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And UT-Controlled Behaviour of Antarctic F F2 22 Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Antarktiese Navorsing, No. 4, 1974 South African Journal of Antarctic Research, No. 4, 1974 23 Gledhill. J.A .. Torr, D.G. & Torr. M.R. Ionospheric D.C. Satellite measurements in the 'Starfish' disturbance and electron precipitation from the outer artificial radiation zone. Can.J. Phys . 41, 1332. 1963. The Transition between radiation belt. J. geophys. Res . 72, 209, 1967. Nicolet. M. The properties and constitution of the upper Greener, J .G. Some properties ofmagnetospheric elec­ atmosphere. In Physics of the upper atmosphere . LT- and UT-controlled Behaviour trons observed west of Sanae . M.Sc. thesis, Rhodes edited by J.A. Ratcliffe. New York and London. University, 1973. Academic Press , 1960. of Antarctic f 0 F2 Greener. J.G. & Gledhill, J.A. Electron ftuxes ob­ Rees , M. H. Auroral ionization and excitation by inci­ served near Sanae, Antarctica, by the satellite Alouette dent energetic electrons. Planer. Space Sci., 11 , 1209, I during 1962-63. South Aji'ican Journal of Antarctic 1963. Research , no. 2, 35-39. 1972. Rishbeth. H. & Garriott , 0 . K. Introduction to iono­ Haschick. A.D. Electron effects in the ionosphere. spheric physics, Sections 3.22, 3.23. New York and M. H. Williams M.Sc. thesis. Rhodes University, 1973. London, Academic Press . 1969. Heikkila, W.J. , Smith ,J.B. , Tarstmp , J. & Winningham, Vemov. S.N., Gorchakov. E. V., Shavrin, P.l. & Shar­ Computer Science Department, J .P. The soft particle spectrometer in the ISIS-1 satel­ vina, K .N. Radiation belts in the region of the South lite. Rev. Scient. lnstrurn .. 41, 1393 , 1970. Rhodes University, Grahamstown Atlantic magnetic anomaly. Space Science Reviews. 7, Ivanov-Kholodny, G.S. & Kazatchevskaya, T.V. 490. 1967. Ionization of the E-region by precipitating electrons. Wilkes, M.Y. A tableofChapman 'sgrazing incidence J. atmos. terr. Phys., 33, 285-287 , 1971. integral Ch(x,x). Proc. phys. Soc., B76, 304, 1954. Jacchia. L.G. Revised static models of the thermo­ Wulff, A. & Gledhill, J.A. Atmospheric ionization by sphere and exosphere with empirical temperature precipitated electrons. J. atmos. terr. Phys. , 36, 79, The rapid transition between LT -controlled and UT-controlled be­ Die snel/e oorgang tussen L T-beheerde en UT-beheerde gedrag profiles. Smithsonian A strophysical Observatory . Spe­ 1974. haviour of f0 F2 which is observed at some Antarctic stations is van f F2 wat by sommige Antarktiese stasies waargeneem word, cial Report, 332, 1971. 0 studied here. The dates of transition have been determined for word bestudeer. Die oorgangsdatums ten opsigte van sewe McDiarmid, l.B. , Burrows, J.R. , Budzinski, E. & Rose , (Received 5 June 1974) seven stations (six Antarctic and one sub-Antarctic) for a number stasies (ses Antarkties en een Sub-Antarkties) oor 'n aantaljare is of years. At the six Antarctic stations the changeover is very rapid; bepaal. By die ses Antarktiese stasies vind die oorgang besonder in addition the average changeover date for the transition from LT­ vinnig plaas; daarbenewens le die gemiddelde oorgangsdatum to UT-control and the average changeover date for the reverse vir die oorgang van LT- na UT-beheer en die gemiddelde oor­ transition are symmetrical about one of the solstices. For the other gangsdatum vir die omgekeerde oorgang simmetries weerskante station the changeover is much less sudden and the changeover van een van die sonstilstande. By die ander stasie vind die oor­ dates are not symmetrical about the solstices. This may be due to a gang veel stadiger plaas en le die oorgangsdatums nie simme­ difference in the factors causing the UT peak at different stations. tries weerskante van die sonstilstande nie. Dit kan moontlik toe­ geskryf word aan 'n verskil in die faktore wat die UT-piek by die onderskeie stasies veroorsaak. Introduction An Analysis of Changeover Dates The anomalous behaviour of the F2 region over Antarctic In selecting stations for this analysis, two problems were stations has been studied by various workers (Duncan, encountered. The first is that a number of stations in the 1962; Piggott & Shapley, 1962; Penndorf, 1965). A strik­ Antarctic lie at longitudes in the region of 120° E; for such ing feature about it is that the critical frequency of the F2 stations it is difficult or impossible to determine when the layer appears to have a "normal" LT -controlled be­ behaviour of f0 F2 is LT -controlled and when it is UT haviour (with maximum at about 14 hours local time) for controlled (since 06 UT = 14 LMT at 120° E, i.e. both part of the year, and a UT-controlled behaviour (in which UT-controlled and LT-controlled peaks occur at the same there is a strong enhancement of f0 F2 at about 06 hours time of day) . The second problem was the unavailability universal time) for the rest of the year. of data from certain stations. As a result. the stations Furthermore, the time of year when UT-controlled be­ selected for this analysis were: Halley Bay, Sanae. Port haviour prevails depends on the position of the station. Lockroy, Byrd , Ellsworth, Roi Baudouin and Campbell Stations in the area of the Weddell Sea experience LT­ Island. In each case the time of day of maximum f~) F2 in controlled behaviour during winter and the equinoxes and summer is sufficiently different from that during winter UT-controlled behaviour in summer. At stations in the for the transition to be easy to identify . Ross Sea area f0 F2 appears to beLT-controlled during the The dates of changeover for the above seven stations equinoxes and summer but it is enhanced at about 06 UT were determined for as many years as data were available. during winter (Wil/iams & Glee/hill, 1974). lt was found that the nature of the transition at Campbell A peculiar feature of this phenomenon is that at certain Island was noticeably different from that observed at the stations the changeover between LT-controlled and UT­ other stations. At Campbell Island the transition usually controlled behaviour of f0 F2 is very sudden (see Fig. 1). took place over a period of several weeks (see Fig. 2) This was first noticed by Bel/chambers et al. ( 1962) who compared with transition periods of the order of a few analysed data obtained from Halley Bay. Piggotr & Shap­ days for the other stations (Fig. 1). In each case the ley ( 1962) considered the changeover during the latter half midpoint and the length of the transition period were of 1958 at each of five stations - Halley Bay, Ells worth. estimated. Port Lockroy, Roi Baudouin and Byrd-and noted that the The dates for the transition from LT-controlled to UT­ transition occurs at different dates at different stations. controlled behaviour are shown in Table I while the dates This paper deals with the changeover dates observed at of the reverse transition are shown in Table 2. From these several Antarctic stations and one Sub-Antarctic station two tables there does not appear to be any obvious correla­ over a number of years. The study shows that the nature of tion between the date of transition and the sunspot cycle. the transition is not the same at all stations. In fact. the date of changeover does not appear to vary - 24 Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Antarktiese Navors1ng, No. 4. 1974 South African Journal of Antarctic Research, No. 4, 1974 25 . Table 2 s 10 s 10 Dates of changeover from UT-controlled to LT-controllcd behaviour E E p p T T Roi 20 20 Campb~ l l Hall~y Port . Y~ar I Island Sanae Bay Lod.. ro:-- Byrtl Elbworth Baudouin i 30 30 1957 JUL. 27 (:!.. I) 195X MAR. 7 ( :tJ) JU L. 1H !41 MAR. J <=Ol . 1959 MAR. 11 (:t5l At: G. 3(2) 10 . 10 0 0 1960 MAR . 19 (SI JUL. 1X <11 MAR. 9 (SI c c MAR. IX (11l MAR . 15 (I I AUG. 11 (1l MAR. 12 (1) T T . ! 1961 20 MAR . 2~ (IX) MAR. 11 !5) 20 . 1961 . 1963 FEB. 18 ( 101 FEB.20(:t ll MAR. 10 (.\l MAR . 12 (:t I) : . 19M MAR. IJ ( I ~) FEB. 16 (2l MAR. 17 !Ol 30 30 . 1965 MAR. 19 ( 12) MAR . 9 ( I) MAR.I3(1l FEB. 26 (±11 . 1966 MAR. 12 (7) FEB. 20 (0) FEB.16(J) 1967 FEB. 11 (I) MAR. 9 ( I) FI:.B. 15 (2) N 10 N 10 196X FEB. 2X(Il MAR . 9 (0) 0 ( I l V 0 1969 FEB. 15! I) MAR. 10 (1) FEB. 11 ; V 1970 MAR. X (ll 20 20 ; a • These average changeover dates were plotted again~! solving the continuity equation with a wind term included. 30 30 J . geographic latitude, geomagnetic latitude and L-value but that winds can account for an enhancement of the critical in each case no reasonable correlation was apparent. frequency of the F2 region at about 06UT at Antarctic and 0 10 10 . Sub-Antarctic stations. However, while their solutions E 0 . c E . con·ectly predict a strong UT enhancement in summer for c stati ons in the Weddell Sea area, they do not account for 20 20 Discussion the fact that stations in the Ross Sea area experience the a • . The most significant results obtained from the above UT enhancement more strongly in winter than in summer 30 • 30 • • analysis are thus: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 (Williams & Gledhill, 1974). To explain this (and the high (i) The transition between LT-controlled and UT­ values of f F2 observed at Ross Sea stations during lOCAl TIME LOCAl TIME 0 controlled behaviour occurs over a period of several winter), it has been suggested that particle precipitation Fig.
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