OPEN DATA IMPACT WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET

Key Findings of the Open Data Impact Case Studies

OPEN DATA

By Stefaan Verhulst and Andrew Young* March 2016 OPEN DATA IMPACT WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET

Key Findings of the Open Data Impact Case Studies

By Stefaan Verhulst and Andrew Young* March 2016

www.odimpact.org

* With important conceptual, research and editorial input from Ali Clare, Auralice Graft, Akash Kapur, Juliet McMurren, Beth Simone Noveck, Christina Rogawksi and David Sangokoya.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary...... 4

Introduction...... 6

I. What Is Open Data?...... 7

II. The Case Studies...... 8

III. What Is the Impact of Open Data on People’s Lives?...... 14

IV. What Are the Enabling Conditions that Significantly Enhance the Impact of Open Data?...... 16

V. What Are the Challenges to Open Data Making an Impact?...... 19

VI. Recommendations: Toward a Next Generation Open Data Roadmap...... 22

Key Remaining Questions...... 32

Open Data Definitions – What’s in a Name?...... 34

Open Data Glossaries...... 36

Open Data Resources...... 38

Open Data Portal Repositories...... 49

Intermediary Repositories...... 50

List of Interviews and Peer Reviewers...... 52 OPEN DATA IMPACT WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Key Findings of the Open Data Impact Case Studies

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Recent years have witnessed considerable enthusiasm over open data. Several studies have documented its potential to spur economic innovation and social transformation, and to usher in fresh forms of political and government accountability. Yet for all the enthusiasm, we know little about how open data actually works, and what forms of impact it is really having.

This report seeks to remedy that informational shortcoming. Supported by Omidyar Network, the GovLab has conducted 19 detailed case studies of open data projects around the world. The case studies were selected for their sectoral and geographic representativeness. They were built in part from secondary sources (“desk research”), but also from a number of first- hand interviews with important players and key stakeholders. They are presented at length, in narrative format, on an online repository, Open Data’s Impact (odimpact.org). In this paper, we consider some overarching lessons that can be learned from the case studies and assemble them within an analytical framework that can help us better understand what works, and what doesn’t, when it comes to open data.

The paper begins (Part I) with an overview of open data. Like many technical terms, open data is a contested and dynamic concept. The GovLab has conducted a study of ten widely used definitions to arrive at the following working definition, which guides our discussion here:

Open data is publicly available data that can be universally and readily accessed, used and redistributed free of charge. It is structured for usability and computability.

4 facilitating more informed decision-making and enabling and new forms of social more mobilization; informed decision-making facilitating efficient; more government accountable and by making primarily caseon the has studies, GovLab determined are that open data projects discusses III what we havePart thedimensions identified as Based fourimportant most of impact. data. of open impact determine the that key variables and the parameters They identify framework: core represent analytical of the our III-V study. Parts case stand-alone each in greater length includes II abrief ofPart our summary case 19 studies, each of which is detailed at considerably societal, economic, political and cultural change. cultural and political economic, societal, achieve that maximum initiatives new launch to efforts ongoing its in community data open toolkit for those open preliminary, working data. Although with they are designed to guide the Together, to up of add recommendations something a for these steps and implementation recommendations accompanied is byand moreconcrete specific steps implementation. for broad Each of these projects. data open contemplating others and activists entrepreneurs, aset recommendations of with 10 VI) ends (Part The directed report at policymakers, data. of open potential into to the tap able were that nonetheless platforms or applications build and them to surmount found had ones ways successful most the obstacles; to immune these was we studied initiatives finally,that suffer projects from user or citizen that result needs; projects in nations open data hosting that initiatives; are projects readiness face. include These projects data the open that key challenges identifies V Part likelyand beneficiaries. address or attempt to solve are accompanied by public infrastructure” an we call what organizations; emerge within they inter-sectoral) when (often various work when theyopen best are data projects conditions that allow potential the Overall, we of found open data to IV). that manifest (Part enabling four research Our identified all. at also not sometimes and studies, case across our cannot of impact be takenThese types for granted. They are degrees evident to varying intractable public problems new economic opportunities , especially evident in form the of low technical and in societies human capacity or that enables the regular release of potentially impactful data; when they they data; when regular impactful release the of potentially enables that clear open data policies data open clear (e.g., related to public health or global warming). ; and a well-defined problem or issue a shortage of resources of shortage a helping policymakers and others find solutions to big, previously inadequate based on partnerships and collaborations and partnerships based on , including performance metrics; and when they they when and metrics; performance including , unresponsive , financial and otherwise. None of the 19 19 the None of otherwise. financial and ,

protections for privacy or security or protections for privacy that is an obvious priority to that is an citizens obvious priority empowering citizens, empowering –and inflexible thus – to improving government a lack of by by “open data data “open among among creating ; and, ,

5 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET dominated by conjectural estimates of open data’s that those attempts hypothetical impact; there have been so and few workings. impact actual The field studies systematic ofis its Our knowledge of if, how and when open is dataworks lacking in actually practice because necessary. is workings of its understanding in orderthat, offered to grasp fully opportunities the by open data, a morefull and nuanced premise the from begins change. report This environmental and cultural political, economic, use). This to mismatch produce ability of open impact the data, and its social, limits inhibits (and demand subsequent actual its and of data (or availability) supply the mismatch between long as suchAs questions remain unanswered, field the risks suffering from something ofa maximizing social good? effective?been most How havemitigatedrisks open data practitioners (e.g.,while to privacy) what transformations maythefuture? effect in it How – and underwhat circumstances – it has What kind of socialimpact. and economic transformations has open data brought and about, being released use and by governments known is about actually its and corporations, little Yet despite evident the potential of open data, and despite growing the of amounts information ofyears G20 in output the nations. has likewiseNetwork calculated that open data could result $13 trillion in an over extra five global value of open data to be over trillion $3 per year. ineconomic 2013, for impacts, example, consulting the McKinsey firm estimatedthepossible transformation, and fresh forms of and political government accountability. Focusing on just social to innovation, economic potential spur the has this transparency, and that and openness data. Across is believed widely it sectors, today that we are entering anew era of information offered open by opportunities over enthusiasm the considerable Recent have years witnessed INTRODUCTION https://www.omidyar.com/sites/default/files/file_archive/insights/ON%20Report_061114_FNL.pdf 2 1 relevance wider impact). or the is what and happened, knowledge. They go beyond descriptive the (what happened) to explanatory the (why it on-the-ground untapped far thus and valuable possess who protagonists and key actors with simply from sources secondary (e.g., by rehashing from but news extensive reports) interviews not They are built representativeness. sectoral and are geographic for chosen their studies case These world. around from the studies examining case by rigorously 19 impact its and of information. wepaucity seek to this build report, In amore of open data study systematic have been made concrete, to study real-world examples are anecdotal often or sufferfrom a Growth Target.” OmidyarNetwork.June2014. Unlocking InnovationandPerformance withLiquidInnovation.” McKinsey GlobalInstitute. November12,2013. Gruen, Nicholas,JohnHoughton, andRichardTooth. “Open forBusiness:HowOpenDataCanHelpAchievetheG20 http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/open _data_unlocking_innovation_and_performance_with_liquid_information. Manyika, James,MichaelChui,DianaFarrell,SteveVan Kuiken, Peter Groves,andElizabethAlmasiDoshi.“Open Data: 2 1 A study commissioned Astudy by Omidyar

6 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET It is important to recognize is important It that this is asomewhat idealized version few of open data. truth, In report: this throughout discussion and weBased reached on this matrix, following the working definition,which guides our research definition. working The recently GovLab an analysis undertook of competing meanings, aview to with reaching a terms, open data is acontested concept. There no single, exists universally accepted definition. is usefulIt to an understanding of begin what with we mean by open data. Like many technical WHATI. IS OPEN DATA? by open data projects. well as challenges some as faced key some enable impact, out lays that framework conditions to creating economic in opportunities) which open data has beenthe effective. In addition, government improving (from dimensions various outlining initiatives, data for open impact of really works –is at center the of our research. Our framework seeks to establish ataxonomy use ofthe understanding –abetter and of open impact how data. Impact and when open data for principles applicable to more present us widely some allows and studies case 19 across the applies that framework analytical an we have assembled explanations, order to these provide In different degree. For example: include of different avariety kinds of data, each whichof is open in a different way, and toa therefore here included studies case 19 The transformation. wide-scale of effecting capable in sense the described above, they may nonetheless be shareable, usable and by third parties, on acontinuum, and while many forms of information we discuss open here may not be strictly forms of data included possess all attributes the in this definition. The openness of data exists • • and presenting data (including open government data) in easily digestible forms; digestible data) government easily in open (including data presenting and Mexico’s Tu Mejora organization result nongovernmental of a compiling the is Escuela adownloadabledata project: set of open government data accessible to public. the open of type “traditional” Brazil’smost Transparency the exemplifies Budget Open Portal used and redistributed free of charge. It is structured for usability and computability. and used redistributed and for usability free of charge. structured is It dataOpen is publicly available data thatcan be universally and readily accessed, Appendix I Appendix contains ten used widely definitions and our matrix of analysis.

7 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET widen candidates), our of list case study we also reached in to out anumber of experts (or impact order In data lack and to its thereof). fill in some theseof gaps (and more generally or geographiessectors remain that often underrepresented in descriptions existing of open III examples in order to develop an initial universe of (see known open data projects and considerations. To we examined begin with, repositories existing of open data cases and To process our case select studies, we amulti-step that undertook involved several variables METHODOLOGY STUDIES CASE THE II. dimensions of lives. our political data’s and open highlight cultural and economic, social, to potential enhance the of cases, the however, of demonstrate importance shared the and disseminated information, eachIn of these cases, “open” has different meanings and connotations.Many – notbut all – unexplored and undocumented examples. undocumented and unexplored for to existed; was possible, goal our much as develop as previously studies studies case any). in (if question by We case the study also considered whether previous, detailed case need for sectoral and geographic representativeness; demonstrated of impact and type the existence; in of evidence the type and availability the we took into account several factors: amountcertain of preliminary research to arrive at our finalstudies. case 19 of list this,To do ofand spanned openness spectrum mentioned the above. step was The to next conduct a government, and society sector, private civil examples the from included These world. the Based on this process, we identified a long of list approximatelystudies case50 from around ConDatos in Santiago, Chile. related events, notably 2015 the International Data Open Conference Canada and in Ottawa, other related fields. We also andattended conducted outreach at a number of open-data relevant areas, subject for example open data, open governance, technology civic and ). This initial scan of existing examples allowed us to identify gaps in representation – those those – representation in gaps examples to allowed identify us of existing scan initial ). This • • suggesting the possibilitiessuggesting the (and limitations) of amixed model of open and closed data. OrdnanceThe UK offers Survey a combination freeof and paid spatial data, signal. for access means a providing to government-operated a rather The Global Positioning System is arguably (GPS) not an “open data” at all, system but Appendix Appendix

8 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET versions of the documents. of the versions and any other useful input prior to publishing. Much of this input was integrated into final the potential notesinaccuracies on clarifications, anyone to allowing share suggestions, public, IV Appendix (see paper this and studies case presented evidence the and in ideas responses to the up shared their input as Recognized Peer Reviewers through comments and in-depth in-line During monthlong the open peer review process, more dozen than two of those signed who signed up to peer review at one least piece. in Mexico City, Mexico and through social media, over 50 individuals from around world the Summit Government Partnership Open like the at 2015 events Throughbroad outreach field. findings and collaboratively producing a common resource on open data’s the for impacts of case the studies openly accessible for review in interest the of gaining broad input on our we made group and each our aselect report of with only Rather experts, than sharing drafts under examination, we open-sourced peer review the process for each case and this paper. of eachUpon completing case study, drafts and in spirit the of openness that definesthe field cases. various our in involved had who we been key and conducted interviews observers series with of participants in-depth a from came evidence our useful– of most the research; certainly and – bulk existing the little very telephone). existed (usually over there examples, many of our the For interviews involved acombination of desk research (e.g., using existingmedia and and other reports) Having selected our cases, 19 we then began aprocess researching. of more in-depth This ). Additionally, the paper and case studies were made openly accessible to the accessible to were the openly made studies case and ). Additionally, paper the Appendix

IV includes afull of list interviewees.

9 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET we include abrief of each summary example: listed below. table addition, the In below summarizes their main features and key findings.Here, initiatives of the analyses and descriptions detailed include studies case impact standalone The CASES 19 THE Politics andElections Geospatial Services Philanthropy andAid Philanthropy andAid Tackling Corruption Tackling Corruption Tackling Corruption Tackling Corruption Improving Services Improving Services and Transparency and Transparency and Transparency and Transparency Public Sector Public Sector in Swedishdevelopmentpolicy. cooperation ataninternational level andincreasedcooperationinvolvementofmoreactors seen tobeanimportantforcefor enhancedtransparencyandaccountabilityindevelopment when, towhomandwhyaidfunding waspaidoutandwhattheresultswere. Thereformsare Development CooperationAgency(Sida)builtonopengovernment data.Thewebsitevisualizes A datahubcreatedbytheSwedishMinistryofForeignAffairs andtheSwedishInternational Sweden –openaid.se corruption and,equallyimportantforthebusinessclimate, perceptionsofcorruption. have nowbeenpostedonline, andthesereformsappeartohavehadadramaticeffectonboth and makingthevalidityofpubliccontractscontingentontheir publication.Over2millioncontracts documents relatedtopublicprocurement(includingreceiptsand contracts)bepublishedonline, In January2011,Slovakiaintroducedaregimeofunprecedented openness,requiringthatall Slovakia –OpenContractingProjects increased publictrustinofficialtallies,andhelpedeaseanimportantdemocratictransition. budget ofjust$54,theplatformenabledcitizenparticipationinmonitoringelectionresults, forms, makingthedatamorelegibleandaccessible. Assembledinameretwodays,withtotal vote tallieswiththeoriginaltabulationsfrompollingstationsandtodigitizeoftenhandwritten elections. Kawal Pemilu’s organizers assembledateamofover700volunteerstocompareofficial A platformlaunchedintheimmediateaftermathofcontentious2014Indonesianpresidential Indonesia –Kawal Pemilu million, atacostofonlyEUR2million. 62 government estimatedthedirectfinancialbenefitsaloneforperiod2005-2009atEUR the contentheldacrossdifferentdatabases.Afollow-upstudycommissionedbyDanish rendering thedatapracticallyinaccessible. Therewerealsosignificantdiscrepanciesbetween the publicfreeofcharge. Priortothatdate, eachmunicipalitychargedaseparatefeeforaccess, In 2005,theBuildingandDwellingRegister of Denmarkstartedtoreleaseitsaddressdata Denmark –ConsolidationandSharingofAddressData and charities,createintelligenceproductsfordonors,fundraisers andgrant-makers. nonprofit sector, improveadvocacybycreatingacommonunderstandingbetweenregulators commercial opendatalicense. Theresultingdatasethasbeenusedtoexplorethestateof Registered CharityInformationReturn datasince2000viathegovernment’s dataportalundera In 2013,theCharitiesDirectorateofCanadaRevenue Agency(CRA) openedallT3010 Canada –T3010CharityInformationReturn Data financial transparencyinitiativesafterBrazil’s Transparency Portal. governments throughoutBrazilandthreeotherLatin Americancountrieshavemodeledsimilar anti-corruption tools,registeringanaverageof900,000 uniquevisitorseachmonth.Local improved overthepastdecade, theTransparency Portal isnowoneof thecountry’s primary open governmentbudgetdata.Asthequalityandquantityofdataon theportalhave A toolthataimstoincreasefiscaltransparencyoftheBrazilianFederal Governmentthrough Brazil –OpenBudgetTransparency Portal IMPROVING GOVERNMENT 10 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Social Mobilization Decision-making Decision-making Decision-making Public Sector Education Education Informed Informed Informed Health

generally toimprovethecountry’s healthcaresector. through arangeofoptionsbutalsogeneratinghealthyandinformed debateonhowmore of patientchoiceintoUruguay’s healthcaresector, enablingcitizens notonlytonavigate specialty, caregoals,waittimesandpatientrights.ATu Servicio has introducedanewparadigm providers basedonawiderangeofparametersandindicators,such asfacilitytype, medical A platformthatallowsuserstoselecttheirlocationandthencompare localhealthcare Uruguay –ATu Servicio citizens todemandgreateraccountabilityfromtheirschoolsystem andpublicofficials. changing thewaycitizensaccessinformationandmake decisions,andareencouraging the challengesposedbyTanzania’s lowInternetpenetrationrates,thesesitesareslowly spearheaded byArnoldMinde, aprogrammer, entrepreneurandopendataenthusiast.Despite Data DashboardisaprojectestablishedbytheTanzania OpenDataInitiative;Shulewas rates andotherinformationrelatedtoschoolperformanceinTanzania. EducationOpen Two recentlyestablishedportalsprovidingthepublicwithmoredata onexaminationpass Tanzania –ShuleandEducationOpenDataDashboard education systemandstirrednationaloutrage. available onthesitewasusedinareportthatuncoveredwidespread corruptionintheMexican and NGOswithdatatoidentifyhotbedsofcorruptionareasrequiring improvement.Data involved intheirchildren’s schooling.Italsoprovidesschooladministrators,policymakers children, empowersthemtodemandhigher-qualityeducationand gives themtoolstoget with informationaboutschoolperformance. Ithelpsparentschoosethebestoptionfortheir A platformcreatedbytheMexicanInstituteforCompetitiveness(IMCO) thatprovidescitizens Mexico –MejoraTu Escuela generate sufficientawarenessandusenecessarytoachieveimpact. the publicarena.Asacasestudy, itexemplifies thechallengeforopendatainitiativesto into therelationships,connections(and,tosomeextent,dynamics) ofthoseinandaround accountability andtransparencybyprovidingcitizens,journalists civicactivistswithinsight issues ofopacityingovernancetheprivateandpublicsectors,promoting corporate A platformdevelopedbythecivilsocietyorganization,OpenInstitute, thataimstoaddress Kenya –OpenDuka EMPOWERING CITIZENS

11 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Geospatial Services Geospatial Services Economic Growth Economic Growth Economic Growth Economic Growth Business Weather delivered manyotherless-readilyquantifiablebenefits. technology hasimprovedsafety, emergencyresponsetimesandenvironmentalquality, andhas In additiontocreatingnewefficienciesandreducingoperatingcosts, theadoptionofGPS life. Were the systemtobesomehowdiscontinued,lossesareestimated tobe$96billion. transportation, aerospaceand–especiallywiththeproliferationof portable devices–everyday of commercialapplicationsacrossindustriesandsectors,including agriculture, construction, Over thepast20years,GlobalPositioning System(GPS)technologyhasledtoaproliferation U.S. –OpeningGPSDataforCivilianUse a growingmillion-dollarindustryoftoolsandapplicationsderivedfrom NOAA’s real-timedata. dollar weatherderivativefinancialindustrydependentonseasonal datarecords;andcatalyzed costs ofweather-relateddamagethroughforecasts;enabledthedevelopment ofamulti-billion Opening upweatherdatathroughNOAA hassignificantlyloweredtheeconomicandhuman U.S. –NOAA: OpeningUpGlobalWeather DatainCollaborationwithBusinesses business orexpandanexistingone. economic conditionsinagivenneighborhoodtohelpthemdecide wheretoestablishanew in NewYork. Thetoolprovidessmallbusinesseswithaccesstohigh-qualitydataonthe designed toalleviatethemarket researchinformationgapbetweensmallandlargebusinesses Developed bytheMayor’s OfficeofDataAnalytics(MODA), theBusiness Atlasisaplatform U.S. –NewYork CityBusinessAtlas £28.5 millionincreaseinGDPoveritsfirstfiveyears. some datapaid.OSOpenDataproductsareestimatedtodeliverbetween anet£13million- launch ofitsOSOpenData platform in2010, usesamixed-cost model, withsomedataopenand science, utilities,retailandmuchmore. OSisrequiredtobeself-financingand,despitethe industry oractivitythatusesamap:urbanplanning,realestatedevelopment, environmental Data fromOrdnanceSurvey(OS),Britain’s mappingagency, supportsessentiallyanyU.K. U.K. –OSOpenData CREATING OPPORTUNITY 12 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Politics andElections Emergency Services Engagement Engagement Engagement Engagement Assessment Data-Driven Data-Driven Data-Driven Data-Driven Data-Driven Health Health Law of theAfrican-American plaintiffs,awarding them a$10.9 millionsettlement. residents ofZanesvilleandthe houseshooked up tothecitywaterline. Thecasewentinfavor open datathatshowedsignificantcorrelationbetweenthe houses occupiedbythewhite tower. Oneofthekey piecesofevidenceusedduringthecourtcase wasamapderivedfrom of Zanesville, Ohio were onlyabletousecontaminatedrainwaterordrivethenearestwater throughout therestofMuskingumCounty, residentsofapredominantlyAfrican-American area For over50years,whileaccesstocleanwaterfromtheCity of Zanesville waterlinespread U.S. –Kennedy vs.theCityofZanesville but couldalsoleadtoharassmentandthreatsbasedonpolitical disagreements. could beacteduponinunexpectedwaysthatnotonlycreatemajorprivacyconcernsforcitizens, Prop 8.Eightmapsdemonstrateshowtheincreasedcomputabilityandreusabilityofopendata amount donatedand,whereavailable, employersofindividualswhodonatedmoneytosupport information ontoaGooglemapofthestate. Userscouldfindthenames,approximate locations, information madepublicthroughstatecampaignfinancedisclosurelawsandoverlaidthat California’s Proposition8,whichsoughttobarsame-sexcouplesfrommarrying.Thesitecollected A tool,launchedanonymouslyin2009, thatprovideddetailedinformationonsupportersof U.S. –Eightmaps dengue epidemicin2013. data-driven clustermaphasevolved,anditbecameanintegralpart ofthecampaignagainsta through awebsitenowcommonlyknownasthe“DengueWebsite.” Sincethen,theNEA’s location ofdengueclustersaswelldiseaseinformationandpreventive measuresonline, In 2005,theSingaporeNationalEnvironmentAgency(NEA)began sharinginformationonthe Singapore –DengueClusterMap information usedbyhumanitariansandpolicymakers workingtoaddressthecrisis. Exchange (HDX) andtheEbolaGeoNode–significantly improvedthequalityandaccessibilityof – SierraLeone’s NationalEbolaResponse Centre(NERC),theUnitedNations’HumanitarianData was littleabilitytogetrelevantdataintothehandsofthosewhocouldleverageit.Threeprojects Ebola casesandresponseeffortswasdispersedacrossadiversityofdatacollectors,there In 2014,thelargestEbolaoutbreakinhistoryoccurredWest Africa. At thestart,informationon Sierra Leone –BattlingEbola visits withinthefirst48hoursafterearthquake, amongothers. conditions, includingacrowdsourcedemergencyinformationWeb appthatgenerated70,000 develop arangeofproductsandservicesrequiredtorespondsuccessfully toemerging agencies usedopendata,sourcetools,trusteddatasharing and crowdsourcingto an earlierearthquake. Intheresponsetoquake, volunteers andofficialsattherecovery caused significantdisruptionanddamagetolargeportionsofacity alreadyweakened by In February2011,Christchurchwasstruckbyasevereearthquake thatkilled185peopleand New Zealand–ChristchurchEarthquake GISClusters SOLVING PUBLICPROBLEMS

13 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET

important, who (which individuals, institutions, demographic groups) affected? demographic are most institutions, individuals, (which who important, lives? What are real, the measurable and tangible results of our case studies? as just And, we of What focus open impact is the data on people’sour on case impact. 19 studies. First, websites? this and In following the we outline some sections, overarching insights derived from What lessons can we learn from these examples of open data applications, platforms and LIVES? PEOPLE’S ON WHATIII. IS IMPACT THE OPEN OF DATA which open data is having on people’s an impact lives: in four main ways exist there that suggests analysis nuances, our these despite Nonetheless, changes in way the decisions are made or other broad social, and political economic factors. case studies on people’s lives indirect is (and often somewhat thus more subtle), mediated by show resultsprojects in more than one dimension of our impact addition, the In of impact. data open many cases, nuances In into account. certain requires taking Determining impact

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GROWTH ECONOMIC ECONOMIC IMPROVING SERVICES

14 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET data. It isdata. evident It in four of our case studies, each of which relies underlying data for on its using government built platforms and follows from applications often of impact category This children’s their about decisions schools. make more evidence-based Tanzaniaand to parents enables of each which Dashboard), Data Open Education and (Shule informed decisions about health care and education dashboards in Mexico (Mejora Tu Escuela) include of impact category Uruguay’s ATu which empowers Servicio, citizens to make more examples notable Some this in role a four in plays studies. case dimensionThis of impact of philanthropies. accountability moveby charities, first the in a broader global to effort increasetransparency the and model for movement; open the contracting and Canada’s opening of return tax data submitted oversight budget to country’s the processes; Slovakia’s Central Registry, which is aglobal citizen and accountability brings Transparency which Budget Brazil Open the include Portal, examples Notable studies. case 19 of governanceour in six in areImprovements evident government and citizens of Singapore are using aDengue Fever to limit Cluster spread the Map to try Leone, open data helped to inform of people working actions the ground on the to fight Ebola. The Sierra In emergencies. other and crises health public during created has impacts data notable Open released by National the Oceanic and in United Atmospheric the States. Administration (NOAA) around data companies built and platforms various companies; grow the or and to their open Atlas, which allows small businesses neighborhoods to best the use data in which to identify information released by governments. Two notable examples include New York’s Business in new ways and engage in new forms of data-driven assessment and engagement. and assessment new forms of in data-driven engage and new ways in problems to societal analyze citizens allowing is policymakers and data Open improvements. problems have not been entirely solved or eliminated, we are finally seeing pathways to problems Finally,iv) open data’s is evident impact in way the is helping it data is creating new jobs and new ways for citizens to prosper in world. the economic opening up and growth, new fostering sectors, innovation. process, the In open more are information and stimulating greater countries, transparency and cities in world, the creating is data Open iii) accessing information. and communicating of ways new by facilitated enabling more informed decision-making and new forms of social mobilization, in both turn dataii) Open is resource and allocation. services public enhancing by especially more government b) efficient, and making budgeting); (notably functions and of governmentresponsibilities to host a transparency adding and corruption tackle by helping more accountable, especially governments a) making by: particular in but ways, open data is First, i) , many of which have until recently of most seemed these Although intractable. empowering citizens empowering improving government new economic opportunities to take control of their lives and demand change by around the world around the for citizens organizations. and Around . It is doing It so in various solve several solve

big publicbig 15 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET conditions that leadto that success.conditions studies included here, we need –and abetter more granular –understanding of enabling the are to achieve believed the potential of open data and of scale individual the impact the case date. do well dimension Some projects in aparticular of success while failing we If in others. fornot select this group of case studies due to lack the of meaningful, measurable to impact are there many, to did but unintended consequences, GovLab many the more examples that and thanbetter some others, simply fail. Eightmaps is an example of how open data can lead aroundprojects world, the we are in by outcomes. wide variability the struck Some work required was of analysis to understand While our initial analysis told us what IMPACT OPEN OF DATA? THAT SIGNIFICANTLY THE ENHANCE IV. WHAT ENABLING THE ARE CONDITIONS problems. (and security) even personal createdunintentionally new privacy issues other and discrimination address to efforts where of Eightmaps, for case example, the this, in recognize, however, to solve that attempts problems can also have unintended consequences. We see devastating earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand were also aided to by open is data. important It of dengue fever during outbreaks like that experienced into 2013. Therebuild efforts following types how of change open data round was creating, afurther change comes examining In about. open data 16 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET across issuesandsectors. Premise #2:Developingopendataasapublic infrastructureenablesabroaderimpact officials,citizens and to reporters create value thefrom open data. alsobut launched aculture-building campaign complete workshops with seeking to train public developedonly an interoperable for infrastructure publishing of data awide variety formats, around Brazil’s push Transparency for example, Budget of the organizers Open Portal, part not open dataAn public however, does not, infrastructure involve only technical competencies. As improving data the available onDuka Open as aresult. to improve counties’ capacity, the internal governments data county-level with infrastructure Duka, for example, is responding lack to to of impact its date by attempting to build such an release. and team Kenya’s The behind generation of data government system Open default” data to public. the some In takes cases,impactful this infrastructure form the of an “open by regular release to the of potentially enable backend organizational and processes necessary back of what we might think of as an Infrastructure: Public ii) and demandofdata. Premise #1:Intermediariesanddatacollaborativesallowforenhancedmatchingofsupply companythe Placemeter), is an example of andata effective collaborative. data built from set, both government its partnership; information and private-sector (supplied by New Yorksectors. Business Atlas was City’s similarly an of illustration apublic-private initiatives are example an equally important of collaboration private the between and public government more to open effective data craft NOAA’sinitiatives. many and offshoots data Uruguay’s ATu example was an important of Servicio can how work society with civil all case the studies weVirtually examined were of some form products the of partnership. “databy so-called collaboratives,” which pooled data from different organizations and sectors. analyzing and finding meaning rawin open In data. addition, we sawroleplayed an important media, the which with informedand partnerships citizens and also played an invaluable role in groups, society civil which played role often in an mobilizing important and educating citizens; sometimes borders. Two forms with of collaboration partnerships were important: particularly and across sectors partnerships from organization governmentagency, rather or but were we projects Effective open studied. ofa databuilt not projects fromsingle the efforts Partnerships: i) “premise” specific a success:for articulate Based on our research, we identified four key enabling conditions, each whichof allows us to The The power of collaboration Several of the most effective projects we studied Severalwe emerged projects effective the of most on the open dataopen public infrastructure was evident in many successful of most the –i.e., technical the

17 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET are those that address address that are those Problemiv) Definition: assessments ofopendataprojects,providethenecessaryconditionsforsuccess. Premise #3:Clearpoliciesregardingopendata,includingthosepromotingregular commitmentpolicy in 2004 to maintain unfettered global access to geospatial the system. of Septemberattacks 2001; those 11, questions were of enactment to anew the put rest with though ingrained in daily life for many, was of subject the questionsfollowing terrorist the of GPS, openness The increase openness. process greatly the in and contracting, in default example; shows it how laws can be redesigned, in this case to encourage transparency by and empowers –local and regional governments. Slovakia’s is another good Central Registry can benefitfrom high-level government to commitments openingthat tricklesdata down to – Mexico, In out. we saw how an open data initiative (in this case, Mejora the Tu Escuela project) many the Among case studies that benefitedfrom the right environment, policy a stand few transparency. and openness against consequences for working of law the is followed, that vested interests are adequately combated, and that there are laws that look good on paper. Policymakers and politicians also must ensure that letter the is also is not It critical. addition, high-levelIn sufficient buy-in political simply to pass enabling accountability. and assessment for mechanisms creation of fora project and the spurs that technical innovation; and and data release of open the encourages things, other an essential role to play in creating aflexible, legal environment forward-looking amongthat, reminder that technology does not exist in avacuum. Policymakers and leaders political have metrics. was existence the projects of iii) Policies and Performance Metrics: Premise #4:Opendata initiatives thathaveacleartargetorproblemdefinition havemoreimpact. that water access decisions were being made basis on the of citizens’ race. reasonable beyond a doubt singular goal: demonstrating accomplished its of Zanesville City the vs. etc.). acase In involving one essential of most the human use needs, the of open data in Kennedy touch successful often most basic most on the projects human needs pocketbook (health, needs, The sector: health examples are the in these coincidence both no that perhaps is care. It health their example provides –it clear, tangible to benefits citizens, allowingthem taketo that improves action recognizewidely as aproblem, and that citizens dread. Uruguay’s ATu is another good Servicio (public health) has clear, tangibleit seeks benefits; to thelimit spread of an illnessthat policymakers Singapore’s Dengue Fever Cluster Map is agood example in this regard. core Its area of activity solutions or efficiencies to address that need. an – ideallywidely existing recognized identify projects Effective – need, and provide new to change to user behavior try projects or convince citizens of apreviously unfelt need. The need for clear policies (and more generally an enabling regulatory framework) is a a well-defined problem or issue We have repeatedly seen how successful most the open data projects clear open data policies data open clear Another key success data determinantof Another open the in , . It is very challenging is very . It for open data including

well-defined performance performance well-defined 18 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET across our 19 case studies: case 19 across our frequently most the that Broadly, of challenges. recurred challenges four analysis we identified enabling the with conditions,As we found widespread geographic in and our sectoral variability regionsothers. some than may face moreaddition, obstacles In variables. political of and economic numerous social, function the arechallenges themselves The success of aproject is also determined by obstacles the and challenges confronts. it The DATA IMPACT? AN MAKING V. WHAT CHALLENGES THE ARE TO OPEN portals were limited by low Internet penetration rates, and by a general low awareness about low awareness about general by a and rates, were by penetration low Internet limited portals haveotherwise been. Tanzania, In for instance, Shule the and Education Data Open Dashboard could they than successful and impactful less them making of projects, potential the stunted “failures.” Rather, project often outright result in it necessarily not did Low technical capacity rolea critical in ensuring success the of projects. data. Repeatedly, we have seen that such “data champions” or “technological evangelists” play sophisticated, and that believe in transformative the potential of technology, of open particularly can also be indicated by existence the of agroup of individuals that or are entities technically rates, awide digital divide, or overall poor technical literacy. addition, technical In readiness penetration by low Internet several indicated variables: could be lack of technical capacity The readiness or human capacity Readiness:i) Perhaps unsurprisingly, countries or regions with Perhapsunsurprisingly, regions with or countries often posed inhospitable environments for open data projects. projects. data for open environments inhospitable posed often overall low technical and and technical low overall 19 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Premise #6:Opendatacouldbesignificantlymoreimpactfulifthereleaseofopen limiting. potentially is products and sets data other however, its from of OS OpenData separation satisfaction; the prioritizes customer and analytics user sophisticated U.K.’s very has behaviors. user and Ordnance Survey analytics customer to remain useful to an evolving increased users, the needs of its focus needs to be placed on in any of cases the studied here. given But that breadth, for agency’s the essential information other on the hand, has some mature of most the NOAA, and wide-reaching open data efforts hand. at project of the familiarity close with to those interpretable terms only cryptic for bugs site. on the button reporting Moreover, found project titles site on the contain often this high barrier to entry, site the offers only limited engagement – namely, opportunities a and much of information the found site on the is too complex for citizens most Despite to digest. Sweden’sFor for project, example, OpenAid user experience was not at acore launch, priority want. users their what need to to be attuned user needs; they need to be flexible enough to recognize and adapt to A need. and well-defined corollary thisto finding that is sponsors andproject administrators user needs ii) Responsiveness: data hampersitsimpact. Premise #5:Thelackofreadinessorcapacityatboththesupplyanddemandsideopen ecosystem. or environment overall technical to the enhanced by could greater be attention projects successful most the at lower the level). we and others, see that these success In projects is relative, and that even (particularly others and officials government among lack of technical by capacity a restricted open data. Slovakia’s was in successful; many ways very Central Registry too, yet it, was cameras data collect for project in the public clearest spaces. the question, example Without taken to mitigate such harms, there has been concern that citizen might be violated privacy as published inadvertently it salaries New In the York, of public servants. despite steps being Transparency when Budget Open the Portal were against brought actions legal over 100 dogged many we Brazil, In Concerns studied. and of security projects the about privacy more but broadlyprospects, reputation the of open data in general. When an initiative fails to take steps to mitigate this tension, risks not it own harming only its nature, very project – by greater its in and tension transparency security. exists privacy with the Risks: iii) would becomplementedwitharesponsivenesstoactuponinsightsgenerated. risks posed by privacy and security violations security risks and posed by privacy A majorthepotential between challenge of open arisesdata and from trade-offs the . As we saw. As successful in previous the address most the projects section, aclear Success is also limited when projects are projects when limited Success also is . These risks are inherent data to risks open any These . unresponsive to feedback

and and 20 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET conceived and based on asound premise, has it been limited by unanticipated the involved effort The limited success of Kenya’s Duka Open is agood example. project was the well- Although committed (and cheap) they are idealists, fleshed and out developed with real financial backing. requiretime, though, projects resources to succeed; while they may emerge backs on the of volunteers. Indonesia’s Kawal Pemilu, for example, was amere assembled with $54. Over were “hackable” –easily together put limited created on often avery budget, by idealistic commonmost reasons for limited success failure. or outright we Many studied of projects the Allocation Resource iv) more nuancedunderstandingoftheseriskswillbenecessarytoaddressandmitigatethem. Premise #7:Opendatadoesposeacertainsetofrisks,notablytoprivacyandsecurity;greater, privacy, and of need the for careful, judicious to policymaking achieve abalance. security/ and openness between exist tensions reminder that of the examplesSuch are important an accessto restrict to data that has proven essential in violations. addressing rights civil decades-old – for example, of Zanesville, in concerns city the Ohio, security have been raised (controversially) transparency and of openness goals the against work also can important, though security, and took steps proactive to anonymize data of to citizens. protect privacy the Addressing risks to privacy releasing sole data instance (the of such adedicated division in our case 19 studies). Singapore, too, Division toa dedicated address challenges Security Cyber data security when and collecting abuses can be mitigated. and security example, For privacy creation for stood out its NOAA of real allFor very –and the legitimate –concerns, our case studies also show that scope the for harassment. and ofleading to intimidation instances addresses home to and for information California’s about donors 8, Proposition identifying financedisclosure various campaign publish laws public to study, used case which Eightmaps of open data leading concerns to privacy (and even violations) outright can be found in the and longterm. generous, sustainedand committedfundinghaveabetterchanceof successoverthemedium Premise #8:Whileopen dataprojectscanoftenbelaunchedcheaply, thoseprojectsthatreceive even for a“global public utility,” can be difficult to finance through public money. corner, every at new features capabilities, climategovernment and cuts budget on focused Even an initiative as central experiences and used widely as GPS funding challenges. a In customers paying to access more the sophisticated not included data products in OS OpenData. meanwhile, is required to be self-financing, forcing the agency to rely heavily on private sector U.K.’s discontinued. be Ordnance streams Survey, funding of any those should projects such order to operate –leading to some of level sustainability long-term about the of uncertainty addition, Mexico’sIn Mejora Tu Escuela one is project just that relies on foundation funding in challenge. this haveaddress helped more resources certainly collection; almost would data in : Finally, we found that inadequate resourceinadequate allocation was one of the 21 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET open data can be fulfilled – across geographies, and demographics. sectors Data Roadmap Open Generation Together, to a amount of implementation means their and recommendations 10 these broader to ways recommendation translate – the into impact. implementation meaningful usher in such wholesale transformation. each For step, we describe afew concrete methods of we believe could that community data open the in stakeholders other and funders users, data? we steps outline or recommendations 10 this section, In for policymakers, advocates, economic and transformation political that could result from afar broader deployment of open narrative that celebrates individual case studies to abroader narrative social, about the there more is the general problem of scaling: How do we move beyond a“points of light” issuesparticular faced by above. open data projects addition to In these specific challenges, several of the We outline hurdles are apparent. also the potential, clear this despite But nations. and companies, individuals for to complex created and solutions problems, public contributed new economic opportunities open data. Around world, the open data has improved governments, empowered citizens, offered by possibilities and potential tremendous indicate the clearly studies case Our GENERATION OPENDATA ROADMAP VI. RECOMMENDATIONS: TOWARD ANEXT greater collaboration data between holders and data users. open data push and pull trajectories advance, optimal the end point same: is the that data from Interestingly, reluctant institutions. extracting we’ve found that as both public general the or society civil in by users available made or government, consistent trajectories depending on whether data the is pushed from the ways the in which open studying In data has been made available, we’ve found SUPPLY VS. DEMAND TRAJECTORIES . They allow us to how understand better potential the of Next Next 22 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET available in the most useful ways useful most the in available data useful to make most users the with collaborationDemand-driven release data automatic constant, and processesinfrastructure needed for by default Open available of data amount release Data – simply making some some making simply – PUSH – creating the the creating – TRAJECTORY OF OPEN DATA OPEN TRAJECTORY OF – working working – without the blessing) the without of data the involvement direct the (and often accessible without data government data finding users ways to make data leaksrequests, or other methods, scraping, Freedom of Information Creation and demand have made if an accessible impact could of data where assessment outside Data audit and gap identification release strategies release data impactful togovernment craft Collaboration institution holding – working with –working with PULL – through through –

– 23 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET data would be complemented with a responsiveness to act upon insights generated. insights upon to responsiveness act a complemented with be would data Premise #6: of impact. open data hampers its #5: Premise more impact. Premise #4: provideassessments of conditions open data necessary the for projects, success. Premise #3: sectors. and across issues impact Premise #2: of data. demand and supply #1: Premise chance of success over medium the and long term. that receiveprojects generous, sustained and committed funding have abetter Premise #8: them. mitigate and address agreater,security; more nuanced understanding of these to risks will be necessary #7: Premise EIGHT PREMISES THAT PREMISES IMPACT THE EIGHT DATA DETERMINE OPEN OF Intermediaries and data collaboratives allow for enhanced matching of Open data Open does set pose acertain of and notably risks, to privacy Open data Open initiatives that have aclear target or problem definition have Clear policies regarding open data, including those promoting regular promoting those including data, regarding policies open Clear Developing open data as a public infrastructure enables a broader enables a infrastructure public a Developing as data open The lack of readiness supply at and the both demand or capacity side Open data Open couldthe if be significantlyrelease more impactful of open While open data projects can often be launched cheaply, launched be those often can projects data open While 24 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET enhancing the overall efficiency of the demand-use-impact value chain for open data. open value chain for demand-use-impact the of overall efficiency the enhancing collaborativeinteract, approaches can improve match the data between demand and supply, thus Perhaps importantly, most by allowing data and users data suppliers to work together and help draw on adiverse poolof and can talent, also lead to solutions. innovative, out-of-the-box be collaborative and work across and disciplines. sectors Working in acollaborative manner can similarly will projects data open successful most to the therefore reason that It addressed. stands boundaries and require knowledge of expertise, and avariety data in order to be successfully inter-disciplinary. and Theydefine cross-sectoral are problems by definition public Large private sectorandcivilsociety)tobettermatchthesupplydemandofopendata. Recommendation #2:Encouragecollaborationsacrosssectors(especiallybetweengovernment, • • • to address, and steps the they plan to take. Some possibilities for how this focus can be achieved: open data to advocates clearly define andtheir practitioners the goals, problem they are seeking how well problem the seeks to it address is definedtherefore It is and understood. essential for A core premise offered studiesby ourcase thatthe of is open impact dependentdata is often on Recommendation #1:Focusonanddefine key problemareaswhereopendatacanaddvalue. • • approaches: cross-sectoral and required collaborative the to achieving pathways Some maximize and make real, use effective of theirdata in everyday lives. Tanzanian they offer case study); vital link a between technology and society, helping citizens role in important countries low technicala particularly with (e.g., capacity as evident in our awareness and disseminate data (and their findings) morewidely. Data intermediariesplay Engage and data nurture intermediaries, especially from society, civil to help spread cloud technology companies, is also agood example. whichPartnership, formalized five data leadingand with private-sector partnership asector which is projected to deliver million NZ$40 in savings. addition, NOAA’s In Big Data companies, construction with sharing data Authority’s Recovery Earthquake Canterbury cycle. The value of datause-impact collaboratives is clearly illustrated by New Zealand’s Create data collaboratives to improve efficiency the and the of effectiveness demand- streams. data open useful potentially with them and connect issues public defined clearly potentially modeled on and informed by Freedom of Information –that help requests formulate To guide such exercises, may it be useful to establish Problem and– Data Definition toolkits them. solve help can data how open and problems social and public Facilitate exercises design user-led toimportant define help improve How can we feed transport? Britain?) for to users answer using OS OpenData. isHub an interesting model focusing latter. on the specific posesquestions It very (e.g., How can we answers, of both which can helpOrdnanceUK define The open data projects. GeoVation Survey’s Set up acrowdsourced to “Problem which Inventory” can users contribute specific questions and 25 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET • • include:These approach. take “data-as-infrastructure” a can to advance There policymakers are several steps embedded wider social, within economic and structures. political form of public of or nation, asociety infrastructure, one essential at heart the success, for its and and use cycle. Approaching data in this broader, more way holistic means treating as avital it andcollection use, andgovernance effective step structures the for of data every collection commitments: sustained and sustainable funding, skills training among those charged data with in raw our case form studies, data –in its –needs to be supplemented by of ahost other own providesits asilver bullet for as repeatedly asociety’s problems. fact, In evidenced Too and decision-makers policy- often, focus solely on opening up data, as open if data on Recommendation #3:Approachandtreatdataasaformofvital21stcenturypublicinfrastructure. 3 • • ensure data is being quality better released. This agencies is especially within and important cleaning standardization and to around collection, data Developing capacity and skills services. social and civic on data impactful of potentially range social including safety allowing net, pilot libraries, partners, to tap into awide, interconnected investment and public life. Referral, Open for example, is creating adata backend for the so that dataeducation is more institutions, embedded firmly into other forms of public and cultural other and schools libraries, as such infrastructure, public Leveraging existing principles: following the particular, in and, practices coherence standards, data collaboration” and around open the implementing Embracing and across sectors. practices best and technical standards data ofdevelopment open mapinfrastructure. Asystems could enable more the targeted, coordinated, collaborative value the creationimpact step of and opennecessary datato approach is afirst data as datasector infrastructure, as well as local, national and global datathat may infrastructures Developing a http://opendatacharter.net/ • • • • • • Open by default Open For inclusive developmentFor innovation and improved governanceFor citizen and engagement interoperable and Comparable Accessible and usable comprehensive and Timely systems design and methodology mapping systems Open Data Charter Data Open , 3 which seeks to “foster greater . Mapping public the and private 26 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET • • include: These policies. data of open clarity take can to necessary ensure the There policymakers are several steps accountability. to ensuring are for vital measurement assessment and systems initiative; of an to provisions success measure include should (or policies the otherwise) data open Importantly, cause. to its commitment unambiguous an is there when thrives data Open essential: is when releasing the is acompanyimportant or other entity organization. cases, both In clarity are equally priorities and internal rules Well-articulated data. open supports that framework Our research illustrates enabling vital the role played by anational legal and regulatory evolution. Recommendation #4:Createclearopendatapoliciesthataremeasurableandallowforagile • • on aregular basis by acitizens’ group or panel created specifically thatfor purpose. previous the line In Bank and should others. with Metrics suggestion, the delivery), be reviewed of service efficiency increases saved, the in (lives solutions revenues problem public generated), data’s such as economic impacts, concerns (like return on investment or private economic sector in field.Bank the SuchMetrics a could be built aroundexperts categoriestheof variety of open researchers and stakeholders, from input with indicators, of important Bank” “Metrics a Creating and effectiveness of open data projects. legitimacy the enhancing in and accountability of ensuring part vital a is It reasons. same the measuring results policies, the of open data as and in initiatives drafting for is as important Engaging public the in defining and monitoring of metrics success:Citizen in participation to knowledge and power asymmetries involved in such processes. co-creation that draw on awider range of experiences course, Of and be paid expertise. must attention those than effective are less participation and input adequate public without drafted policies policies are responsive to conditions actual and needs. Our research repeatedly shows that way inclusive not of only drafting (and more thus legitimate) policies, also but of ensuring that open data policies citizenCo-creating with and other groups, which can be an important to access have demand – to right data. government a individuals average just or journalists researchers, citizens accepting that whether – stakeholders government on crucially depends change:as apolicy our case studies have As repeatedly shown, success the of open data initiatives Moving towardentitled. aview of open data as apublic good requires as much of acultural change Viewing and treating open data as apublic good, something to which citizens and taxpayers are users. of community the within organizations releasing data (to ensure of data), quality the also, but to extent possible, the 27 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET • • • preparedness: and taken be to can increase capacity steps Several those tasked releasing with data are as unprepared often as intended beneficiaries. demand onboth the side and supply side of open the data value chain –policymakers and likely to useto andIt is benefit important recognize fromless it. thatis aproblem lowcapacity simply as alack of awareness: Those do who not know potential about the of open data are quite manifests this Often, most. benefit could potentially who those preparedness among Repeatedly, we have seen how open data initiatives are limited by alack and of capacity make meaningful useofopendata. Recommendation #5:Take stepstoincreasethecapacityofpublicandprivateactors • mentor networks mentioned above. mentioned mentor networks – they can provide ahelpful online and of supplement trainingexpert- efforts to types the open datawithin initiatives or data labs –like Data Justice the Lab in United the Kingdom knowledge sharing and collaboration. tools alreadyif integrated Many off-the-shelf exist; and similar to tools encourages that createmeet-ups a culture offline and online Use Mexico’s Mejora Tu Escuela. NYC’s and OS Atlas OpenMap, Business Ordnance Survey’s UK the include studies case our examples more accessible. far from Notable visualizations are and often analytics include tools. While raw data be overwhelming can often for novice platforms users, and apps that Invest in and promote user-friendly data tools, such as data visualizations and other analytic overcome citizens navigatehelping hurdles obstacles. or policymakers and and data of open uses optimal resources, valuable as the guidance on providing serve can mentor forEstablish networks those and seeking expert to use open data. Such networks worldwide. needs and matching and of interests easier navigation could enable already in place and provided by, for instance, Academy GovLab the and Data Open the Institute, of coaching opportunities searchable or directory combined a overview addition, In Portal. Budget Open the on use howto officials public and Transparency citizens, reporters to train designed and workshops regular campaigns TV from tremendously benefited for instance, Portal, Brazil’s Budget data. open Open of applications and Transparency benefits potential the about citizens among key and centersto stakeholders teach policymakers coaching training up and Set 28 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET We have seen of that public is essential open data participation policies in drafting the and use ofopendata. Recommendation #7:Beresponsivetotheneeds,demandsandquestionsgeneratedfrom • • • taken risks: be to can mitigate steps Several violations undermine inand open security data and, trust over potential. long the run, limit its suchAtlas. Mitigating risks is essential not inherent for only its value, also but because privacy York’s Brazil’s New Transparency and Budget Eightmaps, Open notably Portal, Business studies, result from widespread releases of data. Such risks were apparent in anumber of our case Two risks involve important of potential most the that can and violations security of privacy our case studies haveAs shown, open data can be aforce for risks. is not it good, but without Recommendation #6:Identifyandmanagerisksassociatedwiththereleaseuseofopendata. • following methods: achieved the be through can responsiveness Meaningful releasing data. on simply take such steps and what’s actions; required are communities focused on problem not solving, to ability requires responsiveness the meaningful preventing corruption, government on study that need concrete steps in order to be addressed. as we And have seen in Brazilian the case likewise can reveal data open inefficiencies require that action; government generate insights open data offers.For and it in taking advantageexample, of opportunities the open candata in decisions about what data to release. of in impact understanding the is equally It important Simplified mechanisms such as this help establish a virtuous open data cycle, allowing open open cycle,allowing data open virtuous a establish help this as such mechanisms Simplified Address for has Initiative asingle to users correct portal data errors across all agencies. tools to gauge public opinion and solicit insights from citizens. example, For Denmark’s Open Develop open and online feedback mechanisms, ratings and feedback including Q&As, groups. stakeholder of responses diverse from range wide a to solicit policymakers allowing like and security, privacy other on the hand. Crowdsourcing can be avaluable tool here, achieve right the balance social between goods like innovation, one on the hand, and risks standards. risk and citizen quality groups) data developing (including in stakeholders all Involve to crowdsource management. for data new frameworks experts outside with working to strategically respond to breaches for example, of privacy, or other NOAA, risks. is security releasingand other institutions data can draw on aclear, process step-by-step structured, governments that so frameworks management risk data open Create collaborative innovative, weigh pros the and cons and relative risks of data releases. help also can trees decision releases. These of data types around certain opportunities and Develop data governance “decision trees” to help decision-makers potential the track risks

A participatory, collaborative approach collaborative participatory, A

to and mitigating risks help can build trust 29 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET • • Adequate resource allocations can be achieved by: independently. information now scrape must charities Canadian 2013 release, due to alack in part result of the funding, with that anyone seeking recent data on Similarly, Canada’s has not yet T3010 Initiative been updated Charity Open since original its a good example of alaudable open data initiative that has been limited by alack of resources. may remain they unachievable. Kenya’s resource is commitments, without project Duka Open are laudable, but transparency and increased as such participation over Goals time. investment require but ground, the resources to cheap off get and are often initiatives data noted, open As necessary opendatainfrastructureinaparticipatorymanner. Recommendation #8:Allocateandidentifyadequateresourcestosustainexpandthe • research agenda, based on a wider evidential foundation. Importantly, this research this Importantly, foundation. evidential wider a research on based agenda, analysis (and resources). To achieve potential the of open data, we need acommon scattered across globe. the There is aneed for more communication and pooling of are themselves who spread across organizations individuals fragmentary, and many ways is throughmaximum collaboration. positive impact, Ourknowledge of open data today is in effective avenueThe most to understanding how open data and works, how to achieve open datapoliciesandpractices. Recommendation #9:Developacommonresearchagendatomovetowardevidence-based • establishing and ensuring the sustainability of their priorities. of their sustainability the ensuring and establishing for also but initiatives for funding avenue an only not interested (and parties) public other crowdsourcing, the may offer especially which avenues for innovative funding, Exploring stakeholders. government played role avital and from in commitments long-term bolstering policymakers support and studies before commissioned both Survey cost/benefit launchingthis – their projects andagainst Ordnance possible their and UK costs the our Among risks. case studies, NOAA offeredprojects by opportunities relative the to assess stakeholders other and policymakers allowwhich would initiatives, data open of analyses cost/benefit more rigorous Undertaking initiatives receive funding. most the public funds are allocated. Such initiatives can ensure useful that most the open data how and priorities citizens allow their to choose which initiatives, budgeting Participatory inputs. of stakeholder range wide a include ideally and transparent, and open be itself should are taken. ombudsman being This actions follow-up necessary whether and data of open usefulness the track to consistently function ombudsman data Designate open an insights. those on action meaningful ensuring and to generate insights data 30 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET encourage stakeholders to think broadly about what data is and what what and is data what about broadly to think stakeholders encourage different forms and models of open data – including big and small data, data – and text-based dataOpen fuels innovation, how but can we innovate open data? We need to recognize Recommendation #10:Keep innovating. • • • To research common achieve we should: this agenda, – positive or negative –being simply an afterthought. open dataoften, research focuses ways simplyof best on the releasing impact data, with framework should integrate core understanding abetter into of impact its agenda: Too 4 http://opendataresearch.org/sites/default/files/posts/Common%20Assessment%20Workshop%20Report.pdf • • • There to are culture: foster sucha many ways innovation. and experimentation one), culture of foster proactive we a should this as such while we (for work impact to open example, data understand better and its through exercises Perhaps importantly, most we need to be open to new ideas and and insights, always remain ideas. and would expertise global draw on into across-border and interdisciplinary open data innovation Such anetwork network. The need for collaborative research mentioned above can developed also be institutionally research new models of open data that can be tested across regions sectors, and use cases. box and the outside to think be would purpose explicit whose lab innovation data open Institutionally, we can look at creating new or intermediaries, entities for example aglobal toward common achieving a researchbaseline agenda. of sorts of key and organizations, contacts and would help facilitate discussion by establishing a to our own), spread across countries would Such also and adirectory sectors. include alist Create (perhaps in format) wiki adirectory of various assessment frameworks (in addition a standardized tool for evaluating of open the data stage value every chain. framework assessment common data open the of fine-tuning could consider further community Data researchOpen the above.addition, In premises we identified the researchers test Build taxonomy on the developed of impact through these case 19 studies and have other toward improved exchange and collaboration among researchers in this field. contextthe of International the Data Open Conference, may provide, for instance, impetus the to collaboratively develop like Events practices. best Data Open the Research Summit within to share ideas, and evidence, and insights to trade be would interactions of these goal The onlinetools. and offline other and hangouts, monthly conferences, or meetings annual listservs, include could mechanisms Such data. open of field the in working organizations)and currently (individuals stakeholders various among interaction and for mechanisms up communication Set 4 GovLab developed GovLab together Web with Foundation and in others order to create open really means. Even reallymeans.

31 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET be asking ourselves about open data –questions that can help future direct research, but We end, therefore, what we believe with questions we to should be some important of most the • • • • • realdata and and its key potential impacts, questions remain, including: around world. the Though enabled this effort a majorstep in ourforward understanding of open data are community based examination on the of case 19 studies of open data initiatives from open the stakeholders in precedingThe and and findings recommendations policymakers for KEY REMAININGQUESTIONS data. open about think fuel aculture ofperhaps importantly innovation most whenit and flexibility comes to how we What is the optimal internal data infrastructure for enabling impactful open data initiatives? data open impactful for enabling infrastructure data internal optimal the is What manner? universal a in are transferable insights comparative What How can open data initiatives be made sustainable? What are conditions the to of scale open impact the data? different based on local prioritiescontexts and needs? citizens’ right to government information) to highlight in in order to spur open data activity What are optimal the value propositions (e.g., fighting corruption, spurring economic activity, research has raised as many has questions as it suggested answers. how to maximize value the of open we data. But recognize that abeginning. this is just Our in question mode question . This report has outlined several recommendations and suggestions for several recommendations has outlined suggestions and report This . 32 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Recommendation #10: data policiesopen and practices. Recommendation #9: manner. in a participatory data infrastructure open necessary Recommendation #8: data. ofopen use Recommendation #7: Recommendation #6: data. ofopen use meaningful Recommendation #5: Recommendation #4: Recommendation #3 data. ofopen demand and supply the match to better society) civil and sector private Recommendation #2: Recommendation #1: TOWARD DATA GENERATION OPEN ANEXT ROADMAP Create clear open data policies that are measurable and allow for agile evolution. for agile allow and are measurable that policies data open clear Create : Approach and treat data as a form of vital 21st century public infrastructure. public century 21st ofvital aform as data treat and : Approach Identify and manage risks associated with the release and use of open data. ofopen use and release the with associated risks manage and Identify Be responsive to the needs, demands and questions generated from the generated from Be the responsive demands and to questions needs, the Encourage collaborations across sectors (especially between the state, state, the (especially between Encourage across collaborations sectors Take steps to increase the capacity of public and private actors to make actors private and of public Take capacity the to increase steps Develop a common research agenda to move toward evidence-based Focus on and define key problem areas where open data can add value. add can data open where areas problem key define and on Focus Allocate and identify adequate resources and to expand and the identify Allocate sustain Keep innovating. 33 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET 4. 4. published underalicensethatallowsforfreereuse.” “Open dataisthatpublishedinanopenformat,machinereadableand 3. fully discoverableandusablebyendusers.” “Open datareferstopubliclyavailablestructuredinawaythatenablesthebe 2. only, atmost,totherequirementattributeandsharealike.” “Open data isdatathatcanbefreelyused,reusedandredistributedbyanyone–subject Framework) Analytical Data Open 1. NAME? OPEN DATA DEFINITIONS– WHAT’S INA APPENDIX I be reused.Theseprinciplesforopendataare describedindetailtheOpenDefinition.” Open datahastohavealicensethatsaysit isopendata.Withoutalicense, thedatacan’t “Open dataisinformationthatavailableforanyone touse, foranypurpose, atnocost. 5. mechanisms ofcontrol.” use andrepublishastheywish,withoutrestrictionsfromcopyright,patentsorother “Open dataistheideathatcertainshouldbefreelyavailabletoeveryone Open Definition Open Dbpedia: Anucleus for aweb of open data Data.Gov.UK The White House, Memorandum 2013 OMB Open Data Institute Data Open (referenced Data Open Census, by Data Open and ODI, Handbook, OECD 34 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET “full OpenDefinitionrequirementsofbeingmachinereadable, accessibleinbulk,and the on based datasets researchers assessed indicates that report from Excerpt 9. make decisions,andsolveproblems.” “Open Dataisaccessiblepublicdatawecanusetolaunchnewventures,analyzetrends, 8. Limitations ontheuse, transformation,and distributionofdataareminimal.” processed automatically. 3.Cost:Datacanbeaccessedfreeoratnegligiblecost.4.Rights: range ofusersispermittedtoaccessthedata.2.Machinereadability:Thedatacanbe others. Theseopendatasetssharethefollowing4characteristics:1.Accessibility:Awide “Machine-readable information,particularlygovernmentdata,that’s madeavailableto 7. citizens orgovernmentstaff).” feasible andwherereleasingitwon’t violateanylawsorrightstoprivacy(eitherfor organizations inthepublicsectorshouldbelongtotaxpayers,whereverfinancially Open publicdataisunderpinnedbythephilosophythatgeneratedorcollected organization’s ordinarybusiness,whichhasbeenreleased under anunrestrictedlicense. “Open data isnon-personallyidentifiabledataproducedinthecourseofan 6. and re-usewithoutrestrictions.” Legally open:explicitlylicensedinawaythatpermitscommercial andnon-commercialuse retrieved andmeaningfullyprocessedbya computer application Technically open:availableinamachine-readablestandardformat,whichmeansitcanbe “Data isopenifitsatisfiesbothconditions below: 10. openly licensed.” McKinsey Global Institute McKinsey Global Open Data Barometer Open Open DataOpen Now LinkedGov The World Bank 35 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET better waybetter of explaining definitions, the and by adding new definitions.” technical terms, for all of users data.gov.uk. are Users encouraged to improve by it suggesting a Description: URL: Data.gov.uk sources. Categories of definitions for general terms and for terms related to metadata. Terms: Description: URL: Data.gov studied. she initiatives commissioned of offers a termsglossary by Network, Omidyar related to open datathe and six another. Hogge’s Additionally Becky “Open Data: Six Stories in UK,” the Impact also About afocusdata – from – with to on how API available XML the glossaries differfrom one Below, we and list describe five to define thekey manyefforts terms related to open OPEN DATA GLOSSARIES APPENDIX II 5 instances of term the in data.gov.uk the to suggest anew catalog. term. Ability Terms: Distinguishing Characteristics: Distinguishing Characteristics: Distinguishing Data_CaseStudies_Report_complete_DIGITAL_102715.pdf com/sites/default/ les/le_archive/insights/Open%20Data_Six%20Stories%20About%20Impact%20in%20the%20UK/ Open Hogge, Becky. “Open Data:SixStoriesAboutImpactintheUK.” OmidyarNetwork.November 2015.https://www.omidyar. https://data.gov.uk/glossary https://www.data.gov/glossary 75 39 “This glossary is intended “This glossary to explanation be an authoritative of meaning the of of Terms” “Glossary 5 “Search for Term” allowing user the to functionality find Definitions sourced of fromlinked a diversity secondary - 36 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET open data. Search and alphabetical browsing Related functionalities. research displayed for Terms: company.” world’sfrom the research leading IT advisory and Description: URL: IT Glossary Gartner revision and view its tousers history. glossary the edit Terms: Data and Data Open the Policy.” Description: URL: Data Open Project 20 Available in languages. data. Terms: Description: URL: Data Handbook Open terms. Term of Day. the Distinguishing Characteristics: Distinguishing Distinguishing Characteristics: Distinguishing Characteristics: Distinguishing

http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/ https://project-open-data.cio.gov/glossary/ http://opendatahandbook.org/glossary/en/ 1,000+ 46 121 N/A “IT Glossary is your guide trusted to Glossary exploring “IT technology terms and definitions, contains “This section explanations of common terms referenced in Project Open Glossary for all manner of information technologies, not just just not for technologies, of information manner all Glossary allowing crowdsourced, functionality, through Generated wiki focusing extensive The most glossary exclusively on open 37 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Case Studies URL: Studies Case (according to website) Contact: Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States (1) Luxembourg, Netherlands, Malta, New Zealand Norway, (1), Poland, Romania, Portugal, Slovakia, France, Germany, Lithuania, Finland, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Latvia, Covered: Countries Studies: Case of Number What: Who: ePSIplatform’s1. Cases DATAOPEN listed) (alphabetically STUDY REPOSITORIES CASE DATAOPEN RESOURCES APPENDIX III ePSIplatform A collection of Acollection examples main the on Public focus with Information Sector Re-use, on Europe. (PSI) Phil Archer, Alvarez-Espinar, Martin W3C; Daniel CTIC; Dekkers Dietrich, Makx OKFN; http://bit.ly/1UiaGs6 31 – Austria, Belgium, –Austria, Bulgaria, 31 Canada (2), Czech Cyprus, Republic, 221 38 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET

THE WORLD BANK THE WORLD EPSIPLATFORM European Commission OPEN DATA NOW OPEN DATA Joel Gurin BAROMETER OPEN DATA Sören Auer et al. Sören Auer (ODI) INSTITUTE OPEN DATA LINKEDGOV MCKINSEY James Manyika et al. Tim Davies Sylvia Burwell et al. DATA.GOV.UK Antonio Acuña “DBPEDIA: A NUCLEUS FOR A WEB OF OPEN DATA” OPEN DEFINITION Open Knowledge Foundation 2013 OMB MEMO, THE WHITE HOUSE

Free

Negligible Cost

Publicly Available

Re-usable

Can be Redistributed

Non-exclusive (No Restrictions from copyright, patents, etc.)

Structured for Usability

Requires “Open” License

Non Personally Identifiable

Produced during business operation

Belongs to the Taxpayer (when not in violation of laws/privacy)

Accessible in Bulk

Open Data Definitions: Matrix of Analysis URL: Gray Contact: Bangladesh, Estonia, China, Spain, Rica, Nepal, Costa Chile, Georgia, Romania Korea and South Brazil, Germany, Argentina, Venezuela, Philippines, Peru, Libya, Iran, UAE, Algeria, Arabia, Kuwait, Covered: Countries Rationale: initiative including categorization. of project and the stage its the countries.” specific in campaigns Money the Follow for collaboration opportunities policies, and to identify change, drive policy including through tosectors share information, campaign for inclusion the of open data principles in transparency particular in results and delivery resource from – agenda to availability, service to spending, What: World Development Bank, Initiatives, and Revenue the Watch Institute. the Transparency Initiative, the include Accountability & partners Other Foundation. Knowledge Who: 2. FollowtheMoney Database: Number of Case Studies: Case of Number world to ‘follow and money’ the hold decision-makers to account for use the of public money.” organizationsadvocacy pushing for transparency the that is needed for citizens around the , Director of Policy and Ideas Knowledge at Open the Foundation (

Aglobal of network more organizations than 100 and Open the by supported ONE http://followthemoney.net/ The enables network organizations of Follow the Money the working on aspects “various

Alan Hudson Alan The aim of the initiative is to “support and strengthen the community of activists and The aim of initiative of the is community to and the activists strengthen “support http://bit.ly/1RwXSXO Africa, Indonesia, Africa, Afghanistan, Mexico, India, Pakistan, USA, Russia, Saudi , Policy Director (Transparency &Accountability) and at ONE 266 1 The repository of has each asummary @jwyg ) Jonathan Jonathan 2 40 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Countries Covered: Countries Rationale: producing casestudiesofimpact.” society; undertakingresearchandproducingguidelinesonthebestuseofopendata; to openup–andusetheirdata;traininggovernmentofficials,otherpolicymakers, andcivil Project activitiesinclude“scoping thestateofopendata;assessingreadinesscountries for data of open development.”learning; impact grow of and base evidence the on the of open data in developing countries; to develop an ecosystem and of peer- skills, support developing“support countries to plan, execute and run open data initiatives; to increase re-use What: Who: (ODI), TheWorld BankandOpenKnowledgeFoundation 3. OpenDataPartnership forDevelopment(ODP4D)CaseStudies:OpenDataInstitute Case Studies URL: Studies Case URL: Project Contact: Africa South and Studies: Case of Number initiatives.” data open future developmentsocio-economic in order of officials to support win the both and to better execute Partnership between ODI, The World Bank and Open Knowledge Foundation Knowledge Open and World The Bank ODI, between Partnership As noted in the project announcement, the overall objectives of the partnership are to: partnership of the overall objectives the announcement, project noted the in As

Tom Heath Tom “There needs to be acredible evidence base focused on developing countries and

https://theodi.org/odp4d

https://theodi.org/case-studies , Head of Research, (@tommyh) ODI; Burkina Faso, Mexico, Morocco, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Macedonia 13 5 4 3

41 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Case Studies URL: Studies Case Contact: Brazil, Azerbaijan, Philippines, Brazil, Canada, Albania, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Norway Covered: Countries Rationale: challenges the of project, the faced, that could results and opportunities the be maximized. of an initiative they have launched featuring open provides data. The case study abrief overview What: Who: 4. OpenGovernmentPartnership CaseStudies Number of Case Studies: Case of Number citizen and areasengagement. of transparency, the in current baseline accountability their government reform and innovation level, at country stretch the in an effort to countries beyond Open Government Partnerships Government Open The case studies are submitted by participating governments and give a concrete a give and example governments by participating are submitted studies case The

Munyema Hasan OGP aims to OGP secure concrete from commitments governments to drive open http://bit.ly/1pxanMo Mexico, Israel, Indonesia, Tanzania, Croatia, United States, Moldova, Chile, 7 , Program Officer Program , 42 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET URL: Contact: Uganda Indonesia, India, Covered: Countries Rationale: them.”from benefits who and them, uses who these tools, builds “who at looks it finance.” around public accountability particular In What: Who: Foundation’s Knowledge Open 5. Initiative Global Fiscal for Transparency (GIFT) Report Number of Case Studies: Case of Number in openingeffort up a backlog of data in andplace.” to getworkflows necessary to lookgovernments into to new start ways to open up their data, to save time, money and

Open Knowledge Open funding Foundation provided with by Network Omidyar http://community.openspending.org/research/gift/standards/ The report examines two main areas: “technology for transparency and technology for technology and for transparency main areas: examines “technology two report The

Rufus Pollock Rufus With an increasing With emphasis on opening up government data, “it is prudent for United Kingdom, Canada, Republic of Korea, Brazil, Sierra Leone, , President & Founder of OKF; of OKF; President, Founder & 12 (as well as 2examples of internationally recognized standards) 6 @rufuspollock 7 43 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Case Studies URL: Studies Case the-impact-of-open-data/ URL: Project Contact: on regions both and impact nine with Covered: Countries Rationale: outcomesexamples of open data and and digital impacts outputs, on technology the projects.” What: Who: 6. SunlightFoundationCaseStudiesonSocialImpactofOpenData Number of Case Studies: Case of Number government field.” open the generalizations in create cases The empower “evidence further an can that base of users.” actions and behavior, are the changing activities relationships, projects transparency how are users empowered by open government initiatives as well as how open data and digital on gathered We examples and communities. cities different in countries, initiatives transparency The Sunlight Foundation, with funding from the Open Data for Research Data Development Open Fund the from funding with Foundation, Sunlight The The Sunlight Foundation has produced “a searchable repository of more than 100 100 produced “a has of more than Foundation searchable Sunlight The repository

Julia KeseruJulia The case studies “aim to illustrate social the of open impact data and digital

https://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2015/05/05/a-new-approach-to-measuring- 10 http://bit.ly/1EolXJR Worldwide – 64 cases from the Global North, 37 from Worldwide Global South the cases from –64 Global North, the , International Policy Manager; (@jkeserue) Manager; Policy International , 142 8 9

44 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Case Studies URL: Studies Case URL: rebekahredux Contact: Tanzania,Thailand, Venezuela, Uganda, Zimbabwe Rico, Singapore, Sudan, Slovakia, Puerto Lanka, Sri Philippines, Mexico, Lanka, Malaysia, Sri Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Kong, Hong Hungary, Israel, India, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Covered: Countries Rationale: and former Asia, the South Soviet Union.” Asia, Southeast Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin MiddleEast Asia, the America, Eastand North Europe, Eastern & Central in accountability and increase transparency that projects technology and mapping project that aims to improve understanding of current the state of online What: the and Who: 7. Technology forTransparency Network Number of Case Studies: Case of Number potential.” as possible toprojects gain understanding abetter of their current obstacles, and future impact,

Aproject of http://transparency.globalvoicesonline.org As noted As project site, on Technology the “the for Transparency is aresearch Network Omidyar Network Omidyar Renata Avila, Project Leader, Renata Project Avila, 12 The case studies aim to “document as many technology in-depth for transparency and/or Hazel Feigenblatt, Editorial Advisor, Editorial and/or Hazel Feigenblatt, Rising VoicesRising

http://transparency.globalvoicesonline.org/projects/all Argentina, Burundi, Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, China, Rica, Czech Costa 63 and and Global VoicesGlobal @avilarenata 11 , sponsored Institute by Society Open the ; Rebekah Heacock @HazelFeigenblat , Project Leader, @ 45 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Case Studies URL: Studies Case Contact: Tanzania, Uruguay, Thailand, Vietnam Kenya, Mexico, Africa, Paraguay, Morocco, Malaysia, Nigeria, South Russia, Philippines, Covered: Countries Studies: Case of Number as Africa, well Asia, Latin Southeast America, as India and Russia.” What: Who: 8. World Bank’s PipelineProject The World Bank Group World The Bank A collection of Acollection examples of “open data companies in emerging markets, specifically in

Haishan Fu Haishan http://bit.ly/1zKVN2z 21–Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rica, Ghana, Costa India, Indonesia, , Tariq, Khokhar, Afzal 315 Amparo Ballivian Amparo 46 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET URL: Contact: Uruguay) and Uganda Paraguay, Africa, Leone,Kenya, Nepal, Sierra South Nigeria, Philippines, Covered: Countries Studies: Case of Number order to in initiatives.” improve outcomes of these developmental practice and policymaking change to bringing is local and developing global data Finally, countries. engaging with is it and analysis data approaches instruments collection cutting to help explain and if how open from application the of open data The in these project is also contexts. developing cross- impacts emerging outcomes and and togovernance propose address, they challenges the examine initiatives, studies case These Asia. and Africa, America, Latin in studies case going open data The initiatives project will in work South. the through aseries of open data Rationale: developing countries.” development through looking at emerging of in the open existing data projects impacts data can foster improved governance, citizens’ support and promote rights, more inclusive “explores Project how open ODDC the announcement, project noted the in As Foundation. What: Who: Data inDevelopingCountries(ODDC) 9. TheWorld WideWeb Foundation(WWWF):ExploringtheEmergingImpactsofOpen

The WWWF, with funding from with International The the WWWF, Development Research Centre (IDRC) http://www.opendataresearch.org/emergingimpacts The ODDC Project is a multi-country, multi-year study led by World the multi-year study Project The is amulti-country, Web ODDC Wide

Tim Davies Tim The ODDC project is The “designed ODDC to inform development the of planned and on- 14 (Initial case-study countries include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Indonesia, Brazil, Chile, India, Argentina, include countries case-study (Initial 14 ; @timdavies ; 13 17 14 47 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET URL: Contact: Covered:Countries Examples: of Number be data government of open impact social and economic the understanding new for approaches can across countries, and within data of open use the by mapping only that assumption the from starts Network Global OD500 The specific. domestically and comparative organizationsparticipating to analyze open in data amanner in their country that is globally both Rationale: companies. What: Who: 10. OpenData500GlobalNetwork

The Governance Lab at New York New at Governance Lab The University http://www.opendata500.com/ Network of organizations Network case collecting studies on open data use by and impact

Stefaan Verhulst “Coordinated by Governance the Lab (GovLab), enables OD500 Global the Network U.S., Mexico, U.S., and Korea Australia (Italy forthcoming) 1,100 , Chief of Research and Development; stefaan at thegovlab.org generated.” 48 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET New Zealand’s Office the of Chief Information Officeprovides list of studies a case that https://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/case-studies/open-data/ New Zealand–OpenDataCaseStudies dialogue.”democratic the in accountability, and increased participation and public discoveries, transparency improved informed services, civic policy, performance planning, research and scientific examples including of open data in “cost impact, impact savings, efficiency, fuel for business, additionIn to providing access to numerous government site the data sets, also highlights http://www.data.gov/impact/ United States–Data.gov ImpactCaseStudies havecase studies on how these been portals used and contributed to social impact. New Zealand’s Data Open Studies. Case specifically also These provide portals a of collection curates from of alist over around open data portals 400 world, the including Data.gov and Launched at 2011 the Knowledge Open Foundation Conference in Berlin, open government data and led to development the of applications, and services. new products release data in open and reusable have formats. These encouraged portals increased the use of have dataOpen been portals increasingly and national used by local, governments city to OPEN DATA PORTAL REPOSITORIES government releases; statistics; and local government releases. local and government releases; statistics; to 2015 across various open data use categories, including apps and tools; new skills; central of open government data.” showcases The portal over open 30 data case studies from 2012 leadership,contribution functional of to ICT delivery the of and impact innovative the re-use successful the initiatives, of government ICT implementation innovative “the highlight DataPortals.org

49 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Esri providesEsri enterprise geographic information to clients “make (GIS) help systems its timely, http://bit.ly/25j8cgo http://www.esriuk.com/Resources/case-studies Studies Case Esri goal the of work of of the project, client,overview project. the and the the impact the to easily publish data to public. the The eight case studies featured site on the present an universities and nonprofits visualization features and governments, publishing allows that open source Drupal-based is the data platform that includesDKAN afull suite of cataloging, https://civicactions.com/case-studies Studies Case DKAN Transparency (IATI).Aid Initiative studiescase thefrom thewell European U.K., five in-depth Union, Helsinki the International and instances of use across America and Australasia Europe, as North America, South Africa, Asia, site showcases 116 The search data. display and catalogue, world” around the communities and organisations “numerous helps governments, platform management data CKAN The http://bit.ly/22CDLzv http://ckan.org/case-studies/ CKAN CaseStudies Several Data Open intermediaries have also developed aset of client-studies, including: INTERMEDIARY REPOSITORIES collaborating with citizens, more.” and with collaborating information, managing legislative delivering and meetings, public including webcasting tasks are “leveraging their technology to successfully government run their day-to-day information 99.98% uptime track-record.” Granicus provides case 30 studies of cities across who U.S. the containing more than 5 million government media files and public records and maintaining a content network— reliable legislative most world’s and largest “the manages Granicus http://bit.ly/1praF68 http://www.granicus.com/customers/case-studies/ Studies Case Granicus have data for used decision-making map-based and social impact. across sectors nonprofits and agencies government how businesses, on studies over case 80 informed decisions and mission-critical by leveraging power the of geography.” provides Esri

50 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET the benefits the of initiative. benefits the and Microsoft developed by organization nonprofit solution and the companies), governments, privacy.” The diverse case studies set business the out needs of organization the (including and security sacrificing not while constituents with and agencies government various between across mixed technology environments.” The solutions help to “provide information effective when and where they need through secure anddata effective sharing and open access citizens with to “allows reach interact and governments solutions government open Microsoft http://bit.ly/1ZoIKSB https://customers.microsoft.com/Pages/AdvancedSearch.aspx Studies Case Microsoft did and howIBM they did it. studiescase interactive from cities aroundfive in-depth the world available detailswith what on and state and town lines –and draw in an ever and more engaged citizenry. active There are industries businesses, across relationships working more collaborative power to help is initiative operations, plan and for coordinatecity growth and manage The response aim the of efforts. of efficiency ongoing enhance agencies the to city help analytics deep and collaboration the insights.” Tools operational delivers that from solution city a emergencies with and incidents environments, complex manage city “help governmentleaders projects Cities Smarter IBM The http://ibm.co/1hxRs9k http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/article/smarter_cities_case_studies.html Studies Case Cities Smarter IBM provides adescription of initiative, the was why it developed and main the highlights of project. the municipal (e.g., Boston), state (e.g., Hawaii) and federal levels (e.g., Spain). Each of 29 the case studies The Socrata case studies provide descriptions governments initiatives with at the of Socrata-led http://www.socrata.com/case-studies/ Studies Case Socrata IBM Intelligent Operations Center (US) Operations Intelligent IBM

offer integratedvisualization, data near real-time 51 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Jay Bhalla, Andrews, Robert Alexander,Kim Ackroyd,Neil experts: and following stakeholders During development the case studies on open of data’s its interviewed GovLab the the impact, STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS LIST PEER INTERVIEWS OF AND REVIEWERS APPENDIX IV University Lim, Ee-Peng Unit Information DuFour, Patrick World Bank for Risk Reduction, and Disaster Facility Lead, Deployment Global Operational Deparday,Vivien Finance, Brazil Felix, Marilac de Leodelma Jeff de LaBeaujardiere, PreventionDirectorate for Corruption Corrèa, Izabela Clark, Pablo Carver,Julian Carranza, Daniel John Carpenter, Campion, Iain François Brouard, Brajawidagba,Uuf Director, Institute Open Analyst, Mexican Institute for Competitiveness former Chief Information Officer, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority Recovery Earthquake Officer, former Chief Information Canterbury Co-Director of Living Analytics Research Center, Singapore Management Analytics of Living Co-Director Chief Operating Officer, Ordnance Chief Operating Survey former Application Team former Application Leader, Canterbury Environment Former Coordinator for Promotion the of Transparency, Ethics, and Integrity, Brazil’s President Founder, and Voter California Foundation Former Senior Web GIS Developer, U.S. Department of State, Humanitarian of State, Humanitarian Developer, Web Senior Department GIS Former U.S. Director of Strategy, Ordnance Survey Founding Director, Centre Sprott for Social Enterprises, Carleton University Co-Founder, DATA Co-Founder, Uruguay Disaster Risk Management Specialist, Open Data for Resilience Initiative for Data Resilience Open Initiative Specialist, Risk Management Disaster Head of Corporate Communications, Ordnance Survey Communications, of Corporate Head Lecturer of Indonesian Politics, University of Wollongong University Lecturer of Indonesian Politics, Data Management NOAA Architect, Former Head of of General the Auditing Coordination, Ministry 52 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Christian Fischer, Christian Ferris, Stephen Eyakuze,Aidan Felipe Estefan, Victoria Peter Elson, Elmstam, Carl North Carolina School of JournalismNorth and Media Kreiss, Daniel World Bank Specialist, Verena Luise Knippel, Timing and Navigation, Positioning, Coordination Office for Space-Based Kim, Jason Kags,Al School Business Copenhagen Management, Jetzek, Thorhildur SwedenInternational Development, Hanna Hellquist, NOAA Goldstein, Zachary Coordinator, Transparencia Mexicana Aceves, García Rafael NewMayor’s Office of Analytics, Data City York Mike Flowers, Canada David Lasby, Founding Trustee, Founding Institute Open Senior Advisor, Senior National Community Development Researcher, Mount Royal University and University of University and Researcher, Development Royal Community University Mount Director of Research, Imagine Assistant Professor, University of Professor, of Assistant University former Chief Analytics Officer, former Chief Analytics Transparency Manager, Sida Associate, Investments, Omidyar Network Omidyar Investments, Associate, Executive Director, Executive Twaweza GIS and Data Manager, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority Recovery Earthquake Manager, Data and Canterbury GIS Former State for Secretary Senior Advisor, Senior Septima Department of IT of IT Department Chief Information Officer, Information Chief Open Data Open Project Senior Governance Senior Geodata Agency Lind, Morten Ajah.ca Lenczner,Michael Bo Overgaard, Bo Ndemo,Bitange Najib, Ainun Transparency, Brazil Coordinator for Government Open and Neves, Castro de Moreira Otávio for Code Mexico Engagement, Montiel, Oscar NewMayor’s Office of Analytics, Data City York Lindsay Mollineaux, Minde,Arnold Partnership for Data &Engagement, Contracting Open Lindsey Marchessault, Ordnance Survey Andrew Loveless, Co-Founder, Kawal Pemilu Co-Founder, Senior Advisor, Senior Danish Founder, Shule.info Director, Septima Director of Community Chairman, Open Institute Open Chairman, Commercial Director, Chief Officer, Executive Director of Analytics, Director of Analytics, Senior Manager Manager Senior

53 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Gabriel Sipos, Singapore National Environment Agency YouWhat Fund CEO, Publish Governance Initiative; African Simons, Rupert Perludem Interface, Programming Application Setiawaty, Diah Fabrizio Scrollini, Professor of Law, New York University Rubinstein, Ira PLLC& Colfax Tara Ramchandani, Network Omidyar Peter Rabley, Placemeter Co-Founder, Peyre, Florent Transparency, Sida Karl Peterson, Canada Foundations Pearson, Hilary Consortium Cloud Open Science of Chicago, Data Cloud, University PhD, Patterson Maria Parsons, Ed Communities for Sustainable Grove Institute Parnell, Allan Division, NOAA Services Owen, Tim and Web Co-Chair, NOAA Committee Soussi-Tanani,Allison Diego Soria, SlovenskoInternational Chief of Climate Information Climate of Chief Information Geospatial Technologist, Google Ministry of Uruguay Health, Ministry Director, Investments, PhD, Vice President, Cedar Cedar PhD, President, Vice Director, Transparency Chief Operating Officer and Project Manager, Project Aid Research Fellow and Adjunct Research Adjunct and Fellow Program Manager for Election for Program Manager Election President, Philanthropic Philanthropic President, Former Advisor to the to the Advisor Former Chairman, DATA Chairman, Uruguay Attorney, Relman, Dane, Scientific Lead,Open Digital Strategy Lead Competitiveness for MexicanEducation Institute Projects, Hojel, Zapata Alexandra OpenStreetMap Wright, Alyssa Geodetic Survey, NOAA NOS, Neil Weston, Alliance Vozárová,Eva Vasdev,Samhir Exchange Data Humanitarian Affairs, Office the Coordination for Humanitarian of Teran,Javier Brendan Kenny, Holmlund, Erik Mexicana Aceves, García Rafael Chirchir,Emmy Cath, Corinne Cardwell, Mark BowdenJ. Albert II, Zealand Keitha Booth, Jos Berens, Node Argast, Andi Málaga de provincial Morales, Almansa Antonio Akrodata Karin Ahlin. REVIEWERS PEER University of Leiden University Open Data Open Institute; Toronto Chief Scientist, National National Scientist, Chief Statistician, United Nations Land Information New Information New Land Oxford Internet Institute Web &IT Lead, Fair-Play President of U.S. Board, Board, President of U.S. Alberta Data Partnerships Ltd Partnerships Data Alberta University of Münster University USAID ICT Sector Unit, World Unit, Sector Bank ICT Blackwell Burke P.A. Blackwell Sunlight Foundation Sunlight Transparencia Coordinator of Diputación Diputación 54 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET Mario Velasco,Mario VanJamie Ymeren, Tait,Julian Rayna Stamboliyska, Singh, Julian Rifaa, Fathima Giuseppe Reale, and Media Freedom Dr. Östling, Alina Valerie Moye, Mans, Ulrich Alliance Program Lefebure,Alessia Open Data Manchester Data Open Leiden University Open Data Open Connect Socrata The Boeing Company, USA Coplade, Oaxaca University of Catania of University Centre for Media Pluralism Columbia University– Columbia Mowat Centre RS Strategy/Open MENA Glasgow Glasgow Zuffova, Maria Raymond Yee, White, Ian Weller,Andrew of Southampton University Walker,Johanna Virani, Niki TBD Co TBD City of Houston City unglue.it University of Strathclyde, University of Washington of University Web Science Institute, Web Science Institute, 55 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET 56 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT | OPEN DATA IMPACT: WHEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY MEET