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Situating Open Data: Global Trends in Local Contexts SITUATING OPEN DATA SITUATING OF OPEN DATA: GLOBAL TRENDS IN LOCAL CONTEXTS Open data and its effects on society are always woven into infrastructural legacies, social relations, and the political economy. This raises questions about how our SITUATING understanding and engagement with open data shifts when we focus on its situated use. To shed light onto these questions, Situating Open Data provides several empirical accounts of open data practices, the local implementation of global initiatives, OPEN DATA and the development of new open data ecosystems. Drawing on case studies in different countries and contexts, the chapters demonstrate the practices and actors GLOBAL TRENDS IN LOCAL CONTEXTS involved in open government data initiatives unfolding within different socio- political settings. Edited by Danny Lämmerhirt, Ana Brandusescu, Natalia Domagala & Patrick Enaholo The book proposes three recommendations for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners. First, beyond upskilling through ‘data literacy’ programmes, open data initiatives should be specified through the kinds of data practices and effects they generate. Second, global visions of open data implementation require more studies of the resonances and tensions created in localised initiatives. And third, research into open data ecosystems requires more attention to the histories and legacies of information infrastructures and how these shape who benefits from open data flows. As such, this volume departs from the framing of data as a resource to be deployed. Instead, it proposes a prism of different data practices in different contexts through which to study the social relations, capacities, infrastructural histories and power structures affecting open data initiatives. It is hoped that the contributions collected in Situating Open Data will spark critical reflection about the way open data is locally practiced and implemented. The contributions should be of interest to open data researchers, advocates, and those in or advising government administrations designing and rolling out effective open data initiatives. AFRICAN MINDS AFRICAN www.africanminds.org.za MINDS Situating Open Data Global Trends in Local Contexts Edited by Danny Lämmerhirt, Ana Brandusescu, Natalia Domagala & Patrick Enaholo AFRICAN MINDS Published in 2020 by African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, South Africa [email protected] www.africanminds.org.za This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY). ISBN Paper 978-1-928502-12-8 ISBN eBook 978-1-928502-13-5 ISBN ePub 978-1-928502-14-2 Orders: African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West 7130, Cape Town, South Africa [email protected] www.africanminds.org.za For orders from outside South Africa: African Books Collective PO Box 721, Oxford OX1 9EN, UK [email protected] www.africanbookscollective.com Contents About this book v Acknowledgements v About the editors vi Introduction vii Chapter 1 What technology and open data can do for women in Kosovo: A critical assessment of the potential of ICT skills programmes and open data to empower women in the ICT sector in Kosovo 1 Natalia Domagala Chapter 2 Journalists and the intermediation of open data: A Nigerian perspective 31 Patrick Enaholo & Doyinsola Dina Chapter 3 Using open data for public services 51 Miranda Marcus, Ed Parkes, Therese Karger-Lerchl, Jack Hardinges & Roza Vasileva Chapter 4 Localising global commitments: Open data in sub-national contexts in Indonesia and the Philippines 75 Michael Cañares Chapter 5 Closing the gaps in open data implementation at sub-national government level in Indonesia 87 Ilham Cendekia Srimarga & Markus Christian Chapter 6 The cost of late payments in public procurement 105 Juan Pane, Camila Salazar & Julio Paciello Chapter 7 Connecting flows and places: Flows of (open) data to, from and within hyperlocal communities in Tanzania 135 François van Schalkwyk Chapter 8 Decentralised open data publishing for the public transport route planning ecosystem 155 Julián Rojas, Bert Marcelis, Eveline Vlassenroot, Mathias van Compernolle, Pieter Colpaert & Ruben Verborgh iii SITUATING OPEN DATA: GLOBAL TRENDS IN LOCAL CONTEXTS Chapter 9 Building a framework for the analysis of factors to creation and growth of an open data ecosystem 171 Edson Carlos Germano, Nicolau Reinhard & Violeta Sun Chapter 10 From theory to practice: Open government data, accountability and service delivery 189 Michael Christopher Jelenic About the authors 239 iv About this book The chapters in this edited volume represent contributions to the third Open Data Research Symposium (ODRS) held on 25 September 2018 in Buenos Aires. ODRS 2018 was chaired by Stefaan Verhulst (the GovLab, NYU Tandon School) and François van Schalkwyk (Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology, Stellenbosch University) with the invaluable support of the organising committee comprised of Emmy Chirchir (Münster University), Michael Cañares (Step Up Consultants), Tim Davies (Practical Participation), Gustavo Magalhães (University of Austin Texas and Portugal CoLab), Michelle McLeod (University of the West Indies), Silvana Fumega (ILDA) and Johanna Walker (University of Southampton). We would like to acknowledge the support of GovLab and Open Data for Development (OD4D) which helped organise the third edition of ODRS. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following expert reviewers who were instrumental in the process of editing this book (in alphabetical order): Ingrid Brudvig (Web Foundation), Nkechi Cocker (Code for Africa), Eva Constantaras (Independent), Richard Heeks (University of Manchester), Glenn Mail (Web Foundation), Paul Mungai (Fairwork Foundation), Paul Plantinga (Human Sciences Research Council), Mor Rubinstein (360Giving), Giuseppe Sollazzo (Department for Transport), Johannes Tonn (Global Integrity) and Katherine Wikrent (Open Contracting Partnership). v About the editors Danny Lämmerhirt is an ethnographer of digital data with an interest in public participation and critical data practices. Currently he is a PhD candidate at the University of Siegen, Germany. His dissertation examines how health data sharing platforms use data donations to turn personal data into ‘valuable’ resources and how notions of ‘value’ are constructed and contested. Danny was research lead at the Open Knowledge Foundation and assistant researcher with the Fraunhofer Society and at the University of Amsterdam. Ana Brandusescu is an independent researcher, advisor and facilitator. She is the resident Professor of Practice for 2019–2020 at McGill University’s Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Montreal (CIRM) and an OpenNorth Fellow where she will design and implement a research agenda on AI in cities and its transformative effects on institutions. Ana previously led research and policy projects at the Web Foundation. She is on the advisory board of Learning from Small Cities. Natalia Domagala leads on data ethics policy at the Cabinet Office, Government Digital Service in the UK. She previously advised on open government and open data policies for the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport in the UK and implemented open data challenges for 360Giving. She has research experience in anthropology, gender, civic tech, and economic develop ment. Natalia received her MSc in Local Economic Development from the London School of Economics and Political Science and her BA in Anthropology and Media from Goldsmiths University. Patrick Enaholo holds a doctoral degree in media and communication from the University of Leeds, UK. His research interests include digital/social media and open data with particular focus on their cultural significance in society. He is currently a member of faculty at the Pan-Atlantic University in Lagos, Nigeria, where he also heads the Open Data Research Centre, a research unit focusing on the impact of data on development in developing contexts. vi Introduction The Open Data Research Symposium (ODRS) is a bi-annual gathering designed to provide a space for researchers working on open data to reflect critically on their findings and to apply and advance theories that explain the dynamics of open data as a socially constructed phenomenon and practice. ODRS is intended to be a safe space for debate in the presence of demands for fast results and proofs of impact – although this is not to suggest that researchers should be immune to considerations of relevance and transfer. Therefore, ODRS is usually organised alongside the International Open Data Conference (IODC) as a way for researchers to present their latest work, learn about other projects in the open data space and brainstorm new ideas. The symposium inspired the emergence of the Open Data Research Network with an aim to keep the momentum going in the ODRS community by sharing ongoing research. For the 2018 edition of the symposium, the organisers received a total of 30 extended abstracts of which 12 were accepted for presentation in Buenos Aires. Selection was based on single-blind review of each abstract by at least two independent experts. Authors were required to submit full papers of their abstracts one week ahead of the symposium, and these papers were shared with those who had registered for the symposium. After the symposium, accepted authors were invited to revise and submit full papers for consideration in this edited volume. Papers underwent double-blind review by at least two peers, and authors were required to
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