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Data Center ,09126599985,Peyman Qz Co@Yahoo.Com, for Educational Uses DEVELOPMENTS in SEDIMENTOLOGY 50 Evaporites, Petroleum and Mineral Resources Uses Educational For http://sites.google.com/site/irdadeh/ ,09126599985,[email protected], Center Data Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses DEVELOPMENTS IN SEDIMENTOLOGY 50 Evaporites, Petroleum and Mineral Resources Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses FURTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES VOLUMES 1-1 1, 13-15, 17,21-25A, 27,28,31,32 and 39 are out of print 12 R.G.C. BATHURST CARBONATE SEDIMENTS AND THEIR DIAGENESIS 16 H. H. RIEKE 111 and G. V. CHlLlNGA RIA N COMPACTION OF ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENTS 18 G. V. CHlLlNGARlAN and K.H. WOLF, Editors COMPACTION OF COARSE-GRAINED SEDIMENTS 19 W. SCHWARZACHER SEDIMENTATION MODELS AND QUANTITATIVE STRATIGRAPHY 20 M.R. WALTER, Editor STROM ATOLITES 25B G. LARSEN and G. V. CHILINGAR, Editors DIAGENESIS IN SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 26 T. SUDO and S. SHIMODA, Editors CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS OF JAPAN 29 P. TURNER CONTINENTAL RED BEDS 30 J.R.L. ALLEN SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES 33 G.N. BATURIN PHOSPHORITES ON THE SEA FLOOR 34 J.J. FRIPIAT, Editor ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERAL ANALYSIS 35 H. VAN OLPHEN and F. VENIALE, Editors INTERNATIONAL CLAY CONFERENCE 198 1 36 A. IIJIMA, J.R. HElNand R. SIEVER, Editors SILICEOUS DEPOSITS IN THE PACIFIC REGION 37 A. SlNGERandE. GALAN, Editors PALYGORSKITE-SEPIOLITE: OCCURRENCES, GENESIS AND USES 38 M.E. BROOKFIELD and T.S. AHLBRANDT, Editors EOLIAN SEDIMENTS AND PROCESSES 40 8. VELDE CLAY MINERALS - A PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EXPLANATION OF THEIR OCCURRENCE 4 1 G. V. CHlLlNGA RIA N and K.H. WOLF, Editors DIAGENESIS, I 42 L.J. DOYLE and H. H. ROBERTS, Editors CARBONATE-CLASTIC TRANSITIONS 43 G. V. CHlLlNGARlAN and K.H. WOLF, Editors DIAGENESIS, II 44 C.E. WEAVER CLAYS, MUDS, AND SHALES 45 G.S. ODIN, Editor GREEN MARINE CLAYS 46 C.H. MOORE CARBONATE DIAGENESIS AND POROSITY 47 K.H. WOLF and G. V. CHILINGARIA N , Editors DIAGENESIS 111 48 J. W. MORSE and F. F. MACKENZIE GEOCHEMISTRY OF SEDIMENTARY CARBONATES 49 K. BRODZIKOWSKI and A.J. VAN LOON GLACIGENIC SEDIMENTS Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses DEVELOPMENTS IN SEDIMENTOLOGY 50 Evaporites, Petroleum and Mineral Resources Edited by JUDITH L. MELVIN 2203 Overview Lane, Garland, TX 75044, U.S.A. ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 199 1 Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 2 1 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada. ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. 655, Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 100 10, USA ISBN 0-444-88680-X 0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1991 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./ Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulationsfor readers in the USA - This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/ordamage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any meth- ods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. This book has been printed on acid-free paper Printed in The Netherlands Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses AU‘I’HOK LIS’I‘ V Donald E. Anders ‘I’imothy K. Lowenstein (Geochemist) State University of New York @ United States Geological Survey Binghamton Mailstop 939, Box 25046 Department of Geological Sciences Lakewood, Colorado 80225 Binghamton, New York 13901 C. Robertson Handford Haq H. Posey ARC0 Oil and Gas Company (Consulting Geologist) 2300 W. Plano Parkway 2020 Routt Street Plano, lexas 75075 Lakewood, Colorado 80215 Robert J. Hite Joseph P. Smoot (Geologist Emeritus) (Geologist) United States Geological Survey United States Geological Survey 10190 W. 78th Avenue Mailstop 939, Box 25046 Arvada, Colorado 80005 Lakewood, Colorado 80225 J. Richard Kyle John K. Warren Department of Geosciences (Principal Petroleum Geologist) University of Texas @ Austin National Centre for Geology P.O. Box 7905, and Geophysics Austin, ‘Texas 78713 GPO Box 498 Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses This Page Intentionally Left Blank Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses PREFACE A thorough knowledge of evaporites is essential to professional researchers and geologists in our efforts to determine: the sedimentary histories, depositional environ- ments, eustatics, chemical, climatic, environmental influences, and other factors involved in the deposition of both modern and ancient sedimentary sequences in basins world- wide. Evaporites are found in locations as diverse as Antarctica to the equatorial latitudes, and in depositional settings ranging from intracontinental to marginal marine. Applications of modern scientific techniques and analyses have lead to alternative hypotheses which may challenge conventional depositional models. This volume illustrates the expanding knowledge of evaporites as important reservoir seals, fluid aquitards, ore-hosting sediments, and economicallyviable sediments in their own right. Researchers, oil and gas professionals, minerals resource profession- als, environmental specialists and others within geology and the other sciences shall utilize the information within this book in their understanding of the many recent discoveries and concepts developed in the field of evaporite sedimentology. The first three chapters discuss facies, fabrics, textures, crystallography, mineralogy, hydrology, diagenesis, and depositional settings of marginal marine and non-marine evaporites. Woven throughout the first three chapters are discussions of hydrocarbons and mineral resources as they relate to evaporitic basins and deposits. The last three chapters discuss the geochemical, mineralogical, depositional, diagenetic history and economical importance of evaporites and their associated Occurrences with hydrocarbons, ores and bittern salt deposits. Salt dome formation and emplacement are limited to a brief overview with the reader referred to many excellent studies of diapirism and halokinesis. This volume is specifically about evaporite sedimentology, hydrocarbons and mineral resources. Chapter 1 examines controls and crystallography of halite precipitates and the deposition and diagenesis of marine halite as subaqueous cumulates, bottom and intrasediment precipitates. Also included are discussions of syndepositional and early postdepositional diagenesis associated with evaporites in both modern and ancient sabkha and salina depositional settings. Case studies include locations from Africa, Australia, Mexico and the U.S.A. Chapter 2 discusses CaSO, dominated sea-marginal and platform evaporative depositional environments and associated dolomitization. Case studies include the United Arab Emirates, Gulf of Elat, Nile Delta Coast of Egypt, Mediterranean Coast of the northern Sinai, the southern Sinai, Australia and the U.S.A. The importance of displacive and replacive evaporite growth, syndepositional and postdepositional hydrology, and diagenesis is covered. Chapter 3 reviews depositional environments of modern and ancient non-marine Data Center ,09126599985,[email protected], For Educational Uses VIII PREFACE evaporites. Lacustrine, fluvial and eolian subfacies are reviewed along with the diagenesis, mineralogy, facies, hydrology and tectonic settings of evaporite formation. Saline soils and their classifications are discussed. Examples from around the globe help illustrate the facies discussed. Chapter 4 investigates the relationship between organic matter, petroleum and evaporites. Evaporites as source rocks for petroleum and evaporite associated oils from marine carbonate, anhydrite, halite-potash and lacustrine carbonate settings are covered. Petroleum resources resulting from halokinesis and diagenesis of evaporites are also discussed. Examples of the relationship between petroleum and evaporites in marine and lacustrine settings include the U.S.A., Gulf of Elat, Turkey, Egypt and the Israel- Jordan border. The authors have included their recently completed unpublished chromatographic data of hydrocarbon analyses from various locations. Chapter 5 discusses halokinesis and cap rock developments with emphasis placed upon the importance of trapping hydrocarbons, sulfur, and metalliferous ores in and around salt domes. Textures, fabrics and mineralogy in the true calcite cap rock, the marine false cap rock, the stock and other associated salt dome areas are discussed. Examples from the U.S.A. and Tunisia are employed. Chapter 6 surveys the economics of evaporites, evaporitic processes and mineral resources. Resources discussed include gypsum, anhydrite, halite and potash, borates, sodium carbonates and sulfates, bromine, iodine, lithium, nitrogen, zeolites, sulfur, barite, celestite, and metalliferous ore deposits containing zinc,
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