Efficacy of Urban Regeneration Policy by Tourism, and its Limitations. Case Study in Mojiko, Kitakyushu, Japan
Takao Akagawa 1, a , Kana Haruta 2, b
1 Dept. of Environmental Space Design, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1.Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan, 808-0135 2 Okamura Corporation, Tenri Bldg, 1-4-1 Kitasaiwai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-0004, Japan a akagawa @env.kitakyu-u.ac.jp, b [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper verifies the effectiveness of introducing “tourism Industry” in areas of economic decline, by analyzing the transition of Land-use in and around areas where public and private tourism investments are made. We have compared the land use of the target area “Mojiko-Retro District” in the year 1986, 1996 and 2006, to see how the initial investment on tourism has affected the local business, commercial activity etc. to analyze its efficacy for urban regeneration.
KEYWORDS : Urban regeneration, Tourism industry, Land use, Sustainability
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Urban regeneration by “tourism Industry” in “Mojiko” Kitakyushu.
Sustainability of cities heavily relies on the sustainability of local business and commerce which is vulnerable to external condition such as its global and national competitiveness of its major industries. In cities where its major industry has lost its competitiveness, “Tourism” is often introduced for regeneration. Even in cases where newly introduced tourism industry increases the number of visitors, it does not always mean that it has positive effect on the regeneration of local commerce and business. In this paper, we will analyze the consequence of the introduction of tourism industry in Mojiko, Kitakyushu by “Mojiko-Retro” project initiated by city of Kitakyushu from 1988 to present. We have analyzed its chronological spatial impact of the core development “Mojiko-Retro” to the surrounding areas. Kakiuchi et al (2005) has studied the economic impact of Kurokabe Square, Nagahama, Japan and estimated its economic impact, while this paper focuses on its chronological spatial impact of tourism development to surrounding areas to land uses.
1.2 Introduction and a brief History of the target research area
Mojiko is Located at the edge of the city of Kitakyushu, and the Island of Kyushu. It is situated along the Kanmon strait facing the city of Shimonoseki located at the western most edge of Honshu (Mainland Japan). Because of its strategic location between Honshu and Island of Kyushu, Mojiko has been a regional economic center with its shipping industry, until the completion of the Kanmon tunnel and the Kanmon Bridge, which has changed the strategic economic superiority of Mojiko area. (Figure 1)
153 25,000 18.0
16.0 %
20,000 14.0
12.0 15,000 10.0
8.0 10,000
TenthousandYen 6.0
5,000 4.0 2.0
0 0.0 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 1999 2002 2004 Year
City of Kitakyushu Moji ward % of Sales in Moji /City of Kitakyushu
Figure 1. Mojiko and Kanmon area Figure 2. Percentage of Sales in Moji ward
Mojiko area has faced constant economic decline ever since. (Figure 2) In 1987, the city of Kitakyushu initiated a plan to revitalize Mojiko with tourism industry by public and private development called the “Mojiko-Retro” project. After the Mojiko-Retro project which has announced its grand opening in 1995, the area has attracted 2.55 million tourists in 2003. By comparing this figure with number of tourists, 0.25million in 1994, it could be proclaimed a success.
3000
2500 Grand Opening of Mojiko Retro
2000
1500 Visitors Over night visitors
Thousand 1000
500
0
993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Figure 3. Increase of tourist in Mojiko area
But as apparent in Figure 3, the number of tourist who stayed over night in Mojiko did not increase drastically, which translates to the fact that most of the visitors are day trip visitors, limiting the expenditure by tourists in limited areas and limited trade. Along with this fact there had been quite a few opinions that the tourism development has not had a positive impact on the local business and commerce and has led to degradation of urban spaces and economic activity in Mojiko. The main objective of this paper is to analyze whether these qualitative observations were correct by conducting a quantitative and spatial analysis in chronological order. We will trace the change in land use over a 20 year period to see how business and commercial use has changed in spatial patterns around the major tourism development areas.
154 2. CHRONOLOGICAL SPATIAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Description of the target area
We have chosen the area of research by local districts adjacent to the major development area “Mojiko-Retro”①. Figure 4 shows the 8 areas and its characteristics.
Number①①① ②②② ③③③ ④④④ ⑤⑤⑤ ⑥⑥⑥ ⑦⑦⑦ ⑧⑧⑧ Mojiko Higashiminato Higashi Name Higashiminato Hamamachi Sakaecho Nishikicho Kiyotaki Retro tobu Honmachi 1 Local Low rise Zoning Commercial Commercia Residential Central ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × Partial Urban Zone Fire Semi-Fire Semi-Fire District Port Prevention Prevention - Fire PreventionArea Prevention － designation district Area Area Area (Partial) (Partial) Senic Zone ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × × Number of Plots 61 97 45 163 271 221 159 243 (2006 ） Figure 4. Research target area by local districts and its characteristics
2.2 Land use analysis
By creating a diagram using detailed printed map and GIS data provided by the city of Kitakyushu, we have classified buildings and plots by its use. Supplemental field research was conducted to verify present land use and plotted to the base map (Figure 5). Figure 6 shows the land use analysis map of 1986. Diagrams for 1996 and 2006 were also created to compare land uses.
Figure 5. Base map (1997) Figure 6. Land use of Mojiko in 1986
155 Table 1. Transition in land use Industrial Business Commercial 1986 2006 Difference Increase (%) 1986 2006 Difference Increase(%) 1986 2006 Difference Increase(%) ① Mojiko Retro 13 0 △ 13 △ 100.0 61 10 △ 51 △ 83.6 20 24 4 20.0 ② Higashiminato 45 38 △ 7 △ 15.6 18 23 5 27.8 0 2 2 200.0 ③ Minatomachi tobu 0 0 0 - 22 8 △ 14 △ 63.6 16 16 0 0.0 ④ Hamamachi 19 6 △ 13 △ 68.4 68 48 △ 20 △ 29.4 16 11 △ 5 △ 31.3 ⑤ Sakaecho 0 0 0 - 10 12 2 20.0 253 196 △ 57 △ 22.5 ⑥ Higasihonmachi 1 0 0 0 - 37 23 △ 14 △ 37.8 155 73 △ 82 △ 52.9 ⑦ Nisikimachi 0 0 0 - 19 6 △ 13 △ 68.4 86 40 △ 46 △ 53.5 ⑧ Kiyotaki 0 0 0 - 11 2 △ 9 △ 81.8 20 17 △ 3 △ 15.0 Total 77 44 △ 33 △ 42.9 246 132 △ 114 △ 46.3 566 379 △ 187 △ 33.0 Residential Underutilized Total 1986 2006 Difference Increase(%) 1986 2006 Difference Increase(%) 1986 2006 Difference Increase(%) ① Mojiko Retro 2 3 1 50.0 16 17 1 6.3 112 54 △ 58 △ 51.8 ② Higashiminato 10 8 △ 2 △ 20.0 14 24 10 71.4 87 95 8 9.2 ③ Minatomachi tobu 5 8 3 60.0 9 12 3 33.3 52 44 △ 8 △ 15.4 ④ Hamamachi 36 39 3 8.3 28 54 26 92.9 167 158 △ 9 △ 5.4 ⑤ Sakaecho 16 27 11 68.8 21 35 14 66.7 300 270 △ 30 △ 10.0 ⑥ Higasihonmachi 1 32 56 24 75.0 20 69 49 245.0 244 221 △ 23 △ 9.4 ⑦ Nisikimachi 58 61 3 5.2 15 51 36 240.0 178 158 △ 20 △ 11.2 ⑧ Kiyotaki 244 158 △ 86 △ 35.2 33 64 31 93.9 308 241 △ 67 △ 21.8 Total 403 360 △ 43 △ 10.7 156 326 170 109.0 1448 1241 △ 207 △ 14.3
We have conducted a chronological analysis in increase and decrease in 3 points in time (1986, 1996 and 2006) for each of the 8 areas, but here we will illustrate the overall tendency by comparing year 1986 and 2006. Table 1 shows the chronological transition in Land use in area between 1986 and 2006. The figures from Table 1 is plotted on a diagram showing changes in each areas, where darker shades, represents more drastic change Figure 7.
Figure 7. Increase and decrease by land use around the core development area
6. CONCLUSIONS
Although we can not blame the tourist industry as the only cause for decline in Business and Commerce, and increase in underutilized plots in areas around the core tourism development, it seems plausible that the emphasis and investments on tourist industry has hindered investments on other investment opportunities which would have been made in other aspects and other areas. Promotion of local business and commerce is required to revitalize Mojiko toward a more sustainable urban environment for local residents and a more sustainable tourist destination at the same time.
REFERENCES Kakiuchi, E., Hayashi, T.,2005. “Economic Impact Study of Kurokabe Square, Nagahama, Shiga, and Its Policy Implication” Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan, No.40-1, April, 2005 Economics and cultural affairs Bureau, City of Kitakyushu, “Statistical survey on tourism”, 2006 Urban institute of Kitakyushu, “Story of Mojiko Retro”,1996
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