DOCSLIB.ORG

2. Design Considerations for Bridges with External Tendons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2. Design Considerations for Bridges with External Tendons E XTERNAL P OST-TENSIONING Contents Preface.................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 2 1.1. Historical developments ....................................................................... 2 1.2. Areas of application today ..................................................................... 4 1.3. Types and components of external tendons ........................................ 5 General ................................................................................... 5 Prestressing steel ..................................................................... 5 Tendon anchorages .................................................................. 5 Corrosion protection systems ................................................... 6 Saddles at points of deviation .................................................. 7 1.4. Future developments .................................................................................. 7 2. Design Considerations for Bridges with External Tendons ................... 9 2.1. General.................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Serviceability and ultimate limit states................................................... 10 Serviceability limit state ........................................................... 10 Ultimate limit state..................................................................... 10 2.3. Particular aspects ................................................................................. 11 Saddles......................................................................................11 Minimum tendon radii .............................................................. 11 Prestress losses due to friction................................................ 11 3. VSL External Tendons .......................................................................... 12 3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................12 3.2. Types of VSL External Tendons and Technical Data ........................... 12 General .................................................................................... 12 Selection criteria ...................................................................... 12 Strands .................................................................................... 12 Characteristic breaking loads of VSL External Tendons ......... 13 Tubing ...................................................................................... 13 Anchorages ............................................................................. 13 Grouting compounds ............................................................... 13 3.3. Experimental evidence ........................................................................ 15 4. Application of the VSL External Tendons.............................................. 16 4.1. Manufacture and installation ................................................................ 16 Prefabrication .......................................................................... 16 Fabrication in the final position ............................................... 16 4.2. Stressing .............................................................................................. 16 4.3. Grouting................................................................................................ 16 4.4. Completion work................................................................................... 16 5. VSL Service Range ...............................................................................17 5.1. General.................................................................................................. 17 5.2. Tender Preparation ............................................................................... 17 6. Examples from Practice ....................................................................... 18 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 18 6.2 Bridges originally designed with external tendons ............................... 18 6.3. Other structures originally designed with external tendons.................. 25 6.4. Bridges with subsequently added external tendons.............................. 26 6.5. Other structures with subsequently added external tendons ................ 28 7. Bibliography and Reference ................................................................. 30 Copyright 1992 by VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD., Switzerland - All rights reserved - Printed in Hong Kong. E XTERNAL P OST-TENSIONING Preface The purpose of this report is to discuss the principles and applications of external post-tensioning and to present the VSL External Tendons. It should assist engineers in making decisions regarding both design and construction. This document does not represent a complete manual for detailed design and practical construction of structures with external tendons. In this respect the reader is referred to the relevant technical literature (see bibliography in Chapter 7). Furthermore, it must be mentioned that the emphasis is clearly on the applications for bridges. Where appropriate, however, reference is also made to other applications such as in buildings and circular structures. There are many similarities between external tendons, stay tables and permanent prestressed ground anchors. In fact, regarding many aspects there is hardly any difference. Reference is therefore made to the report on VSL Stay Cables for Cable- Stayed Bridges [1] and the VSL documentation on ground anchors (e.g. [2]). The VSL Organizations will be pleased to assist and advise you on questions relating to the use of external post-tensioning. The authors hope that the present report will help in stimulating new and creative ideas. The VSL Representative in your country or VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD., Berne, Switzerland, will be glad to provide you with further information on the subject. Authors H.U. Aeberhard, Civil Engineer ETH P. Buergi, Mechanical Engineer HTL H.R. Ganz, Dr. sc. techn., Civil Engineer ETH P. Marti, Dr. sc. techn., Civil Engineer ETH P. Matt, Civil Engineer ETH T. Sieber, Civil Engineer HTL. 1 E XTERNAL P OST-TENSIONING 1. Introduction 1.1. Historical developments In 1934, Dischinger was granted his (25.20 - 69.00 - 23.40 m), external patent DRP 727,429 (Fig. 1). It contains tendons consisting of smooth bars with a The idea of actively compressing the innovative idea of post-tensioning yield strength of 520 N/mm² and a diame- structural elements with a high tensile reinforced concrete girders with external ter of 70 mm were used [6]. Due to World material such as steel is very old. tendons. For the determination of the War II and its aftermath, the originally Everyone is familiar with timber barrels magnitude of prestressing, he proposed planned restressing operations were not and timber wheels stressed together by the concept of concordant prestressing, performed until 1962, together with other steel hoops. In ancient Egypt, the same which later became known as the “load- repair work [7]. In 1983, the original bar technique was used for shipbuilding. balancing” method. Dischinger’s main tendons were again stressed [8]. Today, In the history of modern engineering, concern was the long-term deformation the bridge has been in service for more Farber may first be mentioned. He was due to the time-dependent, visco-elastic than 50 years. Some years ago the granted German patent DRP 557,331 in behaviour of the concrete. He was aware German Democratic Republic listed this 1927. In essence, this patent describes a of the pioneering work of Freyssinet and remarkable structure as one of its prestressing system in which bond with his classical experiments, carried out in technical monuments. the surrounding concrete structure is the years 1926 to 1929. While Freyssinet In the late thirties and early forties, prevented by covering the prestressing clearly recognized the nature of concrete Dischinger designed other road and steel with a bond-breaker such as with regard to creep and shrinkage [4], it railway bridges with spans of up to 150 m. paraffin. It is not known whether Farber’s was Dischinger who first proposed a valid The construction of the Warthe Bridge in idea was actually applied in practice [3]. mathematical model in 1939 [5]. Thus, in Posen (today Posnan, Poland) with spans the absence of a sound theory in the mid- of 55.35 - 80.50 - 55.35 m was stopped thirties, it was quite logical for Dischinger because of the war. The external ten- to opt for external post-tensioning. He dons, consisting of steel ropes 65 mm, wished to retain the possibility of were already on site. They were, how- restressing the tendons should undesir- ever, more urgently needed as external able deflections occur. Furthermore, tendons for post-tensioning the heavy Dischinger specifically mentioned in his reinforced concrete trusses carrying trav- publications the longer life of such eling cranes in a large steel mill [9]. tendons resulting from the reduced Dischinger also conceived composite influence of fatigue loadings and the bridges with external post-tensioning [10]. system-inherent possibility of replacing Based on Freyssinet’s ideas, Wayss & tendons, even under traffic, should this be Freytag AG designed and constructed in required. 1938 the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supplement of a High-Resolution Dataset of Water Fluxes and States for Germany Accounting for Parametric Uncertainty
    Supplement of Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1769–1790, 2017 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/21/1769/2017/ doi:10.5194/hess-21-1769-2017-supplement © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of A high-resolution dataset of water fluxes and states for Germany accounting for parametric uncertainty Matthias Zink et al. Correspondence to: Luis Samaniego ([email protected]) and Matthias Zink ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence. Table S1. Time and location invariant global parameters of mHM v4.3 which are purpose to an automated calibration. Category Number Paraeter Name Unit Minimum Maximum Interception 1 canopyInterceptionFactor [1] 0.1 0.3 2 snowTreshholdTemperature [◦C] -2 2 3 degreeDayFactor_forest [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 0.0001 4 4 degreeDayFactor_impervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 0.5 4 5 degreeDayFactor_pervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 0.5 6 Snow 6 increaseDegreeDayFactorByPrecip [d−1 mm−1] 0.1 7 7 maxDegreeDayFactor_forest [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 3 8 8 maxDegreeDayFactor_impervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 3 8 9 maxDegreeDayFactor_pervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 3 8 10 orgMatterContent_forest [%] 4 7 11 orgMatterContent_impervious [%] 0 0.1 12 orgMatterContent_pervious [%] 1.5 3 13 PTF_lower66_5_constant [-] 0.7 0.8 Soil moisture - 14 PTF_lower66_5_clay [-] 0.0005 0.0015 storage 15 PTF_lower66_5_Db [-] -0.27 -0.25 16 PTF_higher66_5_constant [-] 0.8 0.9 17 PTF_higher66_5_clay [-] -0.0015 -0.0005 18 PTF_higher66_5_Db [-] -0.35 -0.3 19 infiltrationShapeFactor [-] 0.5 4 20 Permanent Wilting Point [-]
    [Show full text]
  • 83Rd Division Radio News, Germany, Vol IV #39, March 9, 1945, One Page
    DON'T FRATBRNIZE1 DON'T TRUST A GERMAN VOLUME VI NO 39 9 MARCH 1945 GERMANY t AMERICAN FIRST ARMY TROOPS HOLD A BRIDGEHEAD OVER THE RHINE RIVER SOUTH OF COLOGNE. THEY CROSSED THE RIVER ON WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON AND REINFORCEMENTS AND SUPPLIES HAVE HEM STREAMING ACROSS. GERMAN RESISTANCE ON THE FAR BMK OF THE RIVER IS REPORTED TO EE FAHLY LIGHT AND NO SERIOUS COUNTERATTACKS HAVE BEEN MADE BY THE GERMANS YET. THE GERMANS SAY THAT THE AFRICANS SEIZED A BRIDGE AT REM- ARGEN, 12 MILES SOUTH OF COLOGNE. THE GERMANS PAID TRIBUTE TO AMERICAN AGGRES• SIVENESS IN TAKING THE BRIDGE AND SAY THAT GERMAN SAPPERS FAILED TO MINE THE BRIDGE BEFORE THE AMERICANS REACHED IT. RAF MOSQUITOS LAST NIGHT ATTACKED GER• MAN TROOPS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AREA OF THE BRIDGEHEAD IN SUPPORT OF THE AMER• ICANS. OTHER FIRST ARMY YANKS HAVE CLEARED HALF THE TOWN OF BONN. TANKS OF GENERAL PATTON'S FOURTH ARMORED DIVISION ARE PATROLLING THE WESTERN BANK OF THE RHINE NORTH OF COBLENZ. THIRD ARMY INFANTRY ARE MOPPING UP BEHIND THE ARMOREDSPEARHEADS. THE AMERICANS ARE PRESSING INTO THE RHINE-MOSELLE TRI• ANGLE AND HAVE CLEARED 2/3 OF THE COBLENZ PLAIN. PATTON'S SPEARHEADS WERE LAST REPORTED 4 MILES FROM COBLENZ. UNITED KINGDOM TROOPS HAVE TAKEN THE TOWN OF X AN TEN IN THE GERMAN POCKET COV• ERING THE RHINE CROSSINGS AT W&SEL. A TIMED TROOPS HAVE KEPT UP THEIR PRESSURE ALL AROUND THE POCKET. AFRICANS OF THE NINTH ARMY ARE ABOUT 5 MILES FROM THE RHINE CROSSINGS. THE GERMANS ARE TRYING TO GET AS MUCH EQUIPMENT OUT OF THE POC• KET AS IS POSSIBLE BUT THEY HAVE BEEN BRINGING MORE TROOPS ACROSS THE RIVER TO REINFORCE THE PARACHUTE INFANTRYMEN WHO ARE HOLDING OUT NOW.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure of the Vairone Telestes Souffia in the Eastern Part
    Journal of Fish Biology (2010) 77, 1158–1164 doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02767.x, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Genetic structure of the vairone Telestes souffia in the eastern part of Lake Constance, central Europe F. M. Muenzel*†, W. Salzburger*†, M. Sanetra*, B. Grabherr‡ and A. Meyer*§ *Lehrstuhl f¨ur Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universit¨atsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany, †Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland and ‡Department of Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (Received 1 June 2010, Accepted 9 August 2010) Examination of the genetic structure of the vairone Telestes souffia based on 10 nuclear markers (microsatellites) revealed little-to-moderate genetic differentiation between geographically adjacent populations in the eastern part of Lake Constance in central Europe. Results emphasize the critically endangered status of this freshwater fish in the upper Rhine River system. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Key words: bottleneck; conservation; Cyprinidae; freshwater fish; microsatellites; population genetics. Climatic oscillations during the Quaternary had an important effect on the actual distribution and the genetic structure of many freshwater fish species, especially in previously glaciated areas due to founder events (Bernatchez, 2001; Ramstad et al., 2004). In addition to natural events, human interactions (such as fisheries, habitat fragmentation and pollution) have imprinted the population genetic structure of many fish species in the recent past (Laroche & Durand, 2004). Combining population genetic data with geographical information, life-history traits of a species and data on past events such as climatic fluctuations or human interference can provide important insights into the factors that shaped the structure of populations, the evolutionary history of a species and its conservation status.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Scherrer Institute Scientific Report 1998. Volume V
    ETOf-C//—^ fo / PAUL S CHER HER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 1999 i J i I i i i i PSI • Scientific Report 1998 / Volume V General Energy Photo Cover View along the tubing system of a prototype Condensation Interface which was developed for the on-line measurement of heavy metal concentrations in hot gases. See article by Ch. Ludwig, S. Stuck! and A.J. Schuler Photo: Armin Muller, RSI PAULSCHERRER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 1999 Scientific Report 1998 Volume V General Energy ed. by: Christina Daum and Jakob Leuenberger CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland Phone: 056/310 21 11 Telefax: 056/310 21 99 http://www1.psi.ch/www_f5_hn/f5_home.html DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 A. Wokaun Renewable Energies and Materials Cycles 3 The Influence of Chlorine on the Fate and Activity of Alkali Metals during the Gasification of 4 Wood R. Struis, C. von Scala, A. Schuler, S. Stuck! On-Board Conversion of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether as an Alternative Diesel Fuel 6 H. Armbruster, G. Heinzelmann, R. Struis, S. Stuck! Solar Thermal Production of Zinc: Program Strategy 8 A. Steinfeld, A. Weidenkaff, S. Moeller, R. Palumbo Economic Evaluation of the Solar Thermal Co-Production of Zinc, Synthesis Gas, and 10 Hydrogen A. Steinfeld, I. Spiewak (EC Joint Research Centre, Spain) Solar Production of Catalytic Filamentous Carbon by Thermal Decomposition of Hydro- 12 carbons and Carbon Monoxide V.A. Kirillov, G.G. Kuvshinov, Yu.l.
    [Show full text]
  • Tax Conventions with the Philippines and France
    FtttlVIH I— 5 «ST*TFMW* •MW** \ O 3 *1 T /?/ 8 TAX CONVENTIONS WITH THE mu PHILIPPINES AND FRANCE GOVERN I ENT.................. Storage HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOR EIGN RELATIONS UNITE D STATES SENATE NIN ET IE TH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON TAX CONVENTION WITH TH E PH ILIPPINE S (EXECUTIVE D, 89TH CONGRESS, FIRS T SESSION) TAX CONVENTION WITH FRANCE (EXECUTIVE N, 90TH CONGRESS, FIRS T SESSION) APRIL 30, 1968 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRI NTING OFFICE 93-646 WASHINGTON : 1968 A CO M M IT TEE ON FO R EIG N RELATIO N S J. W. FUL BRIGH T, Arkansas, Chairman JOHN SPA R KM A N , Alabama BO URKE B. H IC KEN LO O PER, Iowa M IK E M A N SFIE LD , Montana GE ORGE D. AIK EN , Vermont W AYN E M ORSE , Oregon FR A N K CA RLS ON, Kansas A LB E R T GORE, Tennessee JOHN J. W IL LI AM S, Delaware FRAN K J. LA USC H E, Ohio K A R L E. M UNDT, South Dakota FRAN K CH URCH , Idaho CLIF FO RD P. CA SE , New Jersey STU ART SYM IN GTON , Missouri JOHN SH ER M AN CO OPE R, Kentu cky TH OM AS J. DODD, Connecticut JOSEPH S. C L A R K , Pennsylvania CLAIB O RN E PELL, Rhode Island EUGEN E J. M CC ART HY, Minnesota C ar l M ar cy , Chief of S ta ff A rt hu r M .
    [Show full text]
  • Und Steinfliegen (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera) Des Naturschutzgebiets Wutach Im Süd- Schwarzwald
    17 Lauterbornia 71:17-36, D-86424 Dinkelscherben, 2010-12-08 Die Eintags- und Steinfliegen (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera) des Naturschutzgebiets Wutach im Süd- schwarzwald Mayflies and Stoneflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera) of the Wutach River Nature Reserve, Southern Black Forest, Germany Björn Frey und Arnold Staniczek Mit 9 Abbildungen und 5 Tabellen Schlagwörter: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Insecta, Wutach, Rhein, Schwarzwald, Baden-Württem- berg, Deutschland, Fluss, Faunistik Keywords: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Insecta, Wutach, Rhine, Black Forest, Baden-Württem- berg, Germany, faunistics Die Eintagsfliegen- und Steinfliegenfauna des Naturschutzgebietes Wutach im Südschwarz- wald wurde über zwei Vegetationsperioden in den Jahren 2007-2009 untersucht und mit frü- heren Untersuchungen verglichen. Insgesamt wurden 26 Ephemeroptera-Arten aus 14 Gat- tungen sowie 31 Plecoptera-Arten an Steinfliegen aus 13 Gattungen nachgewiesen. 13 der 57 gefundenen Arten sind hierbei Neunachweise für das Wutachgebiet. The mayfly and stonefly fauna of the Wutach Nature Reserve, Southern Black Forest, Ger- many, was investigated during two vegetation periods from 2007-2009. The results are com- pared with earlier investigations. A total of 26 Ephemeroptera species and 31 Plecoptera spe- cies were recorded. Out of these 57 species, 13 species were recorded for the first time in the investigated area. 1 Einleitung Das Naturschutzgebiet Wutach im Südschwarzwald ist eines der ältesten Na- turschutzgebiete Deutschlands. Auf einer Strecke von 20 km durchläuft die Wutach hier alle Gesteinsschichten der süddeutschen Schichtstufenlandschaft. Zählte die Wutach vor der Würmeiszeit noch zum System der Feldbergdonau, erfuhr sie im beginnenden Hochglazial der Würmeiszeit eine Ablenkung nach Süden, so dass sie seither zum Rhein fließt (Liehl 1971). Bisherige Untersuchun- gen der aquatischen Insektenfauna des NSG Wutach liegen bereits längere Zeit zurück; die letzte Untersuchung des Zoobenthos der Wutach wurde im Jah- re1982 durchgeführt (Gonser & Schwoerbel 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • Hochwasser Mai / Juni 2013 Auf Basis Von Rohdaten
    Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg Kurzbericht zum Hochwasser Mai / Juni 2013 auf Basis von Rohdaten Stand: 16. August 2013 - Inhalt - Kurzfassung ...................................................................................................................... 2 1. Ausgangslage (Bodenfeuchte, Niederschläge) ........................................................ 3 2. Hochwassersituation ................................................................................................ 6 3. Einsatz und Wirkung von Retentionsmaßnahmen und Rückhaltebecken................ 9 Anlagen Anlage 1: Hochwasserscheitelwerte, Jährlichkeiten und historische Vergleichswerte für ausgewählte Pegel Anlage 2: Liste der HVZ-Pegel in Baden-Württemberg mit HW > 20 Jahren Anlage 3: Wirkung der Retentionsmaßnahmen am Oberrhein für die Pegel Speyer und Worms Anlage 4: Räumliche Schwerpunkte des Hochwassers in Baden-Württemberg im Hinblick auf die Hochwasser-Jährlichkeit LUBW Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg Sachgebiet 43.2 Hochwasservorhersagezentrale, Hochwasserschutz Oberrhein Bearbeitung: Dr. Manfred Bremicker, Ute Badde, Joachim Krause Angela Sieber (Hydron GmbH), Daniel Varga (Hydron GmbH) 1 Kurzfassung Meteorologie, Hydrologie Aufgrund der nassen Witterung in den Vorwochen lag die Bodenfeuchte in Baden- Württemberg Ende Mai 2013 auf einem sehr hohen Niveau. Der ergiebige, in manchen Landesteilen auch extrem ergiebige Dauerregen hielt von Donnerstagabend (30. Mai) bis Sonntagvormittag
    [Show full text]
  • The Research University in the Helmholtz Association
    THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY IN THE HELMHOLTZ ASSOCIATION Annual Report 2017 of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu 2 AT A GLANCE EDITORIAL 3 KIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association – stands for excellent research and outstanding academic educa- tion. It also is a driver of innovation by making best possible use of the syner- gies resulting from the merger of a state university with a national large-scale Mission research center eight years ago. We create and impart knowledge for the society and the environment. In our annual report, we look back on a very active year 2017 and present From fundamental research to applications, we excel in a broad range of disciplines, to you some highlights of our work. You will read about exciting results and i.e. in natural sciences, engineering sciences, economics, and the humanities and course-setting developments in the areas of research, teaching, and innovation. social sciences. For example, KIT has been successful with four cluster-of-excellence initiatives and was able to establish nine new tenure-track professorships within the We make significant contributions to the global challenges of mankind in the fields framework of the Early-career Researchers Pact (Nachwuchspakt). In a field test of energy, mobility, and information. accomplished by KIT in Landau, Germany, selected private households tested decentralized power trading at a regional level as a possible model for the energy market of the fu- Being a big science institution, we take part in international competition and hold a ture.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Northern Ice Shield to the Alpine Glaciations a Quaternary Field Trip Through Germany
    DEUQUA excursions Edited by Daniela Sauer From the northern ice shield to the Alpine glaciations A Quaternary field trip through Germany GEOZON From the northern ice shield to the Alpine glaciations Preface Daniela Sauer The 10-day field trip described in this excursion guide was organized by a group of members of DEUQUA (Deutsche Quartärvereinigung = German Quaternary Union), coordinated by DEUQUA president Margot Böse. The tour was offered as a pre-congress field trip of the INQUA Congress in Bern, Switzerland, 21– 27 July 2011. Finally, the excursion got cancelled because not enough participants had registered. Apparently, many people were interested in the excursion but did not book it because of the high costs related to the 10-day trip. Because of the general interest, we decided nevertheless to finish the excursion guide. The route of the field trip follows a section through Germany from North to South, from the area of the Northern gla- ciation, to the Alpine glacial advances. It includes several places of historical importance, where milestones in Quaternary research have been achieved in the past, as well as new interesting sites where results of recent research is presented. The field trip starts at Greifswald in the very North-East of Germany. The first day is devoted to the Pleistocene and Ho- locene Evolution of coastal NE Germany. The Baltic coast with its characteristic cliffs provides excellent exposures showing the Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy and glaciotectonics. The most spectacular cliffs that are located on the island of Rügen, the largest island of Germany (926 km2) are shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Internationally Coordinated Management Plan 2015 for the International River Basin District of the Rhine
    Internationally Coordinated Management Plan 2015 for the International River Basin District of the Rhine (Part A = Overriding Part) December 2015 Imprint Joint report of The Republic of Italy, The Principality of Liechtenstein, The Federal Republic of Austria, The Federal Republic of Germany, The Republic of France, The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, The Kingdom of Belgium, The Kingdom of the Netherlands With the cooperation of the Swiss Confederation Data sources Competent Authorities in the Rhine river basin district Coordination Rhine Coordination Committee in cooperation with the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) Drafting of maps Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany Publisher: International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) Kaiserin-Augusta-Anlagen 15, D 56068 Koblenz P.O. box 20 02 53, D 56002 Koblenz Telephone +49-(0)261-94252-0, Fax +49-(0)261-94252-52 Email: [email protected] www.iksr.org Translation: Karin Wehner ISBN 978-3-941994-72-0 © IKSR-CIPR-ICBR 2015 IKSR CIPR ICBR Bewirtschaftungsplan 2015 IFGE Rhein Contents Introduction .................................................................................. 6 1. General description .............................................................. 8 1.1 Surface water bodies in the IRBD Rhine ................................................. 11 1.2 Groundwater ...................................................................................... 12 2. Human activities and stresses ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • OF the UNITED STATES, Trflanmsmrmng
    50TH CONGRESS,) HOUSE OF REPRESEPNTATIVES.: Ex. Doc. 1st, Session. No. 60. PROTECTION OF SUBMARINE CABLES. M ESSAGEE lelKOht THK PREJ'SIDENT: OF THE UNITED STATES, TrflANMSmrmNG: A r('portPfirom the ASexretaryj o' State relating to legislation required to arry into e(ffeet the protection qf submarine cables. JANTA1RY (), 18eH*-Reterrcd to the COmI)IIlitteo on Foreign Affair and orde(red to be To t1we Scnate and -oause o.f Jepreseittatitr(es: : : ran1111,it; herewith a re:port:t fsomlll the Seclet.ary of State r-elative to thle leg(,itslt 1o requli1lV tO1 (¼.rr1 ui to etret ti.h4 internation.all convelitioll otf Mlarch 14, 1.8841, tor' thle lW'otee(tioI of SlllbilailOtitle cal)1e8s, to4whic th8is e'i':ily is a party. Co:ROVER CLEVELAND. ExECUTVIE,MA.N QN,:0: Waoshington, January 9, .888. ThelPRESIDENT: Un(der Article XII of th:e it1terhatiol)al Convention of March 14, 1884 for the protectiou of silbnl)tmrie cables, to which the'United: States is a party, it is imade the dIuty of the signatory powers, respectively,to eInact laws^ftsAr the, punltxishmenett of suell persons as may violate the provisions of; Articles II, V all(I VI, of 8salid conlveution. :1i Order that o)pportunity imiglht b)e afforded for the adoption of such legislation, the 15thtday of Janu114-ary 1886, Was specified in tile treaty as originally sigtned alld proclaimed as the date upon which it shoul(d go inlto operation. Owing, however, to the failure of a few of the contract- ilig parties, principal atmiong: which was the Ulnited StUates, to enlact ap- I)ropricte laws, theXexecutiOIn of the :e,oniventioni has, from: timne to timie, b.)eell postponledl.
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing Chloride Concentrations in Lake Constance: Characterization of Sources and Estimation of Loads
    Aquat Sci (2012) 74:101–112 DOI 10.1007/s00027-011-0200-0 Aquatic Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Increasing chloride concentrations in Lake Constance: characterization of sources and estimation of loads Beat Mu¨ller • Rene´ Ga¨chter Received: 18 August 2010 / Accepted: 16 March 2011 / Published online: 31 March 2011 Ó Springer Basel AG 2011 Abstract The chloride concentration in Lake Constance, Introduction by volume the second largest lake in Europe, has increased by a factor of 2.4 during the past 40 years. Based on a Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used widely and in large chloride budget for the year 2006, we estimated total amounts by the human society for various purposes. chloride imports to the catchment at 101 kt year-1. Road Despite the broad field of applications, only little is known deicing salts contributed 52%, waste water 23%, farming about its sources and paths through anthropogenic systems, 11%, soil weathering 9%, precipitation and solid waste its behavior in the drainage basins of lakes, its effects on incineration 3% to this import. River monitoring programs aquatic ecosystems, and the man-made acceleration of its in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria in 2006 traced an environmental cycling (Klee and Graedel 2004). average total chloride export from the catchment into Lake Natural sources of chloride in freshwaters are (1) marine Constance of almost 70 kt and an export from the lake of spray transferring NaCl into the atmosphere, transport as an 56 kt. About one-third of this load to the lake originated aerosol by winds, and wash out by precipitation, and (2) the from the Alpine Rhine catchment (Switzerland), and about weathering of rocks.
    [Show full text]