Le Double Jeu D'erich Von Stroheim

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Le Double Jeu D'erich Von Stroheim Entre mythe et mensonge : le double jeu d’Erich von Stroheim Manuel Durand-Barthez To cite this version: Manuel Durand-Barthez. Entre mythe et mensonge : le double jeu d’Erich von Stroheim. Mechthild Coustillac, Françoise Knopper. Jeu, compétition et pouvoir dans l’espace germanique, L’Harmattan, pp.197-211, 2012, De l’Allemand, 978-2-336-00376-4. hal-01431479 HAL Id: hal-01431479 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01431479 Submitted on 10 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Manuel Durand-Barthez (Ecole nationale des Chartes ; membre associé du Centre d’études et de recherches germaniques CREG – Université de Toulouse Jean-Jaurès) Entre mythe et mensonge : le double jeu d’Erich von Stroheim « J’ai menti, sinon vous ne m’auriez pas cru. » : telles sont les dernières paroles du personnage agonisant qu’interprète Erich von Stroheim lui-même dans son premier film, Blind Husbands (Maris aveugles, 1918). Par le mensonge, le stratège abuse de la bonne foi du pauvre d’esprit, voire du pauvre tout court. Le fin politique, a fortiori le despote, mène « son » monde jusqu’au moment où la fascination qui transforme son mensonge en mythe contamine son propre ego, le trompe par effet de miroir et entraîne sa chute. Le montage très habile d’extraits de films de propagande commandités par Nicolae Ceausescu1 révèle ce retournement. L’agressivité du Conducator suit une « courbe en cloche », emblématique de toute décadence, reprenant un modèle quasi mathématique que l’on retrouve dans pratiquement chaque film de Von Stroheim. Lorsqu’elle perçoit la duplicité de son prédateur, la proie peut aller jusqu’à « collaborer » dans un mouvement où se mêlent indistinctement masochisme et culpabilité. Elle peut à son tour monter en grade, s’investir du pouvoir de brillant second et participer à la compétition en jouant avec le curseur de la vérité. L’ambiguïté profonde qui empreint l’existence d’Erich von Stroheim suscite, sinon la pitié ou la condescendance, du moins la tendresse d’un regard amusé, voire complice. Le mythe est culturellement marqué, quasiment noble, peut-être même – jusqu’à un certain point – digne d’éloges. Le mensonge est à la fois coupable et enfantin. Car c’est à l’enfant que la notion de faute est bien souvent inculquée, dès le plus jeune âge. Mais on pardonne à l’acteur, on excuse sa verve de matamore, on rit discrètement ou l’on compatit en revanche lorsque le mythomane finit mal, à l’instar d’un compatriote écrivain de Stroheim : Joseph Roth, que nous évoquerons en conclusion. Aborder de front le « cas Stroheim » est un exercice de phénoménologie abrupt exigeant d’observer le sujet sous de multiples facettes qui peuvent occasionnellement signifier tout et son contraire. Il convient donc de procéder méthodiquement. La première approche du personnage (gardons à l’esprit l’étymologie du mot, associée au masque du comédien) s’effectue tout naturellement par le biais de sa biographie. Ou plutôt des biographies, une demi douzaine parmi celles qui sont censées faire autorité, de « l’homme Stroheim ». Le château de cartes de sa vie s'est construit sur leur sable. Fanny Lignon, auteur de l’une des plus récentes2, évoque l’Urstroheim, dont les traits n’apparaissent qu’au terme d’un décapage rigoureux impliquant les investigations du chercheur. On ne peut qu’être frappé par la nature du contraste qui se fait jour entre les premières descriptions de son existence, marquées du sceau de la légende, mais avec un style enthousiaste, généreux et optimiste, - et celles que des chercheurs avisés ont ciselées avec sérieux et sans indulgence. Il nous est donné, d’ailleurs, à la lecture de ces documents, de faire le départ entre ce qui relève de la biographie proprement dite et d’un rapport de recherche. Ne fût-ce qu’en regard du style de ces relations, l’attitude de l’observateur change. Le chercheur ne peut s’empêcher d’élaborer une synthèse et de tenter, provisoirement, de conclure sur l’étude du cas. De fait, la posture du cinéaste, à la fois metteur en scène (démiurge) et comédien, écartelé entre sa vie professionnelle et son existence propre, empêche toute formulation de jugement, tant la part d’humanité fluctuante, 1 Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceauşescu (L’autobiographie de Nicolae Ceausescu), film roumain d’Andrei Ujică, 2010 2 Fanny Lignon, Du ghetto au Gotha, Paris 1998, p. 29 sqq 1 versatile, en mal de désir, habite sa personnalité et ne fait bien souvent que refléter les errances du spectateur ou du lecteur. Une fois que l’analyste a pu dresser la typologie des biographies, il lui appartient d’étudier le prolongement du personnage, sa création, qui le sous-tend, le supporte, jusqu’à ne faire qu’un avec lui. Ambivalence de l’être et de l’agir qui se traduit dans deux manifestations de la vie qu’il s’est forgée, en gardant à l’esprit un vocable anglo-saxon dont l’homophonie est en l’occurrence frappante : forgery (Fälschung). D’une part : la représentation (où « présenter à nouveau » est lourd de sens, comme si une première version devait être corrigée par une seconde), et d’autre part : le jeu. Or nous verrons précisément que l’une et l’autre de ces manifestations, de ces expressions, sont dictées par un impérieux souci de réalisme. Autrement dit, en représentation, Stroheim fera montre d’une obsession permanente de la copie conforme dans la réalisation des décors, à la limite de la pathologie, quitte à mettre en œuvre des procédés paradoxalement irréalistes vis-à-vis des principes courants de la mise en scène cinématographique, hollywoodienne de surcroît. Par ailleurs, en jeu, c’est aussi une figure presque psychopathique qui va diriger les acteurs en adaptant à sa manière la méthode de Stanislavski. Louise Brooks a déclaré : « Si Von Stroheim martyrisait des acteurs, c’est parce qu’il ne savait pas comment les faire jouer. »3 Doit-on percevoir là l’ambivalence dont firent preuve à maintes reprises « ses » acteurs qu’on eut pu, à bon droit, qualifier de masochistes. On aura, de fait, l’occasion d’observer qu’en de nombreuses circonstances, ils ont payé – sinon de leur vie, à une exception près – du moins physiquement et moralement, à des degrés divers, parfois insupportables. Le jeu se situe souvent dans des lieux fantastiques ou sordides. Vienne ou Monte-Carlo relèvent du premier type, les taudis de San Francisco et la Vallée de la Mort s’apparentent au second. Dans les deux cas, l’hypocrisie et la violence suscitent l’agression, criminelle ou sexuelle, dont les auteurs sont pratiquement excusés du fait de l’influence délétère qu’exerce sur eux la société. Excusés, certes ils le sont, mais la mort, souvent brutale, les surprend à la fin de l’histoire. Cependant, la méritaient-ils ? La réponse est pratiquement toujours négative et les personnages bien pensants ou réglés par les conventions les plus bourgeoises, apparaissent en fin de compte comme les véritables coupables. C’est pourquoi Stroheim choqua les mentalités nord-américaines, et joua d’un perpétuel phénomène d’attraction- répulsion, tant de la part du public que – et cela comptait plus encore – des producteurs de Beverly Hills. Les biographies Avant d’évoquer les différentes sources qui ont permis de faire un portrait changeant de Stroheim, il semble opportun de mettre en exergue le texte de l’unique projet théâtral qu’il conçut en 1912, soit trois ans après son arrivée aux Etats-Unis. Intitulé Brothers ou In the morning en fonction des biographies, cette pièce met en scène des nobliaux menant à Paris un vie dissolue. L’un d’eux, comte autrichien, officier supérieur de l’armée impériale, est criblé de dettes et fait, à la veille d’une tentative de suicide, la connaissance d’un prince dont les origines supposées se situent approximativement entre l’Europe centrale et l’Italie… Celui-ci tente d’aguerrir le moral du candidat à la mort en lui suggérant une métamorphose qui lui permettrait de reconsidérer son existence. Apercevant les Paradoxes de Max Nordau dans la bibliothèque du comte, il ne peut s’empêcher d’en citer un passage très caractéristique de l’attitude ambivalente de Stroheim : Man vermeide sorgfältig die Geschmacklosigkeit, von sich zu sprechen.« Welcher Unsinn! Das Gegenteil ist richtig: sprich immer, sprich ausschließlich, sprich systematisch von dir. Mache dir 3 Bob Bergut, Erich von Stroheim, Paris 1960, p. 104 2 gar nichts daraus, wenn das den andern nicht unterhält. Zunächst interessiert es dich. Dann verhinderst du, daß während der Zeit, da du das Wort hast, von einem andern, vielleicht einem Nebenbuhler, gesprochen wird. Endlich bleibt von dem, was du sagst, immer etwas haften, selbst im widerstrebendsten Gedächtnisse. Natürlich wirst du die einfache Weisheit besitzen, von dir nur Gutes zu sagen. Lege dir in dieser Hinsicht keinen Zwang und keine Einschränkung auf. Rühme dich, lobe dich, preise dich, sei beredt, begeistert, unerschöpflich. Gieb dir die herrlichsten Beiwörter, erhebe das, was du thust oder gethan hast, in den siebenten Himmel, beleuchte es liebevoll von allen Seiten, dichte ihm Vorzüge an, erkläre es für die wichtigste Leistung des Jahrhunderts, versichere, daß alle Welt es bewundere, wiederhole nötigenfalls schmeichelhafte Urteile darüber, die du gehört hast oder die du frei erfinden kannst.
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