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Final Report: Atypical Employment in Aviation

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Final Report: Atypical Employment in Aviation Disclaimer These data are the result of an anonymous online survey disseminated by the European social partners in the aviation sector and within the secure environment of an internal network site for pilots. By making use of these channels a large number of pilots could be reached. The survey took into account the response freedom of respondents. Some survey questions were developed as open questions asking the respondents to give their personal vision. The data predominantly indicate what answers respondents gave to the questions contained in the online survey. They do not represent the point of view of the administrators of the internal network site for pilots, nor of the European social partners, nor of Ghent University. None of these instances are responsible for using the information which this document contains. The content, the texts, figures, layout, images, scripts and other items from this study are protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws. Distribution is permitted only after prior written authorisation of the authors. Literal quotations are allowed provided that they are limited and that the valid source is always and correctly referred to. I AUTHORS: Prof Dr Yves Jorens, professor of social security law and European social law, Ghent University – Director of IRIS|international research institute on social fraud Mr Dirk Gillis, academic assistant, Ghent University – Coordinator of IRIS|international research institute on social fraud Ms Lien Valcke, scientific researcher, Ghent University – expert at IRIS|international research institute on social fraud Ms Joyce De Coninck, scientific researcher, Ghent University STATISTICS: Ms Anneline Devolder, Postdoctoral researcher, Ghent University PROOFREADING: Ms Marlies De Coninck, Ghent University NATIONAL EXPERTS: Austria Martin Risak/Felix Schörghofer Belgium Inneke Plasschaert/Dirk Gillis Czech Republic Sona Veverkova Estonia Merle Erikson/Annika Rosin France Fréderic Turlan Germany Gerrit Forst Iceland Sonja Ýr Þorbergsdóttir Ireland Peter Turnbull Norway Anne Mette Odegard Spain Lola Carrascosa UK Peter Turnbull This study was financed by the European Social Dialogue Committee. ECA, AEA en ETF have executed the Grant Agreement concerning the action entitled "Atypical forms of aircrew employment in European aviation industry (with a focus on bogus self employment) with the number VS/2013/0346. Subsequently, the Action was granted to Ghent University, who carried out the study. SUGGESTED CITATION: Y. Jorens, D. Gillis, L. Valcke & J. De Coninck, ‘Atypical Forms of Employment in the Aviation Sector’, European Social Dialogue, European Commission, 2015. III TABLE OF CONTENT Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... V List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... IX Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ XI Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Theoretical analysis and national reports ....................................................................................... 5 Part 1. Scope of the study and research methodology ........................................................................... 6 Part 2. The European aviation industry ................................................................................................. 14 I. Evolution: Regulation to liberalisation ...................................................................................... 14 II. Current state of affairs .............................................................................................................. 18 A. Casualization of the workforce in aviation ............................................................................ 18 B. The legal framework .............................................................................................................. 22 i. European provisions concerning employment.................................................................. 22 ii. Pertinent European aviation legislation ............................................................................ 24 (Implementing) regulations ................................................................................................... 24 Directives ............................................................................................................................... 28 C. Previously conducted studies ................................................................................................ 29 III. Employment conditions of pilots and cabin crew members throughout selected European States …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 A. The regulation of atypical work ............................................................................................. 35 i. Preliminary observations ................................................................................................... 35 Fixed-term employment ........................................................................................................ 36 Part-time employment .......................................................................................................... 36 Employment via (temporary) work agencies ........................................................................ 37 Bogus self-employment and other problematic employment relations ............................... 39 ii. The regulation of atypical work in selected Member States............................................. 41 Regulation of employment relations in selected States ....................................................... 42 Fixed-term employment ........................................................................................................ 47 V Part-time employment .......................................................................................................... 49 Employment via (temporary work) agencies ....................................................................... 49 Other forms of atypical employment .................................................................................... 52 B. The impact of atypical work on the aviation industry ........................................................... 53 i. Findings .............................................................................................................................. 53 General findings .................................................................................................................... 56 Comparative assessment....................................................................................................... 59 ii. Selected samples of possible abuses of atypical work ...................................................... 70 iii. Enforcement ...................................................................................................................... 73 IV. Perceived areas of concern and disadvantages of atypical employment ............................. 77 A. Applicable law ....................................................................................................................... 81 B. Transport union protection ................................................................................................... 82 C. Safety concerns ..................................................................................................................... 83 D. Lacking transparency ............................................................................................................. 84 E. Concluding observations ....................................................................................................... 85 Statistical data and analysis ............................................................................................................. 87 Part 3. Survey findings ........................................................................................................................... 88 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 88 II. Part A: General information concerning the respondents ........................................................ 88 III. Part B: general information concerning the social situation and working conditions ........ 113 IV. Part C: general information concerning possible issues ..................................................... 148 Part 4. Analysis of the findings ............................................................................................................ 152 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 152 II. A closer look at some of the data ............................................................................................ 152 A. Typical versus atypical employment ................................................................................... 152 i. Typologies of employment in relation to types of airlines .............................................. 157 ii. Types of contracts per type of airline: LFAs ...................................................................
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