XXIX CICLO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA Dipartimento Di Scienze Politiche

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XXIX CICLO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA Dipartimento Di Scienze Politiche DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN “SCIENZE POLITICHE” XXIX CICLO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche e Sociali GIUSEPPE REALE Open Government Data. Dall’empowerment del cittadino all’innovazione nella pubblica amministrazione: il caso italiano in un’ottica comparata Coordinatore: prof. F. Sciacca Tutor: prof. F. Mazzeo Rinaldi A.A. 2015/2016 INDICE INTRODUZIONE CAPITOLO 1: “Le trasformazioni in atto nel rapporto tra cittadini e Pubbliche Amministrazioni” 1.1 Verso il “governo aperto”: un’introduzione 1.2 La crisi del paradigma Stato-Nazione tra globalizzazione e nuovo localismo 1.3 Partecipazione e cittadinanza: digitalizzazione, disintermediazione, ibridazione 1.4 Il paradigma dell’Open Government CAPITOLO 2: “Open Data: definizioni, standard e criticità” 2.1 Cosa non è open data 2.2 Open Data: definizioni istituzionali e confini 2.3 Gli standard di pubblicazione e rilascio dei dati aperti 2 2.4 Public data disclosure: la diffusione degli open government data portal tra amministrazione aperta e digital economy. 2.5 Criticità e limiti dei processi di public data disclosure CAPITOLO 3: “Open Governement Data in prospettiva comparata: un percorso di ricerca” 3.1 Il metodo comparativo come strumento di comprensione nelle società globali e interconnesse 3.2 Obiettivi e metodo applicato per l’analisi dell’Open Government Data 3.3 L’analisi del contenuto dei National Action Plan 3.4 L’analisi comparativa dei dati dell’Open Data Barometer 3.5 Le peculiarità del caso italiano 3.6 Modelli di Open Government: una proposta interpretativa CONCLUSIONI BIBLIOGRAFIA 3 Introduzione La ricerca si propone di indagare empiricamente il fenomeno dell’Open Government e dei sistemi Open Data in un’ottica comparativa. Il paradigma dell’Open Government si è recentemente imposto all’attenzione pubblica grazie al “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Trasparency and Open Government” promosso nel 2009 dall’Amministrazione Obama. Da quel momento sia spinte bottom up, scaturenti da movimenti provenienti dalla società civile “istituente” (Magatti, 2005), sia iniziative top down, provenienti da organismi sovranazionali (es. OGP, UE, G8, ecc.), hanno portato numerosi altri paesi ad adottare provvedimenti normativi e piani strategici sul tema con lo scopo di perseguire obiettivi di trasparenza, partecipazione e di collaborazione tra P.A., cittadini, imprese e associazioni. Secondo questo nuovo paradigma, il soggetto pubblico diventa una sorta di “piattaforma” di relazioni e interazioni collaborative tra tutti i suoi potenziali interlocutori, che non sono più semplici fruitori di servizi o destinatari di regole ma attori consapevoli, creativi e partecipi delle scelte intraprese. Si tratta quindi di adottare e mettere in pratica un nuovo modello di governance, a livello sia centrale che locale, che sfruttando al massimo le potenzialità delle nuove tecnologie informatiche, del web 2.0 e dei media digitali, sia capace di riconfigurare i rapporti di scambio e relazione tra istituzioni e cittadini. 4 L’analisi proposta si articola come segue: – nel capitolo 1 si parte dall’analisi dei processi di trasformazione dello Stato che ne hanno ridefinito il ruolo e le pratiche in ambiti che tradizionalmente erano considerati di sua esclusiva pertinenza. Si inizia da una riflessione sistematica dell’onda lunga di quei processi che hanno costituito una precondizione alla nascita e allo sviluppo del modello del governo aperto. In particolare, si fa riferimento alla crisi del paradigma dello Stato-Nazione, a seguito dei processi di globalizzazione, e alla ridefinizione del ruolo dei cittadini e della partecipazione degli stessi all’interno di modelli di governance e government sempre più disintermediati e multilivello, evidenziati tanto dagli studi sociologici sul tema della società globale (Bauman, 2001; Beck, 1999; Giddens, 2000), sia dai contributi del global administrative law (Cassese, 2003), che dagli studi politologici e sociologici sulle nuove forme di partecipazione politica (Micheletti, 2003; Della Porta e Diani, 2006; Bennet e Segerberg, 2012). Tale trasformazione sarà altresì messa in connessione anche con i contributi della sociologia dei nuovi media che, a partire dall’analisi dei principi dell’openness, ha approfondito la riflessione sui nuovi modelli di relazione tra cittadino e amministrazione nell’era digitale (Castells, 1996; Paccagnella, 2010; Boccia Artieri, 2013; Lovari, 2013; O’Reilly, 2005). Il più importante esempio di questi processi di trasformazione che vanno a modificare radicalmente i rapporti tra pubblica amministrazione e cittadino-utente è di fatto rappresentato dal fenomeno degli Open Data (OD), a cui è dedicato il capitolo 2. Gli 5 OD mirano a rendere accessibili i dati prodotti dalla pubblica amministrazione attraverso il rilascio di dataset in formato open e interoperabile. Gli Open Data diventano quindi uno snodo cruciale per mettere in atto i principi dell’Open Government e stimolare modelli collaborativi tra istituzioni e comunità locali finalizzati non solo al controllo dell’operato della P.A. ma anche allo sviluppo di nuovi servizi e applicazioni che integrino e potenzino quelli già offerti dalle istituzioni secondo la logica della co-production. Si partirà, pertanto, dalla questione meramente definitoria – distinguendo il concetto di OD da altri concetti liminari come: “trasparenza”, “open Government”, “e-democracy”, “e-gov” e “big data” – che dalla questione tecnico-normativa – facendo riferimento a documenti e linee guida nazionali e internazionali sul tema. Si analizzeranno nello specifico i principali standard internazionali di pubblicazione e rilascio di dati aperti mettendo, infine, in evidenza, anche attraverso l’analisi della letteratura sul tema, le opportunità e i rischi collegati ai processi di data disclosure del patrimonio informativo pubblico (PSI – Public Sector Information). Nell’analisi condotta si cercherà in particolare di far emergere le opportunità delle politiche di apertura dei dati delle PP.AA. (partecipazione e coproduzione tra cittadini e P.A., monitoraggio dei risultati, valutazione delle performance, meccanismi anticorruzione, innovazione tecnologica) senza tralasciare gli aspetti più controversi e critici (privacy, digital divide e diffusione della banda larga, resistenze interne e necessità di cambiamenti organizzativi e di 6 aggiornamento dei sistemi burocratici, riprogettazione dei modelli di comunicazione nella pubblica amministrazione); – infine, nel terzo capitolo, si presenteranno i risultati di un ricerca che tenta di inquadrare le caratteristiche dei processi di rilascio di dati in formato aperto da parte della pubblica amministrazione italiana in un’ottica comparativa. L’analisi effettuata cerca di rispondere ai seguenti interrogativi euristici: come si colloca l’esperienza italiana all’interno del paradigma globale dell’Open Government? Quali sono le peculiarità e le specificità del caso in esame in relazione alla sua cultura giuridica (Nelken, 2004; Pennisi, 1997) e alle peculiarità del suo ambiente socio-istituzionale (Burroni, 2016; Ferrera, 2006)? Nel rispondere ai seguenti interrogativi si è adottato il metodo comparato, tecnica di analisi che ha una lunga tradizione nella ricerca sociale (Weber, 1922; Sartori e Morlino, 1991; Marradi, 1980). Tale tecnica è stata ritenuta la più adatta alla specificità degli obiettivi di analisi presentati, ovvero valorizzare le peculiarità del caso studiato rispetto ad un fenomeno convergente a livello globale come quello dell’Open Government. In particolare, si è cercato di realizzare una comparazione d’area (area study), selezionando all’interno del panorama globale alcuni casi omogenei rispetto ad specifici criteri geografici, socio-economici; politico-istituzionali o delle tradizioni storico-culturali. Nella sua applicazione si è fatto riferimento soprattutto alla tradizione di ricerca recente della comparative political economy. Tale prospettiva analitica, sviluppatasi nell’ambito della nuova sociologia economica a partire dagli anni settanta, è stata 7 centrale nell’analisi in ambito internazionale dei welfare production regime e dei sistemi dell’innovazione (Esping-Andersen, 1989; Goldthorpe, 1984; Hall e Soskice, 2001) e continua ad essere al centro delle più importanti tradizioni di ricerca sociologica di stampo comparativo. Pertanto nell’individuazione e nella caratterizzazione delle aree di analisi, richiamandoci proprio alla tradizione della political economy comparata, si è distinto tra: i paesi anglosassoni, i paesi scandinavi, i paesi mediterranei (Europa meridionale). A questi gruppi si è deciso di provare ad aggiungere anche l’area di paesi dell’ex-blocco sovietico che rappresentano un ambito di nuova esplorazione per la ricerca comparativa. In particolare, si è scelto di indagare l’area dei paesi baltici, per la loro posizione geografica peculiare che fa da ponte tra l’aera nord europea e quella interna del continente. Merita di essere evidenziato come lo studio presentato, per la prima volta, utilizza il metodo e le categorie concettuali elaborate nell’ambito di questa tradizione di ricerca mettendole a confronto con il tema della trasformazione della pubblica amministrazione. Le peculiarità localistiche dei welfare production regime e dei sistemi dell’innovazione e regolazione possono rappresentare delle variabili importanti nella comprensione di fenomeni come quello dell’Open Government. Si cercherà, pertanto, di applicare all’Open Government Data gli stessi modelli classificatori
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