Gibraltar - Britský Nebo Špan Ělský? Spor Velké Británie a Špan Ělska O Území Gibraltaru a Jeho Souvislosti V Mezinárodní Politice Po 2

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Gibraltar - Britský Nebo Špan Ělský? Spor Velké Británie a Špan Ělska O Území Gibraltaru a Jeho Souvislosti V Mezinárodní Politice Po 2 MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRN Ě FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztah ů a evropských studií Evropská studia Gibraltar - britský nebo špan ělský? Spor Velké Británie a Špan ělska o území Gibraltaru a jeho souvislosti v mezinárodní politice po 2. sv ětové válce Diplomová práce Bc. Olga Landsmanová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Zden ěk Sychra, Ph.D. UČO: 143931 Obor: ES Imatrikula ční ro čník: 2007 Brno, 2009 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala zcela samostatn ě na základ ě uvedených zdroj ů. ……..…….……………………… Olga Landsmanová V Brn ě, 6.12.2009 Pod ěkování Děkuji vedoucímu své práce PhDr. Zde ňku Sychrovi, Ph.D. za cenné rady a p řipomínky a za celkové vedení, které mi p ři psaní této diplomové práce poskytl. D ěkuji také profesorovi Celestinu del Arenal z Universidad Complutense de Madrid, který se svým zajímavým výkladem zasloužil o to, že jsem si toto téma zvolila pro svoji diplomovou magisterskou práci. Obsah 1. Úvod, cíle a metodologie ...................................................................................................... 3 2. Gibraltar jako specifická kolonie Velké Británie.............................................................. 6 2.1. Kolonialismus a jeho formy .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Boj za nezávislost a proces dekolonizace ..................................................................................... 8 3. Význam a historický vývoj Gibraltaru .............................................................................. 9 4. Gibraltar v politické agend ě Velké Británie a Špan ělska po 2. sv ětové válce .............. 13 4.1. Velká Británie a koloniální budoucnost Gibraltaru..................................................................... 13 4.2. Španělsko na cestě z mezinárodní izolace.................................................................................. 13 4.3. Události 50. let a dočasné zlepšení vztahů................................................................................. 14 5. Vyost ření sporu o Gibraltar.............................................................................................. 16 5.1. Nová koncepce Španělska v otázce Gibraltaru........................................................................... 16 5.2. Organizace spojených národů a proces dekolonizace................................................................ 17 5.3. Gibraltar na půdě OSN a související britsko-španělská jednání.................................................. 19 5.4. Referendum na Gibraltaru a jeho důsledky................................................................................ 23 5.5. Vyhlášení gibraltarské ústavy z roku 1969.................................................................................. 25 5.6. Uzavření hranic s Gibraltarem a jeho důsledky.......................................................................... 27 6. Status Gibraltaru v ES po vstupu Velké Británie........................................................... 29 7. Demokratické Špan ělsko ve sporu o Gibraltar a jeho další priority............................. 30 7.1. Pokračování restrikcí na hranicích a řešení jejich ukončení ....................................................... 30 7.2. Lisabonská deklarace a její důsledky .......................................................................................... 34 7.3. Snaha Španělska o začlenění do ES a vstup Španělska do NATO................................................ 36 8. Zámo řská území Velké Británie a Špan ělska vyvolávající asociaci s Gibraltarem..... 38 9. P řelomové události 80. let v britsko-špan ělském sporu a jejich d ůsledky.................... 41 9.1. Bruselská deklarace a ukončení blokády hranic ......................................................................... 42 9.2. Vstup Španělska do Evropského společenství ............................................................................ 44 9.3. Britsko-španělský spor o gibraltarské letiště .............................................................................. 45 9.4. Členství Španělska v ES a NATO jako nástroj nátlaku ................................................................. 49 10. T řetí cesta pro Gibraltar a její možnosti ....................................................................... 51 10.1. Gibraltar na pozadí agendy ES a NATO a možnost sdílené suverenity..................................... 51 10.2. Boj obyvatel Gibraltaru za větší autonomii či samostatnost.................................................... 55 10.3. Kauza voleb do Evropského parlamentu .................................................................................. 57 1 11. Gibraltar a jeho další specifika v rámci EU .................................................................. 59 12. Vliv sporu na ekonomiku Gibraltaru............................................................................. 61 12.1. Dopady prvních restrikcí ze strany Španělska .......................................................................... 61 12.2. Úplné uzavření hranic a jeho důsledky..................................................................................... 62 12.3. Ekonomický rozvoj po otevření hranic ..................................................................................... 63 13. Problematika identifikace obyvatel Špan ělska a Gibraltaru v souvislosti se sporem 64 13.1. Gibraltar jako otázka španělské národní cti ............................................................................. 64 13.2. Obyvatelé Gibraltaru jako specifická komunita........................................................................ 67 14. Poslední události a alternativy vývoje ............................................................................ 69 14.1. Přelomová deklarace z Córdoby ............................................................................................... 70 14.2. Nová Ústava Gibraltaru a referendum ..................................................................................... 71 14.3. Historická návštěva španělského ministra................................................................................ 72 14.4. Výhled do budoucnosti............................................................................................................. 73 15. Záv ěr.................................................................................................................................. 74 16. Seznam použité literatury a zdroj ů ................................................................................ 77 17. P řílohy ............................................................................................................................... 84 17.1. Seznam příloh ........................................................................................................................... 84 2 1. Úvod, cíle a metodologie Pro téma své diplomové práce jsem si vybrala problematiku Gibraltaru a suverenity nad tímto územím. Otázka Gibraltaru a jeho „vlastnictví“ je velmi složitá a má své po čátky již v roce 1713, kdy toto území p řipadlo Utrechtskou smlouvou Velké Británii. Špan ělé se s tímto staven nesmí řili a vyvíjeli r ůzné, a ť již politické, vojenské či ekonomické aktivity pro dosažení revize tohoto uspo řádání. Již tém ěř t ři století tedy trvá spor o toto území mezi Špan ělskem a Velkou Británií. Z bilaterální roviny se po 2. sv ětové válce p řenesl na mezinárodní pole a s prohlubující se evropskou integrací a vstupem obou zú častn ěných zemí do Evropského spole čenství za čal konkrétn ě ovliv ňovat i evropskou politiku. Gibraltar pat ří se svými 6,5 km² mezi nejmenší evropská území. Nachází se na nejjižn ějším cípu Pyrenejského poloostrova. Nevlastní žádné zdroje surovin, ale díky benevolentnímu da ňovému zákonu a turistickému ruchu prosperuje. Gibraltar však není samostatným státem, ale pouze zámo řským územím Velké Británie. Výjime čné postavení této strmé skály 1 vyplývá z její historické role, která souvisí s nesmírn ě významnou strategickou polohou, jež umož ňuje obyvatel ům kontrolovat Gibraltarskou úžinu. Kdo ovládá Gibraltar, kontroluje spojení mezi Afrikou a Evropou a mezi Středozemním mo řem a Atlantským oceánem. Práv ě díky svému významu 2 se Gibraltar, i p řes dekoloniza ční proces probíhající po 2. sv ětové válce po celém sv ětě, udržel mezi samosprávnými koloniemi Velké Británie. Na rozdíl od v ětšiny ostatních kolonií však Gibraltar samostatnost nežádal, ale naopak se snažil o to, aby jeho svazek s Velkou Británií z ůstal zachován. Za tímto neobvyklým postojem stála po 2. sv ětové válce snaha za žádnou cenu nep řipustit, aby se Gibraltar dostal pod správu nedemokratického frankistického Špan ělska, po zm ěně režimu pak zatrpklost, kterou obyvatelé Gibraltaru poci ťovali v ůč i zemi, která je kv ůli stanoveným omezením na hranicích vystavila ekonomickému i sociálnímu strádání (nap říklad znemožn ěním vzájemného kontaktu rodin). Výb ěr tématu byl zásadním zp ůsobem ovlivn ěn mým zahrani čním studijním pobytem ve Špan ělsku na Universidad Complutense de Madrid v jarním semestru roku 2008. Jedním z předm ětů, které jsem zde absolvovala, byla Zahrani ční politika Špan ělska s vynikajícím profesorem Celestinem del Arenal, odborníkem na mezinárodní vztahy a špan ělskou zahrani ční politiku, ve které má Gibraltar nepochybn ě své místo. Dalším impulsem byla moje cesta po 1 Gibraltar je často p řezdívaný „The Rock“ – Skála. Tento název je používán i v odborných publikacích
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