IV. MIMICRY and VARIATION in NATURAL POPULATIONS of ER/Stalls TENAX J
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Diptera: Syrphidae
This is a repository copy of The relationship between morphological and behavioral mimicry in hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae).. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/80035/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Penney, HD, Hassall, C orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-0728, Skevington, JH et al. (2 more authors) (2014) The relationship between morphological and behavioral mimicry in hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). The American Naturalist, 183 (2). pp. 281-289. ISSN 0003-0147 https://doi.org/10.1086/674612 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ The relationship between morphological and behavioral mimicry in hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)1 Heather D. Penney, Christopher Hassall, Jeffrey H. Skevington, Brent Lamborn & Thomas N. Sherratt Abstract Palatable (Batesian) mimics of unprofitable models could use behavioral mimicry to compensate for the ease with which they can be visually discriminated, or to augment an already close morphological resemblance. -
Mimicry - Ecology - Oxford Bibliographies 12/13/12 7:29 PM
Mimicry - Ecology - Oxford Bibliographies 12/13/12 7:29 PM Mimicry David W. Kikuchi, David W. Pfennig Introduction Among nature’s most exquisite adaptations are examples in which natural selection has favored a species (the mimic) to resemble a second, often unrelated species (the model) because it confuses a third species (the receiver). For example, the individual members of a nontoxic species that happen to resemble a toxic species may dupe any predators by behaving as if they are also dangerous and should therefore be avoided. In this way, adaptive resemblances can evolve via natural selection. When this phenomenon—dubbed “mimicry”—was first outlined by Henry Walter Bates in the middle of the 19th century, its intuitive appeal was so great that Charles Darwin immediately seized upon it as one of the finest examples of evolution by means of natural selection. Even today, mimicry is often used as a prime example in textbooks and in the popular press as a superlative example of natural selection’s efficacy. Moreover, mimicry remains an active area of research, and studies of mimicry have helped illuminate such diverse topics as how novel, complex traits arise; how new species form; and how animals make complex decisions. General Overviews Since Henry Walter Bates first published his theories of mimicry in 1862 (see Bates 1862, cited under Historical Background), there have been periodic reviews of our knowledge in the subject area. Cott 1940 was mainly concerned with animal coloration. Subsequent reviews, such as Edmunds 1974 and Ruxton, et al. 2004, have focused on types of mimicry associated with defense from predators. -
Rapid Evolution of Mimicry Following Local Model Extinction Rsbl.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Christopher K
Evolutionary biology Rapid evolution of mimicry following local model extinction rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Christopher K. Akcali and David W. Pfennig Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Research Batesian mimicry evolves when individuals of a palatable species gain the selective advantage of reduced predation because they resemble a toxic Cite this article: Akcali CK, Pfennig DW. 2014 species that predators avoid. Here, we evaluated whether—and in which Rapid evolution of mimicry following local direction—Batesian mimicry has evolved in a natural population of model extinction. Biol. Lett. 10: 20140304. mimics following extirpation of their model. We specifically asked whether http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0304 the precision of coral snake mimicry has evolved among kingsnakes from a region where coral snakes recently (1960) went locally extinct. We found that these kingsnakes have evolved more precise mimicry; by contrast, no such change occurred in a sympatric non-mimetic species or in conspecifics Received: 9 April 2014 from a region where coral snakes remain abundant. Presumably, more pre- cise mimicry has continued to evolve after model extirpation, because Accepted: 22 May 2014 relatively few predator generations have passed, and the fitness costs incurred by predators that mistook a deadly coral snake for a kingsnake were historically much greater than those incurred by predators that mistook a kingsnake for a coral snake. Indeed, these results are consistent with prior Subject Areas: theoretical and empirical studies, which revealed that only the most precise evolution, ecology, behaviour mimics are favoured as their model becomes increasingly rare. -
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11 http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis • Parasitism - negative effect on host • Commensalism - no effect on host • Mutualism - both parties benefit Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasitism Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean) Nematodes (Roundworms) Commensalism or Mutualism? Anemone shrimp http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone fish http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism Cleaner Shrimp and Eel http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Whale Barnacles & Lice What kinds of symbioses are these? Commensal Parasite Camouflage • Often important for predators and prey to avoid being seen • Predators to catch their prey and prey to hide from their predators • Camouflage: Passive or adaptive Passive Camouflage Countershading Sharks Birds Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Passive Camouflage http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Adaptive Camouflage Camouflage by Accessorizing Decorator crab Friday Harbor Marine Health Observatory http://www.projectnoah.org/ Camouflage by Mimicry http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Mimicry • Animals can gain protection (or even access to prey) by looking -
HOVERFLY NEWSLETTER Dipterists
HOVERFLY NUMBER 41 NEWSLETTER SPRING 2006 Dipterists Forum ISSN 1358-5029 As a new season begins, no doubt we are all hoping for a more productive recording year than we have had in the last three or so. Despite the frustration of recent seasons it is clear that national and international study of hoverflies is in good health, as witnessed by the success of the Leiden symposium and the Recording Scheme’s report (though the conundrum of the decline in UK records of difficult species is mystifying). New readers may wonder why the list of literature references from page 15 onwards covers publications for the year 2000 only. The reason for this is that for several issues nobody was available to compile these lists. Roger Morris kindly agreed to take on this task and to catch up for the missing years. Each newsletter for the present will include a list covering one complete year of the backlog, and since there are two newsletters per year the backlog will gradually be eliminated. Once again I thank all contributors and I welcome articles for future newsletters; these may be sent as email attachments, typed hard copy, manuscript or even dictated by phone, if you wish. Please do not forget the “Interesting Recent Records” feature, which is rather sparse in this issue. Copy for Hoverfly Newsletter No. 42 (which is expected to be issued with the Autumn 2006 Dipterists Forum Bulletin) should be sent to me: David Iliff, Green Willows, Station Road, Woodmancote, Cheltenham, Glos, GL52 9HN, (telephone 01242 674398), email: [email protected], to reach me by 20 June 2006. -
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11 http://www.oceanfootage.com/stockfootage/Cleaning_Station_Fish/ http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis • Parasitism - negative effect on host • Commensalism - no effect on host • Mutualism - both parties benefit Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasites Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean) Nematodes (Roundworms) Whale Barnacles & Lice Commensalism or Parasitism? Commensalism or Mutualism? http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism Cleaner Shrimp http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone Hermit Crab http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Camouflage Countershading Sharks Birds Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Adaptive Camouflage Camouflage http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Camouflage by Mimicry Mimicry • Batesian: an edible species evolves to look similar to an inedible species to avoid predation • Mullerian: two or more inedible species all evolve to look similar maximizing efficiency with which predators learn to avoid them Batesian Mimicry An edible species evolves to resemble an inedible species to avoid predators Pufferfish (poisonous) Filefish (non-poisonous) -
Eristalis Flower Flies Can Be Mechanical Vectors of the Common
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Eristalis fower fies can be mechanical vectors of the common trypanosome bee parasite, Crithidia bombi Abby E. Davis1,2*, Kaitlin R. Deutsch1, Alondra M. Torres1, Mesly J. Mata Loya1, Lauren V. Cody1, Emma Harte1, David Sossa1, Paige A. Muñiz1, Wee Hao Ng1 & Scott H. McArt1 Flowers can be transmission platforms for parasites that impact bee health, yet bees share foral resources with other pollinator taxa, such as fies, that may be hosts or non-host vectors (i.e., mechanical vectors) of parasites. Here, we assessed whether the fecal-orally transmitted gut parasite of bees, Crithidia bombi, can infect Eristalis tenax fower fies. We also investigated the potential for two confrmed solitary bee hosts of C. bombi, Osmia lignaria and Megachile rotundata, as well as two fower fy species, Eristalis arbustorum and E. tenax, to transmit the parasite at fowers. We found that C. bombi did not replicate (i.e., cause an active infection) in E. tenax fies. However, 93% of inoculated fies defecated live C. bombi in their frst fecal event, and all contaminated fecal events contained C. bombi at concentrations sufcient to infect bumble bees. Flies and bees defecated inside the corolla (fower) more frequently than other plant locations, and fies defecated at volumes comparable to or greater than bees. Our results demonstrate that Eristalis fower fies are not hosts of C. bombi, but they may be mechanical vectors of this parasite at fowers. Thus, fower fies may amplify or dilute C. bombi in bee communities, though current theoretical work suggests that unless present in large populations, the efects of mechanical vectors will be smaller than hosts. -
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Butterflies Are Palatable to Avian Predators
insects Article Evaluating an Alleged Mimic of the Monarch Butterfly: Neophasia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Butterflies are Palatable to Avian Predators Dale A. Halbritter 1,2,* , Johnalyn M. Gordon 3, Kandy L. Keacher 4, Michael L. Avery 4,5 and Jaret C. Daniels 2,6 1 USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA 2 Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; jdaniels@flmnh.ufl.edu 3 Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Ave, Davie, FL 33314, USA; johnalynmgordon@ufl.edu 4 Florida Field Station, USDA-APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, 2820 E University Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA; [email protected] (K.L.K.); [email protected] (M.L.A.) 5 2906 NW 14th Pl., Gainesville, FL 32605, USA 6 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, 3215 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * Correspondence: dhalb001@ufl.edu or [email protected]; Tel.: +1-661-406-8932 Received: 28 September 2018; Accepted: 22 October 2018; Published: 29 October 2018 Abstract: Some taxa have adopted the strategy of mimicry to protect themselves from predation. Butterflies are some of the best representatives used to study mimicry, with the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) a well-known model. We are the first to empirically investigate a proposed mimic of the monarch butterfly: Neophasia terlooii, the Mexican pine white butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). We used captive birds to assess the palatability of N. terlooii and its sister species, N. -
Mimicry: Ecology, Evolution, and Development
Editorial Mimicry: Ecology, evolution, and development David PFENNIG, Guest Editor Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Coker Hall, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA, [email protected] 1 Introduction 1879), multiple undesirable species (e.g., toxic species) converge on the same warning signal, thereby sharing Mimicry occurs when one species (the “mimic”) the cost of educating predators about their undesirabil- evolves to resemble a second species (the “model”) be- ity. cause of the selective benefits associated with confusing Mimicry is among the most active research areas in a third species (the “receiver”). For example, natural all of evolutionary biology, in part because of the highly selection can favor phenotypic convergence between integrative nature that the study of mimicry necessarily completely unrelated species when an edible species entails. Mimicry involves asking both functional ques- receives the benefit of reduced predation by resembling tions (it involves investigating, for example, the adap- an inedible species that predators avoid. tive significance of more versus less precise resem- Research into mimicry has a rich history that traces blance between models and mimics) and mechanistic back to the beginnings of modern evolutionary biology. ones (it also involves investigating, for example, how In 1862––a scant three years after Darwin had published mimetic phenotypes are produced). Thus, mimicry re- The Origin of Species––Henry Walter Bates (1862), an search draws on diverse fields, many of which are on English explorer and naturalist, first suggested that close the cutting edge of biological research. Indeed, as Bro- resemblances between unrelated species could evolve as die and Brodie (2004, p. -
Diptera, Sy Ae)
Ce nt re fo r Eco logy & Hydrology N AT U RA L ENVIRO N M EN T RESEA RC H CO U N C IL Provisional atlas of British hover les (Diptera, Sy ae) _ Stuart G Ball & Roger K A Morris _ J O I N T NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE NERC Co pyright 2000 Printed in 2000 by CRL Digital Limited ISBN I 870393 54 6 The Centre for Eco logy an d Hydrolo gy (CEI-0 is one of the Centres an d Surveys of the Natu ral Environme nt Research Council (NERC). Established in 1994, CEH is a multi-disciplinary , environmental research organisation w ith som e 600 staff an d w ell-equipp ed labo ratories and field facilities at n ine sites throughout the United Kingdom . Up u ntil Ap ril 2000, CEM co m prise d of fou r comp o nent NERC Institutes - the Institute of Hydrology (IH), the Institute of Freshw ater Eco logy (WE), the Institute of Terrestrial Eco logy (ITE), and the Institute of Virology an d Environmental Micro b iology (IVEM). From the beginning of Ap dl 2000, CEH has operated as a single institute, and the ind ividual Institute nam es have ceased to be used . CEH's mission is to "advance th e science of ecology, env ironme ntal microbiology and hyd rology th rough h igh q uality and inte rnat ionall) recognised research lead ing to better understanding and quantifia ttion of the p hysical, chem ical and b iolo gical p rocesses relating to land an d freshwater an d living organisms within the se environments". -
Model Toxin Level Does Not Directly Influence the Evolution of Mimicry In
Evol Ecol (2015) 29:511–523 DOI 10.1007/s10682-015-9765-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Model toxin level does not directly influence the evolution of mimicry in the salamander Plethodon cinereus 1,2 1 1 Andrew C. Kraemer • Jeanne M. Serb • Dean C. Adams Received: 16 January 2015 / Accepted: 8 May 2015 / Published online: 14 May 2015 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Abstract The resemblance between palatable mimics and unpalatable models in Bate- sian mimicry systems is tempered by many factors, including the toxicity of the model species. Model toxicity is thought to influence both the occurrence of mimicry and the evolution of mimetic phenotypes, such that mimicry is most likely to persist when models are particularly toxic. Additionally, model toxicity may influence the evolution of mimetic phenotype by allowing inaccurate mimicry to evolve through a mechanism termed ‘relaxed selection’. We tested these hypotheses in a salamander mimicry system between the model Notophthalmus viridescens and the mimic Plethodon cinereus, in which N. viridescens toxicity takes the form of tetrodotoxin. Surprisingly, though we discovered geographic variation in model toxin level, we found no support for the hypotheses that model toxicity directly influences either the occurrence of mimicry or the evolution of mimic phenotype. Instead, a link between N. viridescens size and toxicity may indirectly lead to relaxed selection in this mimicry system. Additionally, limitations of predator perception or var- iation in the rate of phenotypic evolution of models and mimics may account for the evolution of imperfect mimicry in this salamander species. Finally, variation in predator communities among localities or modern changes in environmental conditions may con- tribute to the patchy occurrence of mimicry in P. -
Deceptive Coloration - Natureworks 01/04/20, 11:58 AM
Deceptive Coloration - NatureWorks 01/04/20, 11:58 AM Deceptive Coloration Deceptive coloration is when an organism's color Mimicry fools either its predators or its prey. There are two Some animals and plants look like other things -- types of deceptive coloration: camouflage and they mimic them. Mimicry is another type of mimicry. deceptive coloration. It can protect the mimic from Camouflage predators or hide the mimic from prey. If mimicry was a play, there would be three characters. The Model - the species or object that is copied. The Mimic - looks and acts like another species or object. The Dupe- the tricked predator or prey. The poisonous Camouflage helps an organism blend in with its coral snake surroundings. Camouflage can be colors or and the patterns or both. When organisms are harmless camouflaged, they are harder to find. This means king snake predators have to spend a longer time finding can look a them. That's a waste of energy! When a predator is lot alike. camouflaged, it makes it easier to sneak up on or Predators surprise its prey. will avoid Blending In: Stripes or Solids? the king snake because they think it is poisonous. This type There are of mimicry is called Batesian mimicry. In lots of Batesian mimicry a harmless species mimics a different toxic or dangerous species. examples of The viceroy butterfly and monarch butterfly were once thought to camouflage. Some colors and patterns help exhibit animals blend into areas with light and shadow. Batesian The tiger's stripes help it blend into tall grass. Its mimicry golden brown strips blend in with the grass and the where a dark brown and black stripes merge with darker harmless shadows.