Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry
OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis
• Parasitism - negative effect on host
• Commensalism - no effect on host
• Mutualism - both parties benefit
Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasitism Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean)
Nematodes (Roundworms) Commensalism or Mutualism?
Anemone shrimp
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone fish
http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism
Cleaner Shrimp and Eel http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Whale Barnacles & Lice What kinds of symbioses are these?
Commensal
Parasite Camouflage
• Often important for predators and prey to avoid being seen • Predators to catch their prey and prey to hide from their predators • Camouflage: Passive or adaptive Passive Camouflage Countershading Sharks Birds
Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish
JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals
shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Passive Camouflage
http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Adaptive Camouflage Camouflage by Accessorizing Decorator crab
Friday Harbor Marine Health Observatory
http://www.projectnoah.org/ Camouflage by Mimicry
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Mimicry • Animals can gain protection (or even access to prey) by looking like something they are not • Many types of mimicry (3 examples): • Müllerian- two dangerous animals evolve to look similar • Batesian- a non-dangerous animal evolves to look like something dangerous • Agressive - a dangerous animal evolves to look like something non-dangerous Batesian Mimicry An edible species evolves to resemble an inedible species to avoid predators
Pufferfish (poisonous)
Filefish (non-poisonous) Batesian Mimicry Nudibranchs & Flatworms Toxic Nudibranchs
Non-Toxic Flatworms
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html Batesian Mimicry Nudibranchs & Flatworms Toxic Nudibranchs
Non-Toxic Flatworms
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html Aggressive Mimicry Predator or parasite mimics something harmless!
Cleaner Wrasse
Sabre-toothed Blenny Frogfish lures
http://theliquidearth.org/2012/10/the-mimic-octopus/