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Estudios Sobre Gibraltar 1996

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ESTUDIOS SOBRE GIBRALTAR 1996 José Uxó Palasí Fernando Olivié Andrés Fernández Díaz Jorge Uxó González Angel Liberal Salustiano del Campo Jesús Salgado (Coord.) INSTITUTO DE CUESTIONES INTERNACIONALES Y POLÍTICA EXTERIOR (INCIPE) 1 Las publicaciones del Incipe no reflejan necesariamente los puntos de vista del Instituto de Cuestiones Internacionales y Política Exterior ni de sus patrocinadores 2 ESTUDIOS SOBRE GIBRALTAR 1996 José Uxó Palasí Fernando Olivié Andrés Fernández Díaz Jorge Uxó González Angel Liberal Salustiano del Campo Jesús Salgado (Coord.) INCIPE Madrid, Noviembre de 1996 3 El Instituto de Cuestiones Internacionales y Política Exterior (INCIPE) es una fundación cultural privada sin finalidad de lucro reconocida por el Mi- nisterio de Cultura (B.O.E. 23-6-88). El objetivo primordial del INCIPE es contribuir a un mejor conocimiento en España de las grandes cuestiones in- ternacionales a través de la investigación, la publicación y el debate. En 1995 recibió aportaciones económicas de las siguientes entidades: Argenta- ria, el Banco Central Hispano, la Fundación BBV, Repsol, Telefónica y Téneo. El INCIPE recibe además ayuda desinteresada de otras entidades públicas y privadas y de los miembros de la Fundación. Edita el Instituto de Cuestiones Internacionales y Política Exterior Almirante 30, 28004 Madrid. Teléfonos: 532 66 61 y 522 77 50. Fax: 532 96 28 ISBN:Depósito Legal: Maquetación y composición: microPrint Ibérica 4 (Prefacio) 5 INDICE 1. EVOLUCIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD GIBRALTAREÑA, por José Uxó Palasí 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.2. GIBRALTAR ENTRE 1704 Y 1965 De 1704 a 1900.- Se inicia el siglo XX.- Gibraltar en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.- Entre los años 1945 y 1965.- Los partidos políticos, hasta 1965.- La fuerza laboral española 1.3. LOS ÚLTIMOS TREINTA AÑOS La población.- Evolución de la política interna.- La verja que separa Gibraltar del resto de España.- El cierre de la verja.- Acontecimientos "clave" hasta su reapertura.- Estatuto actual de la Colonia de Gibraltar.- Las elecciones de 1996. 1.4. CONCLUSIONES 2. GIBRALTAR Y LA POLITICA EXTERIOR DE ESPAÑA, 1704-1969, por Fernando Olivié 2.2. POLÍTICA GIBRALTAREÑA DE GRAN BRETAÑA La conquista de Gibraltar.- El status jurídico del Gibraltar cedido a Inglaterra.- Los esfuerzos de Inglaterra por mejorar en su favor el status de Gibraltar. 2.3. LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN DE GIBRALTAR. POLÍTICA GIBRALTAREÑA DE GRAN BRETAÑA DESPUÉS DE 1950 Los primeros pasos en el camino hacia una descolonización de Gibraltar a la británica.- Una pausa en la política descolonizadora. Se inicia, a petición británica, un diálogo entre Londres y Madrid. 2.4. LA BATALLA DIPLOMÁTICA HISPANO-BRITÁNICA EN TORNO A LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN DE GIBRALTAR, 1963-1969 6 La batalla por la descolonización de Gibraltar en las Naciones Unidas.- La batalla por la descolonización de Gibraltar en el contexto de las relaciones bilaterales hispano-británicas. 3. GIBRALTAR Y LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LA DEMOCRACIA, 1975 A NUESTROS DÍAS, por Fernando Olivié 3.1. GIBRALTAR Y SU CAMPO EN LOS AÑOS EN QUE EL PEÑÓN ESTUVO INCOMUNICADO DE ESPAÑA Incidencia del Gibraltar aislado en las relaciones bilaterales hispno-británicas.- Las repercusiones del aislamiento de Gibraltar en la zona del Campo de Gibraltar.- Las repercusiones del aislamiento en la vida de Gibraltar. 3.2. GIBRALTAR, ESPAÑA Y EUROPA La situación internacional de España en 1975.- De 1975 a la Declaración de Lisboa de 1980.- El ingreso de España en la OTAN, Gibraltar y la Guerra de las Malvinas.- La Declaración de Bruselas de 1984 y el ingreso de España en la CEE. 3.3. LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE GIBRALTAR DESDE EL INGRESO DE ESPAÑA EN LA COMUNIDAD EUROPEA Compromisos de España con “Gibraltar, territorio europeo”.- Compromisos de España con Gibraltar en función de la pertenencia de nuestro país a la OTAN. 3.4. UNAS REFLEXIONES QUE PUEDEN SERVIR DE RECOMENDACIONES 4. ASPECTOS ECONÓMICOS DEL PROBLEMA DE GIBRALTAR, por Andrés Fernández Díaz y Jorge Uxó González 4.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 4.2. LA ECONOMÍA DE GIBRALTAR Introducción: la nueva orientación de la economía de Gibral- tar.- Actividad y empleo: datos básicos y comparación con el Campo de Gibraltar.- Otros indicadores del nivel de vida.- Ac- tividades financieras.- Turismo y comercio.- El puerto.- Cons- trucción.- Comercio exterior. 7 4.3. LA ECONOMÍA DEL CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR Introducción.- Actividad y empleo: datos básicos.- Renta per cápita y otros indicadores de desarrollo.- Sectores producti- vos.- La importancia del Puerto de Algeciras. 4.4. REFLEXIONES FINALES: LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA ECONOMÍA EN EL PROBLEMA DE GIBRALTAR 5. ANÁLISIS DEL ASPECTO MILITAR DEL PROBLEMA DE GIBRALTAR, por Angel Liberal Lucini Consideraciones sobre la capacidad militar española en la zona.- Conclusiones. 6. GIBRALTAR Y SU CAMPO EN LA ACTUALIDAD, por Salustiano del Campo Antecedentes.- Estado del Campo de Gibraltar.- Osmosis o parasitismo.- Activos y pasivos de la zona.- La reorganización del Campo de Gibraltar.- Resumen y conclusiones. 7. IDEAS SOBRE LA SOLUCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE GIBRALTAR, por Jesús Salgado Alba 7.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 7.2. ENUNCIADO DEL PROBLEMA: OBJETIVOS Y CONDICIONANTES Enunciado.- Análisis del enunciado.- Análisis de los condicionantes.- Los intereses en juego.- Elementos de la solución.- De la teoría a la práctica. 7.3. DE LA IDEA A LA ACCIÓN. VOLUNTADES Y ESFUERZOS Coordinación de esfuerzos. Estructura orgánica operativa.- Ideas sobre la política y la estrategia para Gibraltar.- La estrategia de acción y negociación.- El planeamiento como elemento de dirección y coordinación. 7.4. CONCLUSIONES 8. ANEXOS I. ARTICULO 10º DEL TRATADO DE UTRECHT. 8 II. CONTESTACIÓN DEL GENERAL GOBERNADOR MILITAR DEL CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR A LA PROTESTA DEL GOBERNADOR DE GIBRALTAR POR LA CONSTRUCCION DE UNA PUERTA EN LA VERJA INGLESA QUE SEPARA GIBRALTAR DEL RESTO DE ESPAÑA. III. RESOLUCIÓN Nº 1514 (XV) DE LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS, 14 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1960. IV. RESOLUCIÓN Nº 2353 (XXII) DE LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1967. V. RESOLUCIÓN Nº 2429 (XXIII) DE LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS, 18 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1968. VI. DECLARACIÓN DEL PRESIDENTE DE LA DELEGACIÓN BRITÁNICA, 12 DE JULIO DE 1966. VII. EL MINISTERIO ESPAÑOL DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES A LA EMBAJADA DE SU MAJESTAD BRITÁNICA EN MADRID, 21 DE JULIO DE 1966. VIII. ORDEN DE 7 DE JUNIO DE 1969 POR LA QUE SE SUPRIME EL PUNTO HABILITADO DE TERCERA CLASE EN LA LÍNEA DE LA CONCEPCIÓN. IX. DECLARACIÓN DE LISBOA DE 10 DE ABRIL DE 1980. X. ORDEN DE 9 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1982 POR LA QUE SE REGULA EL REGIMEN DE TRÁNSITO DE PERSONAS POR EL PUESTO DE POLICÍA Y CONTROL DE LA LÍNEA DE LA CONCEPCIÓN. XI. ORDEN DE 21 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1982 POR LA QUE SE AMPLIA EL REGIMEN DE TRANSITO DE PERSONAS POR EL PUESTO DE POLICÍA Y CONTROL DE LA LÍNEA DE LA CONCEPCIÓN. XII. ORDEN DE 10 DE FEBRERO DE 1984 POR LA QUE SE REGULA EL TRÁNSITO DE PERSONAS POR EL PUESTO DE POLICÍA Y CONTROL DE LA LÍNEA DE LA CONCEPCIÓN. XIII. COMUNICADO CONJUNTO ACORDADO ENTRE LOS MINISTROS DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES DE ESPAÑA Y DEL REINO UNIDO EN BRUSELAS DE 27 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1984. XIV. REAL DECRETO-LEY 1/1985, DE 31 DE ENERO, POR EL QUE SE DEROGA EL DECRETO-LEY 13/1969, DE 11 DE JULIO, Y SE EXIME DE LA EXIGENCIA DEL PERMISO DE TRABAJO A LAS PERSONAS ORIGINARIAS DE LA CIUDAD DE GIBRALTAR, QUE DESEEN REALIZAR ACTIVIDADES LUCRATIVAS POR CUENTA PROPIA EN ESPAÑA XV. REAL DECRETO 122/1985, DE 31 DE ENERO, POR EL QUE SE REGULA LA CONCESIÓN DE AUTORIZACIONES DE RESIDENCIA EN ESPAÑA A LAS PERSONAS ORIGINARIAS DE LA CIUDAD DE GIBRALTAR. XVI. ORDEN DE PRESIDENCIA DEL GOBIERNO DE 31 DE ENERO DE 1985 POR LA QUE SE REGULA EL LIBRE TRÁNSITO DE PERSONAS, VEHÍCULOS Y MERCANCIAS ENTRE GIBRALTAR Y EL TERRITORIO CINCUNVECINO. 9 XVII. ORDEN DEL MINISTERIO DE TRANSPORTES, TURISMO Y COMUNICACIONES DE 31 DE ENERO DE 1985 POR LA QUE SE PUBLICA EL ACUERDO DEL CONSEJO DE MINISTROS POR EL QUE SE RESTABLECE EL TRÁFICO MARITIMO ENTRE ALGECIRAS Y GIBRALTAR, ASI COMO EN GENERAL EL TRÁFICO DE YATES Y DESPACHO DE BUQUES CON EL MISMO DESTINO, DEJANDO SIN EFECTO CUALQUIER DISPOSICION O MEDIDA QUE PUDIERA IMPEDIR LOS MISMOS. XVIII. DECLARACIÓN CONJUNTA SOBRE EL AEROPUERTO DE GIBRALTAR, 2 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1987 XIX. EL ISTMO DE GIBRALTAR. 10 1. EVOLUCION DE LA IDENTIDAD GIBRALTAREÑA José Uxó Palasí 11 1.1. INTRODUCCION En el mes de septiembre de 1963, un denominado "Comité de los 24" de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, que es la más alta autoridad de la Comunidad Internacional, iniciaba el examen de la cuestión de Gibraltar y su descolonización. A lo largo de una amplia serie de debates se llegó a alcanzar, en el mes de octubre de 1964, un primer consenso sobre el tema. Diversas Resoluciones posteriores de la Asamblea General de aquella Organización Internacional que culminaron en las señaladas como 2.353(XXII), de diciembre de 1967, y 2.429(XXIII), de diciembre de 1968, establecieron definitivamente la doctrina oficial de la ONU en cuanto al procedimiento a seguir para que desapareciese la situación colonial que afecta a Gibraltar. Dicha doctrina podría resumirse, básicamente, en los dos puntos siguientes: a) El proceso descolonizador debería formalizarse , precisamente, a través de conversaciones entre el Reino Unido y España para alcanzar una solución negociada, teniendo en cuenta los intereses de los actuales habitantes del territorio. Quedaba así explícitamente confirmado que en el tema del estatuto internacional gibraltareño sólo hay dos partes legitimadas para intervenir, que son los firmantes del Tratado de Utrecht: España y el Reino Unido. Pero se reconocía, igualmente, que al enfrentarse con la problemática gibraltareña hay que aceptar una realidad sociológica indiscutible, cual es la existencia de los actuales habitantes del Peñón cuyos intereses generales deben ser tenidos en cuenta.
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