SOUTHERN JEWISH HISTORY Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society Mark K. Bauman, Editor Rachel Heimovics Braun, Managing Editor Bryan Edward Stone, Associate Managing Editor Scott M. Langston, Primary Sources Section Editor Stephen J. Whitfield, Book Review Editor Jeremy Katz, Exhibit Review Editor Adam Mendelsohn, Website Review Editor 2 0 1 4 Volume 17 Southern Jewish History Editorial Board Robert Abzug Kirsten Fermaglich Dianne Ashton Dan J. Puckett Ronald Bayor Stuart Rockoff Hasia Diner Ellen Umansky Seth Epstein Deborah Weiner Lee Shai Weissbach Southern Jewish History is a publication of the Southern Jewish Historical Society available by subscription and as a benefit of membership in the Society. The opinions and statements expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the journal or of the Southern Jewish Historical Society. Southern Jewish Historical Society OFFICERS: Dale Rosengarten, President; Ellen Umansky, President Elect; Phyllis Leffler, Secretary; Les Bergen, Treasurer; Jean Roseman, Corresponding Secretary; Stuart Rockoff, Immediate Past President. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Stephen Bodzin, Perry Brickman, Bonnie Eisenman, Robert Gillette, Gil Halpern, Sol Kimerling, Beth Orlansky, Dan J. Puckett, Bryan Edward Stone, Jarrod Tanny. Bernard Wax, Board Member Emeritus. EX-OFFICIO: Rayman L. Solo- mon. For authors’ guidelines, queries, and all editorial matters, write to the Editor, Southern Jewish History, 6856 Flagstone Way, Flowery Branch, GA 30542; e-mail: [email protected]. For journal subscriptions and advertising, write Rachel Heimovics Braun, 954 Stonewood Lane, Maitland, FL 32751; e-mail: jour- [email protected]; or visit www.jewishsouth.org. For membership and general information about the Southern Jewish Historical Society, write to PO Box 71601, Marietta, GA 30007-1601 or visit www.jewishsouth.org. Articles appearing in Southern Jewish History are abstracted and/or indexed in Historical Abstracts; America: History and Life; Index to Jewish Periodicals; Journal of American History; Journal of Southern History; RAMBI-National Library of Israel; the Immigration and Ethnic Historical Society Newsletter; and the Berman Jewish Policy Archive (www.bjpa.org). Southern Jewish History acknowledges with deep appreciation grants from the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, New York, and the Gale Foundation, Beaumont, Texas. Copyright © 2014 by the Southern Jewish Historical Society ISSN 1521-4206 PERMISSION STATEMENT Consent by the Southern Jewish Historical Society is given for private use of articles and images that have appeared in Southern Jewish History. Copying or distributing any journal, article, image, or portion thereof, for any use other than private, is forbidden without the written permission of Southern Jewish History. To obtain that permission, contact the editor, Mark K. Bauman, at [email protected] or the managing editor, Bryan Edward Stone, at [email protected]. A Certain Ambivalence: Florida’s Jews and the Civil War by Daniel R. Weinfeld* orris Dzialynski was proud of both his Jewish heritage and his service in the Confederate army. He emigrated with his family from the Prussian province of Posen in M 1 the mid-1850s while in his early teenage years. After a brief stay in New York, the Dzialynskis settled in Jacksonville, Florida. By 1860 Morris had moved to the interior hamlet of Madison, Florida, where his older brother, Philip, had established a general merchandise store. Morris was still living with Philip when the nineteen-year-old, stirred by the war fervor sweeping the South in the months following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, enlisted in the Madison Grey Eagles, later Company G of the Third Florida Infantry. The Third Florida marched in General Braxton Bragg’s invasion of Kentucky and engaged in heavy fighting at the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, on October 8, 1862, where Morris was severely wounded. Undaunted, he returned to his unit after two months’ recuperation in time to fight in the battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee (Stones River).2 As the war dragged on into its third year, Dzialynski’s martial fervor began to waver. The Third Florida had suffered great losses, forcing its consolidation with the First Florida regiment. In early 1863, Dzialynski furnished a substitute, an option then open for those who could pay the substitute soldier’s hefty fee to gain exemption from military service. Morris, * The author may be contacted at [email protected]. 92 SOUTHERN JEWISH HISTORY however, reconsidered and soon reentered the ranks. Later in 1863, Dzialynski was reported sick: one note in his service file even erroneously reported his death in an Atlanta hospital.3 Morris’s medical condition left him “unfitted to remain in the field.” According to accounts composed three decades later, Confederate authorities then detailed Morris to “blockade running service between the Indian river and Nassau.” Morris may have run the Union blockade to supply the Confederacy, but a naturalization certificate filed in New York City dated October 26, 1864, suggests that he also seized the opportunity to cross Union lines. In May 1865 Morris was still in New York City, where he married Rosa Slager, daughter of Charles Slager, a Jewish merchant who had left his Ocala, Florida, home for Union-held territory early in the war.4 Morris Dzialynski, c. 1900. (From the collections of the Jewish Museum of Florida–FIU, originated by Marcia Jo Zerivitz, Founding Executive Director.) WEINFELD / A CERTAIN AMBIVALENCE 93 The contradictions found in Morris Dzialynski’s war record —courageous service for the Confederacy and wartime relocation to New York—reflect the varying responses of Florida’s Jewish community to the Civil War. Like Dzialynski, a number of young Jewish Floridians demonstrated their zeal by rushing to enlist at the start of the Civil War. Many others, however, manifested reluctance by signing up only when prompted by the threat of conscription. A number of Jewish Floridians avoided the dislocation, rigors, and high mortality rates of regular army units by volunteering for limited service in home guard militias near their families and businesses. Some managed to avoid service entirely while remaining in the South. Still others departed the region. Some of these men returned after the surrender while others closed their businesses and moved permanently to the North or West. Scholars have traditionally described Civil War–era southern Jewry as “overwhelmingly, almost unanimously” loyal to the Confederacy. Over fifty years ago Bertram Korn wrote, “Southern Jews had no doubts about fighting for what Rabbi James Gutheim [of New Orleans] called ‘our beloved Confederate States.’” Robert Rosen, an expert on Jewish Confederates, echoed Korn when describing southern Jews as “committed to the cause of Southern independence” and “flock[ing] to the Confederate banner.”5 Recent scholarship that examines military service has started to question the “almost unanimous” loyalty to the Confederacy by pointing to conscription and military service avoidance. Historian Anton Hieke, for example, argues that Confederate army service is “an invalid litmus test for Southern identity.”6 The wartime decisions of Morris Dzialynski and other adult Jewish Floridians challenge the premise of unstinting loyalty to the Confederacy. This study examines the neglected stories of Dzialynski and Florida’s other Jewish Civil War soldiers to reveal their varied and nuanced responses to the Confederate cause and military service on its behalf. Furthermore, choices some Jewish men made during the Reconstruction era defy the impression of Jewish submission to a southern consensus formed around white racial and political solidarity. This evidence in turn 94 SOUTHERN JEWISH HISTORY supports recent studies that question the degree to which southern Jews should be viewed as fully embracing southern white identity and as distinctive from other American Jews.7 Profile of Florida Jews in 1860 Generally overlooked by historians of the Jewish South, Florida presents a fresh and promising field for research into Jewish participation in the Civil War. Jewish settlement in Florida began when the British took the territory from Spain in 1763. After the return of Spanish rule a few years later, some Jews continued to dwell in Pensacola and St. Augus- tine. During the four decades from 1821, when the United States took control of the territory from Spain, until the Civil War, the Jewish population grew steadily, but, like the Florida population generally, remained quite small and dispersed in coastal towns or villages and hamlets scattered across the long northern belt that stretched between Jacksonville and Pensacola.8 By 1860 few Jews had yet planted roots with the intention of permanent settlement in Florida. Only Fernandina, Tallahassee, and Pensacola could claim as many as twenty Jewish residents. The majority of Florida’s Jews lived in smaller, scattered groupings, often just a pair of shopkeepers, or one or two fami- lies. Prior to the Civil War, with the sole exception of a cemetery dedicated in Jacksonville in 1857, such microcommunities did not have concentrations of population sufficient to establish and sustain communal institutions.9 No serious effort to survey Florida’s entire nineteenth- century Jewish community exists. Consequently, the first hurdle in studying the Civil War experience of Florida’s Jews is identifying Jews among the state’s population.10 A precise tally is impossible, if only because the researcher