Ken Friedman 73 Events 1956 – 2009
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73 Events Ken Friedman 73 Events 1956 – 2009 Ken Friedman The Indiana University Art Gallery Kokomo Contents 4 Scrub Piece 36 Terminal Stairway 63 Rational Music 5 Green Street 37 The Three Ages of Man 64 Homage to Mahler 9 White Bar 38 Vacant Lot 65 Toothpaste 11 Cheers 39 White Label, White Contents 66 White Tooth Workshop 12 Edison’s Lighthouse 40 Cloud Chamber 67 After Ad Reinhart 13 Open and Shut Case 41 Shadow Box 68 Fluxus Balance Piece 69 Marching Band 15 Dark Mirror 42 Studio Pieces 70 One Million Minutes 16 Incognito, Ergo Sum 43 Heat Transfer Event 71 Precinct 17 Light Table 44 Ordinary Objects 72 Renter’s Orchestra 19 Mandatory Happening 45 The Silent Night 73 The Secrets of Nature 20 Thirty Feet 46 The Artist Becomes the Art 74 Stage Fright Event 21 Zen for Record 47 Completions 75 Alchemical Theater 23 Zen Vaudeville 48 Distance 76 Bartholomew in Munich 24 White Objects 49 Earth Work 77 Tønsberg Ship 25 Do-It-Yourself Monument 50 Open Land 78 Frozen Time 26 Empaquetage pour Christo 51 Silent Shoes 79 Magic Trick #1 27 Orchestra 52 Water Table 80 Magic Trick #2 28 Rock Placement 53 Flow System 81 Magic Trick #4 29 Blockade 54 Chess Shrine 82 Magic Trick #5 30 Boxing Day 55 Replication 83 Magic Trick #7 31 Broken Record 56 Woolen Goods 84 A Whispered History 32 Contents 58 24 Hours 85 Centre Piece 33 Paper Architecture 60 The Last Days of Pompeii 86 Portrait of Secret Fluxus 35 Salt Flat 62 Rotterdam Exchange 87 Time Zones 88 Ken Friedman: Event, Idea and Inquiry by Carolyn Barnes Scrub Piece Go to a public monument on the first day of spring. Clean it thoroughly. No announcement is necessary. 1956 Realized at the Nathan Hale Monument in New London, Connecticut on March 20, 1956, this was my first event. I did not think of it as an artwork until I came into Fluxus. It was simply something I did. It was an event in the strictest sense of the word. While I engaged in these kinds of events throughout much of my life, it was not until I began working in the context of Fluxus that I thought of events in the sense that I use the term today. I simply built things, realized ideas, or made models of things that interested me. Many of them were acts or works that I repeated, much as I did after meeting the other Fluxus people. When George Maciunas explained the event tradition to me, it gave a theoretical structure to a practice that had been central to my experience. I did these kinds of things earlier, but this is the first event for which I was able to find notes when George brought me into Fluxus. 73 Events 4 Ken Friedman Green Street Acquire a Japanese folding scroll. Keep it in a blank state. After a minimum of ten years, or on the death of the performer, inscribe the name of the performer, the date of acquisition and the date at the time of inscription. The performance continues until the scroll is filled with inscriptions. 1959 The scroll for this event came from two occasions, I used scrolls. On Most of the blank books went a little Japanese shop on Green others, I used old journals, account to people in the Fluxus network Street in New London, Connecticut, books or diaries that I managed to or the mail art network. The where I first bought such Japanese acquire at a discount. book contained the invitation to artifacts as ink, scrolls and brushes. participate. I did not ask whether Each book contained request inside I acquired the scroll in 1959. The people would agree to take part. the front cover asking the person performance using the original scroll In effect, this approach tested the who received the book to execute an is still in progress in the sense that possibility of communication and artwork or drawing in the book, then I have not yet written my name in commitment using open-ended, give it or mail it to another friend. I the scroll. one-way communication in a social requested the person who completed network. This is an obvious problem Nevertheless, I never found anyone the book to return it to me. Between when commitment in social networks willing to take responsibility for 1968 and 1974, I mailed or gave requires voluntary assent along with accepting the scroll and carrying away over one hundred books. The communication among participants. the piece forward. The scroll itself is collection in Iowa contains examples probably at the Alternative Traditions of the blank books I used for the In 1967, Stanley Milgram conducted in Contemporary Art collection at drawing project or other projects. a famous experiment asking sixty University of Iowa. None of the books sent out for the people in Omaha, Nebraska to drawing project ever returned. attempt to deliver packages to In the 1960s and 1970s, I people they did not know by sending wondered what would happen if one Over the years, I wondered why no packages to people who would be gave away a book or scroll to pass completed books ever returned. likely to know someone who could from person to person in an ongoing Many issues probably come move the package closer to its performance. I experimented with into play. While time, duration, destination. Milgram’s study gave the idea by circulating blank books and commitment are the key rise to the famous notion of “six with a request that people contribute philosophical notions for a project degrees of separation”, the idea to them and pass them on. such as this, choice and voluntary that there are only six degrees of participation in social networks may Most iterations of the experiment separation between anyone on the be why no books returned. involved blank books, bound books planet and anyone else. As important with blank, white pages. On one or as the experiment was, it has often 73 Events 5 Ken Friedman been misunderstood. Only a few world to be. Robert Filliou described an economy of increasing returns. In of the packages reached their the art world as an “eternal theory, these kinds of art should not destination, and replications of network”, but he was wrong. The art be subject to the market economics the experiment have had poor or world is not a network, but a social of scarcity. Even so, they seem to inconclusive results. ecology. One defining feature of the work that way, if only because their social ecology is that the seeming creators or those who represent their Recently, Duncan Watts replicated connections that appear to constitute art structure the art of increasing the Milgram experiment by a network do not form a genuine returns to function through the attempting to get email messages network because they offer no illusion of scarcity. from volunteers to individuals reasonably predictable mechanisms whom they did not know by sending In the years after Filliou described for linkage or the flow of energy. messages through chains of the eternal network, the idea took on intermediaries. While requests to This has given me much cause for a life of its own. It signified a global 61,168 volunteers led to 24,000 thought over the years. When Norrie community of people who believe started chains, a scant 384 reached Neumark and Annemarie Chandler in the ideas that Filliou cherished. their target. invited me to write a chapter for their This community is fluid, composed 2005 book At A Distance: Precursors of people who may never meet one While I was studying psychology to Internet Art and Activism art from another in person and who do not and social science at the time I MIT Press, I wrote a chapter on “The always agree on concepts of life mailed my first books, I wasn’t Wealth and Poverty of Networks”. and art. While these facts do not attempting to replicate Milgram’s Filliou’s notion of the eternal network diminish the reality of an ongoing work. I was exploring something was something between a metaphor community, the community is diffuse different and more philosophical. and a description of what Filliou and weak. Although this community If I were to describe the project in believed to be an emerging social has exchanged ideas for over terms of network issues, Albert O. reality. Filliou intended it as a three decades, the community has Hirschman’s work would be more genuine description, but the fact is relatively few durable engagements relevant. Hirschman had a knack for that the eternal network functioned other than artistic contact. looking at problems from unusual primarily on a metaphorical level. perspectives, bringing social insight The metaphor is powerful. The In one sense, this is not a problem. and economic theory to bear on a reality is not. The eternal network Filliou developed his concept of wide range of issues. His work might is embedded in an art world that “the eternal network” in terms of yield insight into why no books ever makes it difficult to make life more the human condition rather than came back to me. important than art. art. Filliou held that the purpose of Robust networks are stable, hardy art was to make life more important Filliou studied economics at institutions. Nevertheless, networks than art. That was the central idea of the University of California Los require continual energy inputs the eternal network. Angeles before working as an oil and development to remain robust.