DOCSLIB.ORG

Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, Agency of Canadian Car and Foundry Company, Limited, and Various Underwriters (United States) V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, Agency of Canadian Car and Foundry Company, Limited, and Various Underwriters (United States) V REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, Agency of Canadian Car and Foundry Company, Limited, and Various Underwriters (United States) v. Germany (Sabotage Cases) 15 June 1939 VOLUME VIII pp. 225-460 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 DECISIONS 225 awards in accordance with the Agreement reached at Munich in July, 1936. The American Agent likewise filed with the Commission the several protests received on behalf of American nationals and on behalf of German nationals. The questions involved in these Motions and protests were discussed in briefs filed with the Commission, and were the subject of oral arguments before the Commission at the meeting held July, 7 1937, at which meeting the following rulings thereon by the Commission were announced by the Umpire:] " The Commission has considered the motion with care and has also consid- ered all of the points made in the briefs and oral argument. Without reiterating its reasons, it is of the opinion that the motion must be dismissed, unanimously of that opinion. " With regard to the protests by certain German nationals, those protests the Commission feels, in large part, fall as a result of its decision. The same thing is true of the protests by certain awardholders. " With regard to the applications filed by certain claimants, either German nationals or holders of claims under certain arbitral awards, and with regard to the applications of certain American awardholders to permit them to intervene in the proceedings, the Commission unanimously denies those applications." (Minutes of meeting, July 7. 1937, p. 1658.) LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD COMPANY, AGENCY OF CANADIAN CAR AND FOUNDRY COMPANY, LIMITED. AND VARIOUS UNDER- WRITERS (UNITED STATES) v. GERMANY (Sabotage Cases, June 15, 1939, pp. 310-312; a Certificate of Disagreement and Opinion of the American Commissioner, June 15, 1939, pp. 1-310.) JURISDICTION: EFFECT ON — OF WITHDRAWAL OF MEMBER FROM COMMISSION AND FAILURE TO FILL VACANCY. — PROCEDURE : UNANIMITY. DELIBERA- TIONS. ROLE OF UMPIRE. — INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES: PRACTICE, PUR- POSE, BENEFITS RECEIVED, MUNICIPAL DECISIONS, TEXT WRITERS. With- drawal of German Commissioner from Commission on March 1, 1939, after submission of cases to Commission on January 27, 1939, followed by conferences of Umpire and Commissioners with a view to the decision of the issues presented until February 28, 1939. Failure of German Government to fill vacancy (see Agreement of August 10, 1922, art. II). Held that Com- mission not functus qfficio and, acting through Umpire and American Com- missioner, has power to proceed with cases and decide whether fraud proved sufficient to set aside decision of October 16, 1930 (see p. 84 supra), and whether claimants proved their cases: (1) under Agreement supra, art. II and VI, and its Rules of Procedure, unanimity not required, and concur- rence of only two members necessary for decision (practice ever since Commission's creation), (2) both before and after special rules of procedure for sabotage cases were adopted, Umpire participated in deliberations and opinions of Commission (reference made to decision of March 30, 1931, p. 101 supra), (3) after submission of case to Commission, retirement of one National Commissioner cannot prevent decision by remaining members of a Henceforth, references to page numbers are to Opinions and Decisions on the Sabotage Claims Handed Down June 15, 1939, and October 30, 1939. and Appendix. (Washington, Government Printing Office, s.d.). Cornp. Vol. VII, p. 3. 226 UNITED STATES/GERMANY Commission: (a) this would defeat purpose of Governments in establishing" Commission, (b) Germany received benefits after Commission's creation, i.e., under Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, 80 per cent of German property returned to former owners, (c) reference made to municipal decis- ions, inter alia. Republic of Colombia v. Cauca (1903), 190 U.S. 524, and to text writers on international law. SABOTAGE DURING PERIOD OF AMERICAN NEUTRALITY. — PROCEDURE : SETTING ASIDE OF PREVIOUS DECISION; REINSTATEMENT OF CASE INTO PREVIOUS POSITION, REOPENING; REHEARING: OLD AND NEW EVIDENCE, FRAUD, EXAMINATION OF MERITS. — EVIDENCE: FRAUD IN— ; WITNESSES, AFFIDA- VITS, DOCUMENTS, AUTHENTICITY OF DOCUMENT. Setting aside of Commis- sion's decision of October 16, 1930, on merits (see p. 84 supra), reinstate- ment of case into position before 1930 decision, reopening, rehearing granted on the whole record: held that material fraud in evidence presented by Germany seriously misled Commission and affected its decision in favour of Germany. Though unnecessary in circumstances, Commission also examined proofs tendered by United States to determine whether claims had been made good: German Commissioner insisted, that misleading of Commission immaterial if United States failed to sustain burden of proof incumbent upon it; held that, on the record as it now stands, claimants' cases are made out. Analysis of new evidence: see supra and Analytical Table infra. Cross-reference: A.J.I.L., Vol. 33 (1939), pp. 770-772; Witenberg, Vol. Ill, pp. 70-721 (French text). Bibliography: Witenberg, Vol. Ill, pp. 33-72; Woolsey, A.J.I.L., Vol. 33 (1939), pp. 737-740, and Vol. 35 (1941), pp. 289-298. ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE CERTIFICATE OF DISAGREEMENT AND OPINION OF THE AMERICAN COMMISSIONER Page History of Cases : Petition of May 4, 1933 238 Decision of December 15, 1933 238 Motion of May 2, 1935 239 Decision of July 29, 1935 239 Decision of June 3, 1936 240 Cases closed January 14, 1939 240 Cases submitted January 27, 1939 240 Conferences between Commissioners and Umpire 240 German Commissioner retires March 1, 1939 241 Letters of German Commissioner and replies thereto 241 Certificate of Disagreement 241 Points of Difference: (a) Whether the evidence established fraud of such character 241 (b) Whether the American Agent had proven his case 241 Opinion of the American Commissioner: I. Jurisdiction: Letter of German Commissioner and replies 241 Letter of American Commissioner to Secretary of State 242 Question stated 242 Treaty of Berlin 242 DECISIONS 227 Opinion of the American Commissioner [continued) I. Jurisdiction (continued) Page Agreement of August 10, 1922 242 Purpose for which Commission created 243 Rules of Procedure 243 Special Rules of Procedure 243 Unanimity not required 244 Umpire participates in deliberations and in opinions 244 Question restated 245 Republic of Colombia v. Cauca: 190 U.S. 524, affirmed 195 U.S. 604 245 106 Fed. 337 246 113 Fed. 1020 248 Decision of U.S. Supreme Court 248 Unanimity not required 249 United States not obligated to return alien property 249 War Claims Act 1928 249 Atchison, T. & S.F. Ry. Co. v. Brotherhood etc., 26 Fed. (2d) 413 . 249 International Law Text Writers 250 Commercial Arbitration Cases 251 Facts restated 251 Decision 252 II. Fraud Questions Stated 253 A. Fraud in the Pleadings: (1) Memorials filed by U.S 253 (2) Answers filed by Germany: (a) No sabotage in neutral countries 253 (b) No sabotage in U.S. during neutrality 253 (c) Circular authorizing sabotage a fabrication 253 (d) Order extending circular to U.S. a fabrication .... 253 (e) Message of Jan. 26, 1915 genuine but mistake of sub- ordinate and never acted on 254 (3) Papen's affidavit 254 (4) Nadolny's statement 255 (5) Nadolny's affidavit 255 (6) Marguerre's affidavit 256 (7) von Bernstorff's denials 257 (8) von Bernstorff and Rintelen 257 (9) von Bernstorff and National Constituent Assembly . 259 (10) von Bernstorff and Canadian Pacific Railroad 259 (11) Message of January 26, 1915 260 (12) German Brief of Sept. 14, 1929 261 (13) Telegrams between Eckardt and " Sektion Politik " in re Herrmann and Tampico Oilfields 262 (14) Herrmann, Gerdts and Tampico Oil fields 263 B. Fraud in the Evidence: (1) Wozniak: Wozniak's bench 265 Wozniak and the decision at Hamburg 265 228 UNITED STATES/GERMANY Opinion of the American Commissioner (continued) B. Fraud in the Evidence (continued) (1) Wozniak (continued) Page How Wozniak became a witness for Germany .... 266 Tannenberg vouches for Wozniak 266 Wozniak declines witness' fees (according to Tannen- berg) 266 Wozniak, Healy and Tannenberg on compensation . 266 Wozniak's letter demanding compensation 268 Correspondence about compensation between Wozniak and Tannenberg 268 Impossible for Tannenberg to get in communication with Wozniak but letters were passing 269 Wozniak's threat to accept an offer and its result . 269 Wozniak's trip to Washington 4/16/31 270 $500 to Wozniak to be " good " to him 270 Wozniak's degradation 270 Wozniak's compensation 271 Deductions from the letters 271 Wo7niak's true character was known before his affidavits were introduced 272 Wozniak's letters and postcard to the Russians .... 273 Wozniak's contradictory statements 276 Wozniak's conduct immediately preceding, during, and after the fire 277 Wozniak's character as a witness 280 (2) Lyndhurst Testimony: Decision at Hamburg 284 LaScola's affidavit: August 9, 1930 284 Apr. 26, 1933 285 Ruggiero's affidavit: August 4, 1930 286 Payrolls of Company 287 Urciuoli's affidavit 287 Marrone's affidavit 287 Correspondence between Carella and Tannenberg . 287 Healy's affidavit 289 Frangipane's affidavit: August 1930 289 German Agent's statement 289 Draft of telegram from Tannenberg 289 Telegram of May 1, 1931 290 Prittwitz's telegram: Dec. 14, 1931 290 Purpose of Lyndhurst affidavits 291 Evidence since Hamburg 291 (3) Purpose of Affidavits of Ahrendt, Hinsch and Woehst : (a) To strengthen Germany's pleading 291 (b) To destroy confessions of Herrmann and Hilken . 292 DECISIONS 229 Opinion of the American Commissioner (continued) B. Fraud in the Evidence (continued) (3) Purpose of Affidavits of Ahrendt, Hinsch and Woehst (continued) (c) Meeting of Hilken and Herrmann with " Sektion Poli- tik " Nadolny and Marguerre — Hilken's descrip- tion Ex. 583 292 Hilken's examination by Peaslee, Rec. p. 2180 293 Herrmann's description 293 (4) Affidavits of Ahrendt : Ahrendt's biography 294 Hinsch's absences from Baltimore and New London .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Jersey in Focus: the World War I Era 1910-1920
    New Jersey in Focus: The World War I Era 1910-1920 Exhibit at the Monmouth County Library Headquarters 125 Symmes Drive Manalapan, New Jersey October 2015 Organized by The Monmouth County Archives Division of the Monmouth County Clerk Christine Giordano Hanlon Gary D. Saretzky, Curator Eugene Osovitz, Preparer Produced by the Monmouth County Archives 125 Symmes Drive Manalapan, NJ 07726 New Jersey in Focus: The World War I Era, 1910-1920 About one hundred years ago, during the 1910-1920 decade in America, the economy boomed and the Gross National Product more than doubled. Ten million Americans bought automobiles, most for the first time. Ford’s Model T, produced with then revolutionary assembly line methods, transformed family life for owners. Such personal “machines” led to paved roads and the first traffic light, reduced the need for blacksmiths and horses, increased the demand for auto mechanics and gas stations, and, when not caught up in traffic jams, sped up daily life. Some owners braved dirt roads to drive to the Jersey Shore, where thousands thronged to see the annual Baby Parade in Asbury Park. While roads at the start of the decade were barely adequate for travel in the emerging auto boom, New Jersey became a leader in the advocacy and construction of improved thoroughfares. Better road and rail transportation facilitated both industrial and agricultural production, bringing such new products as commercially grown blueberries from Whitesbog, New Jersey, to urban dwellers. In the air, history was made in 1912, when the first flight to deliver mail between two government post offices landed in South Amboy.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Tom Shell Gwen Wright
    Season 6, Episode 7: Black Tom Shell Gwen Wright: Our first story probes a devastating act of foreign sabotage on American soil. World War One. America is determined to remain neutral. Then, an earth-shaking explosion rocks New Jersey and Manhattan. Headlines attribute the devastation and carnage to an industrial accident on nearby Black Tom Island. But Black Tom was being used to store ammunition bound for British guns…and the blast was no accident. Unlike other terrifying peacetime attacks, however -- Pearl Harbor or 9/11 -- Black Tom is little known, and strangely faded from history. Almost a century later, Elaine Harvan Barbini from White House Station, New Jersey, believes she has an artillery shell that survived that fateful attack. Elaine: My mother always used it at home as a doorstop and I thought wouldn’t be great to find out more history about it and see if you could trace it back and actually find out how it got into the family. Gwen: I’m Gwendolyn Wright, and I’m here to take a careful look at Elaine’s shell. Hi you’re Elaine? Elaine: Nice to meet you. Please come in. Gwen: So this is what you wanted to show me? Elaine: Yes it is. Gwen: Wow. This does look like an artillery shell, what do you know about it? Elaine: Very little. My mom had put this piece of paper in it. It says “Bomb, Black Tom explosion” and she wasn’t sure the year she put 1914 and World War I. Gwen: Aren’t you a little nervous about having what might still be live ammunition in your house? Elaine: I know my mom did have this checked out so it is safe.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of a High-Resolution Dataset of Water Fluxes and States for Germany Accounting for Parametric Uncertainty
    Supplement of Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1769–1790, 2017 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/21/1769/2017/ doi:10.5194/hess-21-1769-2017-supplement © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of A high-resolution dataset of water fluxes and states for Germany accounting for parametric uncertainty Matthias Zink et al. Correspondence to: Luis Samaniego ([email protected]) and Matthias Zink ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence. Table S1. Time and location invariant global parameters of mHM v4.3 which are purpose to an automated calibration. Category Number Paraeter Name Unit Minimum Maximum Interception 1 canopyInterceptionFactor [1] 0.1 0.3 2 snowTreshholdTemperature [◦C] -2 2 3 degreeDayFactor_forest [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 0.0001 4 4 degreeDayFactor_impervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 0.5 4 5 degreeDayFactor_pervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 0.5 6 Snow 6 increaseDegreeDayFactorByPrecip [d−1 mm−1] 0.1 7 7 maxDegreeDayFactor_forest [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 3 8 8 maxDegreeDayFactor_impervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 3 8 9 maxDegreeDayFactor_pervious [mm d−1 ◦C−1] 3 8 10 orgMatterContent_forest [%] 4 7 11 orgMatterContent_impervious [%] 0 0.1 12 orgMatterContent_pervious [%] 1.5 3 13 PTF_lower66_5_constant [-] 0.7 0.8 Soil moisture - 14 PTF_lower66_5_clay [-] 0.0005 0.0015 storage 15 PTF_lower66_5_Db [-] -0.27 -0.25 16 PTF_higher66_5_constant [-] 0.8 0.9 17 PTF_higher66_5_clay [-] -0.0015 -0.0005 18 PTF_higher66_5_Db [-] -0.35 -0.3 19 infiltrationShapeFactor [-] 0.5 4 20 Permanent Wilting Point [-]
    [Show full text]
  • NJS: an Interdisciplinary Journal Summer 2017 27
    NJS: An Interdisciplinary Journal Summer 2017 27 NJS Presents A Special Feature New Jersey and the Great War: Part I By Dr. Richard J. Connors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v3i2.83 As April 2017 marked the 100th anniversary of America’s entry into World War I, this edition of NJS has several related offerings. These include this special feature, an adapted version of the first half of Dr. Richard J. Connors’ new book, New Jersey and the Great War (Dorrance, 2017). We will publish the second half in our Winter 2018 issue. Those who can’t wait, or who want to see the unedited text (to include endnotes, illustrations, and tables) can always purchase the book online! We are most grateful to Dr. Connors for allowing us to share his insightful and comprehensive work in this way, and hope you will help us ensure the widest possible dissemination by sharing the very timely piece with your colleagues, students, family, and friends. Preface When my generation were youngsters, “the war” was the Great War, now known as World War I. On Memorial Day we bought artificial flowers in remembrance of the veterans lying in European cemeteries “where poppies grow between the crosses, row on row.” On Armistice Day, November 11, we went to our local cemeteries to honor departed neighbors, especially those whose bodies were re-interred from France. At the movies, rarely air-conditioned, for a ten cent admission we watched Lew Ayres in All Quiet on the Western Front, or Errol Flynn in Dawn Patrol, plus the latest Buck Rogers serial.
    [Show full text]
  • Indictment Presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945)
    Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) Caption: On 18 October 1945, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg accuses 24 German political, military and economic leaders of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696). p. 2-50. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/indictment_presented_to_the_international_military_tribunal_nuremberg_18_october_1945-en- 6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 46 03/07/2015 Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS — AGAINST — HERMANN WILHELM GÖRING, RUDOLF HESS, JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP, ROBERT LEY, WILHELM KEITEL, ERNST KALTEN BRUNNER, ALFRED ROSENBERG, HANS FRANK, WILHELM FRICK, JULIUS STREICHER, WALTER FUNK, HJALMAR SCHACHT, GUSTAV KRUPP VON BOHLEN UND HALBACH, KARL DÖNITZ, ERICH RAEDER, BALDUR VON SCHIRACH, FRITZ SAUCKEL, ALFRED JODL, MARTIN BORMANN, FRANZ VON PAPEN, ARTUR SEYSS INQUART, ALBERT SPEER, CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH, AND HANS FRITZSCHE,
    [Show full text]
  • 83Rd Division Radio News, Germany, Vol IV #39, March 9, 1945, One Page
    DON'T FRATBRNIZE1 DON'T TRUST A GERMAN VOLUME VI NO 39 9 MARCH 1945 GERMANY t AMERICAN FIRST ARMY TROOPS HOLD A BRIDGEHEAD OVER THE RHINE RIVER SOUTH OF COLOGNE. THEY CROSSED THE RIVER ON WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON AND REINFORCEMENTS AND SUPPLIES HAVE HEM STREAMING ACROSS. GERMAN RESISTANCE ON THE FAR BMK OF THE RIVER IS REPORTED TO EE FAHLY LIGHT AND NO SERIOUS COUNTERATTACKS HAVE BEEN MADE BY THE GERMANS YET. THE GERMANS SAY THAT THE AFRICANS SEIZED A BRIDGE AT REM- ARGEN, 12 MILES SOUTH OF COLOGNE. THE GERMANS PAID TRIBUTE TO AMERICAN AGGRES• SIVENESS IN TAKING THE BRIDGE AND SAY THAT GERMAN SAPPERS FAILED TO MINE THE BRIDGE BEFORE THE AMERICANS REACHED IT. RAF MOSQUITOS LAST NIGHT ATTACKED GER• MAN TROOPS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AREA OF THE BRIDGEHEAD IN SUPPORT OF THE AMER• ICANS. OTHER FIRST ARMY YANKS HAVE CLEARED HALF THE TOWN OF BONN. TANKS OF GENERAL PATTON'S FOURTH ARMORED DIVISION ARE PATROLLING THE WESTERN BANK OF THE RHINE NORTH OF COBLENZ. THIRD ARMY INFANTRY ARE MOPPING UP BEHIND THE ARMOREDSPEARHEADS. THE AMERICANS ARE PRESSING INTO THE RHINE-MOSELLE TRI• ANGLE AND HAVE CLEARED 2/3 OF THE COBLENZ PLAIN. PATTON'S SPEARHEADS WERE LAST REPORTED 4 MILES FROM COBLENZ. UNITED KINGDOM TROOPS HAVE TAKEN THE TOWN OF X AN TEN IN THE GERMAN POCKET COV• ERING THE RHINE CROSSINGS AT W&SEL. A TIMED TROOPS HAVE KEPT UP THEIR PRESSURE ALL AROUND THE POCKET. AFRICANS OF THE NINTH ARMY ARE ABOUT 5 MILES FROM THE RHINE CROSSINGS. THE GERMANS ARE TRYING TO GET AS MUCH EQUIPMENT OUT OF THE POC• KET AS IS POSSIBLE BUT THEY HAVE BEEN BRINGING MORE TROOPS ACROSS THE RIVER TO REINFORCE THE PARACHUTE INFANTRYMEN WHO ARE HOLDING OUT NOW.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure of the Vairone Telestes Souffia in the Eastern Part
    Journal of Fish Biology (2010) 77, 1158–1164 doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02767.x, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Genetic structure of the vairone Telestes souffia in the eastern part of Lake Constance, central Europe F. M. Muenzel*†, W. Salzburger*†, M. Sanetra*, B. Grabherr‡ and A. Meyer*§ *Lehrstuhl f¨ur Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universit¨atsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany, †Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland and ‡Department of Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (Received 1 June 2010, Accepted 9 August 2010) Examination of the genetic structure of the vairone Telestes souffia based on 10 nuclear markers (microsatellites) revealed little-to-moderate genetic differentiation between geographically adjacent populations in the eastern part of Lake Constance in central Europe. Results emphasize the critically endangered status of this freshwater fish in the upper Rhine River system. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Key words: bottleneck; conservation; Cyprinidae; freshwater fish; microsatellites; population genetics. Climatic oscillations during the Quaternary had an important effect on the actual distribution and the genetic structure of many freshwater fish species, especially in previously glaciated areas due to founder events (Bernatchez, 2001; Ramstad et al., 2004). In addition to natural events, human interactions (such as fisheries, habitat fragmentation and pollution) have imprinted the population genetic structure of many fish species in the recent past (Laroche & Durand, 2004). Combining population genetic data with geographical information, life-history traits of a species and data on past events such as climatic fluctuations or human interference can provide important insights into the factors that shaped the structure of populations, the evolutionary history of a species and its conservation status.
    [Show full text]
  • Das „Kaukasische Experiment“. Gab Es Eine Weisung Hitlers Zur
    475 Der deutsche Angriff auf die Sowjetunion war für die dort lebenden Menschen eine einzige Katastrophe. Vernichtung, Tod oder bestenfalls Ausbeutung waren gewöhnlich die Folgen der deutschen Okkupation. Doch gab es Ausnahmen, wenn auch begrenzte. Eine solche war der Kaukasus. Welche Ziele verfolgten hier die deutschen Besatzer? Gab es tatsächlich eine entsprechende Weisung Hitlers? Und welche Personen und Kräfte aus dem deutschen Militär- und Besatzungsapparat versuchten hier, die deutsche Besatzungs­ herrschaft im Osten anders zu gestalten als bisher? Manfred Zeidler Das „kaukasische Experiment" Gab es eine Weisung Hitlers zur deutschen Besatzungspolitik im Kaukasus?1 I. Einführung „Es gehört zu den vielen Paradoxien des Zweiten Weltkrieges, daß die Verwen­ dung von Angehörigen kaukasischer und turkotatarischer Völkerschaften in offi­ ziellen Funktionen eine Zusammenarbeit mit Nationalitäten darstellte, die nach der nazistischen Rassenideologie eine besondere Feindgruppe hätten bedeuten müssen. Sie symbolisierten für die Nazi-Rassisten das .Asiatisch-Minderwertige' und wurden in der charakteristischen rassenideologischen Werteskala noch unter den slawischen Völkern eingestuft. [...] Begriffe wie ,Tataren', ,Kirgisen' und ,Mongolen' waren oftmals Synonyme für den folgenschweren Ausdruck ,Unter- mensch', der zu trauriger Berühmtheit gelangen sollte." Diese Feststellung traf Patrick von zur Mühlen vor gut dreißig Jahren in seiner heute noch lesenswerten Studie über den Nationalismus der sowjetischen Orient­ völker im Zweiten Weltkrieg
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Scherrer Institute Scientific Report 1998. Volume V
    ETOf-C//—^ fo / PAUL S CHER HER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 1999 i J i I i i i i PSI • Scientific Report 1998 / Volume V General Energy Photo Cover View along the tubing system of a prototype Condensation Interface which was developed for the on-line measurement of heavy metal concentrations in hot gases. See article by Ch. Ludwig, S. Stuck! and A.J. Schuler Photo: Armin Muller, RSI PAULSCHERRER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 1999 Scientific Report 1998 Volume V General Energy ed. by: Christina Daum and Jakob Leuenberger CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland Phone: 056/310 21 11 Telefax: 056/310 21 99 http://www1.psi.ch/www_f5_hn/f5_home.html DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 A. Wokaun Renewable Energies and Materials Cycles 3 The Influence of Chlorine on the Fate and Activity of Alkali Metals during the Gasification of 4 Wood R. Struis, C. von Scala, A. Schuler, S. Stuck! On-Board Conversion of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether as an Alternative Diesel Fuel 6 H. Armbruster, G. Heinzelmann, R. Struis, S. Stuck! Solar Thermal Production of Zinc: Program Strategy 8 A. Steinfeld, A. Weidenkaff, S. Moeller, R. Palumbo Economic Evaluation of the Solar Thermal Co-Production of Zinc, Synthesis Gas, and 10 Hydrogen A. Steinfeld, I. Spiewak (EC Joint Research Centre, Spain) Solar Production of Catalytic Filamentous Carbon by Thermal Decomposition of Hydro- 12 carbons and Carbon Monoxide V.A. Kirillov, G.G. Kuvshinov, Yu.l.
    [Show full text]
  • Outcome of the International Military Tribunal ( Imt)
    OUTCOME OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL ( IMT) DEFENDANTS POSITION IN REICH SENTENCE RESULTS Hermann Goering Reich Marshal and Commander of the Luftwaffe Death Suicide Rudolf Hess Deputy Fuhrer Life in Prison Died in prison Joachim von Ribbentrip Reich Foreign Minister Death Hanged 10/16/46 Wilhelm Keitel Chief of the Armed Forces High Command Death Hanged 10/16/46 Ernst Kaltenbrunner Chief of the SD and head of RSHA Death Hanged 10/16/46 Alfred Rosenberg Reich Minister for the Eastern Occupied Areas Death Hanged 10/16/46 Hans Frank Governor-General of General Government Death Hanged 10/16/46 Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior Death Hanged 10/16/46 Julius Streicher Founder of Der Sturmer, Gauleiter of Franconia Death Hanged 10/16/46 Fritz Sauckel Plenipotentiary General for manpower Death Hanged 10/16/46 Alfred Jodl Chief of Armed Forces High Command Operations Death Hanged 10/16/46 Martin Bormann (in abstentia) Deputy Fuhrer, Head of the Chancellery Death Never Captured Franz von Papen Ambassador to Vienna and Turkey Acquitted Arthur Seyss-Inquart Reich Commissioner for Occupied Netherlands Death Hanged 10/16/46 Albert Speer Minister of Armaments and War Production 20 years Served full term Konstantine Freiherr Minister of Foreign Affairs, Reich Protector of 15 years Served 8 years Von Neurath Bohemia and Moravia Hjalmar Schacht Minister of Economics, President of Reichsbank Acquitted Walter Funk President of Reichsbank Life in prison Died in prison Karl Donitz Supreme Commander of the Navy, Chancellor 10 years Served full term Erich Raeder Supreme Commander of the Navy Life in prison Served 9 years Baldur von Schirach Leader of Hitler Youth, Gauleiter of Vienna 20 years Served full term Hans Fritzsche Head of Radio Division, Propaganda Ministry Acquitted These men were tried on the charges of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946
    INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Judgment of 1 October 1946 Page numbers in braces refer to IMT, judgment of 1 October 1946, in The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany , Part 22 (22nd August ,1946 to 1st October, 1946) 1 {iii} THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL IN SESSOIN AT NUREMBERG, GERMANY Before: THE RT. HON. SIR GEOFFREY LAWRENCE (member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) President THE HON. SIR WILLIAM NORMAN BIRKETT (alternate member for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) MR. FRANCIS BIDDLE (member for the United States of America) JUDGE JOHN J. PARKER (alternate member for the United States of America) M. LE PROFESSEUR DONNEDIEU DE VABRES (member for the French Republic) M. LE CONSEILER FLACO (alternate member for the French Republic) MAJOR-GENERAL I. T. NIKITCHENKO (member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) LT.-COLONEL A. F. VOLCHKOV (alternate member for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) {iv} THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Against: Hermann Wilhelm Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Robert Ley, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walter Funk, Hjalmar Schacht, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Martin
    [Show full text]
  • Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
    Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J.
    [Show full text]