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General Introduction of Anatomy

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General Introduction of Anatomy ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ / ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ General introduction of Anatomy 2013 – 2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Anatomy: is the science of body structures and the relationships among Structures. At first the anatomy was studied by dissection, the carful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships, Nowadays, many imaging of anatomical (ﺗﻘﺪم) to the advancement (ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ) techniques also contribute knowledge. The Anatomy is including many of fields, which is: It is the study of different : (اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ ) Macroscopic examination 1- structures , which make up the human body . It is the study of : (اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﺮي ) Microscopic examination 2- seen (اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﺤﻲ ) microscopic different structures of an organism only by use of a microscope . It is the study of different structures as : (اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺠﺴﻤﯿﺔ) Systemic 3- : It comprises of the followings . (ﻛﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﺮدﯾﺔ) individual entities .The bony system \ ( ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ) Osteology • . The articular system or joint \(ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ) Syndesmology • . The muscular system \ (ﻋﻠﻢ الﻋﻀﻼت )Myology • , Comprising the heart , blood vessels \ (ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻوﻋﯿﺔ ) Angiology • ( اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ)lymph nodes & (اﻻوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ) lymph vessels .The nervous system \(ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ) Neurology • , ( اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﺸﻮي ) The visceral system \ (ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺣﺸﺎء) Splanchnology • , (ﻧﻈﺎم اﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ – ھﻀﻤﻲ ) comprising two tubular system – digestive . (اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ) and genital (اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ) urinary tract The study of form and marking of those :(اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺢ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ) Surface 4- structures by examination through skin. .It is the study of development before birth :(ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺟﻨﺔ) Embryology 5- GLOSSARY OF ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY description of location (ﯾﺴﻤﺢ) Reference position of body permitting and movements: 1- Term of Anatomical position: • Head ………. Facing forward • Arms ………. Parallel to the trunk ( straight at the sides ) • Forearms and Hands …….Positioned so the palms face forward • Legs ……… straight • Feet ……….Parallel to each other Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 2 2- Term of Anatomical directions: Direction means Anterior Toward the front ( located near the front of body ) Posterior Toward the back ( locations nearer the back ) Superior Toward the head ( meaning a higher position ) Inferior Away from the head ( meaning below ) Medial Toward the midline of the body Lateral Away from the midline of the body Proximal Toward the body ( means nearest the origin of a structure ) Distal Away from the body ( farthest from the origin a structure ) Superficial Towards surface of body Deep Inward from body surface 3- Term of Anatomical planes: Plane Means Median plane Plane which divides the body into equal right and left portions Coronal plane Any plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse plane Any plane which divides the body into superior and inferior Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 3 4- Term of Anatomical movements : No The movements means in a median plane (اﻟﺠﺰء)the segment (ﯾﺜﻨﻲ) Flexion Bending Flexor Any muscle which bends the segment in a median plane Bending the wrist so the palmar surface of the hand moves Palmar flexion toward the forearm 1 Plantar flexion Bending the ankle so the sole of the foot moves downward Bending the so the dorsal surface of the hand moves toward the Dorsi flexion forearm , bending the ankle so the dorsum of the foot moves upward Extension Straightening the segment in a median plane 2 Hyperextension Extending the segment beyond anatomic position Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 4 Moving the segment away from the body in a Coronal Abduction plane 3 Drawing the segment toward the body in a Coronal Adduction plane Turning the segment inward along its long axis in a Median rotation transverse plane 4 Turning the segment outward along its long axis in a Lateral rotation transverse plan Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 5 Pronation of the Internal rotation of forearm so the palm faces more 5 backward (اﻟﻜﺐ ) forearm Depressing the first and second metatarsals and Pronation of the forefoot elevating the fourth and fifth metatarsals Pronation ( eversion )of the Turning the medial border of the foot downward so entire foot the sole faces outward Supination of the external rotation of forearm so the palm faces more 6 forward (اﻟﺒﺴﻂ) forearm Elevating the first and second metatarsals and Supination of the forefoot depressing the fourth and fifth metatarsals Supination ( inversion )of Turning the medial border of the foot upward so the the entire foot sole faces inward Circular movement combining flexion , abduction , extension 7 Circumduction and adduction Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ / ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ Bones of the Lower Extremity 2013 - 2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Bones of the Lower Extremity Introduction in Skeleton system The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones, most of which are paired on the right and left sides of the body. Bones are grouped in two principal and 126 bones of the (اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري) division the 80 bones of axial skeleton . (اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﻲ)appendicular skeleton Figure 1: Shows the axial and appendicular skeleton Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Classification of bone According to shape According to regions According to According to structure ossification Axial Appendicular Membrane Cartilage Membrane & bone bone cartilage bone Skull bone, Upper limb, vertebrae, rib, lower limb Bones of Bones of sternum Clavicle bone vault of skull vertebral column, limbs Long Flat Short Irregular Sesamoid Accessory Pneumatic Hummers Skull Carpal Vertebrae Patella Sutural Maxilla , femur bones, & tarsal bones sternum Macroscopically Macroscopically Compact Spongy Lamellar Fibrous Dentine Cement Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Bones of the Lower Extremity A- Pelvic girdle : (Figure 1) Figure 2) they) (ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮرك) The pelvic girdle consists of the two Hip bones (اﻻرﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ) united to each other interiorly at a joint called the Pubic symphsis .(اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﻲ اﻟﻌﺠﺰي) and they unite posteriorly with Sacrum at Sacroiliac joint The function of the Pelvic is: - Provide a strong a stable support for the Vertebral column. - Connecting between the bones of Lower limbs and the Axial skeleton. Figure 1: Anterior view showing pelvic girdle Figure 2: Lateral view showing portion of hip bone Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Figure 3: Lateral and medial view showing portion of hip bone The Pelvic girdle consists of three fused components: 1- Ilium: The Ilium is the largest of the three components of the Hip bone, it divided body which enters into the formation (ﺳﻔﻠﻲ) and inferior (ﻋﻠﻮي) into a superior :and the Ilium consists ,(اﻟﺤﻖ) of the acetabulum . (ﻋﺮف اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﺔ) Iliac crest . (اﻟﺨﻂ اﻻﻟﻮي اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ) Anterior gluteal line (اﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ) Posterior superior iliac spine (اﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ) Posterior inferior iliac spine (اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﯿﺔ) Iliac fossa (اﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﯿﺔ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ) Anterior superior iliac spine (اﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﯿﺔ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ) Anterior inferior iliac spine 2- Pubis: part of the Hip bone. It (ﺳﻔﻠﻲ) and inferior (اﻣﺎﻣﻲ) The pubis is the anterior and they (ﻓﺮع اﻟﻌﻈﻢ) ramus (ﺳﻔﻠﻲ) and inferior (ﻋﻠﻮي) consists of superior Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 of Pubic symphsis. And the Pubis (ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ) to the formation (ﺗﺴﮭﻢ) contributes consists: (ﻣﻤﺸﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﺔ) Pectin of Pubis (ﻋﺮف اﻟﻌﺎﻧﺔ) Pubic crest (ﺣﺪﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻧﺔ) Pubic tubercle 3- Ischium: portion of the Hip bone. It is (ﺧﻠﻔﻲ) posterior ,(ﺳﻔﻠﻲ) The Ischium is the inferior ramus. And the (ﺳﻔﻠﻲ) body and inferior (ﻋﻠﻮي) of a superior (ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ) composed Ischium consists: (ﺷﻮﻛﺔ اﻟﻮرك) Ischial spine (اﺣﺪوﺑﺔ اﻟﻮرك) Ischial tuberosity (Figure 4) : (ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ ) B- Femur bone The Femur is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body. Its (with the Hip bone (in acetabulum (ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻔﺼﻞ) end articulates (اﻟﺪاﻧﻲ) proximal end articulates with the Tibia and Patella. The Femur (اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ) and in distal consists: The proximal end of the Femur: (رأس ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ) Head of Femur (ﻋﻨﻖ ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ) Neck of Femur (اﻟﻤﺪور اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ) Greater trochanter (اﻟﻤﺪور اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ) Lesser trochanter (اﻟﺨﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺪورﯾﻦ) Inter trochanter line (اﻟﻌﺮف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺪورﯾﻦ) Inter trochanter crest Body of femur. Linea Aspera (posterior view) The distal end of the Femur is components: In anterior view: (اﻟﻠﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺸﯿﺔ) 1-Lateral epicondyle (اﻟﻠﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺔ) Medial epicondyle 2- In posterior view: (اﻟﻠﻘﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺸﯿﺔ) Lateral condyle 1- (اﻟﻠﻘﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺔ) Medial condyle 2- (اﻟﺤﻔﺮة ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻠﻘﻤﺘﯿﻦ) 3-inter condylar fossa Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Figure 4: Anterior and posterior view showing Femur bone Figure 5: Anterior view showing Patella Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 Dr. ASHRAF Ali AL-ZUBAIDI 2013-2014 (Figure 5) : (ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﺮﺿﻔﺔ ) C- Patella bone bone located anterior to the knee (ﻣﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ) The Patella is a small, triangular joint. It is a sesamoid bone that develops in the tendon of the :it is consists ,(اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺨﺬﯾﺔ) Quadriceps femoris muscle (ﻗﻤﺔ) Apex Body (ﻗﺎﻋﺪة) Base (Figure 6) : (ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻈﻨﺒﻮب ) D- Tibia bone .of the leg (ﯾﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻮزن) The Tibia bone is the larger medial weight bearing The Tibia articulates at its proximal end with the Femur and Fibula, and at its distal end with the Fibula and talus bone. The Tibia bone consists: The proximal end of the Tibia: (اﻟﻠﻘﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺸﯿﺔ) Lateral condyle (اﻟﻠﻘﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺔ) Medial condyle (اﺣﺪوﺑﺔ ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻈﻨﺒﻮب) Tibia tuberosity Body of Tibia. (اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ) Anterior border The distal end of the Tibia: (اﻟﻜﻌﺐ اﻻﻧﺴﻲ) Medial malleolus (Figure 6) : (ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﺸﻈﯿﺔ ) E- Fibula bone The Fibula bone is the parallel and lateral to the Tibia but it is smaller than Tibia.
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