Ji’an Literati and the Local in Song-Yuan-Ming China gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd i 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM China Studies Published for the Institute for Chinese Studies University of Oxford Editors Glen Dudbridge Frank Pieke VOLUME 13 gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd ii 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM Ji’an Literati and the Local in Song-Yuan-Ming China By Anne Gerritsen LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd iii 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM On the cover : Fragment of a Song dynasty inscription in the Jishui County Museum, Jiangxi province. Photograph by author. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 1570-1344 ISBN 978 90 04 15603 6 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd iv 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM To my parents gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd v 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd vi 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM CONTENTS List of Maps ............................................................................... ix A Note on Translations and the Use of Chinese Characters ... xi Acknowledgements ..................................................................... xiii List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xv Chapter One Introduction ...................................................... 1 Chapter Two Sacred Landscape in Southern Song and Yuan Jizhou ............................................................................. 21 Chapter Three Literati and Community ................................ 47 Chapter Four Imagining Local Belonging in Southern Song and Yuan Jizhou ..................................................................... 65 Chapter Five Other Ways of Being Local in Southern Song and Yuan Jizhou ..................................................................... 99 Chapter Six Local Temples in Early Ming: The Central View ........................................................................................ 113 Chapter Seven Late Ming Ji’an: A New Sacred Landscape? .............................................................................. 153 Chapter Eight Temples and Literati Communities in Late Ming Ji’an ............................................................................... 177 Chapter Nine Other Ways of Being Local in Ming Ji’an ...... 201 Appendix ..................................................................................... 231 Bibliography ................................................................................ 235 Index ........................................................................................... 247 gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd vii 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd viii 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Provinces of Ming China .............................................. 2 Map 2. Southern Song prefectures of Jiangxi ........................... 3 Map 3. Southern Song Jizhou and its counties ......................... 10 Map 4. Southern Song sites ....................................................... 24 Map 5. Counties in Ming Ji’an prefecture ................................ 115 Map 6. Ming prefectures of Jiangxi .......................................... 154 Map 7. Xu Xiake in Ji’an .......................................................... 158 gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd ix 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd x 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM A NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS AND THE USE OF CHINESE CHARACTERS The religious buildings that gure in the pages that follow are dif\ cult to classify. I have, on the whole, relied on the typology used in the local gazetteers for the area, although that typology does not capture the often richly varied nature of the actual religious practices that might have taken place at such sites. Generally, I have rendered miao 廟 as ‘shrine’, si 寺 as ‘temple’ or ‘monastery’, guan 觀 as ‘abbey’ or ‘Dao- ist monastery’, an 庵 as ‘chapel’ and yuan 院 as ‘cloister’, but these should not be taken as indicating categorical distinctions. Temples for the god of walls and moats (chenghuang 城隍) have been rendered either as ‘Temple for the god of walls and moats’ or ‘Chenghuang temple’. Chinese characters have been provided for all transliterated Chinese terms, place names, and personal names where they are rst men- tioned. Please see the bibliography for the Chinese characters in titles and authors quoted in the footnotes and for the translations of titles in other languages. gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd xi 2/6/2007 6:56:53 PM gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd xii 2/6/2007 6:56:54 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the years, I have accumulated many debts, and I am grateful to have this opportunity to acknowledge my gratitude. My teacher at Harvard University, Professor Peter Bol, has not only been supportive and insightful at many crucial junctures in my academic development, but also provided the initial inspiration for this project when he rst taught his graduate seminar on Jinhua in 1993–1994. The dissertation that nally emerged from that initial inspiration bene ted greatly from his guidance, and that of Professors Philip Kuhn and Robert Hymes. Barend ter Haar, Wilt Idema, and Harriet Zurndorfer deserve thanks for the inspiration their teaching provided when I was an undergraduate at the Sinologisch Instituut in Leiden, and for their ongoing support. I am grateful for the help I have received over the years from the library staff in the Harvard-Yenching Library, the library of the Sinolo- gisch Instituut in Leiden, the Cambridge University Library, the Bod- leian Library in Oxford, the Shanghai Library, the Jiangxi Provincial Library, and Jiangxi Normal University Library. On my rst trip to Jiangxi, my travels were generously supported by a Packard Dissertation Completion Fellowship. Kenneth Dean put me in touch with Professor Liang Hongsheng 梁洪生 of Jiangxi Normal University. Liang Hong- sheng, Gao Liren 高立人, and Wu Wei 吴薇 travelled with me in Ji’an in April 2000 and opened my eyes to the importance of ‘ eldwork’. In 2002 and 2005, my research in Ji’an was funded by grants from the British Academy, and in 2006 by the Universities’ China Committee in London. I am grateful above all to Liang Hongsheng for making my travels in Ji’an not only possible, but so worthwhile. He introduced me to the county museum directors in Ji’an, who in turn accompanied us to the many hidden treasures under their care. I am grateful especially to the Jishui museum director, Li Xilang 李希朗, and to the many ‘local’ men and women who welcomed me to their villages and almost made me feel I ‘belonged’. Peter Bol, Paul Ropp and W.P. Gerritsen read earlier versions of the manuscript in its entirety, and their comments have been extremely helpful. Fokke Gerritsen offered crucial help with producing the maps included here. The maps of Jiangxi and Ji’an were initially generated using the China Historical Geographic Information System (CHGIS, gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd xiii 2/6/2007 6:56:54 PM xiv acknowledgements Version: 3.0), and I am grateful to Merrick Lex Berman for his assist- ance. My thanks also to Patricia Radder and Albert Hoffstädt at Brill, and to the anonymous reader. Irene Anderson and Peter King both read several chapters, and offered extremely useful suggestions for their reshaping and clari cation, for which I am very grateful. I thank Bernard Capp and Margot Finn, who ploughed through the entire manuscript, and saved me from many infelicities. Many others have read parts of this work, listened to and offered comments on talks, or have contributed in ways they may not even have been aware of, and I am grateful to them all. The responsibility for all remaining errors lies, of course, entirely with me. For academic encouragement, moral support, and friendship along the way, I am grateful to Red Chan, Chen Hsi-yuan, Chu Ping-tzu, Tony DeBlasi, Peter Ditmanson, Rob Foster, Kenneth Hammond, Maria Jaschok, Rana Mitter, Chloë Starr, and many others. Since 2001, the History Department at Warwick University has provided me with a stimulating and supportive environment. My thanks especially to my colleagues Maxine Berg, Bernard Capp, Rebecca Earle, Margot Finn, Sarah Hodges, Colin Jones, and Carolyn Steedman. My family deserves more thanks than anyone else: my parents for their unstinting generosity and support over the years, Christopher for his love and companionship, and Matthijs and Bella for reminding me of what really matters in life. gerritsen_f1_prelims.indd xiv 2/6/2007 6:56:54 PM LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BLZ Liu Yi 劉繹 (1797–1878), comp. Bailuzhou shuyuan zhi 白鷺 洲書院志 (Gazetteer of Bailuzhou Academy). (1871, reprint, Nanjing: Jiangsu jiaoyu, 1995). DMB Luther Carrington Goodrich and Chaoying Fang, eds. Dic- tionary of Ming Biography 1368–1644 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976).