in Allah Sunni Six Beliefs

1) : Belief in Allah as the one and only God

Risalah (the communication between Allah and humans) – belief in , holy books and prophets 2) Malaikah: Belief in angels (see later notes)

3) Belief in the holy books: Kutub (see later notes)

4) Nubuwwah - /Belief in the Prophets (see later notes) Belief in certain prophets who God chose to relay His message to humans is a required article of Sunni Islamic .

5) Akirah: Belief in the Life after Death. (see later notes)

6) Al Qadr: Belief in Predestination. (see later notes)

The importance of the 6 Beliefs for Sunni today:

• They are found in the Kitab al- (book of faith) “That you affirm your faith in Allah, His angels, His books, His meeting, His messengers and that you affirm faith in the resurrection hereafter” (Kitab al-iman 1:4) • Unites Sunni Muslims and make them feel part of the Ummah as they all believe the same • It helps them understand their faith better – the know to follow the rules so that when they are judged, they will be rewarded with Paradise • Salvation in comes from believing the six beliefs and living in the way set out by Islam

• All Muslims are created equal in the sight of Allah, therefore Muslims should respect all people regardless of race or place of birth and should not judge people on factors such as gender, race or disability • Because of this belief in equality, there are no priests, or holy men with special authority in . – The only intermediaries between Allah and people are angels – The only people given special authority and belief in Risalah means that there can be no prophets after • People are born free from sin and bear no responsibility for the sins of others. Once you reach puberty and knowingly commit sins, then you are held responsible

Shi’a Five Roots of Usul ad

1) Belief in Oneness and Unity of God: Al-Tawhid (see later notes)

2) Belief in Divine Justice: Al-Adl • Al Adl is the belief that God is Just and does not commit any act of injustice towards any human beings. “My Lord hath Commanded Justice” • Adalat – Allah is just and created the world in a just and fair way • God has given humans the ability to differentiate good from evil, which in the Qur'an is referred to as ''. • Therefore Humans must also try to be fair too as humans know what is right and wrong. • Muslims will receive a fair judgement for Akhira.

3) Belief in Prophethood: Al-Nubuwah (see later notes)

4) Belief in : Al-Imamah • Immamah = “leadership” • Shia believe there are 12 infallible imams. • God wanted them to preserve Islam after Muhammad died over a long period of time to guide people. • There is only ONE single at a time. • The 12th Imam is hidden and one day will appear to end tyranny and oppression • According to Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (an Islamic Shia philosopher), the Imam is a means through which humans receive divine grace, because "He brings men closer to obedience (of Allah) and keeps them away from disobedience."

5) Mi’ad - Belief in and Judgement: (see later notes on Akirah) • After death humans will be resurrected, or brought back to life, to be judged • People will be held to account of their actions • “And because the hour is coming, there is no doubt about it and Allah resurrect those who are in the graves” (22:7).

The importance of the Usul ad Din for Shi’a Muslims today

• They are the basis of Shi’a Islam – the roots from which the faith grows • They unite the Shia Ummah • They help Shi’ites understand their faith e.g. resurrection/judgement • They show what a Shia Muslim must believe and guide them on how to act to ensure they go to heaven () • The come from the teachings of the Qur’an and the Twelve Imams • Unless they understand and believe Usul ad Din they will not be able to perform the acts of worship necessary to live the Muslim life

Sunni and the five roots Sunni’s accept four of the five roots since they are contained in the Six Beliefs: • Root 1 is Tawheed • Root 2 Al-Adl (Allah’s justice) they believe is part of Allah’s oneness (though they don’t place the same emphasis on it • Root 3 is Risalah • Root 4 Belief in the day of Judgement is Akirah

But Sunnis cannot accept Root 4 Al-Imamah since they believe that Muhammad was the last of the prophets. Root 4 is the basis on disagreement and conflict between Sunnis and Shi’as. Imans are important as a source of authority for Sunni Muslims but they do note believe there were specifically appointed by Allah.

Nature of Allah

Tawhid • All Muslims are known as Monotheists as they only believe in ONE God. “Allah is Creator of all, and He is the One, the Supreme.” (13:16) • This is the basis of slam – It is the first part of the Shahadah (First Pillar)”I bear witness that there us no God but Allah” – Forms part of Salat (prayer 5 times a day) • God is the Creator and was not created by a being and only Allah should be worshipped. “Such is Allah, your Lord; there is no god but He, the Creator of all things; so, worship Him (and Him alone), and He has charge of all things. (6:102)

Shirk is the division of the unity of Allah and the opposite of tawhid. It is the sin of polytheism (believing in and worshipping more than one God) and is an unforgiveable sin.

Belief in Tawhid is important to Muslims because: • There is only one God who created everything • If the universe was made by one God, then the Muslim community (ummah) should be united • There can only be one law for Muslims – Shari’ah • This is why there can be no statues or images in the (Islam rejects the attribution of any human form to God)

The 99 names of Allah As Allah is transcendent, he cannot be described by humans, but the 99 names, will can be found in the Qur’an reveal his nature. They • help Muslims to know something of his unknowable nature of Allah • enables them to talk about their shared beliefs about Allah in a meaningful way • allow Muslims to develop a meaningful relationship with Allah • are accepted by all Muslims so brings the Ummah together • are in the Qur’an so Allah wants them to know these characteristics

Al-Qadir The All Allah is all powerful and in “He has power over all things” Powerful control. He created the universe “Allah is Creator of all” (Omnipotent) so must have complete power . over it Islam means submission to Allah’s will. Muslims have submitted themselves to Allah because he is so great Al-’Alim The Knower of For Allah to be “Master of “Not a leaf falls, but that He All Judgement Day” he must know knows it" (omniscient) everything about what humans have done to have the power and authority to judge them Ar- The All-Merciful Allah is compassionate to people “My mercy embraces all things” Rahman who say sorry Every Surah begins with Bismillah (in the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful) Al- The Loving One Allah cares for his creation on a “your Lords bounty Wadud (omnibenevol personal level (love/kindness) is not ent) restricted” Al-Afu The Forgiver Allah forgives the things people “Allah is all pardoning, ever- do wrong forgiving” Al- The Judge Allah will judge people on “Is not Allah the best of Judges” Hakam Judgment Day As- The Source of said at the end of “I seek Allah’s Forgiveness. O Salam Peace Allah, You are As-Salaam” Al-’Adl The Just Allah judges in a fair and “Allah commands justice” unbiased way Nature of Allah

The importance of the 99 names • Muslims may use subhan (set of 99 prayer beads) when they pray to help them remember and recite the 99 names • If they can recite all 99, this shows their devotion to Allah “There are 99 names of Allah, he who commits them to memory will get to paradise” ( 35:6475)

Belief in omnipotence is important because: • Allah is in control of everything that happens • Allah has a plan for the world and the power to ensure it happens • Allah has the power to bring the world to an end on Judgement Day

Belief in omnibenevolence is important because: • If Allah is compassionate and merciful to sinners, Muslims should also be merciful and forgiving • How can Muslims ask Allah’s mercy on Judgement Day if they are not prepared to forgive? • If Allah is compassionate and merciful to sinners, Muslims should also be merciful and forgiving • How can Muslims ask Allah’s mercy on Judgement Day if they are not prepared to forgive?

Allah describes Himself as ‘The transcendent one’ implying that He is above and beyond His Creation. Allah is above the seventh heaven, distinct and independent from His creation. This can be seen in some of the 99 names “the Greatest”, “the Supreme One”, which show how far beyond human description God is.

Belief in transcendance is important because: • It shows Allah is worthy of worship as he is greater than anything • It shows he is in control • It shows he is not restricted in anyway – by time, space or matter

Allah is also immanent, this means that he is close to every human “Allah is closer to you than your Jugular vein” (50:16) and acts in this world. This means he is personal to Muslims. Muslims will look to God for guidance and his mercy in their daily lives. It shows Muslims that Allah knows everything and nothing is hidden from him “Whithersoever ye turn, there is the presence of God” 2:115

Belief in immanence is important because: • It means Allah is within the universe he has created, so science and learning can comprehend Allah • Despite his greatness Allah can be contacted by humans • It means Allah is present in all religious activities, e.g. Salat, Sawm

Risalah/Nubuwaah: Prophethood

Risalah means ‘message’ in .

• A prophet is a messenger whom Allah sent to help humankind and communicates His will: – showing them how to worship – teaching them that life is a test – providing an example of how to life a good life

• They were chosen by Allah and received revelations from Allah/the Jibril, which are recorded in the Islamic Holy Books • They were morally good men who faithfully pass on Allah’s message without altering it • The Qur’an says that each prophet brought Islam in its perfect form but humans either ignored it or distorted in, so Allah had to keep on sending a new prophet until Muhammad was given the Qur’an in a form that couldn’t be distorted • The single most important message of all prophets to their people was to worship God alone and none else and to follow His teachings "And your God is One God: there is no god but He..." (2:163) • They were ordinary people – this teaches Muslims that they should have nothing to do with religions that claim divine status for their leaders

Prophets called ‘rasuls’ received holy books from God. E.g. Isa – the Gospels, Muhammad – the Qur’an

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Risalah/Nubuwaah: Prophethood

The Prophet Muhammad • He is the founder of Islam • He must be followed. Those who do will be rewarded, those who don’t will be punished • He was a perfect example to follow • He is the LAST Prophet of Islam, there will be no more • He us known as the “Seal of the Prophets” (33:40) – he acts like a seal to prove origin and soe the message hasn’t been altered • He received the final divine revelation from God over 23 years which became the Qur’an. Three times the angel Jibril ordered Muhammad to read out the words. Although he could not read or write – he miraculously recited the passages that made the Qur’an “speak these words aloud” (96:2) • He was a good and fair leader: he didn’t take money for himself; he made laws such as: forgive someone who does you wrong, , do not cheat, do not steal, do not be cruel to slaves or animals. When he conquered but was lenient and kind to his enemies • Before he died he said “I leave behind two things, the Qur’an and the example of my life. If you follow these you will not fail”.

The importance of the prophets The prophets teach that: • Allah loves humanity and want to communicate through people and holy books • Allah is omnipresent, watching over them • They are closely linked to the Six Beliefs and Five Roots of Usul ad Din, so for both Sunni and Shi’a Muslims, prophethood is understood to eb a source of how these beliefs were given to Muslims • Muslims try to follow the examples of prophets, especially the Prophet Muhammad, who is the perfect example • The prophets are shown respect as whenever Muslims say their name, their say “peace be upon him” or write “pbuh”

• Those who follow Muhammad’s example (recorded in the ) will be rewarded, those who don’t will be punished

Malaikah: Angels

• Angels are real created beings who will eventually die • They are supernatural beings beyond the physical world, who generally hidden from our senses • They are made from light and are servants of Allah. • Angels have no free will and MUST obey Allah. • They worship God alone, obey Him, and act only by His command • They possess great powers given to them by God. • They have no physical body but can appear in human form eg, when Jibril appeared to Mary as a man - “then we sent to her our angel and he appeared to her as a man in all respects” (19:17) • Shaytan was an angel that refused to bow down to Adam and was sent out of heaven

Arc angels Jibril - chief of the angels • revealed messages from Allah to the Prophets. “he brings down the revelation to your heart by Allah’s will” (2:97) • told Ibrahim about the birth of Ishaq and Ismail and about the birth of Isa • revealed the Qur’an to Mohammad, whilst he was meditating in a cave on Mount Hira, near Makkah during the month of Ramadan in 601 CE. He continued to give these revelations over 23 years

Mika’il - arch angel of mercy • guardian of heaven, protecting it from evil and the devil • giving rewards to people on earth, who are good • brings rain and thunder.

Izra’il - angel of death • will blow the trumpet twice to start the Day of Judgement • takes the soul of people at death and returns them to Allah “the angel of death will take your soils; then shall ye be brought back to your Lord” (Surah 32:11) • He can only act on Allah’s command as it is Allah who decided when a person will die

Other angels are responsible for: • praising Allah in heaven • upholding God’s law in the physical world • recording the deeds of man, good and bad

Angels are important because: • Allah is transcendent but is able to communicate with humans through angels: • they help Muslims understand Allah better as they revealed truths about Allah • they communicate with humanity Allah’s commands

• Jibril communicated the Qur’an to Muhammad – without him Muslims would not have God’s instruction on how to live and what to believe • Mika’l ensures that heaven is safe from evil • They ensure that on the Day of Judgement Allah will have all the facts when judging people on their lives – this reminds Muslims the importance of living as Allah wants so they are rewarded after death

• Muhammad is believed to have told his followers that angels surround humans at all times

Muslim Holy Books: Kitub

The ‘Books of Allah’ are the message of guidance from Allah given to mankind, through His prophets. Allah gave the Qur’an to his first prophet Adam so he could tell people what to believe and how to live. Unfortunately humans distorted Allah’s words, so he had to send other messengers:

Suhuf/Sahifa Ibrahim – Scrolls given to prophet Ibrahim “We have already given the family of Abraham the Book and Wisdom” (Surah 4:54). However this became so distorted, al copies were lost

Tawrat (Torah): given to prophet Musa. Although Musa’s message became distorted, some parts remained in the Torah of the Old Testament, which is many traditions of Judaism (e.g. food laws) are very similar to Islam. “It was We who revealed the law to Moses, therein was guidance and light” (Surah 5:47)

Zabur (Psalms): given to prophet David “And to David we gave the Psalms” (Surah 4:163). Some has survived undistorted in the Psalms of the Old Testament. Before this We wrote in the Psalms, after the message given to Moses, “My servants shall inherit the earth” (Surah 21: 105 quoting Psalm 37:29). They are recognised by Muslim scholars but not as divine revelation.

Injil (Gospel): given to prophet “We sent Jesus, the son of Mary, confirming the Law that had come before him. We sent him the gospel” (5:26). However, this is not the same as the four gospels of the New Testament. The Injil was given to Isa which he then preached to the Jewish people, whereas the gospels are human records of what people remember Jesus preaching. The main distortions of Injil in the New Testament are: • Jesus was a the Son of God when really he was a prophet “Jesus Christ the Son of Mary was no more than an apostle of God” (Surah 4:117) • Jesus died on the cross, when he was taken to heaven • Christians removed parts that foretold the coming of Mohammad

Divergent views on the importance of the holy books (kitub) • All Muslims believe that they are important as a source of wisdom and authority and wisdom “We have sent you inspiration, as we sent it to Noah and the messengers after him” (51:36): – Allah is behind the messages they contain, so they are a form of revelation, showing what Allah is like – They show that Allah wants to interact with his creation, specifically humans – They show God has always ensured people knew what to believe and how to live

• Most Muslims believe these books are no longer important because they have been distorted so they are not considered holy books. They prefer to simply recognise the Qur’an as a holy book, as this is believed to be the final and complete message from Allah, which has been unaltered

• Other Muslims believe that because the Qur’an refers to these books as holy books, parts of them must still show what God revealed and can help them gain a better understanding of Allah and his purpose for the world. • If their teaching fits in with what the Qur’an says, then their teaching should be followed

The Qur’an • The Qur’an was revealed to the prophet Mohammad over 23 years through the Angel Jibril • It is written in Arabic. Muslims, who do not speak Arabic, learn it, so that the meaning can be understood fully and doesn’t get changed through translation • It is divided into Surahs, which are made up of verses • Many Muslims learn the Qur’an by heart. As a mark of respect they are called hafiz.

Muslims show great respect to the Qur’an by: • Not allowing it to touch the ground. It is placed on a kursi (wooden stand) when read. • Washing before they read it to ensure they are clean • Covering it to protect it when it is not in use • Placing it at the highest point in the room to show it is above all over possessions. • While the Qur'an is recited aloud, Muslims should behave with reverence and refrain from speaking, eating or drinking, or making distracting noise. Muslim Holy Books: Kitub

The Qur’an has total authority “This is the book, in its guidance sure without doubt to those who fear Allah” (Surah 2;2) because: • It contains the God’s actual words to humanity • It was revealed to Muhammad in such a way that it cannot be distorted, so the Arabic Qur’an is “an earthly copy of the heavenly original”: – Muhammad had an excellent memory and was a moral man so he was the ideal person to receive Allah’s revelation – Muhammad’s checked that each written revelation was accurate – after Muhammad’s death Abu Bak’r choose the chief secretary to make an authorised version and all other versions were destroyed so all copies have same surahs, words and letters • It is God’s final word. There will never be another book from Allah • It tells humans all they need to know about God, religion and how to live

• All the chapters except one begin with the sentence called the Bismillah: ‘Bismillah rahmanir raheem’, 'In the name of Allah the most compassionate and merciful. This is the thought with which Muslims should start every action

The Qur’an is important for Muslims today because: • Every in the Qur’an is true because Allah said it, therefore Muslims must follow everything it says • Nothing in the Qur’an can be altered as it is the eternal word of Allah • It tells Muslims what to believe: – Belief in the unity of Allah who is an omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent is a fundamental teaching of the Qur’an – Belief in angels is shown by Jibr’il revealing the Qur’an to Muhammad – Belief in the Last Day and life after death are referred to throughout the Qur’an • The Qur’an sets out how Muslims should live through Salat, Sawm, Zakah, , not eating pork, not drinking alcohol or gambling

Other important writings: • The Sunnah contains the practise and examples of the Prophet Muhammad's life

• The Hadith is reports of what the prophet Muhammad said

Al Qadr: Predestination

• Predestination is the belief that Allah has the knowledge in advance of all that will happen and is in control of everything before it happens. “Say: ‘Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector’: and on Allah let the Believers put their trust.” • Sunni Muslims believe that Allah predestined good and bad before creating man. “Nor can a soul die except by Allah’s leave, the term being fixed as by writing” • Muslims believe belief in predestination doesn't stop human beings making free choices.

Belief in predestination has many benefits such as: • It makes the believer courageous and never afraid to say the truth. It urges them to perform Jihaad and never fear an enemy because they know that the span of their lifetime is predestined • It makes people responsible for their actions as they want to please Allah in every word and action and be rewarded • This makes them lead a happy and calm life: – Because everything happens according to the knowledge and wisdom of Allah, when they face challenges, they are patient and – Similarly when they are successful, they thank Allah and don’t becomes proud or arrogant.

Sunni Muslims believe that: • Allah has given humans free will, but that he still knows what will happen before it does as he is Al – Alim (the knower of all). • nothing happens except of Allah. Allah has ordained what will happen. • free will is important to help people learn and to freely submit to Allah. Allah has a path for them, and they can choose to go against this path • By giving humans free will, this means bad thing can happen to humans, but humans are responsible for their sin. They will pay for their sins of The Day of Judgement. • As humans don’t know how they are going to be judged "No soul knows what comfort is kept hidden for them, as a reward for their deeds" (32:17), they still have freewill

Some Shi’a Muslims reject the belief in predestination. They accept Allah is in control, but he may decide to change what happens. The Shia concept of Bada’ states that God has not set a definite course for humans. “Allah erases and confirms what He Wishes” (13.39)

Akhira: Life after Death

• Muslims believe in an that they call Akhirah. • The soul is taken by the Angel of Death Azrail to Al- (a state of waiting) until the day of judgement. • The soul stays in Al-Barzakh till the day of judgement. • When that Day of Judgment (yawm ad-din) comes, the universe will be destroyed. It is also called the Day of Resurrection (yawm al-Qiyamah) and the Last Hour (as-sa’a) The Angel will blow a trumpet to announce the Day of Judgement

• Muslims believe in resurrection of the body , when Allah will bring back to life all those who have died. • Everyone will be judged according to their actions on Earth towards both people and animals. “And to every soul will be paid in full (the fruit) of its deeds; and Allah knoweth best all that they do” (Surah 39:70)

• The Scales of deeds will be set up on the Day of Judgment, good deeds will be rewarded 10 times over "Whoever has done an atom's weight of good shall see it" (99:7-8); • The Trial of the Grave: when the body is buried, two angels Munkir and Makir appear to the dead person. They ask four questions: Who is your God? What is your religion? Who is your prophet? What is your guide?. The believer will say: "Allah is my Lord, Islam is my religion, and Muhammad is my prophet." then the tomb will be filled with pleasurable things. If they answer incorrectly the angels bring torture on the unbelieving dead person.

• On the Day of Judgement the Book of Deeds will be read, in which ‘every small and great thing is recorded’ Qur’an 54:52. If the person’s good deeds outweigh the bad, then they will receive the book in their right hand and pass into Jannah. If it is placed into their left hand, they will be go to •

Paradise – Jannah • After judgement, people will pass over the narrow Bridge of As-Sirat. Those who have been blessed by God will successfully cross to Jannah on the other side. A Paradise, which Allah, prepared for the righteous. "No soul knows what comfort is kept hidden for them, as a reward for their deeds" (32:17). • Those lived faithful and moral lives, those who have been persecuted for their faith in God and those who have fought for God will be rewarded in Paradise - Jannah (Heaven). You shall enter gardens watered by running streams in which you shall abide forever… [the righteous] shall recline on jewelled couches.” (Surah 57:56) • Those who have died in battle pass directly into paradise.

Hell - Jahannam • Those who have not obeyed Allah’s will fail to pass over As-Sirat bridge and suffer in Janannam (Hell). • Only the most wicked and ruthless people will go to hell. ‘So I have warned you of a Fire which is blazing. None will [enter to] burn therein except the most wretched one. Who had denied and turned away.’ Qur’an 92:14–16 • It is the place of punishment that Allah has prepared for the disbelievers and the evildoers. But those who disbelieved will have cut out for them garments of fi re. Poured upon their heads will be scalding water’ Qur’an 22:19 • As well as experiencing the physical torment, those condemned to hell will suffer because they are separated from God, without hope of return

• Some Muslims today believe that for certain people hell may only be temporary experience. ‘So whoever has received an admonition from his Lord and desists may have what is past, and his affair rests with God.’ Qur’an 2:275

• Some Muslims find it hard to believe that a god of mercy would send people to an eternity of suffering. How can it be fair to give an infinite punishment for a finite sin? Question Mark Skills Requirements Example Question

A 3 AO1 – 3X one sentence answers Outline three Christian responses to the knowledge problem of evil and suffering. B 4 AO1 – 2 reasons Explain two reasons why the Trinity is knowledge Development of each reason important to Christians (Development could be a quote/example) Reason and development MUST link (PE) C 5 AO1 and 2 2 PEEL paragraphs in depth Explain two ways Christians respond to the – Evidence from Wisdom/Source of Authority problem of evil and suffering. In your answer knowledge Give examples. you must refer to a source of moral wisdom and and authority. application D 12 AO2 – 3 PEEL paragraphs “Christians should work against gender application Explain different views on this statement discrimination”. Evaluate this statement Para 1: Religious point of view considering arguments for and against. Para 2: Religious OR humanist/atheist In your response you should: refer to Christian Para 3: Conclusion (which argument do you teaching, refer to non-religious points of view think is the most convincing) –“I think…” (OR refer to different Christian points of view Quotes and examples needed. OR relevant ethical argument), reach a justified conclusion.

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