Front Matter

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02073-3 - The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970 Andrew Demshuk Frontmatter More information

The Lost German East

A fifth of West Germany’s post-1945 population consisted of ethnic German refugees expelled from Eastern Europe, a quarter of whom came from Silesia. As the richest territory lost inside Germany’s interwar borders, Silesia was a leading objective for territorial revisionists, many of whom were themselves expellees. The Lost German East examines how and why millions of Silesian expellees came to terms with the loss of their homeland. Applying theories of memory and nostalgia, as well as recent studies on ethnic cleansing, Andrew Demshuk shows how, over time, most expellees came to recognize that the idealized world they mourned no longer existed. Revising the traditional view that most of those expelled sought a restoration of prewar borders so they could return to the East, Demshuk offers a new answer to the question of why, after decades of violent upheaval, peace and stability took root in West Germany during the tense early years of the Cold War.

Andrew Demshuk is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

The Lost German East

Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970

Andrew Demshuk

University of Alabama at Birmingham

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City

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First published 2012

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Demshuk, Andrew, 1980– The lost German East : forced migration and the politics of memory, 1945–1970 / Andrew Demshuk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-02073-3 (hardback) 1. Germans – Europe, Eastern – History – 20th century. 2. Silesians – Germany (West) – History. 3. Silesians – Ethnic identity. 4. Nationalism – Silesia. 5. World War, 1939–1945 – Refugees. 6. Population transfers – Germans. 7. Refugees – Germany (West) – History. 8. Refugees – Silesia – History. 9. Germany (West) – Emigration and immigration – History. I. Title. djk28.g4d45 2012 304.809438′509045–dc23 2011049972

isbn 978-1-107-02073-3 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

Maps and Illustrations page vi Preface and Acknowledgments vii Glossary of Terms xi Acronyms xv List of German and Polish Place Names xvii

Introduction 1 1. From Colonization to Expulsion: A History of the Germans in Silesia 33 2. The Quest for the Borders of 1937: Expellee Leaders and the “Right to the Homeland” 63 3. Homesick in the Heimat: Germans in Postwar Silesia and the Desire for Expulsion 96 4. Residing in Memory: Private Confrontation with Loss 122 5. Heimat Gatherings: Re-creating the Lost East in West Germany 161 6. Travel to the Land of Memory: Homesick Tourists in Polish Silesia 185 7. 1970 and the Expellee Contribution to Ostpolitik 232 Epilogue: The Forgotten East 263

Bibliography 277 Index 295

Maps and Illustrations

Maps

1. Silesia inside Germany’s 1937 borders page xxi 2. Silesia inside contemporary Poland, Herder Institut city atlas project xxii

Illustrations

4.1. H. Heyer, Breslau City Hall (1957) 131 4.2. H. Heyer, The Nicholas Gate in 1800 (1956) 132 4.3. H. Heyer, Liegnitz, the Market with the “Heringsbuden” (1957) 133 4.4. Prewar image of a “market day in Liegnitz,” the basis of Heyer’s idealized painting (circa 1939) 133 4.5. Th. Le.’s Oppeln Triptych (1960) from the Oppeln Heimatstube, Bad Godesburg (2007) 134 5.1. The Brieg Tower: Gate with coats of arms and interior 179 5.2. The Brieg Tower: Speech under the inscription “you are standing in Brieg” (late 1950s) 180 5.3. The Brieg Tower: Plans for a stained-glass window (late 1950s) 181 6.1. Margarete Jüttner in Brieg/Brzeg: “I don’t know where this is?” (1962) 201

6.2. Helmuth Wesemann’s photo of “Breslau Today” (1957) 215

Preface and Acknowledgments

Inspiration for this project began in the undergraduate classroom, when my professor unveiled a map of early-modern Prussia and narrated that millions of Germans had once inhabited vast eastern lands. Then, at the end of World War II, they were forced out. And the lecture moved on. This left me wondering: Who were these people, what became of them, and why were they absent from my knowledge of history? I had never heard of Pomerania, Silesia, or East Prussia before, and amid my lan- guage studies in Tübingen over the following summer, I was surprised to discover that these territories are all but unknown to most Germans as well. A decade of research followed, and all the while my conviction grew that it is impossible to understand postwar Europe without examining the fate of the Lost German East and its former inhabitants. Analyzing how Silesian expellees fantasized about and experienced the world they had lost, I uncovered what I believe is an essential facet in the story of postwar Europe, a new answer to the question of how, after the horrors of Nazi genocide and postwar ethnic cleansing, and during the worst of the Cold War, peace became possible on Europe’s most violent border. Countless librarians, archivists, scholars, and friends assisted me in the course of my research and writing. Although some contributions will only appear in my future projects, I wish to recognize them here for the insights and support that they offered. Every mistake and misinterpre- tation is, of course, my own, and I welcome any and all comments and corrections as I continue my scholarly exploration. Above all, this proj ect is indebted to my mentors at the University of Illinois (UIUC), espe- cially my dissertation advisor Peter Fritzsche and committee members Matti Bunzl, Akira Iriye, and Maria Todorova. I felt thoroughly at home

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whenever I was in Germany thanks to the support and friendship of Hannes Kleinhenz and Inge Lind; Annette and Andreas Wallrabe; Franz and Claudia Bardenhauer; and Christa, Reinhardt, and Andreas Kläs. This project benefited from conversations with Jim Bjork, Dan Diner, Andy Donson, Kristen Ehrenberger, Jutta Faehndrich, Margarete Feinstein, Marc Frede, Darek Gierczak, Eagle Glassheim, Christopher Gorlich, Chad Gunnoe, Mateusz Hartwich, Peter Haslinger, Heidi Hein-Kircher, Andreas Hoffmann, Winfried Irgang, Wolfgang Kessler, Sho Konishi, Craig Koslofsky, Wolfgang Kreft, Markus Krzoska, Martin Kügler, Michał Kwiecien, Christian Lotz, Tim McMahon, Mark Micale, Will Morris, Michael Parak, Peter Polak-Springer, Dietmar Popp, Maren Röger, Wiebke Rohrer, Kai Struve, Gregor Thum, Jakub Tyszkiewicz, Tobias Weger, Peter Wörster, and additional colleagues at the Herder Institut; the Dubnow Institut; UIUC; the University of Alabama at Birmingham; annual GSA and ASEEES meetings; the 2007 Polish-German Post/Memory conference in Bloomington; the 2009 international Slavic conference in Chicago; the 2009 transatlantic seminar in Kraków; the 2009 Silesian conference in Görlitz; the 2010 conference on trauma, violence, and displacement at UIUC; the 2011 Upper Silesian borderland conference in Gliwice; and my 2011 presentation at Miami University of Ohio. This work was also made possible through support from librarians and archivists throughout Germany and the United States, including Ulrich Albers, Antje Brekle, Silke Findeisen, Nickel Hartmut, Angelika Lehrich, and Jens Nicolai. This book is inspired by themes and material first explored in articles I have published, and I appreciate permission from journal and book editors to develop them further here. Many thanks as well to Goldammer Verlag and the Grafschafter Bote for publishing advertisements in thir- teen Silesian Heimatzeitungen in December 2007, and to the Briegische Briefe for their advertisement in October/November 2008. This made it possible for me to access a host of valuable private narratives, which I reference both in this project and in those to come. Among those who contributed their time, materials, and insights to my research, I wish to thank: Kurt Basler; Anngret, Christian, and Peter Beske; Elisabeth Bomhard; Peter Börner; Norbert Buchmann; Ulrich Buchs; Gerda Dittert; Huburtus Dörner; Hans Eifler; Josef Engel; Margareta Erber; Margaret Feinstein; Michael Ferber; Herbert Geisler; Hans-Joachim Girock; Helmut and Irmgard Goebel; Günther Gröger; Herbert Gröger; Roland Gröger; Peter Großpietsch; Karl-Heinz Grün; Ursula Haase- Dresing; Ekhard Heider; Sigrun Iffland; Henry Kamm; Walter Kariger; Waltraud Maria Keiper; Heinz-Peter Keuten; Ruth Knaut; Renate Koslik;

Preface and Acknowledgments ix

Werner Krutscher; Heinrich Kudoweh; Elisabeth Kynast; Elisabeth Lenz; Wolfgang Liebehenschel; Werner Liewald; Detlef Linzer; Ekkehard and Else Loch; Christian Lüdke; Aloys Manthey; Horst Markwirth; Horst Misch; Ulrich Müller; Johanna Naumann; Beate Paschen; Barbara Pawlowski; Volker Pfeiffer; Ingeborg Gräfin von Pfeil; Hans Pohlmann; Stephan Rauhut; Roland Reche; Magarete Reiter; Wilfried and Nicole von Rekowski; Hermann Ritter; Klaus Rosenthal; Richard Rückert; Thomas Rüffer; Hubert Sauer; Josef Sauer; Jobst von Schaubert; Wolfgang S.; Leo Schiller; Klaus Schneider; Georg Schoeller; Renate Schortmann; Christian Erdmann Schott; Eitel-Friedrich Schrape; Lillie and Sybille Schrey; Ingeborg Schwarz; Niklas von Selchow; Ruth Sens; C. S., Damian Spielvogel; Harmut Stelzer; Willibald Stephan; Christa Stock; Monika Taubitz; Werner Taubitz; Franz Toenniges; Dorothea Tscheschner; Rudolf Uzt; Ursula Waage; Günter Weiß; Gerhard Werner; Klaus and Ellen Werner; Bernhard Wieczorek; Marianne Wiese; Ursula Willens; Hubert Wolff; Günther Wünsch; and Sigismund Freiherr von Zedlitz. Aid from the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD); Dubnow Institut; Herder Institut; and UIUC History Department, Graduate College, and European Union Center were essential for the completion of this work. I want to extend my particular appreciation to the editors and anonymous reviewers at Cambridge University Press for their helpful insights and comments as this project entered into its published form. Finally, this book would not have been possible without support from friends and family, notably Ray Bruck, Jim Chelich, John Takis, and above all my intellectual companion and wife, Rebecca Mitchell, to whom I wish to dedicate this work.

Glossary of Terms

Abschied farewell Aussiedler emigrants/refugees Autochthonen autochthonous/indigenous populations Besatzungszone zone of occupation Brachzeit fallow period Bundesministerium federal ministry Bundestreffen federal meeting of expellees Erlebnisgeneration the generation that experienced the uprootedness of flight and expulsion Flüchtlinge refugees Gesamtdeutsch all-German, concerning all Germans Geschichtslosigkeit an ignorance of history Heimat homeland, versatile term with connection to soil, people, landmarks Heimatboden one’s native soil, or the earth of Heimat Heimatbuch book devoted to history of local regions/ towns Heimaterde soil from the Heimat, often given sacred meaning heimatlos homeless Heimatstadt city one considers to be one’s Heimat Heimattreffen meeting for residents from a region/town in the East Heimatvertriebenen those expelled from the homeland, synonymous with Vertriebenen Heimatzeitung periodical devoted to a region/town

xii Glossary of Terms

Heimkehr a return home (to the East), synonymous with Rückkehr Heimweh homesickness Landsmannschaft regional associations devoted to specific lost territories Lastenausgleich 1952 West German equalization-of-burdens law Lebensraum living space, historically tied to the Nazi desire for German territorial expansion and colonization in Eastern Europe Mauer im Kopf the Berlin Wall in the mind, referring to the persistence of an East-West division in German mentalities, despite the end of the Cold War Ostforscher eastern specialists, researching the alleged and real German heritage in the East Ostforschung research of the East Ostkunde study of the East Ostpolitik politics of the East, such as the Brandt administration’s politics of rapprochement Ostverträge eastern treaties BRD signed with Warsaw Pact states in the 1970s Partnerschaft partnership or “sister-city,” implying a bond between inhabitants of real cities Patenschaft sponsorship or “godparent-city,” implying a bond with expellees from an East European town, rather than the town’s Polish-speaking inhabitants. Patengemeinde sponsored or “godparent-community,” a community devoted to a lost eastern German town or region, formed by expellees and interested West German Patenschaft inhabitants in the West German “godparent-city.” Piast medieval Polish dynasty whose minor branches established themselves in Silesia Polnische Wirtschaft German slur degrading Poles as inferior and chaotic Recht auf die Heimat right to the homeland Reisebericht travel report

Glossary of Terms xiii

Rundbriefe circular letters Spätaussiedler Germans who left the East after the 1940s Umsiedler resettler, official Communist term for eastern Germans before 1948 Unvergänglich(keit) permanent, lasting Vergänglich(keit) transience, impermanence Vertreibung expulsion Vertriebene expellee Verzicht renunciation Volk people, nation, a collective population

Acronyms

BAB Bundesarchiv Abteilung Berlin-Lichterfelde BAK Bundesarchiv Abteilung Koblenz BdV Bund der Vertriebenen (League of the Expellees, est. 1958) BHE Block der Heimatvertriebenen (Bloc of Expellees, est. 1950, fused with DP 1961) BMgF Bundesministerium für gesamtdeutsche Fragen (Federal Ministry for all-German Questions) BRD Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) CDU/CSU Christlich demokratische Union Deutschlands, allied with the Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Christian Democratic Union, allied with the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, BRD) CSSR Czechoslovak Socialist Republic DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) DJO Deutsche Jugend des Ostens (German Youth of the East) DM Deutschmark (West German currency, roughly four DM to the dollar 1949–1969) DP Deutsche Partei (German Party, a small party that fused with BHE in 1961) EKD Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland (German Protestant Church) EZA Evangelisches Zentral Archiv (Protestant Central Archive) FDP Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, BRD)

xvi Acronyms

HB Heimatgruppe Bunzlau (Bunzlau Homeland Association, Siegburg) HO Heimatstube Oppeln (Oppeln Homeland Room, Bad Godesburg) HS Haus Schlesien (House of the Silesians, Königswinter) KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (German Communist Party) LH Liegnitzer Heimatverein (Liegnitz Homeland Association in Wuppertal) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NPD Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (German National Democratic Party) NSDAP Nationalsozialistische deutsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi Party) OMGUS Office of Military Government, United States OS (alternatively O/S and O.S.): Oberschlesien (Upper Silesia) SA Sturmabteilung (Nazi storm troopers or brownshirts) SaG-HBB Stadtarchiv Goslar- Hauptamt-Betreuungsstelle Brieg (Brieg archive, Goslar) SB HI2 Stadtarchiv Bottrop-Heimatarchiv Gleiwitz (Gleiwitz archive, Bottrop) SBZ Sowjetische Besatzungszone (Soviet Occupation Zone) SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei (Socialist Unity Party, DDR) SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party, BRD) SS Schutzstaffel (Nazi racial police force) SSD Schlesischer Studentenbund (Silesian Student Union) UB Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (Polish secret police, 1945–1954) USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VHDS Verband Heimatvertriebener Deutscher Studenten (Union of German Expellee Students) VOL Vereinigten Ostdeutschen Landsmannschaften (Union of All Eastern German Land Associations) ZvD Zentralverband der vertriebenen Deutschen (Central League of Expelled Germans)

German and Polish Place Names

Former German Eastern Provinces English names German names Polish/Soviet names East Brandenburg Ostbrandenburg Województwo Lubuskie East Prussia Ostpreussen Kaliningrad (Russian Oblast in the north) Masuria Masuren Mazury (Polish southern East Prussia) Pomerania (Hinter)pommern Pomorze Lower Silesia Niederschlesien Dolny Śląsk Upper Silesia Oberschlesien Górny Śląsk

Major Rivers in Silesia German names Polish names Oder Odra (rivers below are tributaries) Bartsch Barycz Bober Bóbr Glatzer Neisse Nysa Kłodzka Katzbach Kaczawa Klodnitz Kłodnica Lausitzer Neisse Nysa Lużycka Ohle Oława Queis Kwisa

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xviii German and Polish Place Names

Lower Silesian Cities German Polish Agnetendorf Jagniątków Bad Kudowa Kudowa Zdrój Bad Warmbrunn Cieplice Bernstadt Bierutów Breslau Wrocław Brieg Brzeg Bunzlau Bolesławiec Camenz Kamieniec Ząbkowicki Frankenstein Ząbkowice Śląskie Freystadt Kożuchów Friedersdorf Biedrzychowice Glatz Kłodzko Glogau Głogów Goldberg Złotoryja Görlitz Zgorzelec Greiffenberg Gryfów Grünberg Zielona Góra Grüssau Krzeszów Habelschwerdt Bystrzyca Kłodzka Haynau Chojnów Hirschberg Jelenia Góra Jauer Jawor Kohlfurt Węgliniec Lähn Wleń Landeshut Kamienna Góra Langenbielau Bieława Lauban Lubań Leubus Lubiąż Liegnitz Legnica Löwenberg Lwówek Lüben Lubin Marklissa Leśna Militsch Milicz Münsterberg Ziebice Namslau Namysłów Naumburg Nowogródziec Neumarkt Środa Śląska Neurode Nowa Ruda

German and Polish Place Names xix

Neusalz Nowa Sól Nimptsch Niemcza Obernigk Obornik Oels Oleśnica Ohlau Oława Ossig Osiek Parchwitz Prochowice Penzig Pieńsk Peterswaldau Pieszyce Raudten Rudna Reichenbach Dzierżoniów Sagan Żagań Schmiedeberg Kowary Schreiberhau Szklarska Poręba Schweidnitz Świdnica Siegersdorf Zebrzydowa Simsdorf Szymanów Sorau Żary Sprottau Szprotawa Strehlen Strzelin Streigau Strzegom Trachenberg Żmigród Trebnitz Trzebnica Waldau Wykroty Waldenburg Wałbrzych Wohlau Wołów Zobten Sobótka

Upper Silesian Cities in the borders of 1920 German Polish Beuthen Bytom Bielitz-Biala Bielsko-Biała Birkenhain Brzeziny Falkenau Chróścina Nyska Friedrichshütte Strzybnica Gleiwitz Gliwice Gross Läswitz Lasowice Wielkie Gross Strehlitz Strzelce Opolskie Grottkau Grodków Guttentag Dobrodzien Hindenburg Zabrze

xx German and Polish Place Names

Kattowitz Katowice (Stalinogród 1953–1956) Königshütte Chorzów Krappitz Krapkowice Kreuzburg Kluczbork Lamsdorf Łambinowice Leobschütz Głubczyce Myslowitz Mysłowice Neisse Nysa Nikolai Mikołów Oberglogau Głogówek Oppeln Opole Ottmachau Otmuchów Patschkau Paczków Pless Pszczyna Ratibor Racibórz Rosenberg Olesno Rybnik Rybnik Sankt Annaberg Góra Święty Anny Tarnowitz Tarnowskie Góry Teschen Cieszyn (Těšín/Czech Republic) Tichau Tychy Other Cities in the Former German Eastern Provinces German Polish Allenstein Olsztyn Crossen Krosno Danzig Gdańsk Elbing Elbląg Frankfurt/Oder Dammvorstadt Słubice Kolberg Kołobrzeg Königsberg Kaliningrad (Russian) Köslin Koszalin Küstrin Kostrzyn Landsberg Gorzów Marienburg Malbork Marienwerder Kwidzyn Rastenburg Kętrzyn Stettin Szczecin Stolp Słupsk

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