DOCSLIB.ORG

Southern Jewish History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Southern Jewish History SOUTHERN JEWISH HISTORY Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society Mark K. Bauman, Editor Rachel Heimovics Braun, Managing Editor Bryan Edward Stone, Associate Managing Editor Scott M. Langston, Primary Sources Section Editor Stephen J. Whitfield, Book Review Editor Jeremy Katz, Exhibit Review Editor Adam Mendelsohn, Website Review Editor 2 0 1 4 Volume 17 Southern Jewish History Editorial Board Robert Abzug Kirsten Fermaglich Dianne Ashton Dan J. Puckett Ronald Bayor Stuart Rockoff Hasia Diner Ellen Umansky Seth Epstein Deborah Weiner Lee Shai Weissbach Southern Jewish History is a publication of the Southern Jewish Historical Society available by subscription and as a benefit of membership in the Society. The opinions and statements expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the journal or of the Southern Jewish Historical Society. Southern Jewish Historical Society OFFICERS: Dale Rosengarten, President; Ellen Umansky, President Elect; Phyllis Leffler, Secretary; Les Bergen, Treasurer; Jean Roseman, Corresponding Secretary; Stuart Rockoff, Immediate Past President. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Stephen Bodzin, Perry Brickman, Bonnie Eisenman, Robert Gillette, Gil Halpern, Sol Kimerling, Beth Orlansky, Dan J. Puckett, Bryan Edward Stone, Jarrod Tanny. Bernard Wax, Board Member Emeritus. EX-OFFICIO: Rayman L. Solo- mon. For authors’ guidelines, queries, and all editorial matters, write to the Editor, Southern Jewish History, 6856 Flagstone Way, Flowery Branch, GA 30542; e-mail: [email protected]. For journal subscriptions and advertising, write Rachel Heimovics Braun, 954 Stonewood Lane, Maitland, FL 32751; e-mail: jour- [email protected]; or visit www.jewishsouth.org. For membership and general information about the Southern Jewish Historical Society, write to PO Box 71601, Marietta, GA 30007-1601 or visit www.jewishsouth.org. Articles appearing in Southern Jewish History are abstracted and/or indexed in Historical Abstracts; America: History and Life; Index to Jewish Periodicals; Journal of American History; Journal of Southern History; RAMBI-National Library of Israel; the Immigration and Ethnic Historical Society Newsletter; and the Berman Jewish Policy Archive (www.bjpa.org). Southern Jewish History acknowledges with deep appreciation grants from the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, New York, and the Gale Foundation, Beaumont, Texas. Copyright © 2014 by the Southern Jewish Historical Society ISSN 1521-4206 PERMISSION STATEMENT Consent by the Southern Jewish Historical Society is given for private use of articles and images that have appeared in Southern Jewish History. Copying or distributing any journal, article, image, or portion thereof, for any use other than private, is forbidden without the written permission of Southern Jewish History. To obtain that permission, contact the editor, Mark K. Bauman, at [email protected] or the managing editor, Bryan Edward Stone, at [email protected]. A Certain Ambivalence: Florida’s Jews and the Civil War by Daniel R. Weinfeld* orris Dzialynski was proud of both his Jewish heritage and his service in the Confederate army. He emigrated with his family from the Prussian province of Posen in M 1 the mid-1850s while in his early teenage years. After a brief stay in New York, the Dzialynskis settled in Jacksonville, Florida. By 1860 Morris had moved to the interior hamlet of Madison, Florida, where his older brother, Philip, had established a general merchandise store. Morris was still living with Philip when the nineteen-year-old, stirred by the war fervor sweeping the South in the months following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, enlisted in the Madison Grey Eagles, later Company G of the Third Florida Infantry. The Third Florida marched in General Braxton Bragg’s invasion of Kentucky and engaged in heavy fighting at the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, on October 8, 1862, where Morris was severely wounded. Undaunted, he returned to his unit after two months’ recuperation in time to fight in the battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee (Stones River).2 As the war dragged on into its third year, Dzialynski’s martial fervor began to waver. The Third Florida had suffered great losses, forcing its consolidation with the First Florida regiment. In early 1863, Dzialynski furnished a substitute, an option then open for those who could pay the substitute soldier’s hefty fee to gain exemption from military service. Morris, * The author may be contacted at [email protected]. 92 SOUTHERN JEWISH HISTORY however, reconsidered and soon reentered the ranks. Later in 1863, Dzialynski was reported sick: one note in his service file even erroneously reported his death in an Atlanta hospital.3 Morris’s medical condition left him “unfitted to remain in the field.” According to accounts composed three decades later, Confederate authorities then detailed Morris to “blockade running service between the Indian river and Nassau.” Morris may have run the Union blockade to supply the Confederacy, but a naturalization certificate filed in New York City dated October 26, 1864, suggests that he also seized the opportunity to cross Union lines. In May 1865 Morris was still in New York City, where he married Rosa Slager, daughter of Charles Slager, a Jewish merchant who had left his Ocala, Florida, home for Union-held territory early in the war.4 Morris Dzialynski, c. 1900. (From the collections of the Jewish Museum of Florida–FIU, originated by Marcia Jo Zerivitz, Founding Executive Director.) WEINFELD / A CERTAIN AMBIVALENCE 93 The contradictions found in Morris Dzialynski’s war record —courageous service for the Confederacy and wartime relocation to New York—reflect the varying responses of Florida’s Jewish community to the Civil War. Like Dzialynski, a number of young Jewish Floridians demonstrated their zeal by rushing to enlist at the start of the Civil War. Many others, however, manifested reluctance by signing up only when prompted by the threat of conscription. A number of Jewish Floridians avoided the dislocation, rigors, and high mortality rates of regular army units by volunteering for limited service in home guard militias near their families and businesses. Some managed to avoid service entirely while remaining in the South. Still others departed the region. Some of these men returned after the surrender while others closed their businesses and moved permanently to the North or West. Scholars have traditionally described Civil War–era southern Jewry as “overwhelmingly, almost unanimously” loyal to the Confederacy. Over fifty years ago Bertram Korn wrote, “Southern Jews had no doubts about fighting for what Rabbi James Gutheim [of New Orleans] called ‘our beloved Confederate States.’” Robert Rosen, an expert on Jewish Confederates, echoed Korn when describing southern Jews as “committed to the cause of Southern independence” and “flock[ing] to the Confederate banner.”5 Recent scholarship that examines military service has started to question the “almost unanimous” loyalty to the Confederacy by pointing to conscription and military service avoidance. Historian Anton Hieke, for example, argues that Confederate army service is “an invalid litmus test for Southern identity.”6 The wartime decisions of Morris Dzialynski and other adult Jewish Floridians challenge the premise of unstinting loyalty to the Confederacy. This study examines the neglected stories of Dzialynski and Florida’s other Jewish Civil War soldiers to reveal their varied and nuanced responses to the Confederate cause and military service on its behalf. Furthermore, choices some Jewish men made during the Reconstruction era defy the impression of Jewish submission to a southern consensus formed around white racial and political solidarity. This evidence in turn 94 SOUTHERN JEWISH HISTORY supports recent studies that question the degree to which southern Jews should be viewed as fully embracing southern white identity and as distinctive from other American Jews.7 Profile of Florida Jews in 1860 Generally overlooked by historians of the Jewish South, Florida presents a fresh and promising field for research into Jewish participation in the Civil War. Jewish settlement in Florida began when the British took the territory from Spain in 1763. After the return of Spanish rule a few years later, some Jews continued to dwell in Pensacola and St. Augus- tine. During the four decades from 1821, when the United States took control of the territory from Spain, until the Civil War, the Jewish population grew steadily, but, like the Florida population generally, remained quite small and dispersed in coastal towns or villages and hamlets scattered across the long northern belt that stretched between Jacksonville and Pensacola.8 By 1860 few Jews had yet planted roots with the intention of permanent settlement in Florida. Only Fernandina, Tallahassee, and Pensacola could claim as many as twenty Jewish residents. The majority of Florida’s Jews lived in smaller, scattered groupings, often just a pair of shopkeepers, or one or two fami- lies. Prior to the Civil War, with the sole exception of a cemetery dedicated in Jacksonville in 1857, such microcommunities did not have concentrations of population sufficient to establish and sustain communal institutions.9 No serious effort to survey Florida’s entire nineteenth- century Jewish community exists. Consequently, the first hurdle in studying the Civil War experience of Florida’s Jews is identifying Jews among the state’s population.10 A precise tally is impossible, if only because the researcher
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amend the Senate Transportation Committe
    08 AM 34 0254 ADOPTED Senator Mullis of the 53rd offered the following amendment: 1 Amend the Senate Transportation Committee substitute to HR 468 by inserting between lines 2 7 and 8 of page 12 the following: 3 WHEREAS, Christmas Moultrie was born a slave on Mulberry Grove Plantation on 4 Christmas Day, 1863; and 5 WHEREAS, Christmas Moultrie was the last child born into slavery on Mulberry Grove 6 Plantation; and 7 WHEREAS, Christmas Moultrie lived most of his life on the Plantation as a renowned 8 Savannah River market hunter; and 9 WHEREAS, Christmas Moultrie´s expertise as a market hunter is documented in a book 10 entitled Ward Allen, Savannah River Market Hunter by John Eugene Cay, Jr., copyright 11 1958; and 12 WHEREAS, Mulberry Grove Plantation was where President George Washington stayed 13 during his only visits to Georgia in the 1790´s as the guest of Catherine Greene, the widow 14 of the Revolutionary War hero, General Nathaniel Greene; and 15 WHEREAS, Christmas Moultrie´s grave is located outside Port Wentworth, Georgia, in 16 historic Cherokee Hill Cemetery; and 17 WHEREAS, it is only fitting that the life of Christmas Moultrie be memorialized by 18 dedicating an interchange in his honor. 19 PART XIX 20 WHEREAS, portions of U.S. Highways 129, 78, and 278 and State Routes 47, 77, and 22 21 pass through historically significant regions of this state, especially with regard to Georgians 22 who were leaders in the American Civil War; and 23 WHEREAS, recognizing and promoting the historical significance of this region could 24 promote economic development through tourism.
    [Show full text]
  • Almost from the Beginning of the North Carolina Historical Commission, There Appears to Have Been An
    MILITARY COLLECTION IX. CIVIL WAR COLLECTION, 1860-1965, N.D. Accessions information: Almost from the beginning of the North Carolina Historical Commission, there appears to have been an effort to collect and group together records relating to the various military conflicts in which North Carolinians have participated. Unfortunately, the provenance of many of the records so collected and grouped together has been lost or, at best, obscured. Acquisition of records relating to the Civil War is noted in each biennial report of the N.C. Historical Commission (or its successor, the State Department of Archives and History) since 1910. Some of these notices include complete description and provenance of the records acquired. Others are very vague and incomplete. The following is a resume of most of the information contained in the biennial reports from 1910 to 1934: 1910-1912 (p. 9), 8 muster rolls; 1912- 1914 (p. 10), manuscript report of sick and wounded Confederate soldiers at General Hospital No. 8, Raleigh, 1864; muster roll, Co. K, 54th Regiment, N.C.T., January 1-February 28, 1864; 1914-1916 (P. 11), 17 muster rolls, 3 muster rolls (described), 1 enlistment paper, and payrolls of 4th Regiment, N.C.S.T.; 1916- 1918 (pp. 12-13), 25 muster rolls (described) and descriptive book of Co. G, 3rd Regiment, N C.S.T.; 1918-1920 (p. 13), 1 muster roll (described); 1920-1922 (p. 15), 2,500 "pieces," 500 telegrams, 26th Regimental Quartermaster records, 26th Regimental muster rolls, and roster of Pitt County soldiers; 1924-1926 (p. 20), 112 C.S.N.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 2. Seating Will Be in Groupings of 4 Chairs; Six Feet Apart. Not Necessary to Fill Chairs As Arranged. You May Move Chairs To
    The TVCWRT is open for business Thursday, 10 September and we will configure seating to maximize your safety and health. (Note the Little Round Table has met two months in a row at the Elks with no ill effects reported.) 1. Enter side lobby door (not the bar door) with mask on. Honor system that you do not have temperature or showing symptoms; have not traveled to COVID hotspots or have person now in your residence with symptoms. 2. Mask to remain on, except when sitting to eat or drink in dining room. (No smoking.) 3. 5:30--food and drink available in dining room. Sandwiches and a dinner special only, the server will take your order. ---NO BUFFET. Meeting set up in ballroom guidance: 1. Keep masks on during program, before and after; wear to move around (e.g., bathroom). 2. Seating will be in groupings of 4 chairs; six feet apart. Not necessary to fill chairs as arranged. You may move chairs to sit solo or in other groupings such as with family but practice social distancing. 6 feet apart from others. For those who notice: There has been no smoking in the room we meet in at the Elk’s since March. There will be NO further smoking in that room in the future. You will notice a fresher atmosphere in the ballroom and we expect it to get even better over future months. Smoking is permitted in the bar area, but the doors will be shut during our visits. You must go outside to smoke a cigar.
    [Show full text]
  • Caroliniana Columns - Spring 2013 University Libraries--University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons University South Caroliniana Society Newsletter - South Caroliniana Library Columns Spring 2013 Caroliniana Columns - Spring 2013 University Libraries--University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/columns Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation University of South Carolina, "University of South Carolina Libraries - Caroliniana Columns, Issue 33, Spring 2013". http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/columns/33/ This Newsletter is brought to you by the South Caroliniana Library at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University South Caroliniana Society Newsletter - Columns by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. University South Caroliniana Society Newsletter Spring 2013 Report from the Director by Henry G. Fulmer Saturday, April 6, was bright and sunny, dramatically different from the rain squalls that had punctuated the week just days before, and by midday, as some 132 members and friends gathered for the seventy-seventh annual meeting of the University South Caroliniana Society, the University of South Carolina’s historic Horseshoe was teaming with springtime picnickers, sun bathers, and those enjoying a pick-up game of frisbee. Continued on page 2 Shown, left to right are South Caroliniana Library staff members Fritz Hamer, Ann Troyer, Edward Blessing, Beth Bilderback, Harold Newfield, Linda Stewart, Graham Duncan, John Heiting, Brian Cuthrell, Henry Fulmer, Donald Turner, Elizabeth West, and Lorrey Stewart. Not present when the picture was taken were Craig Keeney and Andrea L’Hommedieu. “A Few Words about Allen Stokes as He Retires as Director of the South Caroliniana Library” by Orville Vernon Burton It’s bittersweet to say goodbye to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tide Is Coming In: Fort Pulaski's Historical Relationship with Water
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Honors College Theses 2021 The Tide Is Coming In: Fort Pulaski's Historical Relationship with Water Sadie Ingram Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses Part of the Military History Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Public History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ingram, Sadie, "The Tide Is Coming In: Fort Pulaski's Historical Relationship with Water" (2021). Honors College Theses. 599. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/599 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Tide Is Coming In: Fort Pulaski’s Historical Relationship With Water An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in History. By Sadie Ingram Under the mentorship of Dr. Michael Van Wagenen ABSTRACT Savannah, Georgia is the fourth busiest port in the United States, processing approximately 4.35 million standard shipping containers every year. The port’s protector Fort Pulaski towers among the coastal marshlands and estuaries of the Savannah River. Located on Cockspur Island at the mouth of the Savannah River, this strategic location allowed the fort to protect Savannah’s vital harbor. Built as part of the United States’ Third System plan to build fortifications along the eastern seaboard, construction of Fort Pulaski began in 1827 and finished twenty years later.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Pulaski National Monument Administrative History
    fopu_front Crop Marks are Black National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Pulaski National Monument Savannah, Georgia Fort Pulaski National Monument Administrative History Cultural Resources Southeast Region Fort Pulaski National Monument Administrative History December 2003 J. Faith Meader New South Associates Cameron Binkley, Editor National Park Service The administrative history presented here exists in two formats. A printed version is available for study at the park, the Southeastern Regional Office of the National Park Service, and at a variety of other repositories. For more widespread access, this administrative history also exists in a web-based format through ParkNet, the website of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps.gov for more information. Cultural Resources Division Southeast Regional Office National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, GA 30303 404-562-3117 Fort Pulaski National Monument P.O. Box 30757 Highway 80 East Savannah, Georgia 31410-0757 About the cover: A “park” guide poses in front of the Fort Pulaski National Monument contact station, which was located in Savannah, Georgia, at the intersection of Bull Street and Victory Boulevard in the 1930s. The contact station was necessary because Fort Pulaski, located on an island in the Savannah River, was difficult to access during the early years of its development. Lack of uniform insignia suggests that the guide, identity unknown, was a CCC employee. Source: Fort Pulaski NM photo collection. iv Fort Pulaski National Monument Administrative History Contents Figures . ix Tables . x Figure Credits . x Foreword . xi Introduction Chapter One: The History of Fort Pulaski Early History of Cockspur Island .
    [Show full text]
  • Published Monthly in the Interest of Confederate Veterans and Kindred Topics
    Page 1 of 133 July 1909 Confederate Veterans Magazine Created by Margie Daniels PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS AND KINDRED TOPICS Entered at the post office at Nashville, Tenn., as second class matter, Contributors are requested to use only one side of the paper, and to abbreviate as much as practicable. These suggestions are important. Where clippings are sent copy should be kept, as the VETERAN cannot undertake to return them. Advertising rates furnished on application The date to a subscription is always given to the month before it ends. For instance, if the VETERAN is ordered to begin with January, the date on mail list will be December, and the subscriber is entitled to that number. The civil war was too long ago to be called the late war, and when correspondents use that term " War between the States" will be substituted. The terms "New South" and " lost cause" are objectionable to the VETERAN. OFFICIALLY REPRESENTS, UNITED CONFEDERATE VETERANS UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY SONS OF VETERANS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS CONFEDERATED SOUTHERN MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION The VETERAN is approved and indorsed officially by a larger and more elevated patronage, doubtless, than any other publication in existence. Though men deserve, they may not win success, The brave will honor the brave, vanquished none the less. PRICE, $1.00 PER YEAR. SINGLE. COPY, 10 CENTS. Vol.. XVII. NASHVILLE, TENN., JULY, 1909. No. 7. S. A. CUNNINGHAM,C PROPRIETOR. V Page 2 of 133 July 1909 Confederate Veterans Magazine Created by Margie Daniels CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP IN THE U. C. V.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Army Military History Institute POW-Civil War 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 31 Jan 2013
    U.S. Army Military History Institute POW-Civil War 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 31 Jan 2013 NORTHERN MILITARY PRISONS, 1861-65 A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources CONTENTS General Sources.....p.1 -Camp Chase, OH.....p.2 -Ft Delaware, DE.....p.2 -Camp Douglas, IL.....p.4 -Elmira, NY.....p.4 -Gratiot St, MO....p.6 -Johnson's Island, OH.....p.6 -Ft Lafayette, NY.....p.8 -Camp Morton, IN.....p.8 -Point Lookout, MD.....p.9 -Rock Island, IL.....p.10 -Ft Warren, MA.....p.10 GENERAL SOURCES Burnham, Philip. “The Andersonvilles of the North.” in With My Face to the Enemy: Perspectives on the Civil War. NY: Putnam’s, 2001. pp. 367-81. E468.W57. Gillispie, James M. Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners. Denton, TX: U North TX, 2008. 278 p. E615.G55. _____. “Trapped by Tradition: An Examination and Interpretation of the Confederate POW Experience, 1865 to the Present.” PhD dss, U MS, 2000. 205 p. E615.G55. Hempstead, Junius L. "'How Long Will this Misery Continue?'" Civil War Times Illustrated (Feb 1981): pp. 20-23. Per. Diary of Confederate prisoner at Union Stockade, Morris Island, SC. Hunter, Leslie G. “Warden for the Union: General William Hoffman (1807-1884).” PhD dss, U AZ, 1971. 268 p. E467.1.H64.H86. Ingmire, Frances T. Confederate POW's: Soldiers & Sailors who Died in Federal Prisons & Military Hospitals in the North. Nacogdoches, TX: Ericson, 1984. 525 p. E548.I55. Northern Prisons, Civil War p.2 Kirkland, Randolph W., Jr., compiler.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War Prisons
    CIVIL WAR PRISONS CIVIL WAR PRISONS A Study in War Psychology William Best Hesseltine FOREWORD BY William Blair Ohio State University Press Columbus Copyright © 1930 by The Ohio State University. Foreword © 1998 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hesseltine, William Best, 1902-1963. Civil War prisons : a study in.war psychology / William Best Hesseltine; foreword by William Blair. p. cm. Originally published: 1930. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8142-0768-5 (pb : alk. paper) 1. United States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865—Prisoners and prisons. I. Title. E615.H37 1998 973.77—dc21 98-2980 CIP Jacket design by Dan O'Dair. Printed by Cushing-Malloy, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TO Katherine Louise Hesseltine CONTENTS FOREWORD BY WILLIAM BLAIR ix PREFACE xxiii I. TH E FIRST PRISONERS 1 II. EXCHANGE PRIOR TO THE CARTEL OF 1862 7 III. NORTHERN PRISONS, 1861-1862 34 IV. SOUTHERN PRISONS, 1861-1862 55 V. EXCHANGE UNDER THE CARTEL 69 VI. LIBBY AND BELLE ISLE 114 VII. ANDERSONVILLE 133 VIII. OTHER SOUTHERN PRISONS 159 IX. WAR PSYCHOSIS AND THE NORTHERN PRISONS 172 X. EXCHANGE UNDER BUTLER, 1864-1865 210 XI. TH E AFTERMATH 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY 259 FOREWORD Sometime in the 1920s William Best Hesseltine chose to examine a wound that had festered since the Civil War. For sixty-some years the charge had persisted that the South bore the responsibility for wartime atrocities in prison camps.
    [Show full text]
  • The Immortal 600600 Exceedingly Rare Covers Help Tell the Civil War Story of Horrid Retaliation and Retribution
    The Immortal 600600 Exceedingly rare covers help tell the Civil War story of horrid retaliation and retribution. By Patricia A. Kaufmann South Carolina. The number is really closer to 550, but they are still referred to as the “600” in popular lore. The number disparity is because forty of the prisoners were too sick to be placed on Morris Island and were sent to Beaufort Hospital instead. The purpose of the move from Ft. Delaware was to place these men in a cramped stockade built on a narrow strip of sand in front of Union artillery positions - to literally use these prisoners as human shields from the bombardment of their own Confederate artillery in Charleston Harbor. The prisoners were landed on Morris Island at the mouth of Charleston Harbor where they remained in an open 1½ acre pen under the shelling of friendly artillery fi re. Three died uring the past year, I have in one manner or other on the starvation rations issued as retaliation for the conditions (privateuring the sale, past auction year, I agent,have in and one appraisal) manner orhandled other of the Union prisoners held at Andersonville, Georgia and Salis- ten(private covers sale, from auction the Immortalagent, and Six appraisal) Hundred. handled I fi rst bury, North Carolina. Twenty-one covers are known from there heardten covers the fascinating from the storyImmortal of these Six beleagueredHundred. I pris-fi rst and three to there. oners-of-warD fourheard decades the fascinating ago. It hasstory been of these the subject beleaguered of numer- pris- The Origin of Misfortune ousoners-of-warDD books and four is often decades written ago.
    [Show full text]