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Download File ENHANCING THE INTERPRETATION OF SITES ON THE SILK ROADS: A STUDY OF SHAANXI PROVINCE Xuechun Zhang Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Historic Preservation Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Columbia University May 2018 Advisor William Raynolds Adjunct Assistant Professor, Columbia University GSAPP Program Director, Heritage Conservation in J.M. Kaplan Fund Readers Carolina Castellanos Adjunct Associate Professor, Columbia University GSAPP Consultant of UNESCO World Heritage Centre Bryony Roberts Principal of Bryony Roberts Studio Acknowledgments I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work during this research. I would first and foremost like to thank my advisor, Will Raynolds, who has provided me extensive professional guidance and taught me a great deal about academic studies in general. This thesis would not have been possible without his interest in this topic, his insight, and his patience. I would also like to thank my two readers, Professor Carolina Castellanos and Bryony Roberts, who gave me lots of helpful comments in a variety of aspects and polished the final product. I am deeply grateful to those who took time to speak with me on behalf of their organizations: Liang Zhang, Assistant to Director, IICC-X (ICOMOS International Conservation Center, Xi’an) Li Zhang, Secretary of the Department of Education and Promotion, Xi’an Museum Mr. Cui, Curator, Zhangqian Memorial Hall Jianping Feng, Secretary of the Conservation and Reform Office, Daming Palace National Heritage Park Xisheng Zhang, Director, Heritage Protection Office of Daming Palace Haimei Han, Secretary, Heritage Protection Office of Daming Palace Additionally, I wish to thank the interpreters who generously volunteered their time and knowledge and all the visitors who helped me with the survey. Lastly, nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than the members of my family. I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional and unending love and support, and for giving me the opportunity to study abroad and pursue my life goals. Special thanks to my cousin, Dr. Jinxin Luo, whose rich knowledge in archaeology especially in the sites of ancient Chang’an City provided me valuable assistance. Many thanks to Ted, Yiyang, Cece and all the friends who supported and encouraged me through this process. I Abstract As the initial section of the Silk Roads, Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor, being inscribed as World Heritage in 2014, the interpretation issue of its associated properties has been more and more pressing because of the predictable growing number of tourists both domestic and overseas. Since the future visitors are not likely to travel the entirety of the extremely broad roads network, it is of great importance that a given site conveys the connection between the individual sites and the larger routes network, helping audiences construct a deeper understanding of the invaluable Silk Roads heritage. However, it is observed that some obvious deficiencies do exist in the current interpretive scheme so that the underlying connections can not be perceived by visitors completely and effectively. Recognizing these issues, the intent of this thesis is to analyze the existing problems thoroughly and find out the possible interventions to enhance the interpretation of relevant sites on the Silk Roads. In light of the large scale of the Silk Roads, the research mainly focuses on its eastern starting points, Shaanxi Province (the ancient Chang’an City and its surrounding area) and its seven inscribed properties, which include two sites of ancient palace, four religious sites, and one tomb. Through documentation and assessment, their current conditions of interpretation are investigated and discussed. In addition, the three case studies of different categories are selected; surveys and interviews were conducted for further data collection. Based on the results of field research, a synthesized analysis of Shaanxi Silk Roads sites is generated and a regional interpretation framework is developed. To better illustrate the feasible interventions for each site, the specific proposals for the three case studies are presented and elaborated in detail to be served as references for other sites on the Silk Roads. II Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background.........................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Methodology...................................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: A REVIEW: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.......................................................................................... 4 2.1 Cultural Routes...................................................................................................................................................4 2.2 Heritage Interpretation.................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 The Silk Roads: Shaanxi Province ................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3: DOCUMENTATION AND ASSESSMENT................................................................................................32 3.1 Study Design....................................................................................................................................................32 3.2 Documentation and Assessment ....................................................................................................................33 Chapter 4: INTERVIEWS, SURVEYS, AND ANALYSES.............................................................................................66 4.1 Selection of Cases ...........................................................................................................................................66 4.2 Interviews and Surveys of Case Studies ......................................................................................................... 67 4.3 Synthesized Analysis of Silk Roads Sites in Shaanxi ....................................................................................... 80 Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSALS ...........................................................................................84 5.1 Interpretation Framework for Shaanxi Silk Roads Sites .................................................................................84 5.2 Proposals for Case Studies ............................................................................................................................. 93 Chapter 6: CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................117 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... 121 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 126 Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................................127 Appendices...........................................................................................................................................................132 Appendix A: Interviews........................................................................................................................................ 132 Appendix B: Survey Questions............................................................................................................................. 143 III CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Cultural route is a relatively new concept in the domain of natural and cultural heritage. It refers to a route arisen from movements of different groups of people, which not only promoted common prosperity in many aspects but also formed a shared historical identity among various civilizations. Since it was identified as one of the four specific types of cultural and natural properties in the Operational Guideline for the Implement of the World Heritage Convention in 2005, this emerging concept increasingly came to the international arena of heritage preservation, bringing us a variety of opportunities as well as raising many pressing issues. As one of the most extensive transnational cultural routes, the Silk Road has a long, dynamic, and complex history with abundant heritage resources, nourishing many civilizations and shaping today’s world to a great extent. In 2014, its initial section, Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor, was the first Silk Roads serial property to be successfully inscribed as the World Heritage. Because of the great impact of World Heritage, it is predictable that the publicity of the associated sites will increase, and they will attract much more tourists both domestic and overseas. However, although
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