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Improving Hydric Soil Identification in Areas Containing Problematic Red Parent Materials: a Nationwide Collaborative Mapping Approach

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Improving Hydric Soil Identification in Areas Containing Problematic Red Parent Materials: a Nationwide Collaborative Mapping Approach Wetlands https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1114-6 APPLIED WETLAND SCIENCE Improving Hydric Soil Identification in Areas Containing Problematic Red Parent Materials: a Nationwide Collaborative Mapping Approach Sara C. Mack1 & Jacob F. Berkowitz2 & Martin C. Rabenhorst1 Received: 9 July 2018 /Accepted: 18 November 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Hydric soil identification utilizes diagnostic morphologic features, including iron transformations, resulting from anaerobic condi- tions. However, soils derived from some red parent materials (RPM) fail to develop characteristic hydric soils morphologies, confounding hydric soil and wetland delineation. Laboratory and field methods addressing resistant RPM soils exist, but application remains limited by uncertainty regarding problematic RPM distribution. In response, a collaborative effort (>50 participants) docu- mented problematic RPM distribution across the contiguous United States. Specifically, >1100 samples from >450 locations underwent laboratory analysis using the Color Change Propensity Index to identify problematic RPM soils. Geospatial analysis linked verified problematic soils with associated geologic units and soil series, generating maps of RPM distribution. Potential problematic RPM was identified in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, Great Lakes, South-central, and Desert Southwest-Western Mountains (problematic RPM regions herein), encompassing diverse groups of soils and parent materials. Despite the observed variability in soil characteristics, results suggest that problematic RPM was consistently derived from sedimentary, hematite-rich red bed formations developed where deposition of terrestrial sediments occurred in near-shore, marginal-marine environments. Understanding problematic RPM soils distribution promotes the appropriate application of existing hydric soil field indicators, including F21 – Red Parent Material, thus improving approaches to hydric soil identification and wetland management. Keywords Hydric soil . Red parent material . Wetland delineation . Sedimentary red beds Introduction delineating wetlands (Environmental Laboratory 1987; Wakeley 2002). Accordingly, identification and delineation of Hydric Soil Morphology and Problematic Hydric Soils wetlands utilizes a three-factor approach encompassing indica- tors of wetland hydrology (e.g., near surface, seasonally high The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) wetland water tables), hydrophytic vegetation (water-loving plants), and delineation manual and associated regional supplements provide hydric soils. In general, each of these factors are identified using technical guidance and procedures for identifying and readily applicable field indicators (Environmnetal Laboratory 1987;Berkowitz2011a;USACE2012;Tiner2016). Hydric soils are defined as Bsoils that have formed under Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1114-6) contains supplementary during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions material, which is available to authorized users. in the upper part^ (Federal Register 1994). These periods of saturation, when combined with soil-microbial activity and * Jacob F. Berkowitz [email protected] the depletion of oxygen, promote biogeochemical processes that result in morphological features particularly useful for wetland identification during both wet and dry periods (Craft 1 Department of Environmental Science and Technology, H.J. Paterson Hall, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-5821, USA 2000;USDA-NRCS2017). Common hydric soil morpholog- ic features include: 1) the accumulation of organic matter from 2 US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA reduced rates of microbial decomposition under anaerobic conditions; and 2) the reduction and dissolution of ferric iron Wetlands followed by subsequent translocation and depletion of ferrous materials (USDA-NRCS 2017), and therefore occur in asso- iron phases (Reddy and DeLaune 2008). In particular, these ciation with particular geological formations. For example, iron reaction processes result in the formation of Niroomand and Tedrow (1990) demonstrated that soils de- redoximorphic features that account for the prevalence of rived from red shales resisted color changes under both field low chroma, Fe-depleted matrix colors associated with many and laboratory conditions compared with soils derived from mineral wetland soils (Vasilas and Berkowitz 2016; the other formations within the same area of New Jersey. Red Rabenhorst 2011). The characteristic morphologies associated soils from stratigraphically-related formations in Maryland with prolonged saturation and aerobic conditions form the and Connecticut also lacked prominent redoximorphic fea- basis of field indicators of hydric soils, providing rapid and tures despite highly-reducing conditions observed during field reliable approaches to identifying hydric soils utilized as part studies (Elless et al. 1996; Rabenhorst 2011;Ford2014). of wetland delineation procedures (USDA-NRCS 2017; Similar findings were reported across a range of formation Berkowitz 2011b). types and geographic locations including soil hydrosequences In some cases, however, wetland areas exhibit the presence of derived from red-colored lacustrine deposits in Michigan hydrophytic vegetation and wetland hydrology, yet lack typical (Mokma and Sprecher 1994), clayey alluvial deposits derived hydric soil morphological features due to natural conditions from red beds in Louisiana (Rabenhorst and Parikh 2000), and (Environmental Laboratory 1987). These soils are called glacio-lacustrine sediments in Minnesota and Wisconsin Bproblematic hydric soils^ (Vepraskas and Sprecher 1997; (Petersen et al. 1967; Wheeler et al. 1999). Robinette et al. 2011). Common examples of problematic hydric While these case studies demonstrate that some red soils soils include: soils with low iron and/or organic matter contents are problematic, the majority of red soils or soils derived from that preclude the formation of redoximorphic features, high alka- red-colored parent material readily form hydromorphic fea- linity soils that inhibit iron transformations, and recently depos- tures under anaerobic conditions (Rabenhorst and Parikh ited soil materials that simply have not been in place long enough 2000). For example, red soils derived from metabasaltic rocks to develop characteristic hydromorphic properties (USACE high in ferromagnetic elements and soils derived from red- 2012;Tiner2016). Additionally, some problematic soils result colored fluviodeltaic sands displayed no resistance to color from factors related to parent material characteristics. For exam- change despite the presence of red colors indicative of parent ple, soils derived from dark parent materials (e.g. black coal materials with high iron content (Sirkin 1986; Schwertmann deposits) mask morphological patterns associated with soil wet- 1993). Further, red soils derived from metamorphic and ness (Stolt et al. 2001; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2012). paracrystalline rocks associated with the Congaree River These problematic soils led to the development and use of several floodplains in North and South Carolina also do not exhibit field indicators of hydric soils specifically addressing a particular a resistance to color change, despite the predominance of phenomenon or landscape position (e.g., F19 - Piedmont Flood colors often 5YR or redder (USDA-NRCS 2017). Plain Soils; S11 – High Chroma Sands; Berkowitz and Sallee To explore the issue of color change resistance in red soils, 2011; USDA-NRCS 2017). Rabenhorst and Parikh (2000) developed a laboratory approach that distinguishes between red soils that were problematic (i.e. Problematic Red Parent Material Soils resistant to color change) and those that displayed color change propensity. In their study, red soils (both suspected problematic It has long been recognized that soils derived from certain red- RPM and non-problematic RPM) were collected and treated colored parent materials (RPM) fail to develop soil morphol- with a sodium dithionite reducing agent in various treatments ogies (i.e., Fe-depleted matrix colors) characteristic of most of differing periods of time and temperatures. Following treat- wetlands, even where prolonged soil saturation and anaerobic ments, digital colorimeter measurements documented shifts in conditions occur (Mokma and Sprecher 1994). Wetland delin- Munsell color components (hue, value, chroma). Based on ob- eation practitioners identified RPM as one of the most com- served color changes, an equation quantifying the inherent ca- mon problematic soil situations, accounting for up to 20% of pacity of the soils to form redoximorphic features (i.e. change the difficult soil scenarios reported in a national dataset exam- color) under reducing conditions was developed; entitled the ining wetland evaluation procedures across the United States Color Change Propensity Index (CCPI). The CCPI groups soils (Berkowitz 2011b). Guidance was developed as early as 1996 into three categories: 1) non-problematic RPM soils displaying to aid in the identification of wetlands in soils derived from no color change resistance (CCPI values >40); 2) problematic RPM, with additional strategies described in recently pub- RPM soils that resisted color change under reducing conditions lished regional supplements to the
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