relativity David Langlois, Marios Petropoulos MAT568*General Relativity Jean-Pierre Bourguignon PHY581A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY583 Cosmology Martin Lemoine PHY584 Experimental aspects of subatomic physics and astrophysics Vincent Boudry, Berrie Giebels *The students who follow PHY568 can choose MAT568 as a specialization course under the initials MAT568EA.

Période 3 – Spring PHY591 Fields, particles and matter Denis Bernard, Pierre Fayet, Arnd Specka PHY592 Astrophysics and cosmology David Langlois, Martin Lemoine, Caroline Terquem

Program Flowchart 201 Laser, Optics and Plasmas

F. Hache

Contacts: ➟ François Hache – [email protected] ➟ Patrick Mora – [email protected]

Objectives P. Mora This track is intended for students interested in optics, laser physics, quantum physics, atomic and molecular physics, plasma physics and physics of the energy production systems. The students will get acquainted with many different media, from ultracold atoms to relativistic plasmas. These systems whose description involves quantum mechanics as well as classical or relativistic electrodynamics are the source of many present or future applications.

Pre-required: PHY432-Quantum and statistical physics

202 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

PHY551A PHY560B

PHY552A PHY562

PHY553 PHY564C three Choose PHY571A PHY569A PHY581A PHY572 Choose one Choose

PHY587 one Choose

PHY551A,PHY552A, PHY564C: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall PHY551A Quantum optics 1: lasers Alain Aspect PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids Antoine Georges PHY553 Nuclear physics and astrophysics Martin Lemoine, Caroline Terquem, Roland Lehoucq PHY571A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY572 Lasers, optics and plasmas Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti, Antonello de Martino Manuel Joffre, Victor Malka

Quarter 2 – Winters PHY560B Quantum transport and mesoscopic physics Gilles Montambaux PHY562 Quantum optics 2: photons Alain Aspect, Philippe Grangier PHY564C Optoelectronics Emmanuel Rosencher PHY569A Thermonuclear fusion Patrick Mora, Jean-Marcel Rax PHY581A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY587 Experimental quantum optics Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti, Antonello de Martino

Période 3 – Spring PHY594 Lasers, quantum optics, plasma physics François Hache

Program Flowchart 203 From atom to material: the physics of condensed matter, soft matter, bio- and nano-objects A. Georges

Contacts: ➟ Antoine Georges – [email protected] ➟ Thierry Gacoin – [email protected]

T. Gacoin Objectives

This track is an introduction to modern solid state physics, soft matter physics, and their interfaces with adjacent areas like biophysics, nano-sciences or materials science. These are very active subjects of fundamental research that lead to numerous technological advances.

Thanks to the diversity of materials, the complexity of artificial structures one can make and the extreme conditions one creates to probe them, solid state physics is among the widest and the most diverse branches of physics, evolving very fast and always intimately related to state-of-the-art technology. With this cursus, the student will discover how the properties of a material can be dictated by its characteristics at the atomic level, and how diverse they can be.

Pre-required: PHY432-Quantum and statistical physics

204 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

PHY552A PHY560A

PHY552B PHY560B

PHY556 PHY564B three Choose Choose three Choose

PHY557 PHY564C PHY570 PHY581A PHY565 PHY571A PHY581B PHY567 Choose one Choose PHY577 one Choose PHY582

PHY552A,PHY570, PHY564B,PHY564C, PHY582: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids Antoine Georges PHY552B Biophysics: from nanometers to microns Armand Ajdari, Ulrich Bockelmann PHY556 Physical bases of the mechanical behaviour of solids Yann le Bouar PHY557 Soft surfaces David Quéré PHY570 Materials design Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin PHY571A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY577 Superconductivity and magnetism Kees Van der Beek

Quarter 2 – Winters PHY560A Complex systems Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Marc Mézard PHY560B Quantum transport and mesoscopic physics Gilles Montambaux PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications Razvigor Ossikovski PHY564C Optoelectronics Emmanuel Rosencher PHY565 Physics of biological polymers and membranes Cécile Sykes, Arnaud Echard PHY567 Semiconductors and devices Henri-Jean Drouhin, Emmanuel Rosencher PHY581A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY581B Spintronics Henri-Jean Drouhin PHY582 Functional thin films and active surfaces: research and innovation Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin

Période 3 – Spring MEC593 Soft matter, complex fluids, biomechanics & MEMS David Quéré PHY593 Advanced technology physics Henri-Jean Drouhin PHY595 Solid state physics Luca Perfetti

Program Flowchart 205 International track M1 - Physics for Optics and Nanosciences (PON) F. Hache

Contact: ➟ François Hache – [email protected]

Objectifs

The objective of this first-year M1 program (60 ECTS) of the Masters' programs "Physics for Optics and Nanosciences" is to provide students with general basic knowledge in physics, with orientation towards optics or nanosciences. Most of the courses are taught in English by internationally-renowned scholars.

The academic year is subdivided in two semesters. ■ In the first semester, students must take four courses covering fundamentals of optics, atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter. ■ During the second semester, students study electromagnetism and statistical physics and can choose a few courses among a list. The list applicable for students of Ecole Polytech- nique is presented on the next page. ■ The third period is a 10-12 week internship in an academic or industrial research laboratory. French language lessons for non-french-speaking students are also mandatory during both semesters.

Year 4

Obtaining the M1 PON gives automatically access to the following M2’s: ■ M2 “Optique, Matière, Plasmas“ ■ M2 “Nanosciences“

The other M2 “cohabilités“ by Ecole Polytechnique are also accessible (see list in the Par- cours Thématique “Photons et atomes“) but admission is not warranted and a specific application is needed. The training given in the M1 PON and associated M2’s is clearly oriented towards doctoral studies, though other ways are also possible.

Prerequisite: PHY432- Physique quantique et statistique

206 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

PHY551A PHY560B

PHY551B PHY562

PHY552A PHY564B three Choose

PHY564C PHY570 PHY581A PHY567 PHY571A PHY582 Choose one Choose Choose one Choose PHY572 PHY587

PHY551A, PHY551B, PHY552A, PHY570, PHY564B, PHY564C, PHY582: Courses taught in English

Quarter 1 – Fall PHY551A Quantum optics 1: Lasers Alain Aspect PHY551B Atomic and molecular physics Nouari Kebaïli PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids Antoine Georges PHY570 Materials design Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin PHY571A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY572 Lasers, optics and plasmas Serena Bastiani-Cecotti, Antonello de Martino, Manuel Joffre, Victor Malka

Quarter 2 – Winters PHY560B Quantum transport and mesoscopic physics Gilles Montambaux PHY562 Quantum optics 2: photons Alain Aspect, Philippe Grangier PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications Razvigor Ossikovski PHY564C Optoelectronics Emmanuel Rosencher PHY567 Semiconductors and devices Henri-Jean Drouhin, Emmanuel Rosencher PHY581A Research Projects in Laboratories Guilhem Gallot PHY582 Functional thin films and active surfaces: research and innovation Silke Biermann, Thierry Gacoin PHY587 Experimental quantum optics Serena Bastiani-Ceccotti

Période 3 – Spring PHY594 Lasers, quantum optics, plasma physics François Hache

Program Flowchart 207 International track High energy physics

Contacts: ➟ Jean-Claude Brient – [email protected] ➟ Ignatios Antoniadis – [email protected]

Context

High Energy Physics studies the constituents of matter and their mutual fundamental interactions. The experimental tools for such a study are particle accelerators at very high energy which allow proving the laws of Nature at very short distances; the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), started operating in september 2008 at CERN, is in fact the most powerful such ma- chine nowadays. On the other hand, the theoretical description makes use of mathematical theories, characterized by internal simplicity and predictive power, encoding the symmetries of physical phenomena.

Objectives

The aim of the `High Energy Physics’ Master is to offer a coherent training, both theorical and experimental, on high energy physics, covering a large spectrum of topics and applications: ■ particle physics, astroparticles, ■ Standard Model of electroweak and strong interactions and its supersymmetric extensions, ■ strong interactions and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), ■ general relativity and quantum gravity, ■ theoretical and observational cosmology.

Rules of options: Quarters 1 and 2: Three courses and one EA in each quarter Quarter 3: Research project in France or abroad in parallel with preparation for M2 at ETHZ

The 2-years combination M1 at Ecole Polytechnique and M2 at ETH-Zurich leads to a joint Master degree awarded from both institutes, providing complementary training; ETH-Zurich covers more experimental aspects of particle physics, while Ecole Polytechnique contributes more on theoretical aspects, but also in the teaching of nuclear physics.

208 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Quarter 1 Quarter 2

PHY553 PHY561

PHY554 PHY568

PHY55X PHY56X

PHY575 PHY584

Quarter 1 – Fall PHY553 Nuclear physics and astrophysics Martin Lemoine, Caroline Terquem, Roland Lehoucq PHY554 Elementary particle physics Michel Gonin PHY55X The course has to be chosen in the general list of the specialization courses of Physics PHY575 Symmetry groups in physics Denis Bernard, David Renard

Quarter 2 – Winters PHY561 Introduction to relativistic field theory Pierre Fayet, Christoph Kopper PHY568 General relativity David Langlois, Marios Petropoulos PHY56x The course has to be chosen in the general list of the specialization courses of Physics PHY584 Experimental aspects of subatomic physics and astrophysics Vincent Boudry, Berrie Giebels

Période 3 – Spring PHY591 Fields, particles and matter Denis Bernard, Pierre Fayet, Arnd Specka

Program Flowchart 209 Programs prerequisites

Year 3 Programs Prerequisiste

➟ MAP411–Mathematical Modelling or

Applied Mathematics MAP431–Numerical analysis and optimization ➟ MAP432–Markov chains and discrete time martingales or MAP433–Introduction to statistical methods At least one year 2 Biology course Biology

➟ BIO451 – Molecular and cellular biology or BIO452 – Molecular biology or BIO432 – Biology and human pathologies: from symp- Bioinformatics toms to mechanisms ➟ INF421–Fundamentals of Programming and Algorithms or INF431–Algorithms and programming Chemistry at Frontiers ➟ CHI431–The foundations of molecular chemistry Complex ➟ At least one or two courses between: BIO451, BIO432, INF421, Systems Sciences INF431) ➟ N o prequisite but ECO431– Economic analysis: Introduction and ECO432– Econo- Economics metrics: An Introductory Course are recommanded for the EPP and QEF Ecosciences ➟ N o prequisite for the specialization ➟ N o prequisite but a good understanding of C or C++ Languages Electrical Engineering for INF583–Operating systems principles and programming Energies of the 21e Century ➟ N o prequisite

Informatics ➟ INF431–Algorithms and programming

Innovation technologies ➟ MEC431–Continuum Mechanics or PHY432–Fluid Mechanics Engineering of the innovation ➟ ECO431–Economic analysis: Introduction

Engineering and Innovation technologies ➟ ECO431–Economic analysis: Introduction Entrepreneurship Engineering and Innovation ➟ HSS411E - HSS411C - HSS414G - HSS414E - HSS414E ou HSS416H technologies ➟ HSS525 Management of the innovation

210 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 ➟ For MAT551, MAT554, MAT565: MAT431–Distribution Theory, Fourier Analysis and Dynamical Systems ➟ For MAP/MAT567: MAP411–Mathematical Modelling or Mathematics MAP431–Numerical analysis and optimization or MAT431–Dis- tribution Theory, Fourier Analysis and Dynamical Systems or MAT432–Fourier analysis and spectral theory ➟ For MAT563–Topology II, MAT553–Topology I Mechanics ➟ MEC431–Continuum Mechanics Mechanics and physics of ➟ MEC431–Continuum Mechanics or MEC432–Fluid Mechanics environment or MEC433–Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics Modelling of the systems ➟ INF431– Algorithms and programming ➟ For each tracks PHY432–Quantum and statistical physics or Physics ➟ For "From particules to the stars" and M1 "High energy physics" PHY431–Relativity and variational principles

Program Flowchart 211 List of specialization programs and abbreviations

AAG Analyse, arithmétique et géométrie APE Analyse et politique économiques BIBS Bioinformatique et biostatistiques BIO Ingénierie des biomolécules CFP Concepts fondamentaux de la physique CHI Chimie moléculaire MOS Modelling of the Systems DQ Dispositifs quantiques, matériaux, imagerie EDDEE Economie du développement durable, de l’énergie et de l’environnement EMO Economie des marchés et des organisations EPP Economics and public policy FUS Sciences de la fusion ITIE Innovation technologique : ingénierie et entrepreneuriat (dont pôles DOCTIS et M4S) MIXT Management, innovation, conception, communication, sciences et technologies (dont parcours IRENIX et PIC) MFL Mécanique des fluides : fondements et applications MMS Mécanique des matériaux et des structures MOD Mathématiques de la modélisation MPRI Informatique (fondamentale) MPRO Master Parisien de recherche opérationnelle MVA Mathématiques, vision, apprentissage (Cachan) NAN Nanosciences OACOS Océans, atmosphère, climat, observations spatiales (dont parcours WAPE) OMP Optique, matière et plasmas PHE Physique des hautes énergies (M2 à l’ETH Zürich) PRA Probabilités et modèles aléatoires PRF Probabilités et finance REST Sciences et technologies des énergies renouvelables SCC LoPHiSS – Sciences de la cognition et des systèmes complexes SMCD Science des matériaux pour la construction durable SMNO Sciences des matériaux et nano-objets

List of M2 specialities and abbreviations IRENIX Innovation, régulation et économie numérique – cf. MIXT PIC Projet, innovation, conception – cf. MIXT WAPE Water, Air, Pollution and Energy at local and regional scales – cf. OACOS DOCTIS Dynamique Organisationnelle, Changement Technologique, Innovation et Straté- gies – cf. ITIE M4S Modélisation Multiéchelles et Multiphysique des Matériaux et des Structures – cf. ITIE

212 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 BII BIO CHI ECS EE ENE EPP INF IT IT (MIXT) MAP MAT MEC MPE MS PHY (appl.) PHY (fond.) PHY (PHE) PHY (PON) QEF SSC AAG o X o APE o X BIBS Xx x o o BIO xXoo CFP o oXx o CHI X DQ o o xX x EDDEE X xx x o xo EMO o X EPP Xx FUS x X xxo IIT xxX o x xx o MFL o X o MIXT oooxxoxxxX o xxxo x MMS xoX o MOD xoX x o xo MOS oxo X x MPRI xoX ox o MPRO X o MVA x X NAN oo X xXo OACOS oo x xX xo o OMP xo x X xX PHE o xxX o PRA o X PRF X o SCC x o x oxxxoxxx X SMCD x X ox SMNO xxoX xo Nuclear X ox REST X xx

X : Logical PA/M1 program leading to a given M2 program x : Other natural coupling o : Non usual coupling but still possible

N.B For the MIXT M2 program, the PIC track can be accessed after any PA. The ERENIX track is more easily followed after one of the following PA/M1 programs : CMS, EPP, IT, INF.

Program Flowchart 213

Index

Applied Mathematics Pages MAP311 Randomness 111 MAP411 Mathematical Modelling 115 MAP431 numerical analysis and optimization 115 MAP432 Markov chains and discrete time martingales 113 MAP433 Introduction to statistical methods 115 MAP441A Experimental Projet in Applied Mathematics 115 MAP441B Experimental Projet in Applied Mathematics 115 MAP551 Probability theory 147 MAP552 Stochastic models in finance 120 MAP553 Statistical Learning and nonparametric estimation 120, 141, 154 MAP554 Communication Networks, Algorithms and Probability 120, 158, 178, 181 MAP555 Signal processing 120, 141, 158, 178, 179 MAP556 An introduction to mathematical models in Ecology 120, 141, 154 MAP557 Operations Research: Mathematical Aspects and Applications 120, 158, 178, 179 MAP559 Advanced methods in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing 120 MAP561 Control: Basic concepts and applications in mechanics 121, 141, 159, 168, 173, 175, 189 MAP562 Optimal design of structures 121, 189 MAP563 Random models in Ecology and Evolution 121, 141, 155 MAP564 Stochastic Simulation and Monte-Carlo methods 121, 141, 155 MAP565 Processes and estimation 121, 141, 149 MAP568 Asset Pricing in the derivates market 151 MAP571 Personal Project in Applied Mathematics 120, 158 MAP572 Electromagnetism and Acoustics in the aircraft and automobile industry: from modelling to high-performance calculation 120, 154 MAP581 Personal Project in Applied Mathematics 121, 155 MAP582 Creation of Technology Start-Ups 121, 159, 168, 173, 175 MAP591 Image and Signal 121, 155, 159 MAP592 Modelling and scientific computing 121, 155, 159 MAP593 Automatic Control and Operations Research 121, 159 MAP594 Probabilistic and statistical modelisation 121, 155, 159 MAP595 Financial Mathematics 121 MAP/MAT567 Transport and diffusion 121, 141, 163, 185

Program Flowchart 215 Biology Pages BIO431 Ecology and biodiversity 115 BIO432 Biology and human pathologies: from symptoms to mechanisms 115 BIO441A Experimental project in Biology 113 BIO441B Experimental project in Biology 115 BIO441C Experimental project in Biology 115 BIO451 Molecular and cellular biology 113 BIO452 Molecular biology 113 BIO551 The cell and its environment 127, 129, 132, 154 BIO552 Cellular identity and immunology 127, 129 BIO553 neurobiology and Development 127, 129 BIO554 Computational biology 127, 129, 154 BIO561 Biological Targets and Therapeutic Strategies 127, 129, 133 BIO562 Genetics, reproduction, cloning 127, 129 BIO563 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning 127, 133, 155, 193 BIO571 Experimental laboratory work in Genetic Engineering 127, 129, 132, 154 BIO581 Genomes: diversity, environment and human health 127, 133, 155 BIO582 Human and environmental toxicology 127, 129 BIO591 Biology and Ecology 127, 129, 133, 155

Chemistry Pages CHI411 Introduction to molecular chemistry 113 CHI431 The foundations of molecular chemistry 115 CHI441A Term Project in Chemistry (Modal) 115 CHI441B Term Project in Chemistry (Modal) 115 CHI551 Structure, Symmetry and Spectroscopy 137 CHI552 Organic Synthesis and Biosynthesis 137 CHI553 Organometallic chemistry and catalysis 137 CHI561 Advanced organic and organometallic chemistry 137 CHI562 Polymer chemistry 137 CHI563 Modeling in molecular sciences 137 CHI564 Industrial Chemistry 137 CHI572 Experimental project 137 CHI581 Biological and Medicinal Chemistry 129, 137 CHI583 Frontiers in chemistry 137 CHI591 new reactions and natural products synthesis 137 CHI592 Organometallic chemistry and catalysis 137 CHI593 Chemistry/biology interface, mass spectrometry and quantum chemistry 137 CHI594 Solid state and material chemistry 137

216 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Economics Pages ECO311 Introduction to Economic Analysis 111 ECO431 Economic analysis: Introduction 113 ECO432 Econometrics: An Introductory Course 113 ECO433 Economy Business 113 ECO441 Experimental project in Economics 115 ECO550A Economics of uncertainty and finance 147 ECO550B Economics of innovation 167, 171, 174 ECO551 Public policy and the law 145 ECO552A Intermediate Econometrics 145, 154 ECO552B Introductory Econometrics 145 ECO553 Economic Growth 141, 145 ECO554 Microeconomics for public policy 145, 154 ECO555 Game Theory 120 ECO556 Microeconomics 147 ECO557 Econometrics 147 ECO558 Macroeconomics 147 ECO559 Corporate and financial strategy 147, 167, 171, 174 ECO560 Economics of contracts 149, 150 ECO561 Business Cycles 145 ECO562 Econometrics and Public Policy evaluation 145 ECO563 Public Economics, welfare and institutions 141, 145, 149 ECO564 Economy of the Energy Sector: Introduction 149, 163, 168, 173 ECO565 Sustainable development and environment 149, 155, 168 ECO566 Industrial organization 145, 149, 175 ECO567 Organizational economics and corporate finance 149, 175 ECO571 Political Sciences 145 ECO572 International Economics 145 ECO574 Game theory and economic analysis 147, 154, 167 ECO575 Marketing and Business Development - Introduction 171 ECO581 Economic Policy 145 ECO582 Economics and competition policy 145, 149, 168 ECO583 Growth and development 150 ECO585 Advanced microeconomics 150 ECO586 Applied microeconometrics 149, 150 ECO588A Asset Pricing 151 ECO588B Corporate finance 151 ECO588C Financial Econometrics 151 ECO591 Microeconomics and Business Strategies 145, 149, 150, 151, 155, 169 ECO592 The macroeconomic and Political Economy 145, 149, 150, 151, 155 ECO593 Bank, Finance 145, 149, 150, 151

Humanities and Social Sciences Pages HSS441 Modal 115 HSS561 Exploration methodology of the innovation domains 173, 175 HSS562 Business cases of innovation 173 HSS571 Microthesis on sustainable development 154 HSS572 Microthesis on sustainable development 162

Program Flowchart 217 HSS573 Strategy, organization and process of the innovative firm 174 HSS574 Creation and developments of an innovative company 174 HSS575 Complex systems Projet 141 HSS581 Microthesis on sustainable development 155 HSS582 Microthesis on sustainable development 163 HSS583 Managment of innovation 168, 175 HSS591A Economic systems and sustainable development 169, 173 HSS591B Strategic approach and competitive intelligence within the firm 169, 173 HSS591C1 A study of the world of the firm 169, 173, 175 HSS591C2 Strategy of innovation and Conception 175 HSS 591C5 Digital innovation and regulation 175 HSS592A Social and political philosophy, epistemology and cognitive sciences 141

Informatics Pages INF311 Introduction to computer science 111 INF321 Principles of programming languages 111 INF421 Fundamentals of Programming and Algorithms 113 INF422 Components of a computing system: Introduction to computer architecture and operating systems 113 INF423 Foundations of Computer Science: Logic, models, computation 113 INF431 Algorithms, networks and languages 115 INF441A Experimental project in computer science 113 INF441B Experimental project in computer science 115 INF441C Experimental project in computer science 115 INF550 Design and Analysis of Algorithms 120, 132, 178, 179, 180 INF551 Logic and computability theory 178, 180 INF552 Computer vision and augmented reality 179 INF553 Databases and information management 132, 174, 196, 197 INF554 Introduction to the theory of programming languages 180 INF555 Foundamentals of 3D processing 179 INF556 Software systems modelling 158, 174, 180, 196, 197 INF557 Introduction to networks 174, 181, 196, 197 INF558 Information Theory 132, 158, 179, 180, 181 INF559 Computer architecture 158, 180, 196 INF560 Distributed and Parallel Computing 141, 178, 179, 180, 196, 197 INF561 Algorithms and Complexity 179 INF562 Computational Geometry: from theory to application 178, 179 INF563 Static analysis of programs 180 INF564 Compilation 180, 196 INF565 Verification 178, 180, 196 INF566 networks, Protocoles 141, 159, 181 INF567 Mobile and wireless networks 181 INF568 Cryptology 181 INF569 Theory and Practice of Information Systems 175, 197 INF570 Peer-to-Peer Networks 141, 181 INF572 Operations research: modelling and software 158, 178, 197 INF577 Image and Geometry Project 179 INF580 Constraint Programming and Combinatorial Optimization 121, 133, 159, 178

218 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 INF581 From randomized to quantum computing 178 INF582 Data mining: statistical models and combinatorial search for information 133, 141, 178, 179, 197 INF583 Operating systems principles and programming 159, 180, 196 INF584 Image Synthesis: Theory and Practice 159, 179 INF585 Programming C++ 121, 133 INF586 network security 141, 181, 197 INF587 Image and Geometry Project 179 INF591 Internship in computer science 133, 159, 178, 179, 180, 181, 196, 197

Mathematics Pages MAT311 Real and complex analysis 111 MAT431 Distribution Theory, Fourier Analysis and Dynamical Systems 113 MAT432 Fourier analysis and spectral theory 113 MAT441A Experimental Projet in Mathematics 115 MAT441B Experimental Projet in Mathematics 115 MAT451 Algebra and Galois Theory 115 MAT452 Fondamental Group, Covering Spaces and Knot Theory 115 MAT551 Dynamical Systems 141, 184 MAT552 Algebraic number theory 184 MAT553 Topology I 184 MAT554 nonlinear Analysis 184 MAT556 Groups and Representations 184 MAT559 Advanced methods in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing 141 MAT561 nonlinear Schrodinger equation: from Bose Einstein condensates to supersolids 121, 185 MAT562 Discreet Mathematics, Combinatorial Arithmetical and Codes 185 MAT563 Topology II 185 MAT565 Fermat Last Theorem, Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms 185 MAT568 General Relativity 185 MAT568*General Relativity 201 MAT571 In-depht Study 184 MAT581 In-depth study 185 MAT591 Algebra and combinatorics 185 MAT592 Analyis and applications 185 MAT593 Geometry 185 MAT595 Dynamical systems 185 MAT596 number theory and Algebraic Geometry 185 MAT597 Algebraic topology 185 MAT/PHY575 Symmetry groups in physics: In-depth study 184

Mechanics Pages MEC431 Continuum Mechanics 113 MEC432 Fluid Mechanics 115 MEC433 Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics 115 MEC434 Waves and vibrations 115 MEC441A Experimental Project in Mechanics 113

Program Flowchart 219 MEC441B Experimental Project in Mechanics 115 MEC441C Experimental Project in Mechanics 115 MEC551 Plasticity and Fracture 120, 162, 167, 171, 174, 188 MEC552 Computational fluid dynamics 120, 188 MEC553 Modelling of slender structures 188 MEC554 Compressible aerodynamics 167, 188 MEC555 Turbulence and vortex dynamics 188, 192 MEC556 Earth dynamics: magnetism, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis 188, 192 MEC557 The Finite Element Method for Solid Mechanics 167, 171, 174, 188 MEC559 Laboratory research project 188, 192 MEC561 Fluid-structure interactions 163, 168, 189 MEC563 Stability of Solids: from Structures to Materials 175, 189 MEC564 Micro-scale viscous flows and complex fluids 121, 189 MEC565 Meteorology and Environment 193 MEC566 Heat transfer and fluid flow 163, 189 MEC567 Water Sciences and Environment 189, 193 MEC568 Structural dynamics 168, 189 MEC569 Laboratory research project 163, 189, 193 MEC571 Climate dynamics 154, 162, 192 MEC572 Acoustics and sound environment 188, 192 MEC573 Wind, solar and hydraulic potential: cases studies 162, 192 MEC574 Inverse problems 167, 188 MEC575 Smart materials in Robotics and Microtechnology 167, 188 MEC576 Biomechanics in Health and Disease 188 MEC577 Complex Materials 167, 188, 192 MEC578 Aerodynamics 188 MEC581 Projects in structural and fluids mechanics 168, 189 MEC584 Hydrodynamics and Elasticity 189 MEC585 Turbulent flows: dynamics and numerical simulations 189, 193 MEC589 Smart materials: multiscale modelling and applications 168, 189 MEC592 Mechanics of materials and structures 169, 189 MEC593 Soft matter, complex fluids, biomechanics & MEMS 169, 189, 205 MEC594 Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics 169, 189 MEC595 Civil engineering and petroleum engineering 169, 189 MEC/PHY596 Geophysics & planetary environment 155, 193 MEC/PHY597 Energies 163

Physics Pages PHY311 Quantum mechanics 111 PHY431 Relativity and variational principles 113 PHY432 Quantum and statistical physics 115 PHY441A Experimental project in Physics 115 PHY441B Experimental project in Physics 115 PHY442A Experimental project in Electronics 115 PHY442B Experimental project in Electronics 115 PHY550 Radiative exchanges in the atmosphere and climate 154, 192 PHY551A Quantum optics 1: lasers 203, 207 PHY551B Atomic and molecular physics 207

220 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 PHY552A Quantum physics of electrons in solids 167, 171, 201, 203, 205, 207 PHY552B Biophysics: from nanometers to microns 129, 205 PHY553 nuclear physics and astrophysics 192, 201, 203, 209 PHY554 Elementary particle physics 201, 209 PHY555 Energy and environment 162, 167, 171, 174, 192 PHY556 Physical bases of the mechanical behaviour of solids 162, 167, 188, 205 PHY557 Soft surfaces 171, 188, 205 PHY558A Nuclear reactor types and reactor physics 162 PHY558B Photovoltaïc solar energy 162, 167 PHY559 Microelectronic devices 158, 167, 171, 174 PHY560A Complex systems 121, 141, 205 PHY560B Quantum transport and mesoscopic physics 203, 205, 207 PHY561 Introduction to relativistic field theory 201, 209 PHY562 Quantum optics 2: photons 201, 203, 207 PHY563 Material sciences for energy 163 PHY564A Integrated systems 159, 168 PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications 159, 168, 173, 205, 207 PHY564C Optoelectronics 159, 168, 203, 205, 207 PHY565 Physics of biological polymers and membranes 129, 168, 189, 205 PHY566 Solid earth and environment 193 PHY567 Semiconductors and devices 159, 168, 173, 175, 205, 207 PHY568 General relativity 185, 201, 209 PHY569A Thermonuclear fusion 163, 203 PHY570 Materials design 137, 167, 205, 207 PHY571A Research Projects in Laboratories 201, 203, 205, 207 PHY572 Lasers, optics and plasmas 203, 207 PHY573A Electronics experimental conception 158, 167 PHY573B Flat panel displays 158, 167 PHY574 Extrasolar planets: detection and formation 192, 201 PHY575 Symmetry groups in physics 201, 209 PHY577 Superconductivity and magnetism 205 PHY579 Direct energy conversion and storage 162 PHY581A Research Projects in Laboratories 201, 203, 205, 207 PHY581B Spintronics 159, 205 PHY581C Experimental project 159, 168 PHY582 Functional thin films and active surfaces: research and innovation 137, 205, 207 PHY583 Cosmology 201 PHY584 Experimental aspects of subatomic physics and astrophysics 201, 209 PHY585 Experimental work 163, 193 PHY586 nuclear reactor technology and fuel cycle 163 PHY587 Experimental quantum optics 203, 207 PHY589 Laboratory course on Photovoltaics 163 PHY591 Fields, particles and matter 201, 209 PHY592 Astrophysics and cosmology 193, 201 PHY593 Advanced technology physics 159, 169, 205 PHY594 Lasers, quantum optics, plasma physics 203, 207 PHY595 Solid state physics 205

Program Flowchart 221 222 ➟ “Ingenieur” Program 2011-2012 Portail de l’École : www.polytechnique.edu

Direction des Études www.etudes.polytechnique.edu

Site du catalogue est accessible à l’adresse suivante : www.catalogue.polytechnique.edu