Gods of the New Millenium
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Abstract Drilling Away the Sprits: a Worldwide Study of Trepanation By
Abstract Drilling Away the Sprits: A Worldwide Study of Trepanation by Lara Frame May, 2010 Director: Holly Mathews DEPARTMENT OF Anthropology Trepanation is a worldwide phenomenon that is most often studied on a case-by-case basis, with few comparisons cross-culturally or through time and with no agreement as to why it was practiced. Earlier theories have suggested ritualistic and magico-therapeutic purposes and have proposed a higher frequency of trepanations in adult males as a result of injuries sustained in warfare and gender-specific ritual practices. A compilation of case reports and information on trepanation is, therefore, vital for a bioarchaeological study of the procedure. This research catalogues and describes 297 incidences of trepanation in the extant literature in order to present a worldwide comparison of the practice and ascertain reasons for its performance. This thesis collects and reviews all of the cases of trepanation reported in the English-language scholarly literature to look for overall patterns that might lend credence to one explanation or another and to examine temporal and geographic variation. This study is of potential significance because it establishes a baseline review of all cases that others can use to draw conclusions about the reasons for this fascinating practice worldwide or in specific localities. Four questions are answered in the Discussion section. Are more men than women trepanned because men are more likely to be involved in warfare as the literature suggests? Yes, in fact more than twice the number of males than females were trepanned. Is there any evidence to support cultural explanations or is this a residual category used for when skeletal remains show no evidence of pathology? It is difficult to determine if a procedure was done for cultural reasons, especially when there are no written records. -
{FREE} Where Is Stonehenge? Kindle
WHERE IS STONEHENGE? PDF, EPUB, EBOOK True Kelley | 112 pages | 01 Nov 2016 | Penguin Putnam Inc | 9780448486932 | English | New York, United States Stonehenge | History, Location, Map, & Facts | Britannica The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits, each about 3. These pits and the bank and ditch together are known as the Palisade or Gate Ditch. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period. In a team of archaeologists, led by Mike Parker Pearson , excavated more than 50, cremated bone fragments, from 63 individuals, buried at Stonehenge. Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible. The number of postholes dating to the early third millennium BC suggests that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period. Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance, and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes, being only around 16 inches 0. The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up. At least twenty-five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later, intrusive, cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument's inception. -
Architecture and Meaning in the Structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK Timothy Darvill
Houses of the Holy: architecture and meaning in the structure of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK Timothy Darvill Timothy Darvill is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University, UK. His research interests lie in the Neolithic of Northwest Europe and in archaeological resource management, and he has carried out fieldwork in Germany, Russia, Malta, England, Wales, and the Isle of Man. In 2008, together with Geoff Wainwright, he undertook excavations inside the stone circles at Stonehenge as part of ongoing research into the links between Stonehenge and the sources of the Bluestones in the Preseli Hills of southwest Wales. He is a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Time & Mind. [email protected]. Abstract Stonehenge in central southern England is internationally known. Recent re-evaluations of its date and construction sequence provides an opportunity to review the meaning and purpose of key structural components. Here it is argued that the central stone structures did not have a single purpose but rather embody a series of symbolic representations. During the early third millennium this included a square-in- circle motif representing a sacred house or ‘big house’ edged by the five Sarsen Trilithons. During the late third millennium BC, as house styles changed, some of the stones were re-arranged to form a central oval setting that perpetuated the idea of the a sacred dwelling. The Sarsen Circle may have embodied a time- reckoning system based on the lunar month. From about 2500 BC more than 80 bluestones were brought to the site from sources in the Preseli Hills of west Wales about 220km distant. -
Stonehenge for the Ancestors, Part the Monograph Is a Hefty 602 Pages, Packed 1: Landscape and Monuments
Early View: Zitierfähige Online-Fassung mit vorläufiger Seitenzählung. Nach Erscheinen des gedruckten Bandes finden Sie den Beitrag mit den endgültigen Seitenzahlen im Open Access dort: http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arch-inf Den gedruckten Band erhalten Sie unter http://www.archaeologische-informationen.de. Early View: Quotable online version with preliminary pagination. After the printed volume has appeared you can find this article with its final pagination as open access publication there: http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archParker-inf Pearson,The printed volumeM. et al.will (eds) be available (2020). there: Stonehenge http://www.archaeologische-informationen.de for the Ancestors 1 . Review of: Parker Pearson, M., Pollard, J., Rich- mations buried near the Cuckoo Stone are given ards, C., Thomas, J., Tilley, C. & Welham, K. but no further details are provided. (eds) (2020). Stonehenge for the Ancestors, Part The monograph is a hefty 602 pages, packed 1: Landscape and Monuments. Leiden: Side- with in-depth specialist reports and thorough stone Press. 606 pp, 202 illustrations (b/w), 190 excavation descriptions. The publisher Sidestone illustrations (colour), hb/pb/online. ISBN 978-90- Press has used an innovative publishing model, 8890-702-9. https://www.sidestone.com/books/ with the book available at various prices: an ex- stonehenge-for-the-ancestors-part-1 pensive hardback, a less expensive paperback, a very modestly priced downloadable PDF, or a free Susan Greaney version to read online. This aim to provide free public access is admirable; the website informs This is the first of four volumes setting out in full that it has been read online 890 times since pub- the results of the Stonehenge Riverside Project lication in October 2020. -
The Sarsen Stones of Stonehenge
Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 127 (2016) 363–369 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pgeola The sarsen stones of Stonehenge Mike Parker Pearson * UCL Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Around 4500 years ago, some 80 large blocks of silcrete or ‘sarsen’ were erected at Stonehenge during its Received 1 January 2015 second stage of construction. Stonehenge is the only prehistoric stone circle to have its stones dressed, Received in revised form 29 June 2015 and debris from this stone-dressing has been found on the north side of the monument. Numerous Accepted 1 July 2015 locations have been proposed for the origin of these sarsens, from the immediate locality to more distant Available online 2 September 2015 areas of east Somerset and north Wiltshire about 30 km (18 miles) away, but geological provenancing of Stonehenge’s silcrete monoliths has so far been largely unsuccessful. The suspected sources are, Keywords: however, much closer than those of Stonehenge’s ‘bluestones’, over 200 km (125 miles) away in west Sarsen Wales. That said, the sarsens are much heavier than the 1–2 tonne bluestones. For more than 300 years, Silcrete Stonehenge researchers have suspected that the main sources of Stonehenge’s sarsens were deposits of silcrete on Neolithic the highest points of the Marlborough Downs, 30 km (18 miles) north of Stonehenge. Antiquarian Britain records of a group of sarsens at Clatford Bottom, at the foot of the Downs, suggest that these may have been abandoned in transit to Stonehenge. -
AA00058808 00001 ( .Pdf )
STONEHENGE: ITS VISUAL FORCE By JOHANN KRISTJAN EYFELLS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GIV.DUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA April, 1964 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I should like to extend my sincere thanks to Professor E. E. Grissom, Head, Department of Art, for his encouraging support given to me, particularly during the early stages of my somewhat unconventional approach to the chosen subject matter. I am greatly indebted to Professor J. G. Naylor for the excellent photographs, which he took of Stonehenge, while on a visit to his native country, England, last summer. His many helpful suggestions, and his part in supplying the photographic material presented in this thesis were invaluable . Thanks are due to Professors K. A. Kerslake and W. A. Carter for their suggestions and criticisms given as members of the super visory committee. Finally, I should like to thank my wife, Kristin, without whose help and encouragement this work would certainly have been more difficult. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT •••••....•............•..•..•.........••.... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .•..••.....•............•.... ~ . • . • . iii PART I •.••••••.•.•..............•..•••••.•...•............. 1 Introduction •••••.••..••.••.••••••••••.•••...•....••.• 2 PART II 13 meaning ......................................... 15 savage yet refined ••....•••••...•...•••..••.•.••. 17 tradi tional yet original •••••••..••..••••.•...•.. 19 assertive yet frail ••.••••.•.•.•••.•..•......... -
Trepanation Procedures/Outcomes: Comparison of Prehistoric Peru with Other Ancient, Medieval, and American Civil War Cranial Surgery
Trepanation Procedures/Outcomes: Comparison of Prehistoric Peru with Other Ancient, Medieval, and American Civil War Cranial Surgery Item Type Article Authors Kushner, David S.; Verano, John W.; Titelbaum, Anne R. Citation Kushner, D. S., Verano, J. W., & Titelbaum, A. R. (2018). Trepanation Procedures/Outcomes: Comparison of Prehistoric Peru with Other Ancient, Medieval, and American Civil War Cranial Surgery. World neurosurgery, 114, 245-251. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.143 DOI 10.1016/J.WNEU.2018.03.143 Publisher ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC Journal WORLD NEUROSURGERY Rights © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Download date 23/09/2021 15:51:07 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final accepted manuscript Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/628576 Trepanation Procedures/Outcomes: Comparison of Prehistoric Peru with Other Ancient, Medieval, and American Civil War Cranial Surgery David S. Kushner1, John W. Verano2, Anne R. Titelbaum3 1Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 2Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA To whom correspondence should be addressed: David S. Kushner, M.D. [E-mail: [email protected]] Citation: World Neurosurg. (2018) 114:245-251.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.143 Journal homepage: www.WORLDNEUROSURGERY.org Available online: www.sciencedirect.com Key words: History of medicine- Neurosurgery- Peru- Trepanation Abbreviations and Acronyms: AD: Anno Domini, BC: Before Christ, ca.: Circa ABSTRACT More prehistoric trepanned crania have been found in Peru than any other location worldwide. -
Living with Holes in the Head
Living with Holes in the Head: A regional study on the nature and survival rates of trepanation in Pre-Colonial Peru Jennifer Stacey s1829424 Figure 1: A pencil drawing depicting a large trepanation, found in Paracas on the south coast of Peru. Held at the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Arqueología, y Historia, Lima, Peru (Stacey 2019). 1 Living with Holes in the Head: A regional study on the nature and survival rates of trepanation in Pre-Colonial Peru Jennifer Stacey (s1829424) Thesis BA3 (1043SCR1Y-1819ARCH) Supervisor: Dr. R. Schats Specialisation: Bioarchaeology (Osteology) University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 01/02/2019 (Final Version) 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Defining Trepanation ............................................................................................... 5 1.2. Trepanation in Peru.................................................................................................. 5 1.3. Aims & Research Questions ..................................................................................... 8 1.3.1. What were the characteristics of trepanation in Pre-Columbian Peru? .......... 8 1.3.2. What is the survival rate of trepanation in Pre-Columbian Peru? ................... 9 1.4. Approach & Materials .............................................................................................. 9 1.5. Thesis Outline ........................................................................................................ -
Texto Completo (Pdf)
Excavation of Aubrey Hole 7 at Stonehenge in 2008. Photograph: Adam Stanford of Aerial-Cam // Excavación del Hoyo Audrey 7 en Stonehenge en 2008. Fotografía: Adam Stanford, de Aerial Cam. STONEHENGE: CONTROVERSIES OF THE BLUESTONES STONEHENGE: LAS CONTROVERSIAS DE LAS PIEDRAS AZULES Mike Parker Pearson (Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield). [ [email protected] ] Joshua Pollard (Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton). [ [email protected] ] Colin Richards (School of Arts, Histories and Cultures, University of Manchester). [ [email protected] ] Julian Thomas (School of Arts, Histories and Cultures, University of Manchester). [ [email protected] ] Kate Welham (School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University). [ [email protected] ] Richard Bevins (National Museum of Wales, Cardiff). [ [email protected] ] Robert Ixer (Freelance geological consultant, Sutton Coldfield). [ [email protected] ] Peter Marshall (Honorary lecturer, University of Sheffield). [ [email protected] ] Andrew Chamberlain (Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield). [ [email protected] ] Summary Resumen Whilst the sarsen stones of Stonehenge were Mientras que las piedras sarsen de Stonehenge brought from a short distance of about 30 km away, fueron traídas de una distancia corta de unos 30 km, the smaller bluestones originate in Wales, over 200 las piedras azules, más pequeñas, son originarias de km to the west. This remarkable distance for -
The Archaeological Evidence of Trepanation in Early China
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Washington: ResearchWorks Journal Hosting THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF TREPANATION IN EARLY CHINA HAN Kangxin and CHEN Xingcan Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China. Email: [email protected] Keywords: trepanation, early China, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age ABSTRACT: During our physical anthropological study of archaeo- Six clinically trepanned cranial specimens from five Chi- logical assemblages of human remains, the authors of this nese archaeological sites ranging from 5000 to 2000 BP paper observed several clinically trepanned cranium are briefly described. They come from Neolithic, Bronze specimens. They come from Neolithic, Bronze and Iron and Iron Ages sites in Shandong, Qinghai, Henan and Ages sites in Shandong, Qinghai, Henan and Heilongjiang Heilongjiang provinces. The successfully trepanned ex- (Figure 1). amples described in this paper reveal that this primitive surgical operation had remarkable therapeutic effects. 1. M382 cranium, Fujia site, Guangrao, Shandong The earliest example in this study is that of the Dawenkou This is the earliest trepanned specimen so far discovered individual from about 5000 BP. The meticulous treatment in prehistoric China. It is an adult male skull belonging to revealed by this operation is most impressive. the Dawenkou culture, dated by radiocarbon to about 5000 B.P. There is a large round-edged and round-shaped perforation in the parietal region. Its maximum longitudi- nal and latitudinal lengths are 31 and 25 mm, respec- INTRODUCTION tively. The borders of the openings are relatively smooth In the last few years, the second author has collected ar- and become increasingly thin toward the opening. -
Brain Surgery Across the Ages: Stones to Advanced Technologies
Brain Surgery Across the Ages: Stones to Advanced Technologies Barbara Prillaman If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t. -Emerson M. Pugh1 Rationale Drilling holes into skulls without anesthesia, a gentleman who appears “normal” until he removes his hat to reveal half of his head missing, gravesites of skulls with missing pieces. Now, these are stories that will invoke my students’ curiosity that may be forgotten at times in our schools’ curriculum. For me, this unit addresses two weaknesses that I feel I have. First, it is developed for my College Preparatory (CP) Psychology course that I do not believe I always give the same attention to as my Advanced Placement (AP) or Dual Enrollment courses. This brings it to the forefront of my instructional planning which is very important. By using a combination of texts – written and visual, I will be better able to capture the attention of my students that struggle with reading vast amounts of materials. Second, it has made me look in- depth at the Biological Bases Unit, that, I believe to be my weakest knowledge base. Grasso’s comment, “Studying the development and role of technology in ancient times will help us better understand and contextualize the massive and unparalleled power at our fingertips today” made me conceptualize the importance of having my students understand the historical component of brain surgery – how did it all begin (which I believe will be surprising to them), and how have our technological changes affects this type of surgery. -
THE DEVELOPMENT of DIRECT CORE MONITORING in NUCLEAR ELECTRIC Pic
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIRECT CORE MONITORING IN NUCLEAR ELECTRIC pic R.F. CURTIS, S. JONES XA9642905 Remote Operation Section J. REED, A.J. WICKHAM Fuel and Core Section Nuclear Electric pic, Berkeley Technology Centre, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom Abstract Monitoring of graphite behaviour in Nuclear Electric Magnox and AGR reactors is necessary to support operating safety cases and to ensure that reactor operation is optimised to sustain the necessary core integrity for the economic life of the reactors. The monitoring programme combines studies of pre-characterised "installed" samples with studies on samples trepanned from within the cores and also with studies of core and channel geometry using specially designed equipment. Nuclear Electric has two trepanning machines originally designed for Magnox-reactor work which have been used for a substantial programme over many years. They have recently been upgraded to improve sampling speed, safety and versatility - the last being demonstrated by their adaptation for a recently-won contract associated with decommissioning the Windscale piles. Radiological hazards perceived when the AGR trepanning system was designed resulted in very cumbersome equipment. This has worked well but has been inconvenient in operation. The development of a smaller and improved system for deploying the equipment is now reported. Channel dimension monitoring equipment is discussed in detail with examples of data recovered from both Magnox and AGR cores. A resolution of ± 2' of arc (tilt) and ± 0.01 mm change in diameter in attainable. It is also theoretically possible to establish brick stresses by measuring geometry changes which result from trepanning. Current development work on a revolving scanning laser rangefinder which will enable the measurement of diameters to a resolution of 0.001 mm will also be discussed.