Klónok Herbivor Rovarközösségei Különös Tekintettel a Populus Nigra Származásokra

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Klónok Herbivor Rovarközösségei Különös Tekintettel a Populus Nigra Származásokra 10.13147/NYME.2012.027 DOKTORI (PhD) ÉRTEKEZÉS KÜLÖNBÖZŐ NYÁRFAJOK ÉS -KLÓNOK HERBIVOR ROVARKÖZÖSSÉGEI KÜLÖNÖS TEKINTETTEL A POPULUS NIGRA SZÁRMAZÁSOKRA Készült a Nyugat -magyarországi Egyetem Roth Gyula Erdészeti és Vadgazdálkodási Tudományok Doktori Iskolája E1 Erdei ökoszisztémák ökológiája és diverzitása program keretében Tuba Katalin Témavezető: Dr. Lakatos Ferenc Sorszám: 283 Sopron, 2012 10.13147/NYME.2012.027 KÜLÖNBÖZŐ NYÁRFAJOK ÉS -KLÓNOK HERBIVOR ROVARKÖZÖSSÉGEI KÜLÖNÖS TEKINTETTEL A POPULUS NIGRA SZÁRMAZÁSOKRA Értekezés doktori (PhD)fokozat elnyerése érdekében *a Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem Roth Gyula Erdészeti és Vadgazdálkodási Tudományok Doktori Iskolája E1 Erdei ökoszisztémák ökológiája és diverzitása progra mja Írta: Tuba Katalin ** Készült a Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem Roth Gyula Erdészeti és Vadgazdálkodási Tudományok Doktori Iskol a E1 Erdei ökoszisztémák ökológiája és diverzitása progra mja keretében Témavezető: Dr. Lakatos Ferenc Elfogadásra javaslom (igen/nem) A jelölt a doktori szigorlaton ………%-ot ért el, Sopron/Mosonm agyaróvár , ……………………………………. a Szigorlati Bizottság elnöke Az értekezést bírálóként elfogadásra javaslom (igen/nem) Első bíráló (Dr…………………… ………………) igen/nem Második bíráló (Dr…………………… ………………) igen/nem (Esetleg harmadik bíráló (Dr…………………… ………………)) igen/nem A jelölt az értekezés nyilvános vitáján…………% -ot ért el Sopron/Moson magyaróvár , .…………………………………. a Bírálóbizottság elnöke A doktori (PhD) oklevél minősítése…………………………………….. ……………………………… Az EDT elnöke 10.13147/NYME.2012.027 Tartalomjegyzék Kivonat ................................................................................................................................ 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 5 1. Bevezetés ........................................................................................................................ 6 2. Célkitűzések .................................................................................................................... 8 3. Irodalmi áttekintés ......................................................................................................... 10 3.1. A tápnövény és kapcsolódó ízeltlábú közösségei .................................................. 10 3.2. A vizsgálatokban szereplő nyárfajok és fajták ....................................................... 18 3.3. A nyárak levélfogyasztó ízeltlábúi ........................................................................ 22 4. A vizsgálatok anyaga és módszere ................................................................................ 31 4. 1. A vizsgálati területek általános jellemzői ............................................................. 31 4.1.1. Populus nigra ’Italica’ mintafák élőhelye ................................................... 31 4. 1.2. A különböző Populus fajok, klónok és hibridjeik mintaterülete ................ 33 4. 2. A vizsgálatba vont nyárfajok, klónok és fajták származása, valamint a kiválasztás kritériumai .......................................................................................... 35 4. 3. A felvételezések módja és gyakorisága .................................................................. 37 4.4. A fakadás sorrendjének megállapítása ................................................................... 38 4.5. A rovarnevelések módszere ................................................................................... 38 4.6. A vizsgálatban szereplő fajok, klónok és fajták genetikai vizsgálata .................... 39 4.7. A vizsgálatok kiértékelésének statisztikai módszerei ............................................ 39 5. Eredmények ................................................................................................................... 40 5.1. A Populus nigra ’Italica’ fák összehasonlító vizsgálata ........................................ 40 5.1. 1. Rágáskárosítások ......................................................................................... 40 5.1.2. Vázasítások .................................................................................................. 47 5.1. 3. Akna típusú károsítások ............................................................................... 54 5.1. 4. Sodró fajok ................................................................................................... 60 5.1. 5. Gubacsképző fajok ....................................................................................... 60 5.1. 6. Levéltetvek ................................................................................................... 71 5.1.7. A rágás, a vázasítás, az aknázás és a gubacsképzés kapcsolata a P. nigra ’Italica’ fákon .............................................................................................. 73 5.2. Populus fajok, klónok és hibrid ek összehasonlító vizsgálata ................................ 74 5. 2.1. Rágáskárosítások ......................................................................................... 75 1 10.13147/NYME.2012.027 5. 2.2. Vázasítások .................................................................................................. 87 5. 2.3. Akna típusú károsítások ............................................................................. 97 5.2.4. Sodratok .................................................................................................... 106 5.2.5. Gubacsképzők ............................................................................................ 114 5.2.6. További levéltetű fajok .............................................................................. 116 5.2.7. A vizsgálatba vont klónokat jellemző Shannon -Weaver indexek ............. 119 6. Következtetések .......................................................................................................... 120 6.1. A közvetlen környezet és az időtényező hatása a Populus nigra ’Italica’ fákon kialakuló ízeltlábú közösségekre ............................................................... 120 6.1.1. A Populus nigra ’Italica’ mintafák összehasonlítása, vizsgálati helyenként, a funkcionális csoportok alapján ............................................ 120 6.1.2. A Populus nigra ’Italica’ mintafák vizsgálati helyeinek összehasonlítása a funkcionális csoportok alapján ................................................................ 121 6.1.3. A vizsgálati helyek károsítási értékei, fajgazdagsága, illetve diverzitása 123 6.1.4. Általánosan elterjedt, valamint adott vizsgálati helyhez, illetve vizsgálati helycsoporthoz köthető ízeltlábú fajok ...................................... 125 6.1.5. A vegetációs időszak hatása a különböző funkcionális csoportokra ......... 126 6.1.6. Az évek hatása a különböző funkcionális csopo rtokra .............................. 128 6.2. A Pemphigus fajok „túlélési -stratégiái” ............................................................. 130 6.3. Fiatal és idős Populus nigra ’Italica fákon kialakuló ízeltlábú közösségek összetétele és működése ...................................................................................... 134 6.3.1. Fajösszetétel .............................................................................................. 134 6.3.2. A károsítások időbeni alakulása ................................................................ 136 6.3.3. A funkcionális csoportok korrelációja ....................................................... 137 6.4. A genotípus és az időtényező hatása a nyárak herbivor közösségeire ................ 138 6.4.1. A vegetációs időszak hatása a különböző funkcionális csoportokra ......... 138 6.4.2. Az évek és a genotípus hatása a különböző funkcionális csoportokra ...... 140 6. 5. Az aknázók, a gubacsképzők, a sodrók és a levéltetvek együttes diverzitása és a kár o- sítási szintek, illetve az egyedszámok kapcsolata ............................................... 142 6.6. A tápnövény genetikai hátterének hatása a kialakuló ízeltlábú közösségekre .... 142 6.6.1. A tápnövény genetikai hátterének hatása a funkcionális csoportokra ....... 142 6.6.2. Adott genotípushoz köthető ízeltlábú fajok ............................................... 145 6.7. A fenotípusosan érvényesülő tulajdonságok (fakadás, levélméret) hatása a herbivor közösségekre ...................................................................................... 146 2 10.13147/NYME.2012.027 6.8. A tápnövény származásának hatása a kapcsolódó ízeltlábú közösségre ............. 149 6.9. A helyi ízeltlábú közösségek és a távolabbi populációból származó tápnövények adaptációja ..................................................................................... 150 7. Javaslatok ................................................................................................................... 152 8. Összefoglalás ............................................................................................................... 153 9. Tézisek ........................................................................................................................ 158 Köszönetnyilvánítás ........................................................................................................ 162 Irodalomjegyzék .............................................................................................................. 163 3 10.13147/NYME.2012.027 Kivonat Jelen dolgozat azonos biogeográfiai körzetben élő, azonos genotípusú Populus nigra ’Italica’ fák, valamint egyazon helyen nevelkedő Populus
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