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Disease Risks ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT – DISEASE RISKS DigsFish Services Report: DF 11-02 5 August 2011 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT- DISEASE RISKS Prepared by: Ben Diggles PhD Prepared for: New Zealand King Salmon PO Box1180 Nelson 7040 New Zealand DigsFish Services Pty. Ltd. 32 Bowsprit Cres, Banksia Beach Bribie Island, QLD 4507 AUSTRALIA Ph/fax +61 7 3408 8443 Mob 0403773592 [email protected] www.digsfish.com Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................... 4 Description of Plan Change and Resource Consents ........................................................................................ 5 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.0 Review of Disease Agents in Global Salmon Seacage Culture .............................................................7 2.1 Viral diseases ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Bacterial diseases............................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Fungal diseases ................................................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Protozoal diseases ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.5 Metazoan diseases ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.0 Description of the existing environment -Disease Agents in New Zealand Salmon ........................... 15 4.0 Assessment of Environmental Effects................................................................................................. 17 4.1 Hazard Identification........................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 Elimination of insignificant diseases ................................................................................................. 19 4.2.1 Non-infectious diseases ................................................................................................................ 19 4.2.2 Bacteria........................................................................................................................................ 19 4.2.3 Fungi............................................................................................................................................ 21 4.2.4 Protozoa ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.5 Metazoa........................................................................................................................................ 22 4.3 The diseases of concern requiring detailed risk assessment................................................................ 24 5.0 Detailed Risk Assessment.................................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Infection with Aquatic Birnavirus...................................................................................................... 25 5.2 Amoebic/Nodular Gill Disease.......................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Sea lice............................................................................................................................................. 32 5.4 Whirling Disease .............................................................................................................................. 37 6.0 Recommended Options for Disease Risk Minimisation ..................................................................... 40 6.1 Number and location of seacages...................................................................................................... 40 6.1.1 Independent farm management areas............................................................................................. 41 6.1.2 Year class farming and site fallowing............................................................................................ 42 6.2 Buffer zones surrounding farming areas............................................................................................ 43 6.3 Harvesting........................................................................................................................................ 44 6.3.1 Harvesting method........................................................................................................................ 44 6.3.2 Processing premises...................................................................................................................... 44 7.0 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 45 1 . Final Report 5 August 2011 www.digsfish.com 8.0 References........................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix 1 – Risk Assessment Methodology.................................................................................................. 64 Release assessment ................................................................................................................................... 64 Exposure assessment................................................................................................................................. 64 Consequence assessment........................................................................................................................... 65 Risk estimation ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Risk mitigation.......................................................................................................................................... 68 Option evaluation...................................................................................................................................... 68 2 . Final Report 5 August 2011 www.digsfish.com Abbreviations and Acronyms AGD Amoebic Gill Disease IHN Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis IP intraperitoneal IPN Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis IPNV Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ISA Infectious Salmon Anaemia ISAV Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus OIE World Organisation for Animal Health (formerly Office International des Epizooties). PLB Piscirickettsia -like bacteria RA Risk Analysis SD Sleeping Disease SPD Salmon Pancreas Disease TAB Tasmanian aquabirnavirus TCID 50 Tissue culture infectious dose 50% endpoint VHS Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia VHSV Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus Version control First draft 31 May 2011 Second draft 9 June 2011 Third draft 15 June 2011 Draft Final Report 20 June 2011 Final report 5 August 2011 Disclaimer: DigsFish Services have taken all reasonable care and diligence to ensure the information contained in this report is accurate at the time of publication. However this report is offered as general advice only, we do not warrant the accuracy of the information contained within and accept no liability for any loss or damage that may result from reliance on this information. 3 . Final Report 5 August 2011 www.digsfish.com Executive Summary This Environmental Assessment Report was developed to assess potential disease risks associated with a planning change and resource consent application undertaken by New Zealand King Salmon (NZ King Salmon), who wish to expand their King salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) aquaculture operations in the Marlborough Sounds to another 8 sites covering some 12 additional hectares of surface farm structures. Hazard identification for the known disease agents reported from wild and cultured salmon in New Zealand identified 20 infectious agents and 13 non-infectious diseases of cultured salmon. The non-infectious diseases do not pose any threat to wild aquatic animals, and hence were not considered further. From the remaining potential hazards, 4 disease agents (Aquatic birnavirus, sea lice, amoebic/nodular gill disease and whirling disease) were classified as diseases of concern that required detailed risk assessment. The outcomes of the risk assessments found that none of these disease agents are likely to cause significant disease in wild fishes or other aquatic animals, indicating that no additional risk management measures are necessary at this time. However, an unquantifiable risk remains that biosecurity leaks could allow exotic diseases to be introduced, and/or new endemic diseases could emerge in salmon aquaculture in New Zealand at some time in the future. The proposed changes, if approved, will allow the company to expand without increasing stocking densities on individual farms, while permitting establishment of 3 independent farm management areas separated by ideal buffer zones. These arrangements will therefore allow NZ King Salmon to implement worlds best practice
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