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Stockholm Concert Hall Management of a Project in the 1920S

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Stockholm Concert Hall Management of a Project in the 1920S STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY Department of Economic History and International Relations Master's Thesis in Economic History Fall Term 2020 Student: Kjell Rodenstedt Supervisor: Elin Åström Rudberg Stockholm Concert Hall Management of a project in the 1920s Abstract The beginning of the 20th century was an epoch when new industries were established, migration to the cities were increasing, the service sector was growing, and with an increased middle class. Many of the new developments were endeavors, which we today would call projects. The purpose of this thesis is to extend our knowledge about projects during the 1920s, particularly how they were managed and how different persons took on roles and responsibilities to accomplish something they believed in. One such project was Stockholm Concert Hall (1923–1926). The project was managed by the architect Ivar Tengbom, who was the project manager. There have not been any previous studies of the concert hall as a project. Previous research of projects in the past are few and then mostly from the 1940s and 50s. The thesis covers the management of the project and the different roles and associated responsibilities. The main theories are Bourdieu’s Theory of Fields and current project management theories. One of the findings is that just four men with economic, social, and cultural capital dominated the total project process. The project is considered a success; the concert hall is still appreciated. Keywords: Project management, historic project, roles and responsibilities, Concert Hall, Bourdieu, construction, the 1920s Table of contents Table of contents ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Aim and research questions ......................................................................................................................... 5 Delimitations ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Previous research ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical standpoint ............................................................................................................................... 14 Material and method ................................................................................................................................. 18 Material ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Method.................................................................................................................................................. 19 Project management as a science and method .................................................................................... 20 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................................................................... 23 2. Organizing the project .................................................................................................................... 24 The pre-period, 1900–1921 ........................................................................................................................ 24 Period 1922 until 1926 ............................................................................................................................... 30 Discussion on roles and responsibilities ..................................................................................................... 33 Summary Roles and Responsibilities .......................................................................................................... 40 3. Scope, time, and cost ...................................................................................................................... 42 Summary of scope, cost, and schedule ................................................................................................. 51 4. Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................................................. 53 References ............................................................................................................................................... 59 Primary sources .......................................................................................................................................... 59 Archival material ................................................................................................................................... 59 Printed sources ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Material from Internet ............................................................................................................................... 59 Printed references ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 63 Kjell Rodenstedt – work in progress 1. Introduction This thesis concerns project management and how the architect Ivar Tengbom managed the project of constructing Stockholm Concert Hall from start to finish. With this short introduction of what the thesis is about, I would like to take a step back and look at the conditions at the beginning of the 20th century. With the second industrial revolution both science and engineering grew in importance, new inventions resulted in the establishment of new companies and industries. This affected the whole society by increased number of jobs and new types of jobs, among others in the service sector. White-collar workers grew in number, especially in the major towns. During the period 1870 to 1930 the annual GNP per capita grew by not less than 2 % per year and productivity was doubled. Stockholm grew from 300,000 in 1900 to 420,000 in 1920.1 During the late 19th and early 20th century Stockholm began changing into a modern city and its importance as an economic center increased. Banking and financial services grew. Foreign companies were beginning to look at Stockholm and started to invest and set up subsidiaries in the city. Stockholm grew when people from the countryside started to move to the city, looking for jobs. This increased the need to build public transportations, trams, new apartment houses, new city planning and new roads, not necessarily in that order, it was mostly a parallel process. The urbanization and industries required railroads, electricity, and other infrastructure projects which all together were necessary ingredients for a new and more prosperous Sweden.2 New ways of doing banking and other financial services were introduced, new industries that were profitable were established, and together with the growth in services, both in the private and in the government sector new fortunes were being made. The service sector created a larger and wealthier middle class.3 All this led to new ways of life and the demand for culture in different forms increased. Part of this demand resulted in the development of Stockholm with several new public buildings between the years 1910 and 1930. At the same time as the demand for new buildings, both housing and offices, the architectural style changed from neo-classicism into functionalism in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Among the buildings that were built 1 Lennart Schön. En modern svensk ekonomisk historia - tillväxt och omvandling under två sekel. 4th ed. Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2014: 188, 193–95, 200. 2 Örjan Sölvell, Ivo Zander, and Michael E Porter. Advantage Sweden. 2nd ed. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik, 1993. 3 Schön, En modern svensk ekonomisk historia - tillväxt och omvandling under två sekel.: 221, 226. 2 Kjell Rodenstedt – work in progress before functionalism started to have an effect were Stockholm Town Hall, Stockholm Public Library, Stockholm Concert Hall, and Stockholm School of Economics. Much of this development was done through projects, even if it was not called projects at that time. In a way we may say that projects did build Sweden. A part of understanding the development of Sweden into a more modern and prosperous nation is to study how projects were managed during the first decades of the 20th century. A project in this thesis is an endeavor to create something new and takes both time (has a start and a finish) and effort/resources to accomplish.4 Mankind has performed infrastructures, buildings, and other types of development projects for at least 5,000 years, probably longer. Building the Wall in China, the pyramids in Egypt and Mexico, or the viaducts in the Roman empire were all projects in a sense. There are few actual studies of the history of project management. The cases that exist are mainly from complex military and space projects in the US. Jonas Söderlund (Professor at the Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior at the BI Norwegian Business School) has taken the initiative to raise interest to do research in this area.5 As he explains:
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