Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Sunil N Tidke et al., 2013 ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.com Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2013 © 2013 IJLBPR. All Rights Reserved Research Paper MORPHOLOGY OF KNEE JOINT OF TETRAPOD – CLASS MAMMALIA – GENUS – HIPPOSIDERUS – SPECIES – ARMIGER (BAT) TO MAMMALS (HUMAN BEING) Sunil N Tidke1* Bichitra N Roul1, Sucheta S Tidke2 and Mamita Nayak3 *Corresponding Author: Sunil N Tidke, [email protected] Advancement in knowledge of the comparative anatomy of joints has generally lagged behind than that of other structural systems. The knee joint has been chosen for present study as it represents the largest and functionally important articular unit, provided with an extensive synovial cavity and a variety of both intra and extra articular structures.The knee joint is of peculiar interest as manifesting a change of mechanism of locomotion in passing from tetrapods (Bat) to mammals and affording a means of studying, the corresponding modifications of anatomical structure. 10 bats armiger were selected and 10 human knee joints were selected from dissection hall in Anatomy department of Hi-Tech Medical College, Rourkela (Odisha). McMinn HMR has mentioned (5) that the bat is the only mammal which does not possess the menisci and popliteus muscle because it does not rotate the knee joint. The femorotibial articulation has both internal and external ligamentous connections. There is a single broad intra articular ligament which. may represent the initial form of the crucial ligaments and fibula merged with tibia. In the bat leg, the tibia and fibula are fused together. Keywords: Bony articular part, Intra capsular and extra capsular structures and Muscular changes INTRODUCTION situated near the center of gravity in contact to In this study of chordate skeletal anatomy it was forelimb. During flight the hind limb of bats extend found that in the hind limbs of bats, all the laterally, the femur is directed laterally and the elements are elongated. In the leg, the tibia and tibia points caudally. fibula are fused together Weichert (1953). The bats are practically incapable of terrestrial Vaughan (1970a) stated that the hind limb in locomotion. Most of the differences between the bats are highly built and the largest muscle is pelvic girdle and hind limb of bat and those of 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Hi-Tech Medical College Rourkela, Odisha, India. 2 Professor, Department of Anasthesia, MGIMS, Sevagram, Maharashtra. 3 PG in Pathology, VSS Medical College, Burla, Odisha. This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php 149 Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Sunil N Tidke et al., 2013 terrestrial mammals are clearly associated with 1. Articular surfaces striking differences between hind limb posture and 2. Muscles between modes of locomotion. He also noted that 3. Ligaments the femur is roughly of the same length as the tibia. The distal end of femur presents two OBSERVATION condyles, the articular surfaces of which extend around the posterior aspect of the condyles to 1. Articular Surfaces meet the shaft, the inter condyloid fossa of the Distal end of femur—in bats the lower end is distal epiphysis is deep. expanded and consists of two condyles, viz. Smith Bonne (1945) observed that a faintly lateral and medial condyle. The two condyles of femur are separated by inter condylar notch. The visible oval structure presumed to be patella is medial condyle is more prominent. The medial observed within the tendon at insertion of the condyle has bulging, convex medial aspects and quadriceps femoris, inserted on the tibial on it medial aspect there is low rounded elevation tuberosity. known as the medial epicondyle; lateral condyle Carleton Alice (1976) stated that bats differ from of femur is flat and less prominent and presents all other vertebrates in having the hind limb so a low rounded elevation on its lateral aspect known rotated outward by the wing membrane, that the as the lateral epicondyle (Figure 1A and 1B). knee is directed backwards like the elbow. When Upper end of tibia: It is observed that the leg the bats rest on the ground, the foot would there- consists of only one bone, the tibia is longer than fore point in the posterior direction and this is the femur. The upper end of tibia is triangular in corrected by a forward and medial rotation. outline and bears two condyles. The anterior Parsons (1900) found that the typical origin of border of tibia at its proximal end bears the the extensor digitorum longus muscle in prominent tibia crest (Figure 1A,). mammals is by a tendon from the front of the Patella: Patella is small, thin and tubular bone lateral condyle of femur and its insertion is in man into the middle and distal phalanges of the four Figure 1A: Photograph of Bony lateral toes and when they are present, their Characteristics of Distal End of Femur, description applies to the bats. Upper End of Tibia (Bat) MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 bats collected from the animal house department of pharmacology and 10 knee joint of human beings from dissection hall, department of Anatomy, Hi-Tech medical College and Hospi- tal, Odisha. All the animals were sacrificed after giving Euthanasia dose of phenobarbitone and preserved in 10% buffer formalin. The morphological study of knee joint of bat was carried out under the following headings. This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php 150 Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Sunil N Tidke et al., 2013 Figure 1B: Photograph of Intracapsular Figure 2B: Lower End of Femur and Superior Structure of Knee Bat Aspect of Upper End of Tibia (Human) articulates by its inner surface with the patellar The patellofemoral joint is a synovial joint and surface of femur. Its upper end is broader and a part of knee joint, the articular surface of the lower end is narrow (Figure 1A). patella is adapted to that of the femur. The patella extends on to the anterior surface of both femoral In human being the tibial plateau presents condyles. The articular surface of the patella medial and lateral articular surfaces for articulation articulates with the anterolateral aspect of the with the corresponding femoral condyles. The medial femoral condyle in full flexion, while the medial articular surface is oval and longer than highest lateral patellar facet contacts the anterior the lateral articular surface. The lateral articular part of lateral femoral condyle. surface is more circular and coapted to its meniscus, the surface has a raised medial margin In semi flexion of knee the middle patellar facet that spreads to the lateral intercondylar tubercle. comes in contact with lower half of the femoral Its articular margin is sharp, except surface, in full extension only the lowest patellar posterolaterally, where the edge is rounded and facet are in contact with the femur. The tibio- smooth: here the tendon of popliteus is in contact femoral joint is a complex synovial joint and a part with bone (Figures 2A and 2B) of the knee joint. Figure 2A: Anterior and Posterior Aspect of 1. Muscles Femur, Tibia and Patella (Human) Table 1, Figures 3A and 3B. Quadriceps Femoris: According to Smith (1945) who described two parts of this muscle in bat, one fused with vastus lateralis, vastus inter- medius, vastus medialis and other with rectus femoris. The observation in bat in the present study is same as above. Sartorius: Both in the bat and human being, it is observed that the sartorius is the superficial muscle situated in the front of thigh, running from This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php 151 Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Sunil N Tidke et al., 2013 Table 1: Showing Origin and Insertion of Various Muscles Acting of Knee Joint of Species (Bat) to Human Being Quadriceps Femoris Sartorius Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Animal Origin Insertion Origin Insertion Origin Insertion Origin Insertion Bat 2 Head Patella Ant. Post medial Ischial Post, medial Ischial Back of medial vm+vi+vl Superior surface of tuberosity surface of tuberosity condyle of tibia from iliac spine tibia tibia 1. Back of medial femur, epicondyle of R.f.Ilium femur. Human 4 head, Patella Ant. medial Ischial Post, medial Ischial 2. medial condyle 3 vasti- Superior surface of tuberosity surface of tuberosity of tibia femur, iliac spine tibia tibia R. femories -ilium Animal Biceps Femoris Popliteus Gastrocnemius Ext. Digi longus Bat Post. Back of Absent Absent 2 heads Calcaneas Ant. Dorsal aspects of Aspect lateral Back of tibia medial tuberosity Surfaces of distal phalanges of of ischial tibial above the and lateral lateral digits. tuberosity condyle soleal line femoral femoral condyle condyle Human 1.ischial Upper Lat. 2 heads Calcaneas Med. Dorsal aspects of tuberosity and Aspect of medial tuberosity Surfaces of prox. mid and and lateral lat. andlateral fibula distal phalanges of sacro part of Femoral femoral 2-5 digits. tuberous head of condyle condyle ligament fibula 2.upper part of lat. Supra condylar line and lateral inter muscular septum Figure 3A: View of Bat Knee Joint Showing Figure 3B: Lateral View of Bat Knee Joint 3vasti (a), Semimem-branosus (b), Showing 3 Vastii (a), Sartorius(b), Semitendinosous(c), Sartorius(d) Semimembranosus(c), Gastrocnemius(d), Extensor Digitorum(e) This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php 152 Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Sunil N Tidke et al., 2013 the suprolateral angle to infromedial angle of thigh. Extensor Digitorum Longus: Its origin varies in Similar finding were observed by Holmes (1934). both the species. Parsons (1900) and Kaplan The semimembranosus, semitendinosus and (1958) found in bat , the muscle takes origin from biceps femoris: These muscle are the member the small fossa on the lateral femoral condyle.