(Thorn) Automimicry and Mimicry of Aposematic Colorful Thorns
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Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). -
Mimicry and Defense
3/24/2015 Professor Donald McFarlane Mimicry and Defense Protective Strategies Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Diverse Coloration Diversion Structures Startle Structures 2 1 3/24/2015 Camouflage (“Cryptic coloration”) Minimize 3d shape, e.g. flatfish Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) 3 4 2 3/24/2015 Counter‐Shading 5 Disruptive Coloration 6 3 3/24/2015 Polymorphism – Cepeae snails 7 Polymorphism – Oophaga granuliferus 8 4 3/24/2015 Polymorphism – 9 Polymorphism – Oophaga Geographic locations of study populations and their color patterns. (A) Map of the pacific coast of Colombia showing the three study localities: in blue Oophaga histrionica, in orange O. lehmanni, and in green the pHYB population. (B) Examples of color patterns of individuals from the pHYB population (1–4) and the pattern from a hybrid between Oophaga histrionica and O. lehmanni bred in the laboratory (H) 10 5 3/24/2015 Diversion Structures 11 Startle Structures 12 6 3/24/2015 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Advertise organism as distasteful, toxic or venomous Problem: Predators must learn by attacking prey; predator learning is costly to prey. Therefore strong selective pressure to STANDARDIZE on a few colors/patterns. This is MULLERIAN MIMICRY. Most common is yellow/black, or red/yellow/black 13 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) Bumblebee (Bombus Black and yellow mangrove snake (Boiga sp.) Sand Wasp (bembix oculata) dendrophila) Yellow‐banded poison dart frog (Dendrobates leucomelas Fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra) 14 7 3/24/2015 Warning Coloration (Aposematic coloration) coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) ~ 50 species in two families, all venomous 15 Batesian Mimicry 1862 –Henry Walter Bates; “A Naturalist on the River Amazons” 16 8 3/24/2015 Batesian Mimicry Batesian mimics “cheat” –they lack toxins, venom, etc. -
Mimicry - Ecology - Oxford Bibliographies 12/13/12 7:29 PM
Mimicry - Ecology - Oxford Bibliographies 12/13/12 7:29 PM Mimicry David W. Kikuchi, David W. Pfennig Introduction Among nature’s most exquisite adaptations are examples in which natural selection has favored a species (the mimic) to resemble a second, often unrelated species (the model) because it confuses a third species (the receiver). For example, the individual members of a nontoxic species that happen to resemble a toxic species may dupe any predators by behaving as if they are also dangerous and should therefore be avoided. In this way, adaptive resemblances can evolve via natural selection. When this phenomenon—dubbed “mimicry”—was first outlined by Henry Walter Bates in the middle of the 19th century, its intuitive appeal was so great that Charles Darwin immediately seized upon it as one of the finest examples of evolution by means of natural selection. Even today, mimicry is often used as a prime example in textbooks and in the popular press as a superlative example of natural selection’s efficacy. Moreover, mimicry remains an active area of research, and studies of mimicry have helped illuminate such diverse topics as how novel, complex traits arise; how new species form; and how animals make complex decisions. General Overviews Since Henry Walter Bates first published his theories of mimicry in 1862 (see Bates 1862, cited under Historical Background), there have been periodic reviews of our knowledge in the subject area. Cott 1940 was mainly concerned with animal coloration. Subsequent reviews, such as Edmunds 1974 and Ruxton, et al. 2004, have focused on types of mimicry associated with defense from predators. -
Rapid Evolution of Mimicry Following Local Model Extinction Rsbl.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Christopher K
Evolutionary biology Rapid evolution of mimicry following local model extinction rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Christopher K. Akcali and David W. Pfennig Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Research Batesian mimicry evolves when individuals of a palatable species gain the selective advantage of reduced predation because they resemble a toxic Cite this article: Akcali CK, Pfennig DW. 2014 species that predators avoid. Here, we evaluated whether—and in which Rapid evolution of mimicry following local direction—Batesian mimicry has evolved in a natural population of model extinction. Biol. Lett. 10: 20140304. mimics following extirpation of their model. We specifically asked whether http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0304 the precision of coral snake mimicry has evolved among kingsnakes from a region where coral snakes recently (1960) went locally extinct. We found that these kingsnakes have evolved more precise mimicry; by contrast, no such change occurred in a sympatric non-mimetic species or in conspecifics Received: 9 April 2014 from a region where coral snakes remain abundant. Presumably, more pre- cise mimicry has continued to evolve after model extirpation, because Accepted: 22 May 2014 relatively few predator generations have passed, and the fitness costs incurred by predators that mistook a deadly coral snake for a kingsnake were historically much greater than those incurred by predators that mistook a kingsnake for a coral snake. Indeed, these results are consistent with prior Subject Areas: theoretical and empirical studies, which revealed that only the most precise evolution, ecology, behaviour mimics are favoured as their model becomes increasingly rare. -
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11 http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis • Parasitism - negative effect on host • Commensalism - no effect on host • Mutualism - both parties benefit Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasitism Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean) Nematodes (Roundworms) Commensalism or Mutualism? Anemone shrimp http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone fish http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism Cleaner Shrimp and Eel http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Whale Barnacles & Lice What kinds of symbioses are these? Commensal Parasite Camouflage • Often important for predators and prey to avoid being seen • Predators to catch their prey and prey to hide from their predators • Camouflage: Passive or adaptive Passive Camouflage Countershading Sharks Birds Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Passive Camouflage http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Adaptive Camouflage Camouflage by Accessorizing Decorator crab Friday Harbor Marine Health Observatory http://www.projectnoah.org/ Camouflage by Mimicry http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Mimicry • Animals can gain protection (or even access to prey) by looking -
Müllerian and Batesian Mimicry Rings of White- Variegated Aposematic Spiny and Thorny Plants: a Hypothesis
Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 0792-9978 (Print) 2223-8980 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tips20 Müllerian and Batesian mimicry rings of white- variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: A hypothesis Simcha Lev-Yadun To cite this article: Simcha Lev-Yadun (2009) Müllerian and Batesian mimicry rings of white- variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: A hypothesis, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 57:1-2, 107-116 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.107 Published online: 14 Mar 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 41 View related articles Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tips20 Download by: [Universitaire De Lausanne] Date: 03 May 2016, At: 02:12 Israel Journal of Plant Sciences Vol. 57 2009 pp. 107–116 DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.57.1–2.107 This paper has been contributed in honor of Azaria Alon on the occasion of his 90th birthday. Müllerian and Batesian mimicry rings of white-variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: A hypothesis SIMCHA LEV-YADUN Department of Science Education–Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa—Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel (Received 4 August 2008; accepted in revised form 9 March 2009) ABSTRACT Twenty-one wild spiny or thorny plant species growing in Israel have been found so far that are conspicuous because of white stripes and spots found on their leaves. Twenty of these species occupy open habitats, and only one is a climber (Smilax aspera) that is found in both shady and open habitats. -
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage
Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11 http://www.oceanfootage.com/stockfootage/Cleaning_Station_Fish/ http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis • Parasitism - negative effect on host • Commensalism - no effect on host • Mutualism - both parties benefit Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasites Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean) Nematodes (Roundworms) Whale Barnacles & Lice Commensalism or Parasitism? Commensalism or Mutualism? http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism Cleaner Shrimp http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone Hermit Crab http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Camouflage Countershading Sharks Birds Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Adaptive Camouflage Camouflage http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Camouflage by Mimicry Mimicry • Batesian: an edible species evolves to look similar to an inedible species to avoid predation • Mullerian: two or more inedible species all evolve to look similar maximizing efficiency with which predators learn to avoid them Batesian Mimicry An edible species evolves to resemble an inedible species to avoid predators Pufferfish (poisonous) Filefish (non-poisonous) -
Defensive Behaviors of Deep-Sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy
Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David R. Lindberg Professor George K. Roderick Dr. Bruce H. Robison Fall, 2009 Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy © 2009 by Stephanie Lynn Bush ABSTRACT Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth and holds the majority of its’ animal biomass. Due to the limitations of observing, capturing and studying these diverse and numerous organisms, little is known about them. The majority of deep-sea species are known only from net-caught specimens, therefore behavioral ecology and functional morphology were assumed. The advent of human operated vehicles (HOVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have allowed scientists to make one-of-a-kind observations and test hypotheses about deep-sea organismal biology. Cephalopods are large, soft-bodied molluscs whose defenses center on crypsis. Individuals can rapidly change coloration (for background matching, mimicry, and disruptive coloration), skin texture, body postures, locomotion, and release ink to avoid recognition as prey or escape when camouflage fails. Squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes rely on these visual defenses in shallow-water environments, but deep-sea cephalopods were thought to perform only a limited number of these behaviors because of their extremely low light surroundings. -
Ink from Longfin Inshore Squid, Doryteuthis Pealeii, As a Chemical and Visual Defense Against Two Predatory Fishes, Summer Floun
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Woods Hole Open Access Server Reference: Biol. Bull. 225: 152–160. (December 2013) © 2013 Marine Biological Laboratory Ink From Longfin Inshore Squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, as a Chemical and Visual Defense Against Two Predatory Fishes, Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and Sea Catfish, Ariopsis felis CHARLES D. DERBY*, MIHIKA TOTTEMPUDI, TIFFANY LOVE-CHEZEM, AND LANNA S. WOLFE Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303; and The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Abstract. Chemical and visual defenses are used by many Introduction organisms to avoid being approached or eaten by predators. Anti-predatory defenses can be found in many forms An example is inking molluscs—including gastropods such throughout the animal kingdom, operating through a variety as sea hares and cephalopods such as squid, cuttlefish, and of sensory systems of predators, including olfactory, visual, octopus—which release a colored ink upon approach or and auditory (Ruxton et al., 2004; Caro, 2005; Eisner et al., attack. Previous work showed that ink can protect molluscs 2007). Some molluscs use ink as a chemical defense against through a combination of chemical, visual, and other ef- predators. Previous work on slow-moving inking mol- fects. In this study, we examined the effects of ink from luscs—sea hares, Aplysia spp.—revealed a variety of mol- longfin inshore squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, on the behavior ecules acting as chemical defenses through a variety of of two species of predatory fishes, summer flounder, mechanisms (Derby, 2007; Derby and Aggio, 2011). One Paralichthys dentatus, and sea catfish, Ariopsis felis. -
Coral Snakes Predict the Evolution of Mimicry Across New World Snakes
ARTICLE Received 22 Sep 2015 | Accepted 1 Apr 2016 | Published 5 May 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11484 OPEN Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes Alison R. Davis Rabosky1,2, Christian L. Cox3,4, Daniel L. Rabosky1, Pascal O. Title1, Iris A. Holmes1, Anat Feldman5 & Jimmy A. McGuire2 Batesian mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of mimicry as a stable evolutionary ‘end point’ and suggesting that insect and snake mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics. 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. 2 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. 3 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO Box 8042, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA. 4 Department of Biology, The University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA. -
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Butterflies Are Palatable to Avian Predators
insects Article Evaluating an Alleged Mimic of the Monarch Butterfly: Neophasia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Butterflies are Palatable to Avian Predators Dale A. Halbritter 1,2,* , Johnalyn M. Gordon 3, Kandy L. Keacher 4, Michael L. Avery 4,5 and Jaret C. Daniels 2,6 1 USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3225 College Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA 2 Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; jdaniels@flmnh.ufl.edu 3 Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Ave, Davie, FL 33314, USA; johnalynmgordon@ufl.edu 4 Florida Field Station, USDA-APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, 2820 E University Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA; [email protected] (K.L.K.); [email protected] (M.L.A.) 5 2906 NW 14th Pl., Gainesville, FL 32605, USA 6 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, 3215 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * Correspondence: dhalb001@ufl.edu or [email protected]; Tel.: +1-661-406-8932 Received: 28 September 2018; Accepted: 22 October 2018; Published: 29 October 2018 Abstract: Some taxa have adopted the strategy of mimicry to protect themselves from predation. Butterflies are some of the best representatives used to study mimicry, with the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) a well-known model. We are the first to empirically investigate a proposed mimic of the monarch butterfly: Neophasia terlooii, the Mexican pine white butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). We used captive birds to assess the palatability of N. terlooii and its sister species, N. -
Mimicry: Ecology, Evolution, and Development
Editorial Mimicry: Ecology, evolution, and development David PFENNIG, Guest Editor Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Coker Hall, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA, [email protected] 1 Introduction 1879), multiple undesirable species (e.g., toxic species) converge on the same warning signal, thereby sharing Mimicry occurs when one species (the “mimic”) the cost of educating predators about their undesirabil- evolves to resemble a second species (the “model”) be- ity. cause of the selective benefits associated with confusing Mimicry is among the most active research areas in a third species (the “receiver”). For example, natural all of evolutionary biology, in part because of the highly selection can favor phenotypic convergence between integrative nature that the study of mimicry necessarily completely unrelated species when an edible species entails. Mimicry involves asking both functional ques- receives the benefit of reduced predation by resembling tions (it involves investigating, for example, the adap- an inedible species that predators avoid. tive significance of more versus less precise resem- Research into mimicry has a rich history that traces blance between models and mimics) and mechanistic back to the beginnings of modern evolutionary biology. ones (it also involves investigating, for example, how In 1862––a scant three years after Darwin had published mimetic phenotypes are produced). Thus, mimicry re- The Origin of Species––Henry Walter Bates (1862), an search draws on diverse fields, many of which are on English explorer and naturalist, first suggested that close the cutting edge of biological research. Indeed, as Bro- resemblances between unrelated species could evolve as die and Brodie (2004, p.