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A Crime Analyst's Guide to Mapping

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A Crime Analyst's Guide to Mapping A Crime Analyst’s Guide to Mapping s Prepared by: Daniel F. Higgins Rod Blagojevich, Governor Candice M. Kane, Executive Director April 2003 120 S. Riverside Plaza, Suite 1016 Chicago, Illinois 60606 Telephone: 312-793-8550 TDD: 312-793-4170 Fax: 312-793-8422 www.icjia.state.il.us Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority This project was supported by Grant #2002-BJ-CX-K007, awarded to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, coordinates the activities of the following program offices and bureaus: Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office of Victims of Crime. Points of view or opinions contained within this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Printed by the authority of the State of Illinois, April 2003 Printing order number 03-xxx xxx copies Table of Contents Section Page Number I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 II. CHAPTER ONE – Beginning Crime Mapping Operations ......................................................... 4 a. Choropleth Map ......................................................................................................... 7 b. Maps with Graphs (Examples)................................................................................... 8 c. Crime Analysts of Illinois Association.................................................................... 12 d. CrimeStat ................................................................................................................. 14 e. Technology Needed for Crime Mapping (Table) .................................................... 15 f. Types of Map Layers (Table)................................................................................... 18 III. CHAPTER TWO – Geocoding .................................................................................................. 25 a. Address Geocoding.................................................................................................. 25 1. Hit Rate ........................................................................................................ 25 2. Minimum Match Score ................................................................................ 27 3. Match Score ................................................................................................. 27 4. Batch Matching............................................................................................ 28 5. Alias Table ................................................................................................... 31 b. Testing for Systematic Errors by Reporting Area...............................................32-46 c. State Plane Coordinates ........................................................................................... 33 d. Coordinate System................................................................................................... 34 e. Latitude-Longitude................................................................................................... 34 f. Universal Transverse Mercator................................................................................ 34 g. Metadata................................................................................................................... 34 1. Federal Geographic Data Committee........................................................... 37 h. Map Projection......................................................................................................... 37 i. Error Mapping.....................................................................................................46-55 1. Random Sample ........................................................................................... 47 2. Categorizing Errors (Table)......................................................................... 50 3. Error Rate..................................................................................................... 53 j. TIGER file................................................................................................................ 55 IV. CHAPTER THREE – Point Pattern Analysis ............................................................................ 59 a. Single Symbol Map.................................................................................................. 59 b. Graduated Symbol Map ........................................................................................... 62 c. Graduated Color Map............................................................................................... 63 d. Unique Values Map ................................................................................................. 67 e. Multivariate Map...................................................................................................... 69 f. Hot Spot Methods .................................................................................................... 71 1. Repeat Address Mapping (RAM) ................................................................ 74 2. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crime (STAC) – In CrimeStat .............. 76 3. Kernel Density Estimate – In CrimeStat...................................................... 77 V. CHAPTER FOUR -- Mapping a Crime Series.......................................................................... 80 a. Information Matrix Form......................................................................................... 81 b. Date of Occurrence Analysis and Forecasting......................................................... 86 c. Time of Occurrence Analysis and Forecasting........................................................ 88 d. Spatial Forecasting................................................................................................... 91 1. Standard Distance Around Mean Center Point (STAMP)........................... 91 a. Mean Center..................................................................................... 91 b. Mean Distance ................................................................................. 93 c. Standard Distance............................................................................. 94 d. Buffer ............................................................................................... 95 e. Confidence Intervals ........................................................................ 95 2. Standard Deviational Ellipse – In CrimeStat ............................................... 97 VI. CHAPTER FIVE – Reporting and Response Techniques.......................................................... 98 a. Crime Pattern Summary......................................................................................... 102 b. Intelligence Bulletin............................................................................................... 104 c. Spatial Intelligence Gathering................................................................................ 105 d. Global Positioning System (GPS).......................................................................... 114 e. Map Template of Design Elements........................................................................ 116 f. Inset Map................................................................................................................ 119 VII. CHAPTER SIX – Evaluation and Assessment......................................................................... 126 a. Spatial Query.......................................................................................................... 138 b. Spatial Displacement.............................................................................................. 139 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 144 IX. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 148 X. APPENDIX............................................................................................................................... 149 XI. KEY TERMS............................................................................................................................ 159 Introduction Computer mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) have become important tools for police organizations. They can help police officers analyze problems by providing up- to-date and comprehensive data related to their patrol areas. They also can organize diverse pieces of information in a coherent way to identify crime patterns. In addition, mapping and GIS: · Can support community- and problem-oriented policing. · Show detailed relationships between the crime, victim, and the offender. · Show demographic and population changes. · Assist in resource allocation. · Integrate data from community and government sources. · Provide effective communication tools. Purchasing a desktop mapping system is increasingly affordable for even smaller police departments. A start-up mapping operation can be funded for less than $10,000, including hardware, software, and training.
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