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Gomezroviraaurora Treball.Pdf TSUBOUCHI SHŌYŌ I L’ESSÈNCIA DE LA NOVEL·LA. ESTUDI I COMENTARI Aurora Gómez i Rovira A l’Arisa Ōkura i la seva família. ÍNDEX Estudi.............................................................................................................................................vii Pròleg........................................................................................................................................vii Context cultural.........................................................................................................................ix Relació entre Orient i Occident...........................................................................................xiii Tsubouchi Shōyō......................................................................................................................xiv Obra de Tsubouchi Shōyō...................................................................................................xix L'essència de la novel·la.........................................................................................................xxii Novel·la vs. Shōsetsu........................................................................................................xxiv Nota a la traducció..................................................................................................................xxv Esquema dels períodes històrics del Japó................................................................................xvi Bibliografia...........................................................................................................................xxvii Traducció.......................................................................................................................................33 Prefaci.......................................................................................................................................35 Taula de continguts...................................................................................................................38 L'essència de la novel·la. Primera part.....................................................................................40 Aspectes generals de la novel·la..........................................................................................40 La transició de la novel·la....................................................................................................46 L'objectiu principal de la novel·la........................................................................................58 Tipus de novel·les.................................................................................................................66 Els beneficis de la novel·la...................................................................................................69 1. L'ennobliment del caràcter...........................................................................................70 2. Educació moral............................................................................................................72 3. Complement de les històries oficials...........................................................................76 4. Proveir un model de literatura.....................................................................................78 L'essència de la novel·la. Segona part......................................................................................81 Observacions generals sobre les normes de la novel·la.......................................................81 L'estil....................................................................................................................................83 L'estil clàssic....................................................................................................................83 L'estil col·loquial.............................................................................................................88 La combinació dels estils clàssic i col·loquial.................................................................93 Yomihon......................................................................................................................93 Kusazōshi..................................................................................................................103 Les normes de creació de l'argument de la novel·la...........................................................109 L'argument de la novel·la històrica....................................................................................122 La construcció del personatge principal.............................................................................126 Les normes de la narrativa..................................................................................................132 Bibliografia.............................................................................................................................135 ESTUDI PRÒLEG Gràcies a Tsubouchi Shōyō, la literatura japonesa compta amb novel·listes com Natsume Sōseki, Haruki Murakami, Kenzaburo Ōe, Yoshimoto Banana o Kakuta Mitsuyo. Si mai se’l recorda com alguna cosa més que l’estàtua que dona bona sort en agafar-li la mà de la Universitat Waseda, se’l recorda com a l’home que va traduir tota l’obra de Shakespeare al japonès. Així, els pocs estudis que se n’han fet han estat, sobretot, pel que fa a la seva relació amb el dramaturg anglès i, de vegades, la renovació del teatre japonès. Tanmateix, quan es parla del naixement de la novel·la japonesa, sempre es menciona el seu nom junt amb el títol L’essència de la novel·la i el Ukigumo de Futabatei Shimei. A banda de les citacions, no s’hi aprofundeix gaire més. Així, es podria dir que la figura de Tsubouchi Shōyō ha quedat oblidada, igual que la seva obra crítica i les seves aportacions, decisives per la modernització de la literatura japonesa a principis de l’era Meiji. No es fan estudis sobre aquest intel·lectual des de 1964, deixant de banda l’obra de Nanette Twine. La doctora Nanette Twine es va interessar pel moviment Genbun’icchi durant la dècada dels anys setanta. En conseqüència, es va decidir a traduir L’essència de la novel·la –per primera vegada– a l’anglès, sobretot, per l’interès que tenia en el capítol sobre l’estil, que no deixa de ser un testimoni de la problemàtica lingüística que va portar al naixement del moviment Genbun’icchi. Les notes de la traducció, però, són merament identificatives, i l’estudi sobre Tsubouchi Shōyō és una síntesi de la biografia que en va escriure Yanagida Izumi, l’any 1964. De fet, si es busca «Tsubouchi Shōyō» per internet, surten diferents pàgines web, però totes expliquen el mateix: va néixer a Gifu, va ser professor de l’actual Universitat Waseda, va escriure una novel·la catastròfica intitulada L’esperit dels estudiants moderns –aquest títol sempre apareix traduït de manera diferent–, un assaig que va tenir molt d’impacte, L’essència de la novel·la, i va traduir l’obra completa de Shakespeare. Algunes pàgines inclouen el debat que va tenir amb ōgai Mori sobre la literatura pura i la seva implicació amb els moviments renovadors del teatre. Altres ometen tot l’anterior i mencionen que va fundar la revista literària vii de Waseda i altres obres literàries. L’únic punt constant és Shakespeare, i que els fets mencionats mai no s’expliquen, ni superficialment ni en profunditat, cap dels seus èxits ni cap dels seus fracassos. Per tal que el lector es faci càrrec del desconeixement d'aquest figura al nostre país, també cal mencionar que el segon suplement de l'Enciclopèdia Espasa-Calpe (Espasa-Calpe 1935:178) ret compte de la mort de Tsubouchi Shikō –que va ser el fill adoptiu de Tsubouchi Shōyō– el 1935, quan, en realitat, Tsubouchi Shikō va morir el 1986: qui va morir el 1935 va ser el pare, Tsubouchi Shōyō. Aquest volum pretén presentar una biografia acurada de l’home que es va preocupar de la modernització de la literatura japonesa –mentre que tots els altres se centraven en la modernització dels aspectes més pràctics del Japó–, junt amb la primera traducció a una llengua romànica de l’assaig L’essència de la novel·la; així com també un seguit de síntesis que pretenen facilitar la lectura de les parts mencionades, per tal que el lector pugui entendre millor el context i la importància tant del text com del seu autor, pel que fa la cultura japonesa. A més, en l'estudi previ s'inclou un comentari de L'essència de la novel·la que continuarà al llarg de tota la traducció mitjantçant les notes a peu de pàgina. Com que el volum comprèn la traducció de l’assaig L’essència de la novel·la, que exposa les reflexions de Tsubouchi pel que fa la novel·la, els materials complementaris se centraran en la relació del crític amb la crítica i la novel·la, més que en la seva vessant teatral, política o periodística. viii CONTEXT CULTURAL A fi de situar les circumstàncies de la composició de l'assaig en qüestió i de la formació del seu autor, es proposa una síntesi sobre els principals canvis polítics i socials de l'època en què es van produir: l'era Meiji. L’era Meiji o la Restauració Meiji va començar el 1868, quan els líders dels clans Satsuma i Chōshū van posar l’emperador Meiji com a cap d’estat, degut a la debilitat creixent del govern Tokugawa i l’amenaça colonitzadora dels americans –que estaven forçant la modernització de la Xina–, des que van haver d’obrir les fronteres el 1853. Així, el govern va passar de ser militar (bafuku) a ser-ne un d’oligarques, compost pels líders dels principals clans – que va durar fins el 1885–, amb el punt en
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