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73.Q F,Je" SHORT TERM EFFECTS of AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS

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73.Q F,Je - .e_--73.q F,Je" :J ,. NPs_;e_e_/ _* _ NPOA Report No. 91-2 BBN Report No. 7502 'l_l April 1992 L SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS ON OUTDOOR RECREATIONISTS IN THREE WILDERNESSES Sanford Fldell, Laura Sllvatl, Barbara Tabachnick, Richard Howe, Karl S. Pearsons, r- Richard C. Knopf, James Gramann, and Thomas Buchanan !t k Prepared by: _ BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation _] 21120 Vanowon Street •. Canoga Park, CA 91303 !, i_ Prepared for: ,J _,i Forest Servia0, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture National Park Service, U.S. Dept, of the Interior .• NPS.DSC Contract No. CX.2000-g-o026 _ .;': Work Order No.IO _ FLEAS_R_rURTN_ ONMICROFILM TECI_ENVS;RE,=R,,_,']=_^L;EC_I0=TEc^R=_l_T_,'t , : I:;,1101PA_I_,*AL_VICE ]= I , NPOA ReportNo. 91-2 BBN ReportNo.7502 April1992 SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS ON OUTDOOR RECREATIONISTS IN THREE WILDERNESSES SanfordFldell,LauraSilvati,BarbaraTabachnlck,RichardHowe)KerlS. Poarsons, RichardC.I_nopf,JamesGramenn,andTltomasBuchanan Preparedby: BBNSystemsandTechnologiesCorporation 21120VanowenStreet CsnogaPark,CA 91303 Preparedfor: ForeetService,U.S.Dept.of Agriculture NationalParkService,U.S.Dept.of the Interior NPS-DSCContractNo.CX.2000-9-0026 t . WorkOrderNo.10 L Tableof Contents Foreword 1 Abstract 3 I. Introduction S 2. Background 7 2.1GoalsofStudy 7 2.1.1 Fundamen_ Goal 7 2.1.2 SecondaryGoals 8 t 2.2 Rationalefor Assessmentof ShortTerm Reactionsto 8 ! Overflights :! 2.3 SpecificHypotheses of Study 9 il! 3. Method 11 3.1 Selecting .Wildernesses 11 3,1,1 Selectinn Ctiterin 11 3.1.2 Sites for QuestionnaireAdministration 13 3.2 Sampling of Respondents 14 3.3 Organization of Questionnaire 15 3.4 Interviewing Procedures 16 3.5 Site Specific Procedures 17 3.5.1 InterviewingandAcoustic MeasurementProceduresfor 17 Golden TroutWilderness 3.5.2 Interviewing andAcoustic MeasurementProceduresfor 20 CohuttaWilderness 3.5.3 Interviewing andAcoustic MeasurementProceduresfor 22 SuperstitionWilderness 3.6 Nature of Acoustic Measurements in Three Wildernesses 25 3.6.1 Automated long.Term Acoustic Measurements 25 3.6.2 Short.TermAcoustic Measurements 26 3.6.3 At-:EarMeasurements 26 r e ! t 3.6.4SupportingLogs 26 " 4. Results 27 _" 4.1 Analysis of Responses in Three Wildernesses 27 4.2 Analysis of Relationships among Questionnaire Items 30 4.2,1 Differences in Aircraft-InducedAnnoyance Among 31 Wildernesses 4.2.2 Activity and Noticea,bility of Aircraft 32 4.2,3 EnjoymentandAircraft-lndAnnoucedyance 32 4.2,4Noise-lnducedAnnoyanceandTypeofAh'crafi 32 4.2,5 Intentionto Revisit 33 4.2,6 Annoyance by Activity 34 4.2,7PredictabioflityAnnoyance fromNonacoustiVariablesc 34 4.3 Analysis of Acoustic Measurements 35 4.3,1 Automated Lon8-TermSound Level Measurements 35 4.3.2 Short-TermMeasurementsof.Ambient Noise 36 4.3,3 Short-TermMeasurements of TypicalAircraft Overflights 36 4.3.4 Short-TermAt-Eat Measurements 37 $. Analyses of Dosage-Response Relationships 39 6. Supplementary Analyses of Annoyance and Visit Enjoyment 45 Data 6.1 Predictability of Annoyance from Maximum Overflight Levels 45 6.2 Prediction of Overall Enjoyment 47 6.3 Relationship between Annoyance and Duration of Visit Prior to 47 Interview 6.4 Relationship between Annoyance and Number of Aircraft 48 Noticed 7. Conclusions. Limitations and Recommendations 49 7.1 Summary of Principal Findings 49 7.2 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Study 51 7.2.1 Entemal Validity 51 7.2.2 Modification of Data Collection 51 I1 '1 ,.I 7.2,3 Modification of Survey Instrument 52 7.2,4 FurtherStatisticalAnalysis 52 Acknowledgments 53 Glossary 55 1 Def'mitions of KeyTerms 55 2 Defmitlons of Other Terms 56 References 61 APPENDIX A. Questionnaire for On-site Administration 63 A.I Trail Head Version of Questionnaire 64 A.2 TrailCamp VersionofQuestionnaire 65 A.3 Interview Answer Sheets 78 APPENDIX B. Basis for Purposive Selection of Wildernesses 103 APPENDIX C. Interviewer Trnining Manual 10S i! C.I InslructionsforInterviewers 105 _ C.LI YourJob 105 ! C.1,2 InterviewingTechnique 105 : i_ C.I.3 Qualifying Respondents 106 "_ C.1,4 Recording Non.Interview Contacts 106 C.2 C.2.Con1duct_Asingkin_ ththee IntQueerstioviewns 10708 C.2.2 Reconm'lendedAnswers to FrequentlyAsked Questions 113 C,2,3 Concluding theInterview 115 C.3 Coding the Interview Answer Sheet 115 C.4 Logging Aircraft Overflights 117 C.5 Logging Weather Conditions 118 C,6 Operation of Noise Monitoring Devices 119 C,6,1 NAGRA TapeRecorder 120 C.6.2 Larson-Davis 870 121 h t ! I APPENDIX D. Distributionof Responsesto Questl.nnaire 123 Items _" APPENDIX E. Figures and Tables for Relationships Among 139 QuestionnaireItems APPENDIX F. Acoustic Data Analysis Figures 147 APPENDIX G. Tables for Chapter 6 167 Jv .| [. ,_ List of Figures Figure3.1:StratificaPlantionforSamplinVgisitoRreactionsin 12 ForestService Wildernesses, Figure 3-2: Schematic"Map of SouthernPortionof GoldenTrout 18 Wilderness Figure 3.3: Schematic Map of CohuttaWilderness 21 Figure 3.4: SchematicMap of SuperstitionWilderness 24 Figure 5-1: Prevalenceof Annoyance inThree Wildernesses in 41 Relationto EmpiricalDosage-ResponseRelationship for ResidentialExposure Figure $.2: Prevalanceof Annoyance in Three Wildernesses in 42 Relationto TheoreticalDosage-ResponseRelationship for ResidentialExposure Figure F-l: Long TermTime Historyof 15 Minute Epochs of 148 Ambient Levels in GoldenTroutWilderness Figure F-2: Long Tem_Time Historyof 15 Minute Epochsof 149 Ambient Levels in CohuttaWilderness Figure F-3: Long TermTime Historyof 15 Minute Epochsof 150 Ambient Levels in SuperstitionWilderness Figure F.4: Short-TermTime Historyof Ambient Levels in 152 Golden TroutWilderness l[ Figure F-5: Short-TermTime Histories of Ambient Levels in 153 CohuttaWildetfiess Figure F-6: Short-TermTime Historiesof AmbientLevels in 154 SuperstitionWilderness ;i Figure F-7: Comparisonof Typical Ambient Spectra for Three 155 ' Wildernesses Figure F-8: Time Historyof HighAhimde Flyover in Golden 156 Trout Figure F-9: Time Historyof LowFlying Helicopter in Golden 157 Trout Figure F-IO: Time Historyof T-38s Flyover in Superstition 158 Figure F-11: Time Historyof PropPlane in Superstition 159 Figure F-12: Time Historyof HighAltitude CommercialFlyover 160 inCohutta FigureF.13:.TimeHistoryofAmbientSoundRecordeAtd -Ear 161 V Figure F-14: Time History of Self-Noise Recorded AI-Ear 162 . Figure F-I_: Time History of Self-Noise and Propeller Plane '163 Recorded At-Ear Figure F-16: Time History of Sound Levels Heard by Horseback 164 _" Riders Recorded At-Ear Figure F-17: Time History ofF-18 Flyover Recorded At-Ear 165 i!: i • [ / vl .! ListofTables Table 3-I: Wildernesses Selectedfor On-site Interviews 14 TableS-I: Prevalence of Annoyance andEstimated Cumulative 40 Exposure Table D-l: Percentageof Male andFemaleRespondents 124 Table D.2: Percentage of Respondents byAge 124 Table D.3: Percentageof RespondentsbyPartySize 125 Table D.4: Percentageof RespondentsbyNumberof PriorVisits 126 Within the PastFive Years TableD.S: Percentageof RespondentsbyIntended FurareVisits 127 Table D-6: Percentage of RespondentsbyDegree of Enjoyraent .128 Table D-7: Percentage ofRespondentsbyMost Liked Aspectof 129 Visit Table D-8: PercentageofRespondentsby Least Liked Aspectof 130 Visit Table D-9: Percentageof RespondentsParticipatingin Each 131 Activity Table D-10: Percentageof RespondentsbyTypes of Aircraft 132 Noticed Table D-11: Degree of AnnoyanceDue toAircraft Noise 133 Table D-12: Degree of AnnoyanceDue to Sight of Aircraft 134 Table D-13: Most AnnoyingType of Aircraft to HearAmong 135 Respondents NoticingMore than One Type of Aircraft Table D-14: Most AnnoyingType of Aircraftto See Among 136 Respondents Noticing More than One Type of Aircraft Table D-1S: Average Nwmberof AircraftNoticed perHour 137 Table E-l: Frequenciesof Annoyance Due to Sound and Sight of 140 Aircraftand Wilderness Table E-2: Loglinear Model of Associations among Wilderness 141 and AnnoyanceDue to Sound and Sight of Aircraft Table E-3: Analysis of Varianceof Noise-lnduced Annoyance for 142 Four AircraftTypes Table E-4: Average Annoyance Due to AircraftNoise for Four 143 Types of AircraftAmong Respondents Noticing More Then One Type of Ahcraft I,U Table E-S: Newrnan-KeulsComparisonsof Differencesin Noise 144 Annoyance Table E-6: CorrelationsamongPredictors 145 Table F-I: Values of Le_ and LdnRepresentstiveof Visitor's 151 Exposureto Ambient Levels in theThreeWildernesses Table G-I: Estimateof MaximumA-weightedLevels of 24 168 DiscreteAircraftEventsin GoldenTroutWilderness Table G-2: Analysisof Varianceof Annoyance RatingforVisitors 169 Exposed and Not Exposed to One or MoreHigh Level OverfLightsin GoldenTroutWilderness Table G-3: MeanAnnoyance dueto AircraftNoisefcr Visitors 169 Exposed and Not Exposedto OverflightsinGolden TroutWilderness Table G-4: EstimatedMaximum A-weightedLevels of 14 Discrete 170 AircraftEvents in SuperstitionWilderness Table G-S: Analysis of Varianceof Annoyanceof Visitors 171 Exposed and Not Exposedto Overflightsin SuperstitionWilderness Table G-6: Moan Annoyance due to AircraftNoise for Visitors 171 ExposedandNot Exposedto Overflightsin SuperstitionWilderness Table G-7: CorrelationsbetweanAnnoyance Due to Aircraftand 172 Numberof Aircraft Noticed,Among Respondentswho Noticed Aircraft Table G-8: CorrelationsbetweenAanoyance Due to Aircraftand 174 " Numberof AircraftNoticed vtU .! ? Foreword Tiffs report was preparedunderNational ParkService Contract CX-2000-9.0026 as part of an interagency program conducted by the Department of the InteriorNational ParkService (NP$) and by the U.S. Departmentof
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