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World Bank Document Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TRANSPORTE AESCALAHUMANA TRANSPORT ON AHUMANSCALE TRANSPORTE A ESCALA HUMANA TRANSPORT ON A HUMAN SCALE DIRECTORES DE ARTE / ART DIRECTORS Juan David Martínez Dilian Querubín FOTOGRÁFOS / PHOTOGRAPHERS Helkin René Díaz Fotógrafos institucionales INVESTIGADORES Y REDACTORES / TRANSPORTE A ESCALA HUMANA RESEARCHERS AND WRITERS Patricia Forero Corey Teague DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO / PROJECT MANAGER Helkin René Díaz Mauricio Cuéllar Raúl Martínez Juan Diego Mikán COORDINADORA DE PROYECTO / PROJECT COORDINATOR Leonardo Realpe María Clara Ucrós Clara Rodríguez Diego Suárez COMITÉ EDITORIAL / EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Mauricio Cuéllar PRODUCIDO POR Carlos Mojica .PUNTOAPARTE EDITORES Camila Rodríguez www.puntoaparte.com.co María Clara Ucrós Carolina Camacho ISBN: 978-958-98712-8-7 Lina Sierra Primera edición 2009 Freddy López Carlos Molina © 2009 www.bancomundial.org/co María Paula Bustos www.worldbank.org/co © 2009 .Puntoaparte Ltda. DIRECTOR EDITORIAL / EDITOR Andrés Barragán Todos los derechos reservados. 3 Transporte a escala humana BANCO MUNDIAL INTRODUCCIÓN //// INTRODUCTION 6 LÍNEA DE TIEMPO //// TIMELINE 8 DEL CAOS AL ORDEN //// FROM CHAOS TO ORDER 11 ESCENARIOS DE TRANSFORMACIÓN //// TRANSFORMATION SCENARIOS 21 EL TRANSPORTE DE CONOCIMIENTOS //// THE TRANSPORTATION OF KNOWLEDGE 29 MOVILIDAD A ESCALA HUMANA //// MOBILITY ON A HUMAN SCALE 35 EL MEJOR AMBIENTE DE TRABAJO //// THE BEST WORKING ENVIRONMENT 43 INFRAESTRUCTURA HUMANA //// HUMAN INFRASTRUCTURE 51 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS // 5 // TABLE OF CONTENTS Transporte a escala humana CÓDIGOS DE ACCESO //// ACCESS CODES 59 EL SISTEMA MADRE //// THE MOTHER SYSTEM 67 MOTORES DE PROGRESO //// ENGINES OF PROGRESS 75 // EL CIUDADANO: UN MODELO PARA ARMAR 81 // THE CITIZEN: A MODEL KIT UNA CIUDAD CONSENSUADA Y HUMANA // 89 // A HUMANE CITY IN CONSENSUS INTRODUCCIÓN // // INTRODUCTION EL ACC E SO E FICI E NT E Y E CONÓMICO al trabajo, educación y los servicios so- desde reducciones en los tiempos de viaje y un mejoramiento en la cali- ciales es un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo. No obstante, las dad del aire hasta un mayor sentido de pertenencia por la infraestructura condiciones de movilidad en las ciudades se han visto cada vez más pública. Los sistemas en las áreas metropolitanas de Medellín, Buca- afectadas por el crecimiento en el número de vehículos particulares ramanga y Barranquilla, así como en la ciudad de Cartagena, están en y la expansión de las zonas urbanas. El número de autos que entran construcción y entrarán en operación dentro de los próximos dos años. cada año en circulación crece a un ritmo mucho mayor que la cons- ‘Transporte a Escala Humana’ muestra una dimensión diferente del trucción de nuevas vías, intensificando la problemática de congestión impacto en la población de un programa como el PNTU desde un enfoque vehicular. Por lo tanto, el modelo de ciudad que se solía plantear al- testimonial. El libro busca presentar, en cada una de sus “estaciones”, ele- rededor de las autopistas y el vehículo privado está siendo cada vez mentos que ilustran el proceso de creación de ciudades más humanas e más cuestionado. Este modelo ha olvidado el factor humano como incluyentes. Así mismo, pretende plasmar gráfica y textualmente las expe- parámetro básico de atención. Hoy en día, el transporte público y los riencias y las reflexiones de líderes, expertos, afectados y usuarios. modos no motorizados constituyen los pilares de la movilidad, la co- Para el Banco Mundial, la oportunidad de participar en un programa nectividad y la accesibilidad. como el PNTU ha constituido una inmensa posibilidad de aprender y El Programa Nacional de Transporte Urbano (PNTU) que viene adelan- diseminar esta buena práctica en otros países de la región y del mun- tando Colombia ha enfocado el desarrollo del transporte público como do. Hoy en día, el Programa se ha convertido en un referente a nivel in- un elemento central de la movilidad urbana. Un transporte masivo cómo- ternacional y la publicación de este libro es una manera de celebrarlo. do, rápido, limpio y seguro aumenta la productividad urbana y mejora la Agradecemos la inmensa colaboración prestada por los funcionarios calidad de vida de las personas. Bajo este precepto, y mediante el PNTU, del Ministerio de Transporte, el Departamento Nacional de Planeación, el Gobierno Central presta el apoyo técnico y financiero a las ciudades el Ministerio de Hacienda, los Entes Gestores** y demás personas de más de 600.000 habitantes para la construcción de nuevos sistemas que contribuyeron relatando su testimonio. de transporte masivo. Gracias a la gestión del Gobierno Central, los mu- nicipios, y la participación efectiva del sector privado se ha constituido un sólido trípode en el que está fundamentado el Programa. * El sistema en Cali ha sido financiado por el Banco Interamericano Bogotá, Pereira-Dosquebradas y Cali* ya están operando sistemas de de Desarrollo (BID) ** Megabus (Pereira), Metrocali-MIO (Cali), Metrolinea (Bucaraman transporte masivo y desde su inicio se ha visto el cambio en la dinámica ga), Metroplus (Medellin), Transcaribe (Cartagena), Transmetro urbana. Los beneficios de los sistemas son tan amplios que incluyen (Barranquilla) y Transmilenio (Bogota). 7 AN E FFICI E NT AND AFFORDABL E ACC E SS TO JOBS , education and services is con- areas of Medellín, Bucaramanga and Barranquilla and in the city of sidered a fundamental element for development. However, the mobility Cartagena are currently under implementation and will start operating conditions in the cities have deteriorated because of the increasing in the next two years. motorization and urbanization. The number of new cars that enter the “Transport on a Human Scale” shows a different dimension of the im- Transporte a escala humana cities every year outpaces the construction of new roads, aggravating pacts of a program such as the NUTP. This impact is illustrated from the the existing congestion issues. Therefore, the urban models that revol- perspective of testimonials. The book shows, on each of the “stations”, ve around highways and private vehicles are frequently questioned. different elements that illustrate the creation of more humane and inclusi- These models ignore the individual and humane factors as the primary ve cities. Moreover, it portrays the experiences and thoughts of leaders, structure of the city. Nowadays, the public transport systems and the experts and users through a wide array of graphics and texts. non-motorized modes are considered to be the pillars of mobility, con- For The World Bank, our participation in the NUTP provides the op- nectivity and accessibility. portunity to learn and disseminate this Program as a ‘best practice’ in The National Urban Transport Program (NUTP) in Colombia is focu- other countries of the region and the world. Nowadays, the NUTP has sed in developing public transport systems as the central element of turned into an international reference and this publication is a way to urban mobility. A mass transport that is fast, comfortable, clean and recognize its achievements. We thank the extensive collaboration from safe will increase urban productivity and improve the quality of life. Ba- the staff at the Ministry of Transport, the National Department of Plan- sed on this hypothesis, and through the NUTP, the Central Government ning, the Ministry of Finance, the Local Transit Agencies** and all those provides financial and technical support to cities of 600,000 or more who contributed to the book with their testimonials. inhabitants in order to implement brand new mass transport systems. The Program is supported on a solid base formed by the Central Go- vernment, the Municipalities and the private sector. Bogotá, Pereira-Dosquebradas and Cali* are already operating their mass transit systems and the positive changes in the urban dy- namics have been noticeable. The benefits of these systems entail * The system in Cali has been financed by the Inter-American Deve- a broad number of aspects that include reductions in travel times, lopment Bank (IADB) ** Megabus (Pereira), Metrocali-MIO (Cali), Metrolinea (Bucaraman- improvements on air quality and a greater sense of ownership for ga), Metroplus (Medellin), Transcaribe (Cartagena), Transmetro public infrastructure, among others. The systems in the metropolitan (Barranquilla) and Transmilenio (Bogota). LÍNEA DE TIEMPO // // TIMELINE Inicio de Operación Sistema TransMilenio - Bogotá Inicio de Obra Sistema TransMilenio - Bogotá Ley 336 de 1996 Decreto 3109 de 1997 Documento Conpes 3167 “Política para mejorar el ser- vicio de transporte público urbano de pasajeros” Ley 310 de 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Inicio de Obra Sistema Transcaribe - Cartagena 9 Inicio de Obra Sistema Transmetro - Barranquilla Inicio de Obra Sistema Metrolínea - Bucaramanga Transporte a escala humana Inicio de Obra Sistema Metroplus - Medellín Inicio de Obra Sistema Megabus - Pereira Inicio de Operación Sistema Megabus - Pereira Inicio de Obra Sistema MIO - Cali Inicio de Operación Sistema MIO - Cali Documento Conpes 3260 Documento Conpes 3368 “Política nacional de transporte “Política nacional de transporte urbano y masivo” urbano y masivo - Seguimiento” 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 DEL CAOS AL ORDEN //// FROM CHAOS TO ORDER 11 POR MUCHOS AÑOS las calles de las urbano. Tal es la naturaleza de la FOR MANY Y E ARS , the streets of lar- val of the Integrated Mass Transit grandes ciudades
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