Approaches to Alcohol Education 1961

Issued by: Kansas State Department of Public Instruction Adel F. Throckmorton, Superintendent Approaches to Alcohol Education 61

Issued by: Kansas State Department of Public Instruction Adel F. Throckmorton, Superintendent

Prepared by: Lois Caffyn, Curriculum Consultant Booklet Design and Art: George Dial

Approaches to Alcohol Education

Foreword

The State Department of Education supplies this booklet for Kansas teachers because of { 1) a desire to help schools prepare young citizens to cope with a major social problem of our time and {2) an obligation imposed by the legislature. The material contained in the booklet was pre­ pared for the purpose of ( 1) supplying teachers with objective information and bibliography suit­ able for classroom use and {2) presenting pertinent information which will have significance for stu­ dents in grades seven to twelve. Alcohol education has the same objective as that of all education: A knowledge of the world in which we live, a maturing personality able to make decisions and adjust to personal and social prob­ lems, and a regard for the social and mental health of the individual and society. Alcohol education is most effective if it is inte­ grated into science, humanities, home and family living, and health, and not treated as a separate body of learnings. Adel F. Throckmorton Kansas State Superintendent of Public Instruction

Approaches to Alcohol Education s.

Table of Contents

PAGE

(j Reliable Reports Show- 7 Experience Indicates- 8 You Should Realize- S The State Department of Public Instruction Believes- 9 Schools Share Responsibility­ tO The Positive Approach Says- 10 Saying "No" is a Matter of- 10 Values Become Apparent with the Realization- ! I Students Can Learn to Do Their Own Thinking by Discussing- 12 School Courses Can Contribute- 13 A Backward Glance Reveals­ IS In Kansas- 1 (j Frances Willard Day- 17 Study Materials- 6.

Alcohol irritates the stomach lining rather than aiding digestion. Alcohol destroys body heat and makes one Reliable Reports Show- more susceptible to colds and pneumonia. • That alcohol is the waste product of the yeast Alcohol has no effect on snakebite except to plant and when used in the following ways is an reduce awareness of fear or pain. aid to man: Effects of alcohol on the body are usually A fuel which produces heat. slight compared to its effect on the nervous sys· An aseptic to resist bact~ia. tern. The liver carries the chief load. A solvent of drugs, varnishes, dyes, oils. Alcohol cuts down speed and precision in An antifreeze mixture for automobiles. physical activity. A preservative for laboratory plant and ani· Alcohol produces a tendency toward greater mal specimens. -impulsiveness and irregularity of motor per· A substance used in the manufacture of ther• formance. mometers, artificial silk, and films. Alcohol removes judgment rather than creat• e That when alcohol is consumed in beverage ing bravery. form- "There is no 'alcoholic personality' prior to Anyone who drinks it at all may become an alcoholism." The same traits common to alco· alcoholic. holies are also present in many moderate drink· Alcoholism without alcohol cannot occur. ers and many abstainers. Of those who begin to drink, at least one out The consumption of alcohol is a matter more of twelve becomes an alcoholic. of mental desire than of physical need. 70% of alcoholics began drinking in their teens. For a person of 1 50 pounds or more, two Most alcoholics develop from moderate or beers or cocktails increase his chances of a driv• social drinkers who have become habituated for ing accident from three to ten times. One drink a period of 15 to 50 years. does the same thing for a person of 120 pounds More than 450,000 alcoholics are recruited or less. each year from the ranks of moderate social One or two beers lengthen a driver's reaction drinkers. time as much as 30%. Alcoholism is a self·inflicted disease. 2 5% of all adult pedestrians killed in auto ac· Alcoholism is on the increase. cidents had been drinking. Roughly one·half of the alcoholics die before Alcohol is involved in at least 30% of all fatal age 51; only about 7V2% of the other half live traffic accidents. beyond age 70. 70% of "drinking drivers" in personal-injury Alcohol is a depressant, an anesthetic. It is accidents have less than .15 percent of alcohol in not a stimulant. Alcohol affects the judgment their blood, or are not conspicuously drunk. first, motor and sensory controls second, and The number of annual traffic casualties caused consciousness third. by alcoholic beverages approximates the W odd Alcohol is not a food even though it depresses War II casualties outside the United States for the appetite. any average year of the war. Approaches to Alcohol Education

Railroads and airlines require 24-48 hours of That problem drinkers may be of different abstinence before working time. types: the habituated, the maladjusted. Of the 375,000 divorces reported by the U.S. e That reasons given for using alcohol in- Public Health Service in 19S'S', 200,000 were clude- caused by the effects of alcohol. Social pressure. Prevention of alcoholism is much more im­ Desire to declare independence. portant than cure. Habit. Desire for excitement. Experience Indicates- Desire for relaxation. That the excessive use of alcohol lessens chances Desire for easy sociability. of success in life about 50%. Desire to escape. That many people prefer to discuss their fi­ Liking the effects. nancial and confidential affairs with a businessman Liking the taste. who is an abstainer because they can be confident Steps Toward Alcoholism: that his judgment will not be impaired. That tests with male typists show an increase in Susceptibility to every occasion for a drink. typing errors from 2 5% to 50% after one very small Touchiness, especially around home, as habitua- drink. tion develops. That great and lasting success can be attained Tiresome repetition. without alcohol. Periodic excessive drinking. That the improved dancing, great social poise, .. Unofficial," extracurricular, or pre-party drink­ and scintillating conversation following a drink are ing to be able to meet the others on their level. all imagined. Actually the ability to notice the .Blackouts, occasional loss of memory for events bobbling and be self-critical has been removed. that occur during the period of inebriation. That alcohol gives a false sense of security be­ Excessive boredom with and avoidance of all cause it distorts perspective and gives the illusion situations where alcohol will not be served. of superiority. Rationalizing occasions for drinking to console That social pressure is the greatest cause of be­ or to celebrate, to buoy up or to relax. ginning the use of alcohol. Habit follows. Advanced Steps: That doing something questionable loves com­ pany as much as misery. Reluctance to talk about one's own drinking. That the social drinker who is bored with non­ Rationalizing drinking at all times-mainte­ alcoholic refreshments is a potential alcoholic. nance drinking. ..1 drink no more than the others." The morning drink-the dividing line to com­ Progress Signs pulsive drinking. So that you may read the. danger signs, you Irritability and insomnia; a chip on the shoulder. should know- The fabulous personality. One feels he can That drinking is not an inherited characteristic. manage any deal with important, brilliant men and That there is no such thing as a permanent fascinating women. physical craving for alcohol. Warnings from friends, even drinking friends. 8.

Critical Stage: The State Department of Public Antisocial conduct-fights, quitting jobs with­ Instruction Believes- out reason, violent resentment and neglect of fam­ The problem of alcohol is becoming more and ily, desire to escape from family life and responsi­ more difficult. More than 5'0 percent of the adult bility, deepening self-pity, oscillating periods of population of the United States drink alcoholic remorse and defiance. beverages to some extent. There is increasing evi­ Loss of routine living habits; increased use of 'dence to indicate that excessive use of alcoholic barbiturates. Catches catnaps anywhere any time. beverages results in serious problems of mental and Eats irregularly and sparingly. physical health. Each year the amount of alcoholic Deceptions-hidden supplies of alcohol for beverages consumed and the number of persons emergencies. Besetting fear that one will .. need" participating in the consumption of them increases. alcohol and not be able to get it. Alcohol education is an important part of the Loss of discrimination regarding taste and study of addiction, of the development of values potency of liquor. May drink anything. for the learner, and of the growth of personal and Growing despair with periods of acute remorse. social responsibility. It is concerned with the ma­ Real~ed loss of control. turing personality, the ability to think and act inde­ Surprisingly successful periods .. on the wagon., pendently, and the phases of critical thinking that Drinking or not drinking becomes total life. foresee consequences, observe advertising and propaganda with discernment, and draw careful You Should Realize- generalizations from evidence at hand. The study of addiction is much broader than it That the only sure prevention of alcoholism is is commonly conceived. It rightly includes learn­ abstinence. ing about alcohol, narcotics, and damaging psycho­ That the only real freedom comes when alcohol logical addiction. Addiction appears in widely does not matter. varying degrees ranging from a need for breakfast That will power alone brings neither freedom coffee to avoid a headache to a frantic need for an nor control. opiate to fend off convulsions. e That once habitual drinking begins, the ele­ Addiction education as such is an area of learn­ ments necessary for freedom include- ing which can scarcely be assigned to any one A new concept of living in which each new course taught. The major responsibility for the teaching of factual information is divided between day is an adventure and challenge, and life is too biological science and health instruction. Study of short to do everything one wishes. the implications for society is the responsibility of A belief in a higher Power than man. sociology and economics. Some consideration of An admission, at least to oneself, that one is in individual implications and values might arise in serious danger that he has not been able to con­ English classes. trol himself. The purpose of addiction education is the same A deep desire to want to be free. as that for all education: To promote the happi­ A willingness to accept and cooperate with ness and well-being of the individual and of society help outside oneself. -to make life more worth living. It is most im- Approaches to Alcohol Education g.

portant for students to learn early the facts regard­ Learning about alcoholism is of secondary im­ ing the effects of all kinds of addiction just as they portance in alcohol education. Alcoholism should learn the effects of different foods, of sleep, of be studied as a serious condition possible for any­ cleanliness, and of putting one's finger on a hot one who uses alcohol. The same attention should stove. be given to causes, incidence, cure, recurrence, and Four general areas of living are affected by both individual and social effects as in the study addiction: Physiological, psychological, social, of any deadly disease. Students should give it the and economic. same concern they grant to cancer, heart disease, Emphasis should be placed on the effects of the and polio. use of alcohol in all four areas. The relationship It is important also for students to realize that between use and addiction and the progress from the use of both alcohol and narcotics can pass the one to the other should be made perfectly clear. _quickly beyond a person's desire for control. Recognition should be given to the urge on the Whatever form a habit takes, if it limits thought part of adolescents to adopt symbols of pseudo­ and action to the habit itself, thereby preventing adulthood and thereby achieve social status. As a effort toward personal improvement, it contributes result, many teenagers begin activities which are to mental slavery and degeneration rather than dangerous or damaging to themselves and to so­ growth. If democracy thrives best in an atmos­ ciety. They may never outgrow the habits they phere of basic freedoms, it is vitally important that form at that time. In order to preclude such de­ schools teach students the value of mental freedom. velopment, some consideration could well be given If universal moral values are based on the pre­ to the study of characteristics of real adulthood. cept that what does good is right and what does Because of widely differing opinions regarding the use of alcoholic beverages, alcohol education is harm is wrong, the school can help to teach such one of the most difficult teaching areas for public values. It should teach the student an understand­ schools. The public schools of Kansas, however, ing of involvement and a realization of moral do have the responsibility for teaching the facts responsibility for himself and others. about the use of alcohol. Facts and statistics are available to provide re­ Schools Share Responsibility- liable information in all areas. Such information For teaching objective information about alco­ should come from careful studies, not emotional hol objectively. testimony nor evidence compiled for the purpose For teaching identifiable economic, sociological, of defending a particular creed. social, vocational, mental, physical, and emotional All of these learnings can and should be taught effects of alcohol and other sources of possible ad­ objectively. When they are approached without diction. emotion or bias, consideration of the use of alcohol as a moral issue related to the doctrine of any or­ For helping students develop the skill, the poise, ganized religious group is left to the home and and the habit of facing reality and challenge church. The student is then in possession of re­ squarely and thoughtfully without a .. crutch." liable knowledge which will enable him to foresee For helping students learn to live by their own probable outcomes and make wise decisions for best judgment in a society of many different points himself. of view. 10.

For helping students develop the habit of weigh­ If you are respectful of others whether you ing their own decisions and conduct thus: .. How agree with them or not. Be careful not to act would it be if everyone else did as I do?'' superior or apologetic. For encouraging the home to realize its prime If you say .. No, thank you" as casually as if responsibility for .. precept and example." it were not very important to you-without For teaching students to do critical thinking comment. about advertising: What it says, what it pointedly If you do accept something else-.. I'll take a does not say, and the implications of vocal intona• Coke, please." tion, art work, settings, points of attention, and If you are consistent. You are known as one radio and TV programs sponsored. who drinks or does not drink. Your friends For teaching students the symbols and char­ have little respect for one who cannot decide acteristics of real adulthood (maturity) to replace which he wants to be. misconceptions regarding pseudo-adulthood. If you remember that a good host or a friend respects your right of decision by refraining from The Positive Approach Says- urging a drink when you have declined. That good mental health is both a cause and a result of freedom from alcohol. Values Become Apparent That total abstinence from all forms of addic­ with the Realization- tion-producing narcotics or habits encourages a That teachers and parents should help children sense of freedom, independence, self-confidence and to develop-- clarity of thought not known to moderate or ex• respect for themselves. cessive users. respect for others. That the certainty of unimpaired judgment at appreciation of good things. all times attracts friends, business associates, and concern for welfare of others. professional confidence. honesty and integrity. That being in command of oneself on all oc­ strength not to follow the mob. casions requires no apology. ability to think independently. That without alcohol, chances of success in one's chosen work are doubled. That a sound guidance program helps insure against students' becoming delinquent. Teachers Saying "No" Is a Matter of­ are urged to be aware of opportunities and respon• sibility for teaching traits of good character. Knowledge about the effects of beverage alcohol That a child should be taught to­ based on reliable information. Strength of mental independence. work well alone and with others. Healthy personality produced by a sense of base action on thought. humor and of proportionate values. do his share to maintain standards. Appropriate degree of maturity toward ap• understand and appreciate others. preaching adulthood. manage wisely the resources at his disposal. e Realizing that you can say .. No" without That if there is truth in the belief that what embarrassment- does unnecessary harm to any individual or to so• Approaches to Alcohol Education II.

ciety is wrong, then the use of beverage alcohol Interview a social worker to learn the effect of is a moral issue on the basis of consequences. drink on family living. That the manufacture, advertising, sale, serving, What effect would a charge of drunken driving and recommendation of beverage alcohol--every against a youth have upon his chances of getting activity that may influence any person toward a a job? damaging habit-must also be reconsidered in the How does liquor advertising give the impression light of moral involvement. that every well-regulated and successful household That to control the use of alcohol once it has must use liquor to be socially acceptable? Is it begun requires constant vigilance. true? That to conquer problem drinking requires .. in· If the average family which uses alcohol con­ sight," the desire to want to stop drinking, whether sumes fifty gallons of liquor a year, what does this it comes through a sudden .. conversion" or by a amount to in money? slower process of realization and change. Explain: .. When disaster strikes, the weak or That insight, or conversion, cannot be separated unstable moderate drinker turns to alcohol as an from understanding and reason regarding the use escape and becomes an alcoholic." of beverage alcohol. e Raise such questions as those suggested That moral insight is very real. It is not an un· below: thinking emotional upheaval unrelated to reason. Is a statement necessarily true because a ma­ It is based on a new realization of the value of man jority says so? and the gift of life. Is a statement necessarily true because it ap• pears in print? Students Can Learn to Do Their Is a practice necessarily good because it is Own Thinking by Discussing- popular? How does alcohol contribute to family neglect? Why are there so many laws and regulation~ What court situations arise because of use of governing manufacture and sale of alcoholic alcohol? beverages? How does alcohol affect employment and jobs? Why is it illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to What is the cost of alcohol to our community? minors? What services would this sum of money buy for Why is it illegal to sell alcoholic beverages in our community? close proximity to schools and churches? What traffic hazards does alcohol create? Much is said about alcoholism as a disease. Why is the sale of alcoholic beverages, which What other ills of our society are caused by al­ cause alcoholism, promoted so vigorously when cohol? causes of other disease are stamped out? Find Explain the reason for the National Safety examples. Council slogan, ••If you drive, don't drink." Why do railroads, airlines, and other firms Explain:· ..The man takes a drink. make stringent regulations concerning their em• The drink takes a drink. ployees' use of alcoholic beverages? The drink takes the man." · Why are extra penalties given drivers in· Interview a social worker to learn the effect of volved in auto accidents if they are under the drink on family security. influence of alcoholic beverages? 12.

Why do we not have laws and regulations space might be built for about $12.50 a square restricting use of orange juice and milk? foot. On the average it takes about two·tenths of a How many classrooms could be built for the second for a driver to transfer his foot from the amount of one year's investment in alcoholic accelerator to the brake of his car when he is beverages? At twenty·five pupils per classroom, sober and three·tenths of a second after two cock· how many elementary school children could be tails. Actual tests show that an experienced housed for the same amount of money? driver after a couple of drinks goes four to eight Find out how many high school science labo· feet farther at 30 miles per hour before he can ratories could be equipped for high schools of begin to apply brake pressure. What are the about 300 students. possible results? How many churches for 300 members could e A teacher and his class may develop similar be built and equipped? problems to those given below by using facts about Find out how many people of the depressed alcohol consumption: areas of the world could be fed for a year. Why do liquor ads never show a business How many exchange students could be sup• setting, hospital surgery room, school, airplane ported for this amount? cockpit? What other worthwhile projects would $50,- 000,000 support? What kinds of TV programs are sponsored Americans spend 2Y2 times as much for liquor by the liquor industry? Why? as they do for the education of their children. Why does the liquor industry prepare and Make a picture or graph to illustrate this fact. publish materials on the prevention and .. cure" Using an example family budget which breaks of alcoholism? even without unforeseen expenses--food 38%, Why are alcohol and crime often associated? housing 2 5%, clothing 13%, savings 8%, recrea• Why do drinkers often insist that others drink tion 5%, miscellaneous 11 %-work out a budget with them? chart with the added cost of 10% for liquor. 20% In 1950 the population of Kansas was 1,900,- for liquor. Which items will you reduce to al· 000. Retail sales of alcoholic beverages low the family to spend these amounts from its amounted to $35,000,000. income for alcoholic beverages? In 1960 the population was 2,130,579. Re· tail sales value of alcoholic beverages was nearly School Courses Can Contribute- $50,000,000. State revenue amounts to 2Y2% In the lower elementary grades there is less oc• of the sales. This figure includes liquor· store casion for direct instruction about alcohol. To sales only. The figures for beer of 3.2 percent introduce the personal and social problems of of alcohol or less are not included. drinking may be disturbing to pupils of this age. A good elementary school building with one Teaching should stress, rather, the ideals and prac• classroom each for kindergarten through grade tices of physical and mental health; persons with eight would cost a minimum of approximately good health and well-adjusted personalities have no $200,000 without laboratory or movable equip· need for alcohol. The teacher should give atten• ment. One elementary classroom {without any tion to hygiene instruction and should seek to movable equipment) of 900 square feet of floor strengthen the desirable personality traits of pupils. Approaches to Alcohol Education 13.

A pupil who is disturbed by an alcohol problem in make-up are especially liable to suffer from varia­ his own home may need the sympathetic help of a tions in environment. teacher in making his personal adjustment to the Social Studies: The history of the prohibition problem. movement . . The liquor question in the It would seem appropriate to introduce to pupils United States . . Legislation concerning in the upper grades information about alcohol as it the production, sale, and use of alcohol. applies to safety and health. General science, health, and safety courses provide opportunities to A Backward Glance Reveals- introduce available subject matter and discussion The Puritan clergy of Massachusetts Bay Colony problems. Similarly, such instruction may be inte­ rebuked the intemperate, charging that drunken­ grated into social studies. Attention to mental and ness inevitably debased high standards of living. physical health is especially important at this age Moderation in all things was the chief concern and should not be neglected in any program of di­ of the Quakers. In 177 4 a Quaker promoted the rect instruction. first general attack against spirituous liquors. Nearly every department of a high school has The Methodist Discipline in 17 53 forbade something to contribute in alcohol education. drunkenness and the buying and selling of spiritu­ Biology: The structure of yeast cells and their ous liquors. relation to the process of fermentation . In 1789 a tariff bill which would have placed a The source and origin of the stimulants, de­ prohibitive duty on imports of spirits was intro­ pressants, and narcotics in common use and their duced. There was strong support of the measure effects upon various parts of the body, particularly as protection for native distillers and as a source of the nervous system . How animals and revenue. plants are retarded in their development by nar­ In 1790, during the Congressional debate, a me­ cotics. morial of the College of Physicians in Philadelphia Chemistry: The manufacture and distillation of stated: "The habitual use of distilled spirits, in alcohol . . The chemical composition and any case whatsoever, is wholly unnecessary; they neither fortify the body against the morbid effects uses of the various forms of alcohol, anesthetics, of heat and cold nor render labor more easy or and synthetic drugs. productive., Home Economics: The effect of alcohol on food, This statement was so far removed from popu­ personal economics, and family relationships lar beliefs that it had little or no effect at the time. . Problems posed in family budgets, health, It was to receive increasing attention, after some recreation, savings, social relations. years, as a statement of science which could be used Physical Education: The effect of alcohol upon in support of the temperance movement. skills and endurance and the effect of exercise upon Organized Temperance Efforts its absorption . . The importance of re­ The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression fraining from the use of alcohol for best physical of Intemperance was established in 1813. Clergy­ development. men, businessmen and civic leaders associated them­ Psychology: How social situations influence be­ selves to "suppress the too free use of ardent spirits, havior, and how persons with an unstable mental and its kindred vices, profaneness and gaming; and ' to encourage and promote temperance and general land, of the Woman's Christian Temperance morality." Union. Under the leadership of Miss Frances Early temperance writers used religious journals. Willard, emphasis was placed upon mass meetings, In this way a program of education on the question medal contests, concerts, posters, exhibits, and the of intemperance, though receiving the support of circulation of quantities of literature. An official laymen, came to be identified with religion and journal, the Union Signal, was established and is church activity. still published. In 1826 The American Society for the Promo· Active programs for young people, temperance tion of Temperance was established. Within a teaching in the public schools, and petitions to year there were 216 local societies. The groups medical societies were inaugurated. The Loyal were numerous in New England and the middle Temperance Legion for children was established to states. By 1833 the membership had increased to teach abstinence and to train for Christian citizen• 5'00,000, an am;u;ing number out of a total popu• ship and moral leadership. lation in the United States of less than 13 million. In 188 3, through the influence of Miss Willard, Representatives of 21 states met in 1830 to form the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union a strong central organization, the United States was established and the work introduced into 43 Temperance Union. By 1836 the organization other countries. changed its name to the American Temperance Enactment and Repeal of Legal Restrictions Union in order to take Canadians into its mem• bership. As early as 1876 a bill was introduced in Con· In 183 5' women were first allowed to participate gress to prohibit the manufacture and sale of dis· in the work, although not as members. Their func· tilled intoxicating liquors. Other prohibition bills tion was to work through local organizations to were introduced in subsequent years. help the families of the drunkards by charitable The result of joint action by committees of the measures. Children's groups were established, Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian chiefly in Sunday schools. Temperance Union was the Hobson joint reso· Nearly everywhere the temperance movement lution, calling for a constitutional prohibition faced indifference and popular ignorance. Never• amendment, introduced and rejected in the House theless, it successfully challenged the erroneous of Representatives in 191 5'. belief that spirituous liquors were beneficial to Two years later the Eighteenth Amendment to health. Within a generation numerous persons the Constitution was adopted by the House and changed their attitudes and habits, but even today the Senate and ratified by 36 state legislatures by many still cling to the old belief. January 16, 1919. It became effective one year The Prohibition Party appeared in 1872. Its later. goal was the complete suppression of trade in in· toxicating liquors. The party polled its greatest In December, 1933, the Twenty-First Amend· success in 1892. ment was passed providing for repeal of the Eight• Women of several states organized in 1870 to eenth Amendment. Kansas, Mississippi, and Ok­ exert influence, by prayer and mass meetings, on lahoma later passed prohibition laws. Kansas saloonkeepers and license boards. An outcome of repealed its state prohibition laws in 1949, and this activity was the organization in 1874, in Cleve- Oklahoma in 195'9. Approaches to Alcohol Education

In Kansas- of the Director of Control and the three-man Board of Review, all appointed by the governor. From the earliest Kansas history the "liquor All persons having anything to do with the man­ problem" appears frequently as one of the major ufacture, distribution, transportation, or sale of concerns of the people. Even in the period of ter­ liquor are required to be licensed. These licenses ritorial existence, throughout the bitter struggle are granted by the director and may be revoked by which saw the formation of four different state con­ him for cause. Any one of 14 conditions may dis­ stitutions before one was adopted, attempts were qualify a person from being granted any type of made to incorporate in one or another of these license. constitutions a section equivalent to the prohibitory Six additional restrictions are added for a person amendment adopted years later. seeking a retailer's license, three more for a manu­ That this problem should make its appearance facturer's license, and still three more for a distribu­ then when the question of freedom versus slavery tor's license. might be expected to overshadow all other issues Before anyone may go into the retail liquor busi­ seems now to be worthy of notice. ness, he must fill out a questionnaire which covers Kansas became a state in 1861. It adopted what the life history of the applicant and his moral char­ is known as the prohibitory amendment to the con­ acter as well as that of his spouse. The applicant stitution in 1880 by a vote of 92,000 to 84,000. must indicate whether he has ever been convicted The amendment reads: "The manufacture and of a felony, whether he has been convicted of vio­ sale of intoxicating liquor shall be forever pro­ lating the Kansas prohibitory laws or beer statutes hibited in this state except for medical, scientific or of operating a gambling game. and mechanical purposes." The director can refuse a license if the applicant's Current Legal Status in Kansas answers show that he has been guilty of any act In 1948 another amendment repealed the pro­ against "decency or morality." hibitory amendment. The 1948 amendment reads: Years ago Kansas statutes included a specific "The legislature may provide for the prohibitioh provision for the teaching of evil effects of narcotics of intoxicating liquors in certain areas. Subject and alcohol in the public schools. It also required to the foregoing, the legislature may regulate, li­ teachers to pass an examination in that field before cense and tax the manufacture and sale of intoxi­ receiving a certificate. This section was repealed cating liquors and may regulate the possession and in 1951, but it had not been enforced for many transportation of intoxicating liquors. The open years before repeal. saloon shall be forever prohibited." After the Twenty-First Amendment repealing The liquor control act passed by the 1949 Legis­ national prohibition was passed in December of lature is a lengthy, detailed, and stringent measure. 1933, Kansas passed a state prohibition law. That No retail liquor licenses shall be granted outside law also was repealed in 1949. the limits of a city except in Johnson and Sedgwick Counties. Liquor stores must sell alcoholic bev• Facts About Alcoholic Beverage erages exclusively. Sales by the drink are pro­ Consumption in Kansas hibited. By December 31, 1950, there were 840 retail Administration of the act is placed in the hands liquor stores operating in 218 cities. More than 16.

35 million dollars' worth of liquor was retailed in Frances Willard Day- Kansas during the first year of legal alcohol. In May of 1961 there were 1,034 liquor stores Although the state prohibition legislation was operating in Kansas. repealed in 1949, the following statute remains: In 1960 a total revenue of $2,509,577.45 was . . . September 28, or the school day in each year hereafter nearest to said date, shall be set apart and paid to the state on 896,722 cases of alcoholic bev­ designated as "Frances Willard Day"; and, in every erages sold in liquor stores. public school in the state of Kansas, one quarter of the The same year 2,284,741 gallons of beer having school day shall be set apart for instruction and ap, propriate exercises relative to the history and benefits more than 3.2 percent of alcohol was sold in of . . . the prohibitory laws of the state of Kan, Kansas. sas. It shall be the duty of all state, county, city, and Figures for 3.2 percent beer or less, that sold by school district officers, and of all pubJic,school teachers in the state, to carry out the provisions of this act (Sec. the drink, are not included in this report. 72,5'310, G. S. 1949.) Approaches to Alcohol Education

Study Materials- appeared first in the National Parent-Teacher maga­ .zine. This is No. 1 of the Highlight Series of pub­ List Prepared by Harold Caldwell lic education pamphlets. Books and Pamphlets McCarthy, Raymond G. Discussion Guides for ~uestions about Alcohol. New Haven. Yale Center of Al­ (Selected from those published during past 10 years) cohol Studies. 1956. Three guides: No. 1- 'The Physiological Effects of Alcohol, 13 pp. No. Bauer, W. W., and Donald A. Dukelow. What You 2-Community Opinions on Alcohol Problems, 13 Should Know about Smo~ing and Drin~ing. Chi­ pp. No. 3-Individual Attitudes toward Alcohol, cago. Science Research Associates. 1955. 40 pp. 13 pp. Designed as discussion guides, with list of (Junior Life Adjustment Booklet.) Based on teen­ books, pamphlets, films, filmstrips, and other ma­ agers' discussions, and stresses the necessity for facts terials. in making a sound personal decision. Addressed to younger teen-agers. McCarthy, Raymond G., ed. Drin~ing and Intoxication: Selected Readings in Social Attitudes and Controls. Blakeslee, Alton L. Alcoholism: A Sic~ness 'That Can Be New Haven. Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, and Beaten. New York. Public Affairs Committee, Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press. 1959. 455 pp. Inc. 1952. 28 pp. (Public Affairs Pamphlet No. Large volume, for adult use, primarily. Published 118.) On somewhat mature level, with problems to summari.ze present knowledge concerning physi­ of alcoholism analy.zed. Includes two series of car­ ological and psychological effects of drinking bev­ toons which can be used as basis for discussion. erage alcohol. Historical, legislative, and other in­ Durfee, Charles H. Should You Drin~. New York. The formation concerning man's attempts to solve the Macmillan Company. 1954. 152 pp. Discusses alcohol problem. why a person becomes a problem drinker, and the McCarthy, Raymond G. Facts about Alcohol. Chicago. therapy of a farm setting and re-education. In­ Science Research Associates. 1951. 48 pp. One cludes "Letter to My Son," in which the author of the series of Life Adjustment Booklets, it is aimed presents the drinking problem to his 18-year-old at the high school age. Physiological effects, with son. dangers accompanying emotional immaturity, are Fox, Ruth, and Peter Lyon (pseud.) Alcoholism: Its discussed. Scope, Cause and 'Treatment. New York. Ran­ McCarthy, Raymond G. 'Teen-Agers and Alcohol: A dom House. 1955. 208 pp. St.eps leading to al­ Handboo~ for the Educator. New Haven. Yale cohol addiction, and analysis of various programs Center of Alcohol Studies. 1956. 188 pp. De­ for alcoholics. Dr. Fox favors approach of psycho­ signed for teachers and administrators, it offers analysis, and of a society which has no need for a specific helps for methods in alcohol education. drug. Includes a questionnaire for use with the film, Ivy, Andrew C., and others. Really Living. Washington. What About Drin~ing? Narcotics Education, Inc. 1959. 196 pp. Ap­ Menninger, William C. Growing Up Emotionally. Chi­ proved by State Board of Education for use in cago. Science Research Associates. 1957. 48 pp. Kansas schools. Supports a program of abstinence, One of the series of Life Adjustment Booklets, with young people reaching their decisions on the its aim is to present the positive aspects of growth, basis of the facts. Consideration of drugs other particularly emotional, to assist in a satisfactory life than alcohol. adjustment, to which the problem of drinking may be related. King, Albion Roy. Basic Information on Alcohol. Re­ vised edition. Mount Vernon, Iowa. Cornell Col­ Filmstrips lege Press. 1957. 152 pp. Presents scientific facts in light of moral principles, as basis for personal Alcohol and You. Part 1. Young America-McGraw­ decision in favor of abstinence. Presents the point Hill Text Films. 195'2. 44 frames. Color. (Al­ of view that the nondrinker is better able to meet cohol and Narcotic Series) the problems of life. Study guide by J. I. Mc­ Alcohol and You. Part 2. Young America-McGraw• Donough available from the General Board of Hill Text Films. 1952. 45 frames. Color. (Al­ Temperance of the Methodist Church. cohol and Narcotic Series) Krimmel, Herman E. 'Thin~ing Straight about Alcohol. Of Cats and People. General Board of Temperance of the Chicago. National Congress of Parents and Teach­ Methodist Church. 1954. 45 frames. Black­ ers. 24 pp. The· four articles in this pamphlet and-white. 10" record to accompany, 331/3 speed. 18.

Sound Films, 16 mm. Liquid Lore. 18 mm. Color. Produced by WCTU. Sources: BVI; FHS. Outlines the properties of LEGEND: water and alcohol, their effect on the human body, Producers: and their uses in industry. EBF-Encyclopedia Britannica Films, Inc. ]\{one for the Road. 14 min. B&W. Produced by YAF. WCTU-Woman's Christian Temperance Union Sources: BVI. Deals with the problem of teen­ WHO-World's Health Organization age drinking and driving, dramatizing a group in­ YAF- Young America Films, division of McGraw­ cluding a non-drinker, a moderate drinker, and a Hill Text-Films heavy drinker. YCA--Yale Center of Alcohol Studies Problem Drin~ers. 19 min. B&W. Produced by EBF. Sources: (Film libraries within the state) Sources: HES. Change from moderate drinking BSS-Blue Stem Audio-Yisual Service, William to uncontrolled excess, and rehabilitation through Allen White Library, Kansas State Teachers Alcoholics Anonymous. Discusses community College, Emporia, Kansas responsibility. BVI-Bureau of Visual Instruction, Bailey Hall, Public Enemy N..o. 1. 22 min. Color. Produced by University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas WCTU. Sources: BVI; FHS. Shows how one FHS-Film Service, Forsyth Library, Fort Hays man, a doctor, explains to his sons about the effects Kansas State College, Hays, Kansas of alcohol. RES--Health Education Services, State Office Cfeaching Cfeen-Agers about Alcohol. 16 min. B&W. Building, Topeka, Kansas Sources: BSS; HES. Designed to give teachers "B&W"-black-and-white film; "Color"--color film proper methodology used in teaching about alcohol. Shows one teacher's successful approach to the Alcohol and the Human Body. 15 min. B&W. Pro­ problem. duced by EBF. Sources: HES. Live photog­ raphy and animation, showing specific effects of Cfhat Boy Joe. 22 min. B&W. Produced by WCTU. ethyl alcohol on the body, effects on the brain, and Sources: BVI. Boy brought before probation of­ on actions of the drinker. ficer for petty larceny, analyzing factors involved, and offers recommendations for solving problem. Alcoholism. 20 min. B&W. Produced by EBF. Sources: Cfheobald Faces the Facts. 14 min. B&W and color. HES. Medical approach, with case histories. Produced by WCTU. Sources: BVI. Deals with Causes and treatment of excessive drinking. Role fallacies about alcoholic beverages. Produced in of the public clinic. animation with audience-participation technique. Any Boy U.S. A. 25 min. Color. Produced by WCTU. Cfo 'Your Health. 11 min. Color. Produced by WHO. Sources : BVI; FHS. Shows results of excessive Sources: HES. Development of alcoholism ancient drinking of alcoholic beverages. Teenage boy meets to present. Alcoholism as an illness, in need of Mr. Whiskey on the highway. Learns places skilled medical -help. Lively film in cartoon style. where Mr. Whiskey is barred. Vicious Circle. • 20 min. B&W. Produced by WCTU. Brain Is the Reason. 11 min. B&W. Produced by Sources: BVI. Shows man's use of alcohol to WCTU. Sources: BVI. Shows the effects of escape reality. Considers liquor advertising and alcohol on the brain. Revision of previous film, offers possible solution to national problem. "It's the Brain That Counts." What about Alcohol? 11 min. Color. Produced by WCTU. Sources: BVI; FHS. Teen-age boys Choice Is 'Yours. 21 min. B&W. Produced by WCTU. discussing loss of star l;,asketball player banned from Sources: BVI; FHS. Features Dr. Ivy, University team because of breaking training rules by using of Illinois, and young people questioning science alcoholic drinks. teacher about alcohol. What about Alcoholism? 11 min. B&W. Produced by Food for Cfhought. 13 min. Color. Produced by WCTU. YCA. Sources: HES. Discussion film for youth Sources: BVI; FHS. Aims to show the physical groups, with group of students discussing alco­ and social effects of alcohol. holism in class. Visit to public clinic and people in the community. Friendly Enemy. 27 min. B&W. Produced by WCTU. What about Drin~ing? 11 min. B&W. Produced by Sources: BVI; FHS. Photographed in a labora­ YAF. Sources: BVI; HES. An accident pro­ tory, presenting the nature and properties of al­ vokes discussion by teen-agers concerning use of cohol, its uses in industry, and its effects on the alcohol. Designed in collaboration with Yale Cen­ human body. ter to stimulate discussion on attitudes. Approaches to Alcohol Education 19.

REPORT TO THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT (Please encircle appropriate answers; fill in blank spaces.)

I have taught some alcohol education this year in a(n) .----- course in grade ----· We spent --- hours on the unit of study.

Of the material in this booklet I used all much little none.

The sections I found most useful are-

The study materials I found most useful are-(Give authors' names.)

Materials or ideas which affected student thinking most are-

In general, the unit of study was received very well with approval with indifference with resistance with resentment.

Students displayed much moderate little interest.

The lesson form or activity I found most successful was-

I offer the following suggestions regarding alcohol education and .future publications on the subject-

My mailing address is

~ame: ______

Positio•IL------'------

Schoo•L------

City·------

Please tear out and mail this page to Adel F. Throckmorton State Superintendent of Public . Instruction Statehouse Topeka, Kansas