LAMPIRAN PERATURAN MENTERI PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Nomor : 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 Tanggal : 23 September 2015

JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA

A. JENIS-JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA (KATEGORI A1) I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acraea acerata Hew.; II Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea daun, batang Africa:Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae; aquatica, Ipomoea triloba, Botswana, Burundi, sweet potato butterfly Merremiae bracteata, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, Merremia pacifica,Merremia Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, peltata, Merremia umbellata, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, sweet potato) Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo. Uganda, Zambia 2. Acrocinus longimanus II Artocarpus, Artocarpus batang, America: Barbados, Honduras, Linnaeus; Coleoptera: integra, Moraceae, cabang, Guyana, Trinidad,Costa Rica, Cerambycidae; Herlequin Broussonetia kazinoki, Ficus ranting Mexico, Brazil beetle, jack-tree borer elastica 3. Aetherastis II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, batang, Asia: India circulataMeyrick; rubber tree) daun, bibit Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae; bark feeding caterpillar 1

4. Agrilus mali Matsumura; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) tunas, Asia: China, Korea DPR (North Coleoptera: Buprestidae; batang, bibit, Korea), Republic of Korea apple borer, apple rhizome (South Korea) buprestid Europe: Russia 5. Agrilus II Fraxinus americana, F. batang, kayu America: USA, Canada planipennisFairmaire;Coleo mandshurica, F. nigra, Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR ptera: Buprestidae;Emerald F. chinensis, F. pensylvania, (North Korea), Republic of Ash Borer Juglans mandshurica F. Korea (South Korea), Taiwan japonica, F. Europe: Russia, Russian far lanuginosa,Fraxinus east) rhynchophylla, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Ulmus davidiana,Ulmus propinqua 6. Alcidodes dentipes(Olivier); II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, batang, bibit Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Alcides dentipes Olivier); sweet potato) Botswana, Burundi, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Cameroon, Central Africa striped sweet potato weevil cotton), Arachys hypogaea Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, (kacang tanah, peanut), Gambia, Gabon, Guinea, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, common bean)Vigna spp. Kenya, Liberia, Mali, (buncis, cowpea) Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Sahara, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, DR Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 7. Alsophila pometaria(Harris) II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, America: Canada, USA (=Anisopterix pometaria Pelargonium, Ulmus sp. (elm), daun, bunga, =Anisopteryx pometaria); Pyrus communis (pir, pear), buah Lepidoptera: Geometridae; other stone fruit, Oak, Rose, fall cankerworm Walnut 2

8. Amblypelta cocophaga II Carica papaya (pepaya, tunas, Asia: Singapore, India, China; (=Amblypelta pawpaw, papaya), Ceiba batang, Philippines, Malaysia cocophaga cocophaga petandra (kapuk randu, daun, bunga, Oceania: Fiji, Papua New =A.cocophagamalaitensis kapok), Cocos nucifera buah Guinea, Solomon Islands =Dasynus sp.); Hemiptera: (kelapa, coconut), Eucalyptus Coreidae; coconut bug deglupta, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Cucumis melo (melon), Citrus sinensis (navel orange) Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion fruit, granadilla), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (kecipir, winged bean), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Macaranga spp. 9. Anastrepha II Annona cherimola buah, media America: Argentina, Belize, fraterculus(Wiedemann); (cherimoya), Psidium guajava tanam, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa (=Acrotoxa fraterculus (jambu biji, guava) tanah Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, =Anastrepha braziliensis Annona spp, Actinidia Guatemala, Guyana, =Anastrepha costarukmanii chinensis (Chinese Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, =Anastrepha fraterculus gooseberry), Actinidia Panama, Paraguay, Peru, var. soluta =Anastrepha deliciosa (kiwi, kiwifruit), Suriname, Trinidad and lambayecae =Anastrepha Ampelocera hottlei,Annona Tobago, USA, Uruguay, pseudofraterculus muricata (soursop), Annona Venezuela. =Anastrepha scholae squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), =Anthomyia frutalis =Dacus Averrhoa carambola fraterculus =Tephritis (belimbing, carambola, star- 3

mellea =Trypeta fraterculus fruit), Campomanesia =Trypeta unicolor xanthocarpa, Chrysophyllum =Anastrepha gonocarpum, Citrus peruviana=A.soluta); spp.(jeruk, orange), Eriobotrya Diptera: Tephritidae; South japonica (loquat), Eugina American fruitfly dombeyi (brazil cherry), Euginia uniflora (Surinam cherry), Eugenia spp., Feijoa sellowiana (horn of plenty), Fortunella japonica (round kumquat) Prunus spp., Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Spondias tuberosa, Syzygium jambos (rose apple), Syzygium spp., Ziziphus joazeiro, Carica papaya, (pepaya, papaya, papaw), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange),Coffea Arabica (kopi arabika, Arabica coffee), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree),Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Diospyros malabarica, Euginia stipitata, Ficus carica (ara, fig), Fortunella japonica (kumquat), 4

Fragaria vesca (arbei, strawberry), Inga edulis, Inga marginata, Juglans australis, Juglans neotropica (Andean walnut), Juglans regia (walnut), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Malus sp., Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus americana (apricot), Prunus dulcis (almond), Psidium longipes, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Pouteria obovata, Rubus glaucus, Solanum quitoense, Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mobin (hog plum), Spondias purpurea (red mombin), Spondias cytherea, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Zuelania Guidonia 5

10. Anastrepha ludens(Loew); II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buah, media America: Belize, Costa Rica, El (=Acrotoxa ludens Loew Citrus aurantium (sour tanam, Salvador, Guatemala, =Anastrepha lathana Stone orange), Citrus maxima tanah Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, =Trypeta ludens Loew); (pummelo), Citrus sinensis Panama Diptera: Tephritidae; (navel orange), Citrus x Mexican fruit fly paradisi (grapefruit), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Prunus persica (persik, peach) Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Annona liebmanniana, Annona muricata (sirsak, soursop), Annona reticulata (buah nona, srikaya, Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), bullock’s heart, custard apple), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Citrus spp, Citrus aurantifolia (lime), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus reticulata x paradisi (tangelo), Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, arabicacoffee), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Feijoa 6

sellowiana, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mammea americana, Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion-fruit, granadilla), Psidium longipes, Spondias purpurea, Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pouteria sapota, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir,pear), Sargentia greggii, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Talisia olivaeformis 11. Anastrepha obliqua Macq; II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media America: Antigua and (=Acrotoxa obliqua mango), Anacardium tanam, Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, =Anastrepha fraterculus occidentale (jambu mete, tanah Barbados, Belize, Brazil, var. ligata =A.fraterculus cashew-nut), Spondias British Virgin Islands, var. mombinpraeoptans cytherea, Spondiasmombin, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, SeÃn Spondias purpurea, Spondias Dominica, Ecuador, El =A. mombinpraeoptans SeÃ- spp. Salvador, Grenada, n =Tephritis obliqua =A. Anacardium occidentale, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, acudisa =A. trinidadensis Annona hayesii, Brosimum Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, =Trypeta obliqua); Diptera: alicastrum, Citrus limetta, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Tephritidae; West Indian Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Montserrat, Nicaragua, fruit fly, Antillean fruit fly Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Euginia jambos (jambos), Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Euginia malaccensis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the (pomerack), Euginia nesiotica, Grenadines, Suriname, 7

Malpighia glabra, Achras (= Trinidad and Tobago, United Manilkara) zapota (sawo, States Virgin Islands, sapodilla), Passiflora Venezuela. quadrangularis (markisah, passion fruit, granadilla), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus amygdalus (bitter almond), Prunus domesticum (plum), Psidium longipes, Pyrus communis (pear), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, carambola, star-fruit), Pouteria viridis, Citrus spp, Diospyros digyna (black sapote), Dovyalis hebecarpa (kitambilla), Pouteria sapota, Pouteria mammosa, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple). 12. Anastrepha II Capparis angulata, Citrus buah, media America: Belize, Brazil, serpentinaWiedemann; spp.(jeruk, orange), tanam Colombia, Costa Rica, (=Dacus serpentinus Chrysophyllum cainito, Achras (tanah) Ecuador, French Guiana, Wiedemann =Leptoxys (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, Guatemala, Guyana, serpentina Wiedemann sapodilla), Pouteria caimito, Honduras, Mexico, Antilles =Acrotoxa serpentinus Pouteria campechiana Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Wiedemann =Trypeta (canistel), Pouteria sapota Suriname, Trinidad and serpentina Wiedemann (mammey sapote) Tobago, USA, Venezuela =Urophora vittithorax Alchornea latifolia, Annona 8

Wiedemann); Diptera: cherimola, Annona glabra, Tephritidae; sapote fruit fly, Annona spp, Bumelia sapodilla fruit fly, black sebolana, Brysonima fruit fly, dark fruit fly crassifolia, Chrysophyllum argenteum, Chrysophyllum mexicanum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus x paradisi, Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros ebenaster, Dovyalis hebecarpa, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Ficus spp.(ara, fig), Lacmellea panamensis, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Manilkara spp., Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pouteria viridis, Mammea americana,Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria obovata, Pouteria sapota, Sideroxylon capiri, Sideroxylon palmeri, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Malus domesticaPrunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias spp.

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13. Anastrepha suspensaLoew; II Eriobotrya japonica, (loquat), buah, media America: Bahamas, British (=Anastrepha unipuncta Euginia dombeyi (brazil tanam Virgin Islands, Cuba, Sein =Anastrepha cherry), Euginia uniflora (tanah) Dominican Republic, French longimacula Greene (surinam cherry), Eugenia Guiana, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto =Trypeta suspensa Loew); spp., Psidium guajava (jambu Rico, USA, Virgin Islands Diptera: Tephritidae; biji, guava), Psidium Carribean fruit fly cattleianum, Syzygium spp., Annona spp., Fortunella margarita, Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond) Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Annona glabra, Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Blighia sapida (akee apple), Canella winterana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrofortunella mitis, Citrus spp, Clausena lansium, Coccoloba uvifera, Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell- pepper), Casimiroa edulis, Chrysophyllum cainito, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Clausena lansium, Coccoloba uvifera, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), 10

Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros virginiana,Dovyalis caffra, Ficus carica (ara, fig), Flacourtia indica, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat), Fortunella x crassifolia, Garcinia aristata, Garcinia mangostana (manggis, mangosteen), Garcinia livingstonei, Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malpighia glabra, Momordica balsamina, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Murraya spp. (kemuning, mock orange), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Pimenta dioica, Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium longipes, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pear), Pouteria campechiana, Psidium guineense, Spondias spp., Spondias mombin, Synsepalum dulcificum. 11

Spondias cytherea, Syzygium cumini (jamblang, java plum)), Syzygium samarangense (jambu Semarang, java apple), Terminalia catappa, Terminalia muelleri, Triphasia sp., 14. Ancistrotermes latinotus II Eucalyptus tereticomis batang, kayu Africa: Malawi, Tanzania, Holmgren; Isoptera: Zimbabwe, Congo Termitidae; Termit 15. Ancita crocogaster II Acacia spp. batang, kayu Oceania: Australia Boisduval; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Grey longicorne beetle 16. Ancita II Acacia spp. batang, kayu Oceania: Australia marginicollisBoisduval; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Hitechiked longicorn 17. Anobium punctatum II Dacrycarpus batang, Africa: all DeGeer; Coleoptera: dacrydioides (kahikatea), Dacr ranting, America: USA Anobiidae;Common ydium cupressinum (rimu), kayu, Asia: China furniture beetle, woodworm Pinus radiata (radiata furniture Europe: all pine), Pseudotsuga Oceania:Australia, New menziesii (Douglas fir), Thuja Zealand plicata (western red cedar) 18. Anoplophora glabripennis II Acer negundo, Aesculus batang, kayu America: USA, Canada Motschulsky; Coleptera: hippocastanum, Populus spp., Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR Cerambycidae; Asian Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix (North Korea), Korea Republic Longhorn beetle, starry sky spp., Salix babylonica, Salix (South Korea) beetle matsunada, Ulmus pumila, Europe: France, Germany,

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Ulmus laeuig, Italy, Poland, England, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Acer Switzerland, UK buergerianum, Acer davidii, Oceania: Australia Acer grosseri, Acer palmatum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer rubrum, Acer robustrum, Acer saccharum, Acer saccharinum, Acer truncatum, Alnus sp., Betula platyphylla, Elaegnus angustifolia, Fraxinus sp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Liriodendron tulifera, Malus sylvestris, Morus alba, Platanus orientalis, Sophora sp.,Tilia tuan, 19. Antestiopsis facetoides Le II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) tunas, Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Pelley; Hemiptera: batang, Tunisia. Pentatomidae; cherry and daun, bunga, flower feeder buah 20. Antestiopsis intricataGhesq II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) tunas, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, & Carayon; Hemiptera: batang, Central Africa, Ethiopia, Pentatomidae; antestia bug daun, bunga, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, buah Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo, Uganda 21. Antestiopsis orbitalis II Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, tunas, Africa: Angola, Burundi, Westwood; (=Antestia arabica coffee) batang, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, lineaticolli =A.orbitalis Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) daun, bunga, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, facetus =Antestiopsis buah Rwanda, South Africa, lineaticollis =A. orbitalis Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, bechuana =A. orbitalis Zimbabwe ghesquieri =A. orbitalis orbItalys); Hemiptera: Pentatomidae; antestia

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22. Anthonomus II Gossypium barbadens bibit, bunga, Africa: Benin, South Africa grandisBoheman; (kapas, cotton), Gossypium buah America: Argentina, Belize, (=Anthonomus thurberiae hirsutum Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Pierce (1913); Coleoptera: Hibiscus syriacus, Hampea Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Curculionidae; Mexican nutricia, Opuntia lindheimeri, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, cotton boll weevil, boll Prosopis, glandulosa, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, weevil, cotton boll weevil, Thespesia populnea Paraguay, St. Kitts & Nevis, Thurberia weevil USA, Venezuela 23. Anthonomus signatusSay; II Fragaria ananassa buah, bunga, America: Canada, USA (=Anthonomus bisignatus (strawberry), Rubus idaeus media tanam =Anthonomus pallidus Potentilla, Rubus sp. =Anthonomus scutellatus); (blackberry), Rubus caesius, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Rubus fruticosus,Morus spp. strawberry bud weevil, (murbei, mulberry), strawberry clipper (raspberry) 24. Anthonomus vestitus II Gossypium barbadens bibit, buah, America: Ecuador, Peru Boheman; Coleoptera: (kapas, cotton) bunga, stek Curculionidae; Peruvian Abutilon (Indian mallow), boll weevil, Peruvian cotton Alcea rosea, Althaea weevil, Peruvian boll weevil, (hollyhocks), Hibiscus Peruvian square weevil, (rosemallows), Hibiscus rosa- Peruvian cotton square sinensis, Thespesia weevil 25. Aonidomytilus albus II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), tunas, Africa: Angola, Cape Verde, CockereII; (=Coccomytilus Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, batang, daun Congo Democratic Republic, dispar=Lepidosaphes alba cassava) Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- =L.dispar, Mytilaspis albus, Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, M.dispar); Hemiptera: Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Diaspididae; cassava scale, Mauritius, Mozambique, white mussel scale, cassava Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, stem mussel scale, tapioca Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia. scale America: Antigua and 14

Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana France, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Peru, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands Asia: Bahrain, China, India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand 26. Apate monachus Fabricius; II Azadirachta indica (nimba, batang, kayu Africa: Algeria, Brazil, (=Apate monacha neem tree), Cajanus cajan Cameroon, Congo, Côte =A.carmelita =A.francisca (kacang gude, pigeon d’Ivoire, Cuba, Dominican =A.gibba =A.mendica pea),Casuarina equisetifolia, Republic, Egypt, Erythrea, =A.monachus var. Citrus sinensis, Coffea arabica Ethiopia, Guadeloupe, Ghana, rufiventris =A.semicostata (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), Guinea, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, =A.senii); Coleoptera: Coffea liberica, Elaeis Martinique, Morocco, Niger, Bostrichidae; black borer, guineensis (kelapa sawit, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Sao Tome twig borer, date palm oilpalm), Mangifera indica & Principe, Tanzania, Togo, bostrichid (mangga, mango), Psidium Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia guajava (jambu biji, guava), Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Syria. Punica granatum (delima, Europe: France, Italy, Spain pomegranate), Swietenia mahogany (mahoni, mahogany), Tamarindus indica (asam, tamarind),Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 15

Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Calicotome spinosa, Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Gleditsia triacanthos, Morrus alba (murbei, mulberry), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Robinia pseudoacacia, Styphnolobium japonicum, Syringa pekinensis, Annona cherimola,Malus domestica (apel, apple), Melia azedarach, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Tamarix gallica, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 27. Apate terebrans Pallas; II Acacia spp., Albizia lelbeck, batang, kayu Africa: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Coleoptera: Bostricidae; A.procera, Anacadium Natal, Sahara, Tanzania, shot-hole borer, trunk occidentale, Azadirachta Uganda borer, girdler indica, Cedrela odorata, Citrus America: Brazil Spp., Coffea arabica, Coffea Asia: India robusta, Eucalyptus polycarpa, Dalbergia sissoo, Delonix regia, Khaya senegalensis, Melia azedorach, Melia composita, Psidium guajava, Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis, Theobroma cacao, Triplochiton scleroxylon 16

28. Apriona germmari (Hope); II Artocarpus integra, Morus batang, kayu Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Coleoptera: alba, Salix tetrasperma Japan, Republic of Korea, Cerambycidae;Mulberry Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, longhorn beetle Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, Vietnam 29. Argyrotaenia II Acer sp. (maple), Apocynum batang, America: Canada, Mexico, USA velutinanaWalker; (=Eulia sp. (dogbane), Ilex decidua, daun, buah velutinana =Tortrix Ambrosia trifida, Betula velutinana); Lepidoptera: papyrifera, Chrysanthemum, Tortricidae; redbanded Persea americana (avokad, leafroller avocado), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Zinia violacea, Lobelia sp., Lonicera sp., Vaccinium sp., Quercus sp., Geranium sp., Alcea rosea, Myrica gale, Platanthera cristata, Abies balsamea, Larix spp., Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Picea rubens, Pinus sylvestris, Tsuga Canadensis, Malus spp., Prunus domestica, Prunus pensylvania, Prunus persica, Prunus serotina, Rosa spp., Populus tremuloides, 30. Arhopalus ferus Fabricius; II Burned or windthrown pine batang, kayu Europe: England, Russia Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; and spruce Oceania: New Zealand Burnt pine longicorn 17

31. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché; II Actinidia chinensis (Chinese bibit Africa: Algeria, Cape Verde, (=Aspidiotus aloes gooseberry), Albizia julibrissin tanaman, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, =Aspidiotus hederae (silk tree), Citrus, Olea (olive), bunga, buah, Ethiopia, Kenya,Libya, =Aspidiotus limonii Oleaceae, Ananas comosus daun, batang Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, =Aspidiotus genistae (nanas, pineapple), Asparagus Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, =Chermes aloes =Chermes setaceus (Asparagus fern), Spain, Tanzania, Tunisia, ericae =Chermes cycadicola Asplenium nidus (bird's nest Uganda, Zimbabwe =Diaspis bouchei fern), Ceratonia, Cocos America: Argentina, Bermuda, =Aspidiotus bouchei nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Bolivia, Brazil, Central =Chermes nerii =Aspidiotus Dianthus caryophyllus America, Chile,Colombia, affinis =Aspidiotus caldesii (carnation), Diospyros Ecuador, Mexico, North =Aspidiotus denticulatus (malabar ebony), Hedera helix America, USA,Peru, Uruguay =Aspidiotus villosus (ivy), Ilex aquifolium (holly), Asia: China,Iran, Israel, =Aspidiotus budleiae Juniperus (junipers), Laurus Japan,Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi =Aspidiotus ceratoniae = nobilis (sweet bay), Magnolia, Arabia, Syria, Turkey Aspidiotus cycadicola Mangifera indica (mangga, Europe: Bulgaria, Bosnia and =Aspidiotus epidendri mango), Melia azedarach Herzegovina, Cyprus, Croatia, =Aspidiotus ericae (Chinaberry), Morus France, Gibraltar, Greece, =Aspidiotus gnidii (mulberry tree), Musa Italy, Macedonia, Malta, =Aspidiotus ilicis paradisiaca (pisang kepok, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, =Aspidiotus myricinae plantain), Nerium (oleander), Romania, Spain, Serbia, =Aspidiotus ulicis Orchidaceae (orchids), Slovenia, UK, Yugoslavia =Aspidiotus uriesciae Pandanus (screw-pine), Oceania: Australia, New =Aspidiotus lentisci Phoenix (date palm), Plumeria Caledonia, New Zealand, =Aspidiotus capparis rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican Norfolk Island =Aspidiotus myrsinae frangipani), Prunus persica =Aspidiotus budlaei (persik, peach), Pyrus =Aspidiotus atherospermae communis (European pear), =Aspidiotus oleae Rosa (mawar, roses), =Aspidiotus corynocarpi Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), =Aspidiotus oleastin Vitis vinifera (anggur, =Aspidiotus offinis grapevine) 18

=Aspidiotus sophorae =Aspidiotus carpodeti =Aspidiotus transpareus var. simillimus =Aspidiotus vagabundus =Aspidiotus simillimus =Aspidiotus transvaalensis =Aspidiotus confusus =Aspidiotus tasmaniae =Aspidiotus viresciae =Octaspidiotus atherospermae =Chermes hederae =Chermes genistae =Chermes osmanthi =Aspidiotus transpareus var. rectangulatus =Aspidiotus rectangulatus =Aspidiosus unipectinatus =Aspidiotus hederae var. urenae =Aspidiotus urenae =Octaspidiotus anthospermae =Aspidiotus hederae =Aspidiotus hederae ssp. unisexualis); Hemiptera: Diaspididae; aucuba scale; ivy scale; white scale; oleander scale 32. Augosoma II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa batang, Africa: Cameroon, Gambia, centaurusFabricius; sawit, Oilpalm), palma media Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; lainnya (other palmae) tanam, sisa Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal. stem tissues borer tanaman

19

33. Bactrocera caryeaeKapoor; II Aegle marmelos (maja, bael buah, media Asia: India, Sri Lanka. (=Dacus caryeae Kapoor); fruit, golden apple), Citrus tanam Diptera: Tephritidae; Indian spp, Citrus maxima, Citrus (tanah) fruit fly reticulata, Malpighia glabra,Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Pouteria sapota, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava) 34. Bactrocera II Anacardium occidentale, buah, media Oceania: New Caledonia, curvipennis(Froggatt); Annona reticulata, Averrhoa tanam Vanuatu (=Bactrocera carambola(belimbing, star- (tanah) curvipennis=Chaetodacus fruit), Calophyllum curvipennis =Dacus inophyllum, Capsicum curvipennis annuum(cabai besar, paprika, =Strumetacurvipennis); bell pepper), Couthovia neo- Diptera: Tephritidae; caledonica, Carica papaya banana fruit fly (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Casimiroa eludis, Citrus latifolia, Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus x paradisi, Coffea arabica, Diospyros macrocarpa, Euginia uniflora, Eriobotrya japonica, Fragaria ananassa, Guettarda speciosa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Meremia tuberosa, Malphigia glabra, Morus alba, Ochrosia elleptica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium friedrichstalianum, Psidium 20

guajava(jambu biji, guava), Passiflora foetida, Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Prunus var. nectaria, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Syzygium malaccense, Thevetia peruviana, Terminalia catappa, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape), Zizyphus mauritania, 35. Bactrocera II Cucurbita moschata (waluh, buah, media Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, depressa(Shiraki); labu, pumpkin),Cucurbita tanam Korea (=Bactrocera maxima(waluh, labu parang, (tanah) (Paradacus)depressa pumpkin) =B.depressus =Dacus depressus =Paradacus depressus =Zeugodacus depressus); Diptera: Tephritidae; pumpkin fruit fly 36. Bactrocera dorsalis II Aegle marmelos, Anacardium buah, media America: USA (Hendel);Diptera: occidentale (kacang mete, tanam Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Tephritidae; oriental fruitfly cashew nut), Annona (tanah) Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, reticulata (buah nona, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, srikaya, bullock's heart), Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Annona squamosa (srikaya, Thailand, United Arab sweetsop), Areca catechu Emirates, Vietnam. (pinang, betelnut palm), Oceania: Belau, French Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus Polynesia, Mariana Islands, heterophyllus (nangka, Nauru, New Caledonia, Palau jackfruit), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, star fruit), 21

Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bellpepper), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Chrysophyllum cainito, Citrus, Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Coffea arabica (arabicacoffee), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Dimocarpus longan (longan), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Ficus racemosa, Flacourtia indica (governor's plum), Malpighia glabra, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera foetida, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Manilkara zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Mimusops elengi (spanish cherry),Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry), Musa (pisang, banana), Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus 22

cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus mume (Japanese apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, European pear), Spondias purpurea(red mombin), Syzygium aqueum (watery rose-apple), Syzygium aromaticum (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium cumini, Syzygiumjambos (rose apple), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple), Syzygium samarangense, Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond), Ziziphus jujuba, Ziziphus mauritiana 37. Bactrocera invadensDrew, II Maerua duchesnei, Mangifera buah, media Afrika: Angola, Benin, Tsuruta & white; Diptera: indica (mangga, mango), tanam Botswana, Burkina Faso, Tephritidae Psidium guajava (jambu, (tanah) Burundi, Cameroon, Cape guava) Verde, Central African Anacardium occidentale Republik, Chad, Congo, DR (cashew nut), Ananas Cogo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial comosus (nanas, pineapple), Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Annona cherimola Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, (cherimoya), Annona muricata Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, (sirsak, soursop), Annona Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, squamosa (markisa, sugar Mayotte, Mozambique, 23

apple), Averrhoa carambola Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, (belimbing, star fruit), Blighia Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, sapida (akee apple), Capsicum South Africa, Sudan, annuum (paprika, bell Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, pepper), Capsicum frustescens Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (cabai rawit, chilli), Carica Asia: Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka papaya (pepaya, papaya), Chrysophyllum albidum, Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limon (jeruk lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (jeruk mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Cordia sinensis, Cucumis ficifolius, Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (labu parang, giant pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labu parang, ornamental gourd), Diospyros kaki (perismmon), Diospyros montana, Dracaena steudneri, Durio zibethinus (durian, durian), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus sycomorus, Flacourtia indica, Fortunella japonica, Garcinia mannii, 24

Irvingia gabonensis, Landolphia, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Musa, Musa x paradisiaca (pisang, banana), Nauclealatifolia (pin cushion tree), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Saba senegalensis, Sclerocarya birrea (marula), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Sorindeia madagascariensis, Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mombin (hog plum), Strychnos mellodora, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium semarangense, Terminalia catappa, Vitellaria paradoxa, Ziziphus mauritania 38. Bactrocera jarvisi(Tryon); II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Oceania: Australia (=Afrodacus jarvisi =Dacus mango), Psidium guajava tanam jarvisi=D.australis (jambu biji, guava), Terminalia (tanah) =Chaetodacus jarvisi); catappa(ketapang, Indian Diptera: Tephritidae; Fiji almond) fruitfly, Jarvis’s fruitfly Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Annona glabra, Annona muricata (sirsak, soursop), Areca catechu (pinang, 25

betelnut palm), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw,papaya), Citrus spp (jeruk, orange), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malpighia emarginata, Musa paradisiaca (pisang, kepok, plantain), Opuntia sp., Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passion-fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Planchonia careya, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias purpurea, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple), 26

Syzygium samarangense (jambu Semarang, Java apple), Terminalia arenicola 39. Bactrocera kandiensisDrew II Anacardium occidentale buah, media Asia: Sri Lanka &Hancock; (=Bactrocera sp. (jambu mete, cashew-nut), tanam near dorsalis); Diptera: Annona glabra, Areca catechu (tanah) Tephritidae; Sri Lankan (pinang, betelnut palm), fruit fly Artocarpus integrifolius (nangka, jackfuit), Artocarpus heterophyllus (nangka, jackfruit), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, carambola, star-fruit), Citrus maxima, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Spondias cytherea, Syzygium aromaticum (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango) Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya) 40. Bactrocera kinabaluDrew & II Persea americana (avokad, buah, media Asia: Malaysia Hancock; Diptera: avocado) tanam Tephritidae; Kinabalu fruit (tanah) fly 41. Bactrocera neohumeralis II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Oceania: Australia, Papua New Hardy; (=Chaetodacus guava) tanam Guinea. 27

humeralis=C.tryoni var. Anacardium occidentale (tanah) sarcocephali =Dacus (jambu mete, cashew), neohumeralis =Dacus tryoni Annona spp. (buah nona, var. neohumeralis); Diptera: sirsak, srikaya, annona, Tephritidae; lesser soursop, sweetsop), Annona Queensland fruit fly glabra, Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa(sugar apple),Avverhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, star fruit), Cananga odorata (kenanga, cadmia), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Clausena lansium, Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung, Alexandrian laurel), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Crateva religiosa, Chrysophyllum cainito (kenitu, sawo duren, cainito), Casimiroa edulis, Cyphomandra betacea, Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia dombeyi, Eugenia uniflora,Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, 28

kumquat), Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malpighia emarginata, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Morus nigra (murbei, mulberry), Musa x paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Muntingia calabura (kersen, talok, Jamaica cherry), Myrciaria cauliflora, Passiflora spp, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, date- palm), Pouteria caimito, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rollinia mucosa, Rubus rosaefolius, Solanum laciniatum, Solanum seaforthianum, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Synsepa lum dulcificum, Syzygium spp, Terminalia catappa, Vitis labrusca, Ziziphus jujuba. 42. Bactrocera II Anacardium occidentale, buah, media Oceania: Fiji, Niue, Tonga, passiflorae(Froggatt); Artocarpus altilis, Carica tanam Tuvalu, Wallis-Futuna. (=Bactrocera passiflorae papaya (pepaya, (tanah) 29

=Chaetodacus passiflorae pawpaw,papaya), Citrus =Dacus passiflorae spp.(jeruk, orange), Citrus =Strumeta passiflorae); aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Diptera: Tephritidae; Fijian Mangifera indica (mangga, fruit fly mango), Passiflora edulis, Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion-fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava) Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 43. Bactrocera philippinensis II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Asia: Philippines Drew & Hancock; Diptera: mango), Artocarpus communis tanam Tephritidae; Phillippines (sukun, breadfruit), Achras (= (tanah) fruit fly Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Ananas comosus (nanas, pineapple), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Pouteria duklitan, Spondias purpurea, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple) 44. Bactrocera psidii(Frogg.); II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Oceania:New Caledonia (=Dacus psidii =D. guava), Prunus persica tanam ornatissimus =D. (persik, peach) (tanah) virgatus=Strumeta psidii Aleurites moluccana (kemiri, =Tephritis psidii); Diptera: candle nut), Anacardium 30

Tephritidae; South Sea occidentale (jambu mete, guava fruit fly cashew-nut), Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa(srikaya, sweetsop), Carica papaya (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw), Cerbera manghas, Caryophyllus sp., Citrus maxima (jeruk Bali, pummelo), Diospyros bicolor, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros macrocarpa, Eugenia uniflora, Diospyros sp., Ficus spp., Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Malphigia glabra, Morus alba,Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava(jambu biji, guava), Prunus granatum, Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, indian almond),Thevetia peruviana, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape) 45. Bactrocera pyrifoliaeDrew & II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Asia: Thailand, Vietnam Hancock; Diptera: guava), Prunus persica tanam Tephritidae; pyrifolia fruit (persik, peach), Pyrus pyrifolia (tanah) fly (Pear) 31

46. Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt); II Anacardium occidentale buah, media Oceania: Australia, Polynesia (=Bactrocera tryoni (jambu mete, cashew-nut), tanam France, New Caledonia. =Chaetodacus sarcocephali Anona spp, Averrhoa (tanah) =Chaetodacus tryoni carambola (belimbing, star- =Dacus tryoni =D. fruit), Carica papaya (pepaya, ferrugineus tryoni pawpaw, papaya), Coffea spp. =Strumeta melas =Strumeta (kopi, coffee), Capsicum tryoni =Tephritis tryoni); annuum (cabai besar, Diptera: Tephritidae; paprika, bell-pepper), Queensland fruit fly Chrysophyllum cainito, Casimiroa edulis, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia uniflora, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Morus nigra, Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passion-fruit, granadilla), Passiflora suberosa,Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium spp, Terminalia catappa (ketapang, indian almond). Aegle marmelos (maja, bael 32

fruit), Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Averrhoa bilimbi (belimbing sayur, bilimbi), Blighia sapida, Cananga odorata (kenanga, cadmia), Citrus spp., Clausena lansium, Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung, alexander laurel), Cucurbita maxima(waluh, labu parang, pumpkin), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Cyphomandra betacea, Dimocarpus longan (kelengkeng, longan), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Dovyalis caffra, Eremocitrus glauca, Eugenia dombeyi, Feijoa sellowiana, Ficus racemosa, Flacourtia jangomas, Flacourtia rukam (rukem, rukam), Fortunellax crassifolia, Grewia asiatica, Juglans regia (walnut, walnut), Dimocarpus litchii (leci,litchii), Malpighia emarginata, Mimusops elengi (tanjung, asian bulletwood), Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Morus alba 33

(murbei, mulberry), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Myrciaria cauliflora, Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan, rambutan), Nerium oleander, Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Opuntia ficus- indica, Passiflora foetida, Passiflora quadrangularis (markisa, passion fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avocad, avocado), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Physalis peruviana (gooseberry), Pometia pinnata, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria sapota, Prunus spp., Psidium guineense, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Phyllanthus acidus, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rollinia mucosa, Rollinia pulchrinervis, Rubus fruticosa, Rubus ursinus, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum spp., Spondias spp., Synsepalum dulcificum, Syzygium spp., Thevetia peruviana, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Vitis labrusca, 34

Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Ziziphus mauritiana 47. Bactrocera II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buah, media Asia: China, Japan, Taiwan, tsuneonis(Miyake); (=Dacus Citrus aurantium, Citrus tanam Vietnam chenia =D. tsuneonis reticulata, Citrus sinensis, (tanah) =Tetradacus tsuneonis); Fortunella margarita (oval Diptera: Tephritidae; kumquat), Fortunella x Japanese orange fly, Citrus crassifolia, Musa spp. (pisang, fruit fly banana) 48. Bothynus gibbosus De II Apium graveolens (seledri, batang, America: Canada, Mexico, USA Geer; (=Ligyrus gibbosus celery), Daucus carota (wortel, umbi, akar, =L.californicus); Coleoptera: carrot), Helianthus anuus tanah Scarabaeidae; carrot beetle, (bunga matahari, sunflower), carrot head beetle, muck Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, beetle sweet potato), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 49. Busseola fusca Fuller; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Calamistis fusca Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, stalk, daun, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, =Busseola sorghicida sorghum) bunga, akar Chad, DR Congo, Eritrea, =Sesamia fusca); Eleusine coracana, Oryza Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; sativa (padi, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, African maize stalk borer, paddy),Pennisetum glaucum Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, maize stalk borer, maize (bajra, pearl-millet), Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, stem borer, sorghum Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, stalk/stem borer sugarcane), Hyparrhenis rufa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Hyparrhenis tamba, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Megathyrsus maximus, Pennisetum purpureum, Rotboellia cochinchinensis

35

50. Caliothrips masculinus II Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, daun America: Trinidad and Tobago Hood; Thysanoptera: cassava) Thripidae 51. Carposina sasakii II Malus domestica (apel, apple), buah Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR Matsumura; (=Carposina Pyrus communis (pir, pear), (North Korea), Republic of niponensis (Wals.) =C. Prunus persica (persik, peach) Korea (South Korea). persicana =Cydia Aronia arbutifolia, Europe: Russia persicana); Lepidoptera: Chaenomeles japonica, Cornus Carposinidae; peach fruit mas, Cratageus cuneata, moth, peach fruit borer Cydonia oblonga (quince), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Malus spp., Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domesticum (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Sorbus aucuparia, Ziziphus jujube 52. Caulophilus II Cicer arietinum (chickpea), biji, umbi, America: Cuba, Guatemala, oryzae(Gyllenhal); Panicum miliaceum (millet), akar, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, (=Caulophilus Pennisetum spp., Zea mays rhizome Puerto Rico, USA latinasus=Rhyncolus (jagung, corn) Europe: Portugal oryzae); Coleoptera: Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Curculionidae; broad nosed sweet potato), Persea grain weevil, broad nosed americana (avokad, avocado), granary weevil Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) 53. Cephus cinctusNorton; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang America: Canada, USA. (=Cephusoccidentalis); wheat), serealea (cerealia) Asia: Kazakhstan Hymenoptera: Cephidae; Agropyron, Elymus, Hordeum Europe: Russia wheat stem sawfly western vulgare (barli, barley), Phleum wheat-stem fly

36

54. Ceratitis II Gossypium barbadens buah, media Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, capitata(Wiedemann); (kapas, cotton), Coffea spp. tanam Botswana, Burkina Faso, (=Ceratitis citriperda (kopi, coffee), Vitis vinifera (tanah) Burundi, Cameroon, Cape =Ceratitis hispanica (anggur, grapevine), Persea Verde, Comoros, DR Congo, =Tephritis capitata); americana (avokad, avocado), Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Diptera: Tephritidae; Annona spp., Malus domestica Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mediterranean fruit fly, (apel, apple), Capsicum Kenya, Liberia, Libya, medfly annuum (cabai besar, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, paprika, bell-pepper), Citrus Morocco, Mauritius, spp.(jeruk, orange), Mangifera Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, indica (mangga, mango), Réunion, St. Helena, Sao Tome Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, & Principe, Senegal, tomato), Theobroma cacao Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South (kakao, cocoa), Psidium Africa, Spain, Sudan, guajava (jambu biji, guava) Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Anacardium occidentale Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (jambu mete, cashew-nut), America: Antilles Netherlands, Annona reticulata, Citrus spp, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Carissa spp., Chrysophyllum Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, cainito, Casimiroa edulis, Ecuador, El Salvador, Cyphomandra betacea, Guatemala, Honduras, Dovyalis caffra, Eugenia spp., Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Garcinia mangostana Paraguay, Peru, USA, Uruguay, (manggis, mangosteen), Venezuela. Juglans regia, Dimocarpus Asia: China, Iran, Israel, litchii (leci,litchii), Malpighia Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi glabra, Achras (= Manilkara) Arabia, Syria,Turkey, Yemen zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Morus, Mespilus germanica, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Muntingia calabura (kersen, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, talok, jamaica cherry), Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Opuntia spp., Passiflora Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, 37

coerulea, Phoenix dactylifera Bosnia and Herzegovina, (kurma, dates-palm), Physalis Montenegro, Macedonia. peruviana, Psidium longipes, Oceania: Australia. Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Rubus loganobaccus, Santalum album, Solanum spp., Spondias cytherea, Syzygium spp., Thevetia peruviana,Pouteria viridis, Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros spp., Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia dombeyi, Eugenia uniflora, Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Garcinia livingstonei, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avocad, avocado), Pouteria sapota, Prunus americana(aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias purpurea, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Terminalia catappa(ketapang, indian 38

almond), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 55. Ceratitis cosyra(Walker); II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Ceratitis giffardi mango) tanam Botswana, Burkina Faso, =Pardalaspis cosyra Anisophyllea laurina, Annona (tanah) Cameroon, Central Africa, DR =P.giffardi =P.giffardi var. spp, Annona cherimola, Congo, Guinea, Ivory Coast, sarcocephali Annona muricata, Annona Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, =P.parinarii=P.sarcocephali reticulata, Annona Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, =Trypeta cosyra); Diptera: senegalensis, Canopharyngia Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Tephritidae; mango fruit penduliflora, Landolphia sp., Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, fly, marula fruit fly Saba senegalensis, Citrus Zambia, Zimbabwe. aurantium (jeruk nipis, lime), Chrysobalanus sp., Parinari mobola, Diospyros mespiliformis, Dovyalis caffra, Nauclea latifolia, Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Sclerocarya birrea, Sarcocephalus esculentus, Uapaca kirkiana, Warburgia ugandensis 56. Ceratitis punctataWied.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), buah, media Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, (=Pardalaspis punctata=P. Psidium guajava (jambu biji, tanam Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, senegalensis =Tephritis guava), Passiflora (tanah) Senegal, Sierra Leone, South senegalensis); Diptera: quadrangularis (markisah, Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Tephritidae; cacao fruit fly granadilla, passion fruit), Zambia, Zimbabwe. Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Chrysophyllum 39

albidum Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 57. Ceratitis quinaria(Bezzi); II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Pardalaspis quinaria); guava), Citrus spp.(jeruk, tanam Botswana, Malawi, Mali, Diptera: Tephritidae; orange), Prunus americana (tanah) Namibia, Ivory Coast, South Rhodesian fruit fly (aprikot, apricot), Prunus Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe persica (persik, peach) Asia: Yemen 58. Ceratitis rosa Karsch.; II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buah, media Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, (=Pterandrus rosa ); Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) tanam Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Diptera: Tephritidae; Natal Averrhoa carambola (tanah) Mozambique, Réunion, fruit fly (belimbing, star-fruit), Carica Seychelles, South Africa, papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, papaya), Citrus spp, Capsicum Zimbabwe. annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Eugenia uniflora, Ficus carica (ara, fig), Garcinia mangostana (manggis, mangosteen), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Psidium longipes, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Syzygium spp., Terminalia catappa(ketapang, indian almond), Theobroma cacao 40

(kakao, cocoa), Ziziphus jujuba, Annona reticulate (fruit nona, custard apple), Carissa macrocarpa, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, litchii), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 59. Chaetocnema confinis II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), daun, tunas, Africa: Comoros, Gambia, Crotch.; (=Chaetocnema Calystegia sepium (great bibit Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, flavicornis =Chaetocnema bindweed), Ipomoea aquatica tanaman Mauritius, Réunion, Senegal, etiennei =Chaetocnema (swamp morning-glory), Seychelles, South Africa perplexa); Coleoptera: Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, America: Brazil, Canada, Chrysomelidae; flea beetle; sweet potato), Ipomoea USA,Ecuador, El Salvador sweet potato flea beetle; flea pandurata (bigroot Asia: Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, beetle. morningglory (USA)), Solanum Vietnam lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Europe: Guernsey Pharbitis purpurea (Tall Oceania: French Polynesia, morning glory), Zea mays Guam, Marshall Islands, Palau (jagung, corn) Abutilon hybridum (Indian mallow), Acer negundo (box elder), Acer platanoides (Norway maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Arctium minus (common 41

burdock), Avena sativa (oats), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet), Brassica napus var. napus (rape), Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera (turnip rape), Catalpa bignonioides (Southern catalpa), Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Mucuna (velvetbeans), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus na (common chokecherrytree), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Secale cereale (rye), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Tilia americana (basswood), Trifolium pratense 42

(purple clover), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 60. Chaetosiphon fragaefolii II Fragaria ananassa bibit America: Argentina, Canada, Cockerell; (=Capitophorus (strawberry) tanaman, USA, Bolivia fragaefoli i=Capitophorus Fragaria chiloensis (Chilean daun, tunas Asia: Israel, Japan, Philippines fragariae =Chaetosiphon strawberry), Fragaria vesca Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, fragariae =Myzus fragaefolii (wild strawberry), Fragaria France, Germany, Italy, =Myzus fragariae vesca var. semperflorens Macedonia, Portugal, Serbia =Passerinia fragaefolii (Perpetual strawberry), Rosa and Montenegro, Spain, =Pentatrichopus fragaefolii rugosa Switzerland, United Kingdom =Pentatrichopus fragariae; Oceania; Australia, New Hemiptera: Aphididae; Zealand strawberry aphid 61. Chilo II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, Africa: Kenya, Uganda, orichalcociliellus(Strand); sugarcane), Zea mays daun, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, (=Chilotraea argyrolepia (jagung, corn), Sorghum tangkai Kenya, Madagascar =Diatraea argyrolepia bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), tongkol =Proceras argyrolepia =P. Poaceae, Panicum miliaceum (stalk) argyrolepidus =P.orichalcociliella =Chilo argyrolepia =Diatraea orichalcociliella); Lepidoptera: Crambidae; coastal stalk borer 62. Cholus cattleyaeChampion; II anggrek (Orchidaceae) tanaman, America: USA Coleoptera: Curculionidae; batang, cattleya weevil daun, bunga 63. Chrysobothris II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, America: Canada, Mexico, USA femorataOlivier; Coleoptera: Prunus persica (persik, daun, tunas

43

Buprestidae; flatheaded peach), Pyrus communis (pir, apple tree borer pear), other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) 64. Chrysobothris maliHorn.; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, America: Canada, USA Coleoptera: Buprestidae; Prunus persica (persik, daun, tunas Pacific flatheaded apple peach), Pyrus communis (pir, tree borer pear), other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) 65. Cicadulina II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia bipunctata(Melichar); wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Asia:Japan, Syria, Turkey (=Cicadulina bipunctata corn), Oryza sativa (padi, Europe: Italy bipunctella=C.bipunctella=C paddy), Sorghum bicolor .bipunctella zeae=C.zeae (sorgum, sorghum), =Gnathodus bipunctata); Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; sugarcane) maize leaf hopper, sorghum jassid 66. Cicadulina latensFennah.; II Zea mays (jagung, corn) batang, daun Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Ghana, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Maize leaf hopper Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda. 67. Cicadulina mbila(Naude); II Zea mays (jagung, corn) batang, daun Africa: Angola, Botswana, (=Balclutha mbila); S): Avena sativa (oat, oat), Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Cynodon spp., Digitaria Verde, Congo, Ethiopia, maize leafhopper sanguinalis, Eleusine Gambia, Kenya, Mauritius, coracana, Oryza glaberrima, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Reunion, South Africa, Pennisetum glaucum, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe barley), Panicum spp., Asia: India, Tajikistan, Yemen

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Paspalum conjugatum, Pennisetum spp., Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), serealea (cerealia), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea perennis 68. Cicadulina storeyi China; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, daun Africa: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Togo, (=Cicadulina nicholsi =C. Poaceae, Pennisetum glaucum, Northwest Africa, Zimbabwe triangula); Hemiptera: Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Cicadellidae; maize sorghum) leafhopper 69. Coccus alpinusde Lotto; II Syzygium aquea (jambu air, batang, Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Hemiptera: Coccidae ; soft star apple), Psidium guajava ranting, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda. green scale (jambu biji, guava), Citrus daun, buah spp.(jeruk, orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) 70. Coccus elongates Signoret; II Albizia falcataria (L.), Albazia batang, Africa: Ghana, Tanzania, Hemiptera: Coccidae;Scale spp., Acacia catechu, Acecia, ranting, Uganda insect elenoxylon, Coffee spp. (Kopi, daun America: Barbados coffee), Asia: India Europe: Seychelles, England 71. Coelaenomenodera II Elaeis batang, daun Africa: Angola, Benin, elaeidisMaulik, Coleoptera: Borassus flabelifer (lontar, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Chrysomelidae; hispid palmyra palm), Cocos nucifera DR Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, leafminer, oilpalm (kelapa, coconut), Pennisetum Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, leafminer purpureum (rumput gajah, South Africa, Swaziland, elephant grass), Roystonea Zambia, Zimbabwe regia (palem raja, royal palm). 72. Conotrachelus II Prunus persica (persik, buah, tanah America: Canada, USA nenuphar(Herbst); peach), Prunus avium, Prunus

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(=Curculio nenuphar); domesticum (plam, plum), Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Prunus cerasus (ceri, cherry), plum curculio, American, other stone fruit plum weevil, peach curculio Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus japonica, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Malus domestica(apel, apple),Vaccinium spp., Ribes spp., Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Vitis rotundifolia

73. Coptotermes acinaciformis II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, Oceania: widespread Froggatt;Isoptera: sugarcane), Pinus radiata kayu, akar Rhinotermitidae; subterranean termite 74. Coptotermes formosanus II Acer rubrum, Chamaecyparis batang, Africa: South Africa Shiraki; Isoptera: thyoides, Cinnamomum kayu, akar, America: USA Rhinotermitidae;Formosan camphora, Eucalyptus, furniture Asia: China, Taiwan subterranean termite, Fraxinus berlanderiana, Formosan termite Liquidambar styracifua, Picea engelmannii, Pinus (pines), Quercus (oak), Saccharum officinarum, Taxodium distichum 75. Coptotermes heimi II Acacia nilotica (gum arabic batang, Asia: Bangladesh, India, (Wasmann);Isoptera: tree), Eucalyptus tereticornis kayu, akar Pakistan 46

Rhinotermitidae (forest red gum), Morus (mulberry tree), Populus (poplars), Prunus domestica (plum) 76. Corythucha II Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, batang, America: USA marmorataUhler; chrysant ) daun, bunga Asia: Japan Hemiptera: Tingidae; Chrysanthemum lace bug 77. Crioceris II Asparagus officinalis batang, America: Canada, USA. asparagi(Linnaeus); (asparagus, asparagus) daun, bunga Europe: all Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Asparagus beetle 78. Crioceris II Asparagus officinalis batang, America: Canada, North duodecimpunctata(Linnaeus (asparagus, asparagus) daun, bunga America, USA ); (=Chrysomela Europe: France, Italy, duodecimpunctata=Lema Netherland duodecimpunctata); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; spotted Asparagus beetle, twelve-spotted Asparagus beetle 79. Cryptophlebia leucotreta II Abutilon hybridum, Ananas buah, bunga Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Meyrick; (=Argyroploce comosus (nanas, pineapple), Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, leucotreta=Cryptophlebia Annona muricata (sirsak, Cape Verde, Central Africa, roerigii=Thaumatotibia soursop), Averrhoa Chad, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, roerigii=Olethreutes carambola(belimbing, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, leucotreta =Thaumatotibia carambola, star-fruit), Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, leucotreta); Lepidoptera: Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Tortricidae; false codling Capsicum annuum (cabai Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, moth, Citrus codling moth, besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Reunion, Rwanda, St. Helena, orange codling moth Ceiba pentandra (kapuk Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,

47

randu, kapok), Citrus spp. South Africa, Sudan, (jeruk, orange),Coffea spp. Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, (kopi, coffee), Coffea arabica Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), America: USA Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Asia: Israel Litchi chinensis (leci, lichi), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava(jambu biji, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, lady’s finger), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, lychee), Macadamia ternifolia 80. Cryptotermes domesticus II Any hardwood and softwood batang, kayu America: Panama, Trinidad Haviland; Isoptera: and Tobago Kalotermitidae; drywood Asia: China,Japan, Malaysia, termite Singapore, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, Papua New Guinea, Salomon Islands, Samoa, Vanuatu 81. Cydia pomonella Linnaeus; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), buah Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Laspeyresia pomonella Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Mauritius, Morocco, Portugal, 48

=Carpocapsa pomonella =C. Prunus americana (aprikot, South Africa, Spain, Tunisia pomonana apricot), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Bolivia, =Enarmoniapomonella (persik, peach), Prunus Brazil, Canada, Chile, =Phalaena pomonella); domesticum (plam, plum), Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Uruguay, USA codling moth, walnut worm Prunus dulcis (almon, Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, almond), Zea mays (jagung, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, corn) India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 82. Cylas puncticollis Boheman; II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, batang, Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, (=Cylas compressus); sweet potato) daun, umbi Cape Verde, Central Africa, Coleoptera: Apionidae; Abelmoschus, Astripomoea Chad, DR Congo, Congo, African sweet potato weevil, lachnosperma, Boerhavia, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, 49

sweet potato weevil Celosia, Coffea spp. (kopi, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, coffee), Commelina, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Corchorus, Hibiscus, Ipomoea Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, eriocarpa, Sesamum indicum Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, (wijen, sesame), Vigna Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia cylindricaI (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays (jagung, corn) 83. Dacus ciliatusLoew; II Coccinia trilobata, buah, media Africa: Angola, Cameroon, (=Dacus brevistylus, =D. Corallocarpus ellipticus, tanam Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, appoxanthus var. decolor Cucumis aculeatus, Cucumis (tanah) Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, =D. coccinae =D. insistens africanus, Cucumis dipsaceus, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, =D. sigmoides =Didacus Cucumis melo, Cucumis Mayotte, Mozambique, ciliatus =Leptoxyda ciliata metuliferus, Cucumis Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, =Tridacus mallyi); Diptera: myriocarpus, Cucurbita Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Tephritidae; lesser melon maxima, Cucurbita pepo, Helena, Senegal, Somalia, fly, lesser pumpkin fly Cucurbitaceae, Kedrostis South Africa, Northwest Africa, foetidissima, Kedrostis leloja, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Lagenaria siceraria, Uganda, DR Congo, Zambia, Momordica balsamina, Zimbabwe Momordica charantia, Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Momordica rostrata, Peponium Israel, Jordan, Myanmar, mackenii, Trichosanthes Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, cucumerina var. anguinea Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Citrullus colocynthis, Citrus Arab Emirates, Yemen. sinensis, Cucumis sativus, Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato) 84. Delia antiquaMeigen; II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, batang, Africa: Crozet Islands, Egypt (=Anthomyia antique =A. onion), Allium daun, umbi, America: Antigua and ceparum =Chortophila ascalonicum(bawang merah, media Barbuda, Brazil, Canada, 50

antiqua =Delia cepetorum shallot), Allium porrum tanam, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, =Hylemya antiqua =H. (bawang prei, leek) tanah, akar USA ceparum =Leptohylemyia Allium cepa var. aggregatum, Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia, antique =Pegomyia ceparum Allium fistulosum, Allium India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, =P. cepetorum =Phorbia sativum (bawang putih, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North ceparum =P. cepetorum =P. garlic), Allium schoenoprasum, Korea), Republic of Korea antiqua); Diptera: Allium spp. (South Korea), Mongolia, Anthomyiidae; onion Philippines, Turkey maggot, onion fly Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 85. Delia arambourgi(Seguy); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, Africa: Ethiopia (=Delia dispar =Hylemya wheat), Zea mays (jagung, daun, akar, dispar =Hylemya corn), Saccharum officinarum media arambourgi); Diptera: (tebu, sugarcane), serealia tanam, Anthomyiidae; barley fly lainnya (other cerealia) tanah 86. Delia platura(Meigen); II Gossypium hirsutum, biji, akar, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (=Anthomyia cana Hordeum vulgare (barli, media Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, =A.corelia =A.deceptiva barley), Juniperus na, Larix tanam, Madagascar, Morocco, =A.diversa =A.funesta laricina, Phaseolus lunatus, tanah Rwanda, St. Helena, South =A.lanicrus =A.perrima Raphanus sativus (lobak, Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, =A.platura =A.platygaster radish), Trifolium repens, Vicia Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe 51

=A.radicum var. calopteni faba, Allium ascalonicum America: Argentina, Bermuda, =A.raphani =A.rubifrons (bawang merah, shallot), Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, =A.sergia =A.tinia =A.trifilis Asparagus officinalis Colombia, Costa Rica, =A.tyana =A.viana =A.zeas (asparagus, asparagus), Ecuador, Greenland, Mexico, =Aricia fusciceps Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Peru, Uruguay, USA, Uruguay, =Chortophila (bunga kol, cauliflower), Venezuela cana=C.deceptiva =C.prisca Brassica oleracea capitata Asia: Azerbaijan, China, =C.rubifrons =C.spinipes (kubis, cabbage), Citrullus Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, =C.trifilis =Delia cilicrura lanatus, Citrullus Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, =D.prisca =Dialyta vulgaris(semangka, Korea DPR (North Korea), cupreifrons =Eriphia watermelon), Cucumis sativus Republic of Korea (South marginata =Homalomyia (mentimun, cucumber), Korea), Lebanon, Nepal, rava =Hylemya cana Glycine max (kedelai, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri =H.deceptiva =H.fusciceps soyabean), Pinus merkusii Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, =H.platura =H.prisca (tusam, pinetree) albus, Uzbekistan, Yemen =H.spinipes =H.trifilis Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Europe: Albania, Austria, =Pegomyia fusciceps tobacco), Phaseolus coccineus, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, =Phorbia cilicrura Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, =P.fusciceps Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Denmark, Faroes Islands, =P.novazealandica pea), Solanum tuberosum Finland, France, Germany, =P.prisca =P.spinipes (kentang, potato), Spinacia Greece, Hungary, Iceland, =H.cilicrura =Chortophila oleracea (bayam, spinach), Italy, Netherlands, Norway, cilicrura =Phorbiaplatura); Triticum aestivum (gandum, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Diptera: Anthomyiidae; wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia, corn seed maggot, bean corn) Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, seed fly, seed potato Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, maggot Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand

52

87. Delia radicumLinnaeus; II Brassica oleracea capitata batang, Africa: Algeria, Morocco (=Anthomyia brassicae =A. (kubis, cabbage), Brassica daun, akar, America: Canada, USA radicum =Aricia villipes oleracea, Brassica oleracea media Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia, =Chortophila appendiculata var. gemmifera, Brassica tanam, Israel, Kazakhstan, Turkey, =C. floccosa =C. frontalis oleracea subsp. italica, tanah Uzbekistan =Delia brassicae Cruciferae Europe: Austria, Belarus, =Eustalomyia brassicae Brassica napus var. Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, =Hylemya brassicae =H. napobrassica, Brassica rapa Denmark, Estonia, Finland, brassicae =Musca radicum subsp. pekinensis, Matthiola Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =Pegomya brassicae spp., Raphanus sativus Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Erioischia brassicae (lobak, radish), Armoracia Montenegro, Macedonia, =Chortophila brassicae rusticana France, Germany, Hungary, =Phorbia brassicae); Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Diptera: Anthomyiidae; Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, cabbage maggot, cabbage Poland, Portugal, Romania, root fly, radish fly Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom 88. Dendroctonus ponderosae II Pinus spp batang, America: USA, Canada Hopkins;Coleoptera: ranting, Scolytidae; pinus beetle, kayu mountain pine beetles 89. Diabrotica undecimpunctata II Cucumis melo (melon, melon), batang, akar, America: Canada, El Salvador, Mannerheim; (=Chrysomela Cucumis sativus (mentimun, daun, bunga, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, duodecimpunctata cucumber), Citrullus vulgaris media tanam USA =Crioceris sexpunctata (semangka, watermelon), =Diabrotica Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita duodecimpunctata =D.soror pepo (labu kuning, zucchini) =D.undecimpunctata subsp. Arachys hypogaea (kacang Howardi Barber); tanah, peanut), Glycine max Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; (kedelai, soyabean), Ipomoea 12-spotted cucumber batatas (ubi jalar, sweet 53

beetle, southern corn potato), Vigna spp. (buncis, rootworm, spotted cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, cucumber beetle, western corn), Chenopodium quinoa, spotted cucumber beetle Phaseolus vulgaris(buncis, common bean) 90. Diaprepes II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Zea akar, batang, America: Antigua and abbreviatus(Linnaeus); mays (jagung, corn), daun Barbuda, Barbados, Costa (=Curculio abbreviatus Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Guyana =Diaprepes festivus =D. sugarcane), Manihot esculenta France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, irregularis =D. (ubi kayu, cassava), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, quadrilineatus Nephelium lappaceum Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. =Exophthalmusabbreviatus) (rambutan, rambutan) Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. ; Coleoptera: S): Aeschynomene americana, Vincent and the Grenadines, Curculionidae; Citrus Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, Trinidad and Tobago, USA weevil, sugarcane rootstalk Arachis hypogaea (kacang borer weevil, Citrus weevil, tanah, peanut), Ardisia crispa, sugarcane rootstalk borer Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, weevil, West Indian weevil, pigeon pea), Canavalia West Indian sugarcane root gladiata, Cedrela odorata, borer, West Indian weevil Ceiba pentandra (kapuk, kapok), Centrosema pubescens, Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysophyllum cainito, Canocarpus erectus, Crotalaria, Dimocarpus longan, Dioscorea, Diospyros virginiana, Dizygotheca elegantissima, Eriobitrya japonica, erythrina barteroana, Erythrina poeppigiana, Euginia uniflora, Faramea occidentalis, 54

Gladiolus hybrids, Gliricidia sepium, Guaiacum officinale, Hoya carnosa, Jatropha curcas, Juniperus conferta, Juniperus virginiana, Lablab purpureus, Lagerstromia speciosa, Manihot esculenta, Maranta leuconeura, Mucuna pruriens, Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), kacang, Coffe aspp. (kopi, coffee), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Achras (=Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, bell-pepper), Rhizophora mangle, Ricinus communis, Saccharum officinarum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Solanum melongena(terung, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, 55

potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Swietenia macrophylla, Swietenia mahagoni, Syzygium jambos, Terminalia catappa, Urena lobata, Ximenia americana, Zanthoxylum, Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Dioscorea spp. 91. Diaspidiotus perniciosus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, Africa: Algeria, Angola, DR (Comstock) Cockerell, Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun, buah, Congo,Congo, Morocco, South Danzig; (=Aonidia fusca grapevine), Prunus cerrasus stalk Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe =Aonidiella fusca =A. (ceri, cherry), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Bolivia, perniciosa =Aspidiotus (persik, peach), Pyrus Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, (Comstockaspis) perniciosus communis (pir, pear), Prunus Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, =A. (Diaspidiotus) persica nectarina (nektarin, Peru, USA, Uruguay, andromelas =A. nectarine) Citrus spp.(jeruk, Venezuela (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus orange), buah batu (stone Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, =A. (Hemiberlesiana) fruit) Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, perniciosus =A. perniciosus Bhutan, Brunei, China, =A. albopunctatus =A. Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, fuscus =A. perniciosus Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR =Comstockaspis perniciosa (North Korea), Republic of =Diaspidiotus perniciosus Korea (South Korea), Nepal, =Hemiberlesia perniciosa Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand, =Quadraspidiotus Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, perniciosus =Q.perniciosus); Yemen Hemiptera: Coccidae; Europe: Albania, Austria, California scale, Chinese Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, scale, perniciosus scale, France, Germany, Greece, 56

San José scale Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 92. Diaspis boisduvalii II Ananas comosus (nanas, batang, America: Antigua and Signoret; (=Aulacaspis pineapple), Cocos nucifera daun, stalk Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, boisduvalii = Diaspos (kelapa, coconut), Musa spp. (khusus A. Brazil, Dominica, Guyana palmarum); Hemiptera: (pisang, banana) comosus) France, Guadelope, Guyana, Diaspididae; boisduval Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, scale, coconut snow scale, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis orchid, scale, pinapple scale 93. Diatraea saccharalis II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, daun America: Antigua and Fabricius; (=Chilo sugarcane) Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, obliteratellus =Crambus Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British leucaniellus =C. lineosellus Panicum dichotomiflorum, Virgin Islands, Colombia, Costa =C. sacchari =Diatraea Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, continens =D. crambidoides sorghum), Sorghum Ecuador, El Salvador, France =D. pedidocta =D. halepense, Zea mays (jagung, Guiana, Grenada, saccharalis va corn) Guadeloupe,Guatemala, grenadensis=D. sacchari Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, =D. sacchari f. Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, brasiliensis=Phalaena Montserrat, Nicaragua, saccharalis=D. obliteratella Panama, Paraguay, Peru, =D. Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & obliteratellus=D.incomparell Nevis,St. Lucia, St. Vincent 57

a); Lepidoptera: Crambidae; and the Grenadines, Suriname, sugarcane stalk borer, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, sugarcane borer, sugarcane Uruguay, Venezuela moth borer, American sugarcane borer, small moth borer, small sugarcane moth borer 94. Diopsis II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun Africa: Cameroon, Ivory Coast, longicornisMacquart; Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, (=Diasemopsis Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, macrophthalma =Diopsis Togo, West Africa, Zimbabwe macrophtalma =Diopsis Asia: India, Philippines thoracica); Diptera: Diopsidae; stalk-eyed fly 95. Diorymerellus II Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid) batang, America: Argentina, Bolivia, laevimargoChampion; daun, bunga Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Venezuela, Dominican orchid weevil Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana 96. Diparopsis castanea Hmps.; II Gossypium barbadens batang, Africa: Botswana, Malawi, (= Diparopsis watersi. (kapas, cotton) daun, buah, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Rothschild) Lepidoptera: Cefenfuegosia heldebrandii; biji Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Noctuidae; red bollworm, Gossypioides kirkii; Thespesia Zambia, Zimbabwe. red Sudan bollworm, red spp. Sudan cotton worm, red cotton bollworm 97. Distantiella II Theobroma cacao (kakao, batang, Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Ivory theobromae(Distant); cocoa), Ceiba pentandra daun, buah Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Hemiptera: Miridae; cocoa (kapuk randu, kapok) Leonne, Togo capsid, brown capsid, Adansonia digitata, Citrus cocoa capsid stem sapper spp. (jeruk, orange)

58

98. Eldana saccharina Walker; II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, daun Africa: Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; sugarcane) Botswana, Burkina Faso, sugarcane stalk borer, Cyperus (flatsedge), Cyperus Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, DR African sugarcane borer alternifolius, Cyperus Congo, Congo, Equatorial digitatus, Megathyrsus Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, maximus, Oryza sativa (padi, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- paddy), Phragmites australis, Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, sorghum), Typha latifolia, Zea Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, mays (jagung, corn) Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe Asia: Saudi Arabia 99. Empoasca facialis Jacobi; II Solanum melongena (terung, batang, Africa: Congo, Gambia, Ghana, (=Jacobiella facialis eggplant aubergine) daun, buah Kenya, Mauritania, =Chloritafacialis =Chlorita Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, fascialis); Hemiptera, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Cicadellidae; green Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, leafhopper Uganda, DR Congo, Zimbabwe Asia: Cambodia, India Oceania: Australia, Fiji 100.Empoasca lybica De II Gossypium barbadens batang, Africa: Algeria, Central Africa, Bergevin; (=Jacobiasca (kapas, cotton), Solanum daun, buah DR Congo, Egypt, Erythrea, lybica =Austroascalybica lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, =Chlorita lybica =C.signata Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, =Empoasca benedettoi potato), Cajanus cajan Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, =E.signata =Jacobiasca (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, signata); Hemiptera: Vitis vinifera (anggur, Uganda Cicadellidae; cotton jassid, grapevine) America: Argentina green leafhopper (GLH) Asia: India, Iran, Israel, 59

Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Yemen Europe: Albania, Italy, Portugal, Spain 101.Empoasca onukii Matsuda; II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) batang, daun Asia: Japan, Thailand Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; tea green leafhopper 102.Epicauta albovittataGestro; II Capsicum annuum (cabai batang, Africa: Kenya Coleoptera: Meloidae; besar, paprika, bell-pepper, daun, buah stripped blister beetle hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), solanaceae 103.Epicauta vittata(Fabricius); II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, batang, Africa: DR Congo Coleoptera: Meloidae; potato), Medicago sativa daun, buah America: Canada, USA stripped blister beetle (alfalfa, lucerne). 104.Epilachna II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, similis(Thunberg); wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South (=Chnootriba corn), Sorghum bicolor Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, similis);Coleoptera: (sorghum), Pennisetum spp. Uganda, Zimbabwe Coccinellidae; maize Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) ladybird beetle, cereal ladybird 105.Epilachna varivestis II Citrus aurantifolia, Glycine batang, daun Asia: Japan Mulsant; (=Epilachna max (kedelai, soyabean), America: Canada, Colombia, corrupta=E.maculiventris); Phaseolus acutifolius, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae; Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Mexican bean beetle, bean vulgaris (buncis, common USA ladybeetle, bean ladybird bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), 60

leguminosae lainnya (other legume) 106.Ernobius mollis II Picea abies, Pinus batang, America: USA (Linnaeus);Coleoptera: kayu, kulit Europe: Italy, Spain Anobiidae; pine bark kayu Oceania: Australia 107.Eulecanium tiliae II Acer campestre (field maple), buah, bibit Africa: Spain (Canary Islands) (Linnaeus); (=Eulecanium Aesculus hippocastanum tanaman America: Canada, USA coryli = Eulecanium mali (buckeye), Crataegus Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, =Lecanium coryli monogyna (hawthorn), Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, =Physokermes coryli = Cydonia oblonga (quince), Israel, Pakistan, Turkey Coccus coryli =Coccus tiliae Ficus, Fraxinus (ashes), Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, =Coccus mali Malus domestica (apple), Czech, Denmark, Serbia, =Parthenolecanium coryli Prunus domestica (plum), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and =Eulecanium ibericum Prunus persica (persik, Herzegovina, Montenegro, =Coccus capreae =Coccus peach), Prunus salicina Macedonia, France, Germany, alni =Coccus salicum (Japanese plum),Pyrus Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, =Coccus fuscus =Coccus communis (European pear), Latvia, Malta, Moldova, aceri =Coccus aceris Acer circinatum, Acer Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, campestris =Coccus pyri macrophyllum, Acer negundo, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, =Coccus rubi =Coccus Acer platanoides, Acer Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, xylostei =Calypticus pseudoplatanus, Aesculus Ukraine, UK (Scotland) fasciatus =Lecanium pavia, Alnus rubra, Betula juglandis =Coccus aesculi papyrifera, Betula pubescens, =Lecanium fasciatum Carpinus betulus, Cornus =Lecanium rubi =Lecanium sanguinea, Corylus avellana, genevense =Lecanium alni Fragaria vesca (wild =Lecanium pyri =Lecanium strawberry), Holodiscus aesculi =Lecanium discolor, Juglans regia, Malus berberidis =Lecanium cerasi sylvestris, Myrica gale, =Lecanium variegatum Parrotia persica, Pistacia =Lecanium fuscum palestina, Populus alba, =Lecanium (Eulecanium) Populus Canadensis, Prunus 61

aesculi =Lecanium armeniaca (apricot, apricot), (Eulecanium) capreae Prunus cerasifera, Prunus =Lecanium (Eulecanium) cerasus, Prunus laurocerasus, cerasi =Lecanium Prunus spinosa, Quercus (Eulecanium) genevense iberica, Quercus ilex, Quercus =Lecanium (Eulecanium) robur, Quercus suber, Salix juglandis, Lecanium caprea, Salix viminalis, (Eulecanium) rubi Sorbus, Tilia cordata, Ulmus =Lecanium (Eulecanium) glabra, Ulmus minor, variegatum =Eulecanium Vaccinium myrtillus fuscum Lecanium (blueberry), Vitis vinifera (Saissetia) capreae (anggur, grapevine) =Lecanium (Eulecanium) hoferi =Lecanium websteri mirabilis =Eulecanium aceris =Eulecanium aesculi =Eulecanium alni =Eulecanium capreae =Eulecanium cerasi =Eulecanium fasciatum =Eulecanium pyri (Schrank) =Eulecanium rubi =Eulecanium variegatum =Eulecanium websteri mirabile =Eulecanium curtisi =Lecanium (Globulicoccus) fuscum =Eulecanium emerici =Globulicoccus fuscus =Lecanium mali =Eulecanium coryli cimbricus =Eulecanium gyrcanicum); Hemiptera: 62

Coccidae; nut scale; thorn scale 108.Eumerus II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, akar, batang, America: USA tuberculatusRondani; onion), Narcissus spp. daun, umbi, Europe Diptera: Syrphidae; lesser (narsisus, narcissus), Crinum tanah bulb fly asiaticum (bakung, lily). Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Irish spp., Lilia spp., Pastinaca sativa (parsnip, parsnip), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, amaryllis), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Calla elliottiana, Eurycies spp., Galtonia spp., Gladiolus spp., Scilla spp., Sprekelia 109.Eupalamides II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun America: Guyana Franch cyparissiasFabricius; coconut), Elaeis guineensis Guyana, Panama, Peru, (=Castnia daedalus (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) Suriname =Castnia dedalus =Lapaeumides dedalus =L.daedalus =Eupalamides dedalus =Papilio cyparissias =P.dedalus); Lepidoptera: Castniidae; oilpalm borer, coconut moth borer, stem borer and bunch stalk

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110.Euscepes II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, batang, akar, America: Antigua and postfasciatus(Fairmaire); sweet potato), Pharbitis nil umbi Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, (=Batatarhynchus Ipomoeaaquatica (kangkung, Brazil, Virgin Islands, Cuba, destructor =Cryptorhynchus water spinach) Dominica, Guyana France, batatae =C.postfasciatus Grenada, Guadeloupe, =Euscepes batatae Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, =Hyperomorphasquamosa); Martinique, Montserrat, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, West Indian sweet potato St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. weevil, scarabee weevil, Vincent and the Grenadines, small sweet potato weevil Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela Asia: Japan Oceania: Palau, Cook Island, Micronesia, Fiji, France Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Island, Pitcairn Island, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis-Futuna 111.Eutinobothrus II Gossypium barbadens batang, akar America: Argentina, Brazil, brasiliensis(Hambleton); (kapas, cotton) Paraguay (=Gasterocercodes Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, brasiliensis =G.gossypii); okra),Hibiscus spp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Brazilian cotton borer, cotton root borer 112.Frankliniella fusca II Arachis hypogaea (kacang daun, bunga, America: Canada, Cuba, (Hinds);(=Euthrips fuscus tanah, peanut), Capsicum tunas Martinique, Mexico, Puerto =E. Nicotiane =Frankliniella annuum (paprika, bell Rico, USA nicotiane =Physopus fuscus pepper), Citrullus lanatus Europe: Netherlands =P. Nicotianae =Scirtothrips (semangka, watermelon), 64

owreyi);Thysanoptera: Glycine max (kedelai, Thripidae; tobacco thrips soyabean), Gossypium (cotton), Hippeastrum, Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 113.Frankliniella II Gossypium barbadens batang, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, occidentalis(Pergande); (kapas, cotton), Allium daun, bunga, Morocco, South Africa, (=Euthrips ascalonicum (bawang merah, buah Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, helianthi=Euthrips shallot), Brassica oleracea Zimbabwe occidentalis =E.tritici var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), America: Argentina, Brazil, californicus =Frankliniella Fragaria vesca Canada, Chile, Colombia, californica (wildstrawberry), Costa Rica, Dominica, =F.canadensis=F.chrysanth Cucurbitaceae, Orchidaceae Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, emi =F.claripennis (anggrek, orchid), Amaranthus Martinique, Mexico, Peru, =F.conspicua =F.dahliae palmeri (palmer amaranth), Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, =F.dianthi =F.nubila Arachys hypogaea (kacang Venezuela =F.occidentalis f. tanah, peanut), Beta vulgaris Asia:Cina, India, Iran, Israel, brunnescens =F.occidentalis (bit, beetroot), Begonia spp., Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, f. dubia=F.syringae Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus x Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Turkey =F.triticimaculata =F.tritici paradise (grapefruit), Europe: Albania, Austria, var. moultoni =F.umbRosa Capsicum annuum (cabai Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, =F.venusta=F.helianthi besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, =F.moultoni=F.trehernei); Cyclamen spp., Dahlia spp., Estonia, Finland, France, Thysanoptera, Thripidae; Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Germany, Greece, Hungary, western flower thrips, Dianthus caryophyllus Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, alfalfa thrips, flower thrips, (anyelir, carnation), Euphorbia Macedonia, Malta, western (USA) grass thrips pulcherrima, Ficus carica (ara, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, fig), Fuchsia sp., Gerbera Portugal, Romania, Russia, 65

jamesonii, Geranium spp., Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Gladiolus hybrids, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Gypsophila, Hibiscus, Oceania: Australia, New Impatiens, Kalanchoe, Lactuca Zealand sativa (selada, lettuce), Limonium sinuatum, Lisianthus spp., Lathyrus odoratus, Leucaena leucocephala (lamtoro, wild tamarind), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa(alfalfa, lucerne), Petroselinum crispum (parslei, parsley), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nektarin, nectarine), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Purshia tridentata, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rhododendron spp. (azalea), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Salvia spp., Secale cereale (rye), Sinapis arvensis, Sinningia speciosa, St.paulia ionantha, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), 66

Sonchus spp., Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Trifolium spp., Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zinnia spp. 114.Globitermes sp;Isoptera: II Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, batang, kayu Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, Termitidae Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus Vietnam camaldulensis, Hevea brasiliensis, Pinus 115.Grapholita II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, America: Canada, USA prunivora(Walsh); (=Cydia Prunus domesticum (plum), daun, bunga, prunivora =Laspeyresia other stone fruit) buah, media prunivora =Semasia Amelanchier, Prunus tanam, prunivora =Enarmonia americana (aprikot, apricot), serasah, prunivora); Lepidoptera: Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), tanah Tortricidae; lesser apple Prunus persica (persik, worm, plum moth peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) 116.Grapholitha II Prunus persica (persik, batang, Africa: Mauritius, Morocco, molesta(Busck); (=Cydia peach), Prunus buah, daun, South Africa molesta =Laspeyresia americana(aprikot, apricot), bunga, America: Argentina, Brazil, molesta =Carpocapsa Prunus persica var. media Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, molesta); Lepidoptera: nucipersica (nektarin, tanam, Uruguay Tortricidae; oriental fruit nectarine). serasah, Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, moth Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, tanah China, Japan, North Korea, quince), Malus domestica South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, (apel, apple), Prunus Syria, Taiwan, domesticum (plum), Prunus Turkey,Uzbekistan dulcis (almon, almond), Europe:Austria, Bulgaria, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Croatia, Czech Republic, 67

Pyrus communis (pear), Buah France, Germany, Greece, batu lain (other stone fruits), Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Malus sp., Eriobotrya japonica Moldova, Portugal, Romania, (lokwat, loquat) Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 117.Grapholitha packardiZeller; II Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry) batang, America: Canada, Mexico, USA (=Cydia packardi Cydonia oblonga, Malus buah, daun, =Enarmonia packardi domestica (apel, apple), bunga, =Enarmonia pyricolana Prunus domesticum (plum), media =Laspeyresia Prunus persica (persik, tanam, packardi=L.pyricolana peach), Pyracantha, Pyrus serasah, =Steganoptycha pyricolana); communis (pir, pear), Rosa tanah Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; spp., Vaccinium corymbosum cherry fruitworm 118.Harmolita grandisRiley; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, America: USA Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; wheat), Hordeum vulgare daun, tanah wheat strand worm (barli, barley), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) 119.Harmolita triticiFitch.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, America: USA Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; wheat), Hordeum vulgare daun, tanah Asia: West Asia wheat joint worm (barli, barley), Avena sativa Europe: Russia (oat, oats), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) 120.Helopeltis anacardii Miller; II Anacardium occidentale batang, Africa: Tanzania Heteroptera: Miridae; (jambu mete, cashew-nut) daun, bunga cashew helopeltis

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121.Helopeltis bergrothi Reuter; II Theobroma cacao (kakao, batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burundi, (=Helopeltis bergrothi cocoa) daun, bunga Cameroon, Republic of Central =H.bergrothi flavescens Anacardium occidentale Africa, DR Congo., Ivory Coast, =H.bergrothi nigripes (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Guinea Equator, Gabon, =H.bergrothi rubrinervis); Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Guinea, Mozambique, Niger, Heteroptera: Miridae; kina, Gossypium barbadens Nigeria, Rwanda, Spain helopeltis bug, cacao- (kapas, cotton), Manihot (Canary Island), Togo mosquito, tea-bug, tea- esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Europe: Spain mosquito, cacao mosquito Ricinus communis (jarak, castor-oil) 122.Helopeltis schoutedeni II Gossypium barbadens batang, Africa: Angola, Burundi, Reuter; (=Helopeltis (kapas, cotton), Anacardium daun, buah Cameroon, Central Africa, sanguineus =H.schoutedeni occidentale (jambu mete, Chad, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, rubra =H.schoutedeni cashew-nut), Ricinus Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, vanderysti); Heteroptera: communis Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Miridae; tea mosquito, Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, cotton bug, cacao- Mangifera indica (mangga, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome & mosquito, tea-bug, cotton mango) Principe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, helopeltis, cotton helopeltis Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe 123.Hercinothrips II Musa spp. (pisang, banana) batang, Africa: Equatorial Guinea, bicinctus(Bagnall); daun, bunga, Guinea, Kenya, South Africa, (=Caliothrips bicinctus buah Tanzania =Heliothrips bicinctus); America: Bermuda, Brazil, Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Peru banana thrips, banana- Asia: India silvering thrips, smilax Europe: Belgium, Portugal, thrips Spain, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 124.Heteroligus appiusBurm.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam) batang, Africa: Burkina Faso, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; daun, umbi Cameroon, Dahomey, Gambia, 69

lesser yam beetle Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 125.Heteroligus melesBillb.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam) batang, Africa: Bourkina Faso, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; daun, umbi Cameroon, Dahomey, Gambia, greater yam beetle Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 126.Hilda patruelis(Stål); II Arachys hypogaea (kacang batang, Africa: Tanzania Hemiptera: Tettigometridae; tanah, peanut) daun, akar, groundnut hopper Anacardium occidentale bunga (jambu mete, cashew-nut); Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange); Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, lady’s finger); Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower); Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean); Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) 127.Homona magnanima II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), tunas, Asia: China, Japan, Taiwan Diakonoff; Lepidoptera: Lithocarpus edulis, Rosa spp. batang, daun Tortricidae; leaf roller, tea (mawar, rose), Pyrus tortrix, Oriental tea tortrix communis (pir, pear), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Chrysant hemum spp. (krisan, chrysant ), Paulownia tomentosa, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant,

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aubergine), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), buah batu (stone fruit), Eurya spp., Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Rhododendron Ispp. (azalea), Nandina domestica, Podocarpus spp. 128.Homorocoryphus nitidulus II Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, batang, Africa: Kenya, Zimbabwe Scopoli; (=Ruspolia tobacco) daun, tanah differens =R.vicina); Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; edible grasshopper 129.Horcias nobilellus Berg.; II Gossypium barbadens batang, daun America: Argentina, Bahama, (=Capsus (Deraeocoris) (kapas, cotton) Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, nobilitatus=Horcias Abelmoschus moschatus Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela (Horciasoides) nobilellus (okra, lady’s finger), Bidens =H.plagosus =Poecilocopsus pilosa nobilellus); Hemiptera: Miridae; cotton plant bug, cotton bug 130.Hylotrupes bajulus II Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, batang, kayu Africa:Algeria, Ivory Coast, (Linnaeus); Coleoptera: Egypt, Libya, Madagascar, Cerambycidae; house Morocco, South Africa, Spain, longhorne beetle/Europen Tunisia, Zimbabwe house borer America: USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Europe: Uruguay Ocenia: Australia, New Zealend 71

131.Hyphantria cuneaDrury; II Morus alba, Prunus cerrasus batang, daun America: Canada, Mexico, USA (=Hyphantria textor); (ceri, cherry), Juglans nigra Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae; (walnut, walnut), Pyrus Turkey blackheaded webworm, communis (pir, pear), Malus Europe: Austria, Bosnia and mulberry moth, redheaded domestica (apel, apple), Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, webworm, fall webworm, Prunus domesticum (plam, Czech, France, Hungary, Italy, American white moth plum), Carya illinoinensis, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Carya ovata, Diospyros Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, na,Liquidambar styraciflua, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Prunus avium Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Carya spp., Humulus lupulus Herzegovina, Montenegro, (hops), Ulmus americana, Macedonia Ailanthus altissima, Juglans Oceania: Micronesia, Northern regia (walnut, walnut), Pinus Mariana Island densiflora, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 132.Incisitermes minor(Hagen); II Dry wood batang, kayu America: USA, Mexico, canada Isoptera: Kalotermitidae; western drywood termite 133.Ips typographus Linnaeus; II Eucalyptus, Oak, pines batang, kayu Asia: China, Japan, Korea Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Europe: Russia European spruce bark beetle 134.Keiferia II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, batang, America: Bermuda, Bolivia, lycopercicellaWalsingham;(= tomato) daun, buah Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Gnorimoschema elmorei Solanum melongena (terung, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, USA, =G.lycopersicella =Keiferia eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Venezuela, Canada, Dominican elmorei =Phthorimaea tuberosum (kentang, potato), Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, elmorei =P.lycopersicella); Gossypium barbadens Peru Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae; (kapas, cotton), Nicotiana tomato pinworm tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum nigrum (leunca, black nightshade)

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135.Lepidosaphes II Fagus grandifolia (American daun, tanah Africa: Algeria, Egypt, South ulmi(Linnaeus); beech), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Africa, Tunisia (=Aspidiotus conchiformis Fraxinus americana (white America: Argentina, Brazil, =A. falciformis =A.juglandis ash),Juglans regia (walnut, Canada, Chile, Colombia, =A.pomorum =A.pyrus- walnut), Malus domestica Mexico, Peru, USA, Uruguay malus =A.saliceti =Coccus (apel, apple), Olea europaea Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, conchiformis =C.ulmi subsp. europaea (zaitun, China, Georgia, India, Iran, =Diaspis olive), Populus canadensis Iraq, Israel, Japan, linearis=Lepidosaphes (hybrid black poplar), Populus Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea (Mytilaspis) deltoides (poplar), Populus (South Korea), Saudi Arabia, ulmi=L.ceratoniae =L. nigra (black poplar), Prunus Syria, Taiwan, Turkey conchiformis =L.juglandis (buah batu,stone fruit), Pyrus Europe: Austria, Belgium, =L.pomorum =L.ulmi communis (pir, pear), Salix Bulgaria,Bosnia and =L.vulva =Mytilaspis alba (white willow), Tilia Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, (Lepidosaphes) pomorum cordata (small-leaf lime), Czech, Denmark, France, =M.ceratoniae =M.juglandis Vaccinium myrtillus Germany, Greece, Hungary, =M.pomicorticis (blueberry) Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, =M.pomorum =M.ulicis Prunus salicina (Japanese Netherlands, Norway, Poland, =M.ulmi =M.vitis plum), Rosa damascena Romania, Russia,Spain, =Mytilococcus saliceti (Damask rose) Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, =M.ulmi); Hemiptera: UK, Serbia, Montenegro, Diaspididae; oystershell Slovenia, Slovakia, scale, apple mussel scale, Oceania: Australia mussel scale 136.Leptinotarsa decemlineata II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, umbi, Africa: Gabon Say; (=Chrysomela potato) rimpang, America: Canada,Cuba, decemlineata =Doryphora Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, batang, Guatemala, Mexico, USA decemlineata =Leptinotarsa tomato), Solanum melongena daun, tanah Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, multitaeniata =Polygramma (terung, eggplant, aubergine), China, Iran, Iraq, Japan, decemlineata); Coleoptera: Hyoscyamus niger (black Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Chrysomelidae; Colorado henbane), Nicotiana Tajikistan, Turkey, potato beetle, Colorado tabacum(tembakau, tobacco) Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan beetle Europe: Albania, Andorra,

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Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine,Montenegro 137.Leptopharsa heveae Drake II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, tunas, America: Brazil & Poor; Hemiptera: rubber tree) batang, Tingidae; lace bug, rubber daun, bibit, tingid bug tanaman hasil mikropropag asi 138.Leucoptera caffeina II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun Africa: Angola, Burundi, Washburn; (=Leucoptera Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, daricella); Lepidoptera: arabica coffee) Uganda,Rwanda, Tanzania, Lyonetiidae; coffee Coffea eugenioides Madagascar leafminer America: Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Peru,

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Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Asia: Yemen 139.Leucoptera coffeella Guer & II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun Africa:Madagascar Menev; (=Perileucoptera Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, America: Antigua and coffeella, Cemiostoma arabica coffee) Barbuda, Barbados, Bolivia, coffeella, Elachista coffeella) Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae; Cuba, Dominica, Dominican coffee leaf miner, white Republic, Ecuador, El coffee leafminer Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 140.Leucoptera coma Ghesq; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun Africa: Congo, Uganda Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Coffea canephora (kopi coffee leafminer robusta, robusta coffee) 141.Leucoptera meyrickGhesq.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) daun Africa: Burundi, Central Africa, Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae; Kenya, Rwanda,South Africa, coffee leafminer Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe America: Brazil, Peru 142.Liriomyza II Brassica juncea var. juncea tunas, daun, Africa: Egypt, Marocco bryoniaeKaltenbach; (Indian mustard), Brassica tanah, bibit Asia: China, India, Israel, (=Agromyza oleracea var. capitata (kubis, Japan, Republic of Korea bryoniaeKaltenbach= cabbage), Brassica rapa (South Korea), Nepal, Taiwan, 75

Liriomyza citrulla cultivar group Mizuna, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Rohdendorf =Liriomyza Citrullus, Citrullus lanatus Vietnam mercurialis Hering, (semangka, watermelon), Europe: Albania, Belarus, Liriomyza solani Hering); Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Diptera: Agromyzidae; Cucumis sativus (mentimun, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, tomato leafminer cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Denmark, Estonia, Finland, (labu kuning, zucchini), France, Germany, Greece, Lactuca sativa (selada, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, lettuce), Solanumlycopersicum Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, (tomat, tomato), Polyphagous Montenegro, Netherlands, (polyphagous), Solanum Norway, Poland, Portugal, tuberosum (kentang, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, potato),Solanaceae, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Atropa (Deadly nightshade), Callistephus, Capsicum (peppers), Celosia argentea (celosia), Chenopodium (Goosefoot), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Datura (thorn-apple), Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy), Hyoscamus, Lamium (deadnettle), Levisticum, Linaria (Toadflax), Lupinus (lupins), Lycium (boxthorn), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru), Petroselinum (parsley), Petunia, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), 76

Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Ricinus, Saponaria (soapwort),Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena(terung, eggplant, aubergine), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Verbena (vervain), Withania 143.Listronotus II Hordeum vulgare (barli, batang, America: Argentina, Bolivia, bonariensis(Kuschel); barley), Lolium multiflorum daun, akar, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay (=Hyperodes bonariensis (italian ryegrass), Lolium bunga, biji Oceania: Australia, New Kuschel =Hyperodes perenne (perennial ryegrass), Zealand griseus Marshall Poaceae (grasses), Triticum =Neobagous setosus aestivum (gandum, wheat), Hustache); Coleoptera: Zea mays (jagung, corn), Curculionidae; argentine cerealia, rerumputan stem weevil, ryegrass stem (Poaceae). weevil, shoot weevil, weevil, Agrostis capillaris (brown argentine stem, weevil, bentgrass), Anthoxanthum ryegrass stem, wheat stem puelii (Annual vernalgrass), weevil Avena sativa (oat, oats), Bromus spp(bromegrasses), Cynodon spp. (quickgrass), Dactylis (Orchardgrass), Digitaria (crabgrass), Echinochloa spp., Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Festuca pratensis (english bluegrass),Festuca rubra (red fescue), Paspalum, Phleum pretense (timothy), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) 77

144.Listronotus oregonensis II Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), akar, batang, America: Canada, USA Leconte; Coleoptera: Apium graveolens (seledri, daun, umbi, Curculionidae; carrot celery), Anethum graveolens tanah weevil (dill), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli, parsley). 145.Listronotus texanus II Daucus carota (wortel, carrot) akar, batang, America: USA Stockton; Petroselinum crispum daun, umbi (= Hyperodes texanus); (peterseli, parsley) Coleoptera: Curculionidae;carrot weevil 146.Lobesia botrana Denis & II Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah, bunga Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Schiffermuller; (=Coccyx grapevine) Kenya, Libya, Morocco botrana Praun =Cochylis Actinidia chinensis (Chinese America: USA, Chile botrana Herrich-Schaffer gooseberry), Actinidia Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, =Cochylis vitisana Audouin deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi fruit), Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, =Eudemis botrana Frey Arbutus unedo (arbutus), Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, =Eudemis rosmarinana Berberis vulgaris (European Lebanon, Syria, Tajikistan, Millière =Grapholita botrana barberry), Clematis vitalba Turkey, Turkmenistan, Heinemann =Lobesia (old man's beard), Cornus mas Uzbekistan rosmariana =Noctua romani (cornelian cherry), Cornus Europe: Austria, Belgium, O. Costa =Paralobesia sanguinea (dogwood), Daphne Bulgaria, Bosnia and botrana =Penthina gnidium, Daphne laureola, Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, vitivorana Packard Dianthus spp. (carnation), Czech, Finland, France, =Polychrosis botrana Diospyros kaki (kesemek, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ragonot =Tinea premixtana persimmon), Hedera helix Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Hübner =Tinea reliquana (ivy), Ligustrum vulgare Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Hübner =Tortrix botrana (privet), Lonicera tatarica Netherlands, Portugal, Denis & Schiffermüller (Tatarian honeysuckle), Romania, Rusia, Serbia, =Tortrix reliquana Menispermum canadense Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Treitschke =Tortrix (common moonseed), Olea Switzerland, Ukraine, UK romaniana O. Costa europea subsp. europea =Tortrix vitisana Jacquin=); (zaitun, olive), Prunus 78

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus grape berry moth, european spp., Punica granatum grape vine moth, grape fruit (delima, pomegranate), Ribes moth, grape leaves-roller, spp., Parthenocissus grape moth, grape vine quinquefolia (Virginia creeper), moth, vine moth Prunus amygdalus, Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus spinosa (blackthorn), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Ribes (currants), Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), Ribes rubrum (red currant), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rubus caesius (dewberry), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Syringa vulgaris (lilac), Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Viburnum lantana (Wayfaring tree), Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube) 147.Longitarsus II Piper nigrum (lada, daun, buah Asia: India. nigripennis(Motschulsky); blackpepper) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; flea beetle, pepper, pollu 148.Lygus lineolarisPalisot de II Amaranthus cruentus batang, America: Bermuda, Canada, El Beauvois; (=Capsus (redshank), Apium graveolens daun, bunga Salvador, Guatemala, flavonotatus Provancher (seledri, celery), Brassica Honduras, Mexico, USA =Capsus lineolaris Palisot napus var. napus(rapa, rape), Asia: Georgia 79

de Beauvois =Capsus Brassica oleracea var. botrytis oblineatus Say =Capsus (bunga kol, cauliflower), strigulatus Walker =Lygus Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, pratensis var. rubidus bourboncotton),Fragaria Knight); Hemiptera: ananassa(strawberry, Miridae; plant bug, strawberry), Medicago sativa tarnished (alfalfa, lucerne), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Polyphagous (Polyphagous), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium incarnatum (crimson clover), Vicia sativa (common vetch), Zea mays subsp. mays (jagung manis, sweetcorn) Anethum graveolens (dill), Apium graveolens var dulce (seledri, celery), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Aster spp., Aster pilosus (white heath aster), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Bellis perennis (common daisy), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Calendula officinalis (pot marigold), Cosmos spp., Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Dahlia hybrids, 80

Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dendranthema spp., Erigeron (fleabane), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Helianthus spp., Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza), Malus (ornamental species apple), Papaver nudicaule (iceland poppy), Pinus echinata(shortleaves pine), Populus (poplars), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rubus spp. (blackberry, raspberry), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Sinapis alba (white mustard),Tragopogon porrifolius (oysterplant), Verbena spp. (vervain), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) 149.Lymantria dispar Linnaeus; II Acer saccharum (sugar kulit kayu Africa: Algeria, Morocco, (=Bombyx dispar Linnaeus maple), Betula papyrifera muda Tunisia =Hypogymna dispar (paper birch), Quercus alba America: Canada, USA. Linnaeus =Liparis dispar (white oak), Quercus coccinea Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Linnaeus =Ocneria dispar (scarlet oak), Quercus Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Linnaeus =Phalaena dispar ellipsoidalis (Northern pin Iraq, Israel, Japan, Linnaeus =Porthesia dispar oak), Quercus garryana (Garry Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North Linnaeus =Porthetria dispar oak), Quercus ilex (holm oak), Korea), Republic of Korea Linnaeus); Lepidoptera: Quercus lobata (California (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, Lymantriidae; gypsy moth white oak), Quercus montana Lebanon, Mongolia, Syria, (basket oak), Quercus Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey, muehlenbergii (Chinquapin Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

81

oak), Quercus palustris (pin Europe: Austria, Belarus, oak), Quercus petraea Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, (durmast oak), Quercus robur Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, (common oak), Quercus rubra Finland, France, Germany, (northern red oak), Quercus Greece, Hungary, Italy, suber (cork oak), Quercus Lithuania, Macedonia, velutina (black oak), Salix Moldova, Montenegro, fragilis (crack willows), Ulmus Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, (elms) Romania, Rusia, Serbia, Acer (maples), Acer negundo Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, (box elder), Acer platanoides Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, (norway maple), Acer rubrum UK (red maple), Acer saccharinum (soft maple), Alnus (alders), Alnus rhombifolia (white alder), Betula (birches), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula lenta (sweet birch), Betula populifolia (gray birch), Carpinus (hornbeams), Carya (hickories), Castanea sativa (chesnut), Cedrus libani (cedar of Lebanon), Corylus, Corylus avellana (hazel), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum), Fagus (beeches), Fagus grandifolia (american beech), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Hamamelis

82

virginiana (virginian witch- hazel), Larix (larches), Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch), Larix occidentalis (western larch), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum), Litchi chinensis (lichi), Lithocarpus edulis, Malus (ornamental species apple), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Ostrya virgianiana (american hophornbeam), Picea abies (common spruce), Picea jezoensis (yeddo spruce), Pinus (pines), Pinus brutia (brutian pine), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine), Pinus echinata (shortleaves pine), Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus sylvestris (scots pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Platanus acerifolia (London planetree), Populus (stone fruit), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), Populus nigra (black poplar), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domestica (plam,

83

plum), Prunus salicina (japanese flowering cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus serrulata (japanese flowering cherry), Pseudotsuga menziesii (douglas-fir), Pyrus (pear, pears), Quercus ilicifolia (bear oak), Robinia (locust), Robiniapseudoacacia (black locust), Salix (willows), Salix babylonica (weeping willows), Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), Tilia americana (basswood), Tilia cordata (small-leaves lime), Vaccinium (blueberries), Zea mays(jagung, corn) 150.Macrodactylus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), akar, daun, America: Mexico, USA subspinosus(Fabricius); Rosa (mawar, roses) bunga, tanah Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Vitis vinifera (anggur, rose chafer grapevine), Beta spp., cucurbitae, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), legumes, Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), buah batulainnya (other stone fruit), Rubus spp., Fragaria vesca (arbei, strawberry) 151.Macroplectra nararia Moore; II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), batang, Asia: India, Sri Lanka (=Darna nararia= Natada Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun, tanah,

84

nararia Moore= Parasa Elaeis guineensis (kelapa kayu, media nararia); Lepidoptera: sawit, oilpalm), Cocos nucifera pertumbuha Limacodidae; nettle grub, (kelapa, coconut), Erythrina n tanaman, fringed nettle grub, slug spp.(dadap, december tree), bibit caterpillar Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Canna spp. (bunga tasbih, canna), Citrus spp., Crotalaria spp., Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany), Gliricidia maculata, Lonicera spp., (honeysuckles), Psidium guineense (guinea guava), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Tephrosia spp. (hoary-pea) 152.Macrosiphum euphorbiae II Beta vulgarisvar. Saccharifera batang, Africa: Algeria, Angola, Thomas; (=Illinoia (bit gula, sugarbeet), Ipomoea daun, bunga, Burundi, DR Congo, Egypt, solanifolii=Macrosiphon batatas (ubi jalar, sweet buah Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, euphorbiae potato), Lactuca sativa Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Thomas=Macrosiphon (selada, lettuce), Rosa spp. Mozambique, Rwanda, solanifolii (mawar, rose), Solanum Reunion, Saint Helena, South Ashmead=Macrosiphum lycopersicum (tomat, Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, amygdaloides tomato),Solanum melongena Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe =Macrosiphum cyprissiae (terung, eggplant, aubergine), America: Argentina, Bermuda, var. cucurbitae del Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Guercio=Macrosiphum potato), Zea mays (jagung, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, euphorbiellum corn) Falkland Island, Jamaica, TheobaldMacrosiphum Apium graveolens (seledri, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, koehleri celery), Artemisia USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Börner=Macrosiphum (wormwoods), Capsicum Asia: Bangladesh, China, rosaeollae (peppers), Chenopodium India, Iran, Israel, Japan, TheobaldMacrosiphum album (fat hen), Chenopodium Jordan, Korea DPR (North solanifolii quinoa (quinoa), Citrus, Citrus Korea), Republic of Korea 85

(Ashmead)=Macrosiphum deliciosa (mediterranean (South Korea), Lebanon, tabaci mandarin), Citrus reticulata Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi PergandeNectarophora (mandarin), Citrus sinensis Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, ascepiadis Cowen ex (navel orange), Cucumis Turkey Gillette & sativus (mentimun, Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, BakerNectarophora cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Austria, Belarus, Belgium, heleniella (ornamental gourd), Epilobium Bulgaria, Bosnia and CockerellNectarophora angustifolium (rosebay Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, lycopersici willowherb), Fragaria Czechoslovakia, Denmark, ClarkeNectarophora (strawberry), Freesia, Estonia, Finland, France, tabaci=Nectarophora tabaci Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, PergandeSiphonophora Gossypium (cotton), Hordeum Germany, Greece, Hungary, asclepiadifolii vulgare (barley), Linum Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Thomas=Siphonophora usitatissimum (flax), Lupinus Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, cucurbitae Middleton ex (lupins), Lupinus albus (white Luxembourg, Macedonia, Thomas=Siphonophora lupine), Phaseolus vulgaris Malta, Moldova,Montenegro, euphorbiae (buncis, common bean), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Thomas=Siphonophora Triticum aestivum (gandum, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, solanifolii wheat), Vicia faba (faba bean), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Ashmead=Siphonophora Vigna unguiculata (kacang Sweden, Switzerland, tulipae Mondell); panjang, cowpea), Vitis Slovenia,Tajikistan, Hemiptera: Aphididae; vinifera (anggur, grapevine) Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, potato aphid, pink and Ukraine, UK green potato aphid, pink Oceania: Australia, New and green potato aphis, Caledonia, New Zealand pink potato aphid, potato aphid, tomato aphid 153.Macrotermes natalensis II Eucalyptus macarthurii, E. batang, kayu Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Haviland; Isoptera: smithii, E. camaldulensis, E. Uganda, Zimbabwe Termitidae grandis, E.viminalis 154.Malacosoma II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, kulit America: Canada, USA americanumFabricius; Prunus domesticum (plam, batang daun, 86

Lepidoptera: plum), Prunus persica (persik, buah Lasyocampidae; eastern peach) tent caterpillar, American Acer rubrum (red maple), Acer tent caterpillar, apple tent saccharum (sugar maple), caterpillar, orchard tent Alnus (alders), Amelanchier caterpillar (serviceberries), Berberis vulgaris (European barberry), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), Carya illinoinensis (pecan), Corylus, Crataegus (hawthorns), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Hamamelis (witchhazel), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum), Malus coronaria (sweet crab-apple), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Nyssa sylvatica (tupelo), Populus (poplars), Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth aspen), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus pennsylvanica, Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree), Quercus alba (white oak), 87

Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Rosa (roses), Salix (willows), Sorbus (rowan), Tilia americana (basswood), Ulmus thomasii (rock elm) 155.Maladera castanea(Arrow); II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), tanaman, America: USA Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), tanah Asia: China, Japan, Korea Asiatic garden beetle Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Capsicum annuum (cabe besar, paprika, bell-pepper, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Brassica rapa subspec. rapa (turnip) 156.Manduca II Capsicum annuum (paprika, batang, America: Canada, USA quinquemaculata(Haworth); bell pepper), Solanum daun, tanah (=Phlegethontius celeus lycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Hübner =Phlegethontius Solanum melongena (terung, quinquemaculata Haworth eggplant, aubergine), Solanum =Protoparce tuberosum (kentang, potato) quinquemaculata ab. wirti Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Schaus =Protoparce tobacco), Nicotiana attenuata quinquemaculatus Atropa belladonna (deadly (Haworth) =Sphinx nightshade), Cestrum quinquemaculatus floribundum, Datura Haworth); Lepidoptera: stramonium (jimsonweed), Sphingidae; tomato Kallstroemia parviflora, hornworm, five-spotted Nicotiana sylvestris, Physalis hawkmoth, tobacco fly viscosa (sticky physalis),Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum grandiflorum 88

157.Manduca sextaLinnaeus; II Capsicum annuum (paprika, batang, America: Antigua and (=Macrosila carolina bell-pepper), Sesamum daun, tanah Barbuda, Argentina, Bahama, (Linnaeus) Clemens indicum (wijen, sesame), Barbados, Belize, British Virgin =Manduca carolina Solanum melongena (terung, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, (Linnaeus) Hübner eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Caribbean Islands, Cayman =Phlegethontius carolina lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Island, Chile, Colombia, Costa (Linnaeus) Hübner Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, =Phlegethontius sexta tobacco), Nicotiana attenuata, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, (Linnaeus) Kirby Solanum tuberosum (kentang, French Guiana, Grenada, =Protoparce carolina potato) Guadeloupe, Guatemala, (Linnaeus) Butler Atropa belladonna (deadly Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, =Protoparce griseata Butler nightshade), Cestrum Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, =Protoparce jamaicensis floribundum, Datura Montserrat, Nicaragua, Butler =Protoparce stramonium (kecubung, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, leucoptera Rothschild and jimsonweed), Datura wrightii, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Jordan =Protoparce sexta Kallstroemia parviflora, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the (Linnaeus) Rothschild & Verbena spp., Nicotiana Grenadines, Suriname, Jordan =Protoparce sexta sylvestris, Physalis viscosa Trinidad and Tobago, USA, luciae Gehlen =Protoparce (sticky physalis), Solanum Uruguay, Venezuela, sexta peruviana elaeagnifolium (silverleaves Oceania:Papua New Guinea Bryk=Protoparce sexta nightshade), Solanum saliensis Kernbach =Sphinx grandiflorum caestri Blanchard =Sphinx carolina Linnaeus =Sphinx eurylochus Philippi =Sphinx lycopersici Boisduval=Sphinx nicotianae Boisduval =Sphinx paphus Cramer =Sphinx sexta Linnaeus =Sphinx tabaci Boisduval =; Lepidoptera: Sphingidae; 89

tomato hornworm, tobacco hornworm, Carolina sphinx (USA), tomato sphinx 158.Mayetiola destructor(Say); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, (=Cecidomyia wheat) daun, biji Tunisia destructor=Cecidomyia Agropyron spp., Hordeum America: Canada, USA frumentaria vulgare (barli, barley), Secale Asia: Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Rondani=Chortomyia cereale (rye) Syria, Turkey secalina Loew=Mayetiola Europe: Austria, Belgium, mimeuri Mesnil=Mayetiola Bosnia and Herzegovina, secalis Bollow=Phytophaga Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, cerealis Czech, Denmark, Finland, Rondani=Phytophaga France, Germany, Greece, destructor); Diptera: Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Cecidomyiidae; hessian fly Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania: New Zealand 159.Myopardalis pardalina II Cucumis sativus (mentimun, buah, media Asia: Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Biggot; Diptera: cucumber), Cucumis melo tanam, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, India, Tephritidae; Baluchistan (melon, melon), Cucurbita tanah Pakistan, Afghanistan fruit fly maxima (waluh, labu parang, Europe: Russia pumpkin), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucurbitaceae 160.Mythimna unipuncta II Avena sativa (oat, oats), batang, Africa: Mali, Morocco, Niger, Haworth; (=Cirphis Brassica oleracea var. italica daun, tanah Senegal, Somalia,Togo unipuncta (brokoli, broccoli), Hordeum America: Argentina, Bahamas, Haworth=Heliophila vulgare (barley), Saccharum Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, 90

Butl.=Heliophila unipuncta officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Haworth=Leucania antica Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Walker=Leucania extranea tobacco), Zea mays (jagung, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Guenée=Leucania corn), Oryza sativa (padi, Rico, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela saccharivora paddy), Sorghum bicolor Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Butl.=Leucania unipuncta (sorgum, sorghum), rumput Turkey, Uzbekistan Haworth=Leucania dan serealea lainnya (Poaceae Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, unipuncta tseki and other cerealia), Panicum Denmark, France, Germany, Koutsaftikis=Noctua miliaceum (millet), Secale Greece, Hungary, unipuncta cereale (rye), Triticum (wheat), Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Haworth=Pseudaletia Zea mays subsp. mays Luxembourg, Malta, adultera=Pseudaletia (jagung manis, sweetcorn) Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, unipuncta Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, (Haworth)=Pseudaletia (cauliflower), Brassica Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, unipuncta quecha oleracea var. gemmifera UK Franclemont=Sideridis (Brussels sprouts), unipuncta Haworth); Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; Turfgrasses, Medicago sativa rice armyworm, American (alfalfa, lucerne), Trifolium army worm, American spp. (clovers), Allium spp. wainscot, armyworm, (onions, garlic, leek, armyworm, American, etc.), Solanumlycopersicum armyworm, true, rice (tomat, tomato), Phaseolus cutworm, true armyworm, spp. (beans), Solanum white-speck tuberosum (kentang, potato), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Trifolium (clovers), turfgrasses 161.Myzaphis II Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, Africa: South Africa rosarumKaltenbach; daun, bunga Hemiptera: Aphididae; lesser rose aphid 91

162.Naupactus leucoloma II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, batang, Africa: South Africa Boheman; (=Graphognathus potato), Trifolium repens, daun, umbi, America: Argentina, Brazil, leucolomaBuchanan; = pastures, Medicago sativa tanah, akar Chile, Peru, USA, Uruguay Pantomorus leucoloma); (alfalfa, lucerne), Arachys Oceania: Australia, New Coleoptera: Curculionidae; hypogaea (kacang tanah, Zealand white fringed weevil, white peanut) fringed beetle Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato) 163.Nematocerus spp.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; wheat), Zea mays (jagung, daun, biji Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, shiny cereal weevil corn), cerealia, legumes, Uganda Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) 164.Oberea II Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, America: America. bimaculatusLeconte; daun, bunga Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; raspberry cane borer 165.Olenecamtus II Artocarpus integra, A. hissuta, batang, Asia: India, Pakistan bilobusFabricius; Mangifera indica(mangga, kayu, kulit Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ; mango), Morusa alba kayu Longhorn beetle. 166.Ophiomyia simplex(Loew); II Asparagus officinalis batang, America: USA (=Agromyza simplex (Loew)= (asparagus, asparagus) daun, akar Europe: France Melanagromyza simplex (Loew) ); Diptera: Agromyzidae; asparagus miner 167.Opogona II Ananas comosus (nenas, batang, Africa: Cape Verde, sacchariBojer;(=Alucita pineapple), Bambusa daun, bunga, Madagascar, Mauritius,

92

sacchari Bojer=Gelechia (bamboo), Dracaena, bibit, umbi Morocco, Nigeria, Réunion, ligniferalla Walker=Gelechia Hippeastrum, Musa (pisang, Saint Helena, Seychelles, sanctaehelenae banana), Polyphagous South Africa Walker=Hieroxestis (polyphagous), Saccharum America: Barbados, Bermuda, ligniferella=Hieroxestis officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Honduras, USA, Brazil, Peru, plumipes Butler=Hieroxestis Strelitzia, Yucca, Zea mays Venezuela sanctaehelenae (jagung, corn) Asia: China, Israel, Japan Walker=Hieroxestis Alpinia, Begonia, Europe: Germany, Italy, subcervinella Bougainvillea spectabilis Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Walker=Laverna plumipes (Bougainvilla), Bromeliaceae, Spain, Switzerland Butler=Opogona Cactaceae (cacti),Capsicum Europe: Germany,Italy, sanctaehelenae (peppers), Chamaedorea, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Walker=Opogona Chamaedorea elegans Russian, Spain, Switzerland subcervinella (Walker) (parlour palm), Cordyline, =Tinea subcervinella Walker Dieffenbachia (dumbcanes), ); Lepidoptera; Tineidae; Dioscorea (gembili, yam), banana moth, sugarcane Euphorbia pulcherrima moth (poinsettia), Ficus, Heliconia, Hippeastrum, Maranta (arrowroot), Philodendron, Saintpaulia (african violet), Sansevieria (snake plant), Sinningia speciosa (gloxinia), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine) 168.Oryctes boasFabricius; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; coconut), Elaeis guineensis daun, media Faso, Burundi, Chad, DR rhinoceros beetle, scarabeid (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), tanam, Congo, Congo, Ethiopia, oryctes boas Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, tanah Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory dates-palm) Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Washingtonia (wshington- Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, palm) Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, 93

Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen 169.Oryctes elegansPrell; II Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, batang, Africa: Mauritius Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; dates-palm) daun, media Asia: Iran rhinoceros beetle tanam, tanah 170.Oryctes monoceros(Olivier); II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Oryctes blucheaui coconut), Elaeis guineensis daun, media Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Fairmaire=Oryctes insularis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), tanam, Comoros, DR Congo, Congo, Coquerel=Scarabaeus Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, tanah Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, monoceros Olivier); dates-palm) Guyana, Kenya, Liberia, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Agave sisalana (sisal hemp), Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, rhinoceros beetle; coconut Areca spp., Dracaena spp., Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, beetle Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Raphia spp., Saccharum Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra officinarum (tebu, sugarcane) Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen 171.Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner; II Avena sativa (oat, oats), batang, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Botys nubilalis Robin & Echinochloa crus-galli daun, buah, Morocco, Tunisia Laboulbène=Botys (barnyard grass), Hordeum biji America: Canada, USA silacealisHübner=Micracris vulgare (barley), Humulus Asia: China, Georgia, Iran, nubilalis=Micractis nubilalis lupulus (hops), Pennisetum Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Hübner=Pyralis nubilalis glaucum (pearl), rerumputan Europe: Austria, Belarus, Hübner=Pyrausta nubilalis (Poaceae), Sorghum bicolor Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Meyrick=Pyrausta (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, silacealis); Lepidoptera: halepense (Johnson grass), Czech, Denmark, France, 94

Crambidae; European serealia lainnya (cerealia), Germany, Greece, Hungary, maize borer, European corn Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Ireland, Italy, Moldova, borer, corn moth, stalk Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zea Montenegro, Macedonia, borer mays subsp. mays Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (sweetcorn) Portugal, Romania, Russia, Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, spinach), Amaranthus spp. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, (grain amaranth), Amaranthus Ukraine, UK retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Arctium minus (common burdock), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Chrysanthemum spp., Capsicum spp. (peppers), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cynara scolymus var. Scolymus (artisyok, globeartichoke), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Humulus lupulus (hop), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Populus (poplars), Malus domesticum (apel, apple), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Solanum tuberosum 95

(kentang, potato), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), Xanthium (Cocklebur) 172.Otiorhyncus sulcatus II Pinus batang, kulit Africa: Egypt Fabricius; Coleoptera: kayu, kayu America: USA, Colombia, Chile, Curculionidae; black pine Canada weevil Asia: Japan Europe: Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 173.Oulema oryzaeKuw.; (Lema II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun Asia: China, Japan, Korea oryzae); Coleoptera: Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chrysomelidae; rice leaves Belarus, Estonia, beetle Georgia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine 174.Pachydissus II Acacia spp. batang, Oceania: Australia sericusNewman; kayu, kulit Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; kayu longhorn beetle 175.Pachymerus II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa buah, biji Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, lacerdaeChevr.; sawit, oilpalm) Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ivory (=Pachymerus olearius); Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea- Coleoptera: Bruchidae; Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, palm kernel borer Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Northwest Africa America: Argentina, Bolivia,

96

Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela 176.Pachymerus nucleorum II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, biji America: Brazil, Guyana Fabricius; (=Bruchus coconut), Elaeis guineensis France, Guyana, Paraguay nucleorum=Caryoborus (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) nucleorum); Coleoptera: Bruchidae; coconut borer, kernel borer 177.Paleacrita vernataPeck.; II Ulmus spp., kayu hutan batang, America: Canada, USA (=Alsophila vernata); lainnya (other forest tree) daun, buah Lepidoptera: Geometridae; spring cankerworm 178.Papaipema nebrisGuenee; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, America: USA (=Papaipema nitela); cerealia daun, bunga Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; stalk borer 179.Parallelodiplosis II Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid) batang, America: USA cattleyaeMolliard; Diptera: daun, bunga Cecydomiidae; cattleya midge 180.Parthenolecanium corni II Crataegus (hawthorns), Malus bunga, buah, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya Bouché;(= Coccus rosarum (ornamental species apple), daun, America: Argentina, Brazil, Snellen van Volenhoven in Mespilus germanica (medlar), batang, bibit Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, De Graaf et al.=Coccus Morus alba (mora), Prunus tanaman Peru tiliae Fitch=Eulecanium (stone fruit), Prunus domestica Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, corni corni (Bouché); (plum), Prunus persica Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Schmutterer=Eulecanium (persik. peach), Populus India,Iran, Israel, fraxini King=Eulecanium (poplars), Prunus salicina Japan,Kazakhstan, Korea

97

guignardi King=Eulecanium (Japanese plum), Prunus DPR(North Korea), Republic of kansasense (Hunter) serotina (black cherry), Korea (South Korea), King=Eulecanium rosae Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, King=Eulecanium vini firethorn), Ribes (currants), Mongolia,Pakistan, Syria, (Bouché) Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), Tajikistan,Turkey, Cockerell=Lecanium Ribes rubrum (red currant), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Eulecanium) armeniacum Rosa (mawar, roses), Vitis Europe: Albania, Craw; Cockerell & vinifera (anggur, Austria,Belarus, Belgium, Parrott=Lecanium grapevineAcer (maples), Bulgaria, Bosnia and (Eulecanium) assimile Aesculus Herzegovina, Czech, Croatia, Newstead; Reh= hippocastanum(horse Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Lecanium (Eulecanium) chestnut), Aphelandra France, Germany, Greece, aurantiacum squarrosa (Zebra plant), Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Hunter=Lecanium Buxus sempervirens (common Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, (Eulecanium) canadense boxwood), Carpinus betulus Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Cockerell; Cockerell & (hornbeam), Celtis occidentalis Poland, Portugal, Romania, Parrott=Lecanium (hackberry), Citrus Russia, Serbia,Montenegro, (Eulecanium) caryarum aurantiifolia (lime), Clematis Macedonia,Slovakia, Slovenia, Cockerell=Lecanium vitalba (old man's beard), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, (Eulecanium) corylifex Cornus (Dogwood), Cornus Ukraine, UK Fitch; Cockerell=Lecanium sanguinea (dogwood), Oceania: Australia, New (Eulecanium) crawii Corylus, Corylus avellana Zealand Ehrhorn; Cockerell & (hazel), Cotoneaster, Cydonia Parrott=Lecanium oblonga (quince), Euonymus (Eulecanium) cynosbati europaeus, Fraxinus (ashes), Fitch; Cockerell & Jasminum (jasmine), Juglans Parrott=Lecanium regia (walnut), Lonicera (Eulecanium) fitchii (honeysuckles), Magnolia Signoret; Cockerell & grandiflora (Southern Parrott=Lecanium magnolia), Malus domestica (Eulecanium) kingii (apel, apple), Mespilus Cockerell=Lecanium germanica (medlar), Morus 98

(Eulecanium) lintneri alba (mora), Populus Cockerell & Bennett; (poplars), Prunus salicina Cockerell=Lecanium (Japanese plum), (Eulecanium) maclurarum Prunus serotina (black Cockerell=Lecanium cherry), Pyracantha coccinea (Eulecanium) ribis Fitch; (Scarlet firethorn), Pyrus (pir, Cockerell & pears), Pyrus communis Parrott=Lecanium (European pear), Ribes uva- (Eulecanium) rugosum crispa (gooseberry), Robinia Signoret; pseudoacacia(black locust), Cockerell=Lecanium Rosmarinus officinalis (Eulecanium) tarsale (rosemary), Rubus Signoret; Cockerell & (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus Parrott=Lecanium idaeus (raspberry), Salix (Eulecanium) vini Bouché; (willows), Sorbus (rowan), King & Reh=Lecanium Spiraea, Taxus baccata adenostomae (English yew), Tilia (limes), Kuwana=Lecanium Ulmus (elms), Vaccinium armeniacum myrtillus (blueberry), Craw=Lecanium assimile Viburnum), Wisteria sinensis Newstead=Lecanium (purple wisteria) canadense Cockerell; Cockerell=Lecanium caryaecanadense Cockerell=Lecanium corni Bouché=Lecanium corni robiniarum Marchal=Lecanium coryli (Linnaeus); Sulc (misidentification)=Lecaniu m corylifex Fitch =Lecanium crawii Ehrhorn=Lecanium 99

cynosbati Fitch=Lecanium fitchii Signoret=Lecanium folsomi King=Lecanium juglandifex Fitch=Lecanium kansasense Hunter=Lecanium lintneri Cockerell & Bennett in Cockerell=Lecanium maclurae Hunter=Lecanium obtusum Thro=Lecanium persicae crudum Green=Lecanium pruinosumarmeniacum Craw; Tyrell=Lecanium rehi King in King & Reh=Lecanium ribis Fitch=Lecanium robiniarum Douglas=Lecanium rugosum Signoret=Lecanium tarsalis Signoret=Lecanium vini Bouché=Lecanium websteri King=Lecanium wistariae Signoret=Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché); Borchsenius=Parthenolecan ium coryli (Linnaeus); Sulc (misidentification)); Hemiptera: Coccidae; European fruit lecanium brown scale; European fruit scale; peach scale; yew scale; fruit scale 100

181.Pemphigus betaeDoane; II Beta spp. batang, America: Canada, Mexico, USA Hemiptera: Aphididae; daun, umbi sugarbit root aphid 182.Peridroma sauciaHubner; II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), batang, Africa: Morocco, Tunisia (=Agrotis angulifera Brassica oleracea (cabbages, daun, bunga America: Argentina, Bermuda, =A.impacta =A.inermis cauliflowers), Brassica Brazil, Canada, Chile, =A.intecta =A.ortonii oleracea var. capitata (kubis, Colombia, Costa Rica, =A.saucia =Lycophotia cabbage), B. oleracea var. Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, margaritosa =L.ochronota botrytis (bunga kol, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, =L.saucia =Noctua aequa cauliflower), Capsicum USA, Uruguay, Venezuela =N.majuscula annuum (paprika, bell- Asia: Armenia, China, Israel, =N.margaritosa =N.saucia pepper), Cynara scolymus Japan, Republic of Korea =Rhyacia margaritosa (artisyok, artichoke), Lactuca (South Korea), Sri Lanka, =R.saucia =Peridroma sativa (selada, lettuce), Syria, Taiwan, Turkey margaritosa); Lepidoptera: Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, Europe: Albania, Austria, Noctuidae; variegated tomato), Solanum tuberosum Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and cutworm, pearly underwing (kentang, potato), Medicago Herzegovina, Canary Island, moth sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Croatia, Czech, Denmark, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Faroes Island, Finland, France, tobacco) Germany, Greece, Hungary, Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Abies grandis (grand fir), Acer Lithuania, Luxembourg, (maples),Acer negundo (box Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, elder), Acer saccharum (sugar Netherlands, Norway, Poland, maple), Alcea rosea Portugal, Romania, Russia, (Hollyhock), Allium cepa Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, (bawang bombay, onion), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Alnus rubra (red alder), Allium UK ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, 101

peanut), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern), Aster, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Amelanchier canadensis (thicket serviceberry), Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Brassica spp, Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet), Brassica napus var. napus (rape), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape), Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Cichorium (chicory), Cirsium (thistle), Citrus lemon (lemon), Chamaecyparis thyoides (atlantic whitecedar), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Conyza canadensis, Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, 102

cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (waluh, labu parang, pumpkin), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dahlia, Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Dianthus (carnation), Epilobium angustifolium (rosebay willowherb), Erigeron (Fleabane), Fragaria vesca (arbei, wild strawberry), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Geranium (cranesbill), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust), Gossypium (cotton), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Gleditsia triacanthos, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Humulus lupulus (hop), Inula helenium (Elecampane), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Lolium spp. (ryegrasses), Maclura pomifera (osage orange), Malus domestica(apel, apple), 103

Mentha piperita, Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Melilotus albus (honey clover), Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Mentha spicata (Spear mint), Morus alba (mora), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Petunia, Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Phleum pratense (timothy), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pimenta dioica (allspice), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pimenta dioica, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plum), Pyrus communis (pir,pear), Portulaca oleracea, Prunus cerasus, Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pteridium aquilinum, Picea glauca (white spruce), Pisum sativum (pea), Plantago (Plantain), Polygonum (knotweed), Populus (poplars), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), 104

Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Pyrus communis (European pear), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Rhus (Sumach), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rosa (roses), Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Rubus idaeus(raspberry), Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rumex (Dock), Salix (willows), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Secale cereale (rye), Sinapis alba (white mustard),Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media,Solidago (Goldenrod), Sonchus (Sowthistle), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Trifolium (clovers), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), turfgrasses, Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), Vaccinium (blueberries), Vicia (vetch), Vicia faba (faba bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Viola (violet), Xanthium 105

strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zea mays subsp. mays (sweetcorn), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte), Zinnia 183.Phenacoccus II Avena sativa (oats), Capsicum batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, gossypiiTownsend & annuum (bell pepper), Citrus, daun, bunga Cameroon, Cape Verde, DR Cockerell; (=Phenacoccus Coleus, Gossypium barbadens Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, madeirensis=Phenacoccus (kapas, cotton), Hibiscus Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, grenadensis=Phenacoccus (rosemallows), Lantana Malawi, Mauritius, harbisoni);Hemiptera: camara (lantana), Manihot Mozambique, Nigeria, Sao Pseudococcidae; Mexican esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Tome and Principe, Senegal, mealybug, cassava Solanum melongena (terung, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Togo, mealybug eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Zimbabwe tuberosum (kentang, potato) America:Antigua and Barbuda, Acacia (wattles), Acalypha Bermuda, Bahama, Barbados, (Copperleaf), Ageratina British Virgin Islands, Brazil, adenophora (Croftonweed), Bolivia, Cayman Islands, Costa Ambrosia (Ragweed), Ananas Rica, Cuba, Colombia, comosus (pineapple), Dominica Republic, Ecuador, Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Guyana, Grenada, Aster, Cajanus cajan Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, (pigeon pea), Cassia (sennas), Jamaica, Montserrat, Cestrum (jessamine), Cestrum Mexico,Paraguay,Peru, nocturnum (night scented Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint cestrum), Codiaeum Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, (ornamental Trinidad and Tobago, USA, croton),Codiaeum variegatum Venezuela (croton),Desmodium (tick Asia: India, Philippines, clovers), Erigeron (Fleabane), Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen Fabaceae (leguminous plants), Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Geranium (cranesbill), Portugal, Spain 106

Gesneriaceae, Hibiscus Oceania: Guam, Federated mutabilis (cottonrose), State of Micronesia Lantana, Malvaceae, Mentha (mints),Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute), Mimosa (sensitive plants), Ocimum basilicum (basil),Pachystachys, Parthenium hysterophorus(parthenium weed), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Sophora 184.Phorachanta semipunctata II Eucalyptus diverisicolor,E. batang, Africa: South Africa Fabricius; Coleoptera: globules,E. maidenii kayu, kulit America: USA Cerambycidae; Eucalyptus kayu Europe: France, Italy, longhorned borer Netherlands, Spain, Portugal 185.Phylloxera vitifoliaeFitch.; II Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, South (=Dactylosphaera vastatrix grapevine), Vitis aestivalis daun, buah, Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe (Planchon=Dactylosphaera (Summer grape), Vitis bunga, akar America: Argentina, Bermuda, vitifoliae labrusca (fox grape), Vitis Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, (Shimer)=Daktulosphaira riparia (riverbank grape) Colombia, Mexico, Panama, vitifoliae Peru, USA, Uruguay, Fitch=Daktylosphaera Venezuela vitifoliae Fitch=Pemphigus Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, vitifoliae Fitch=Peritymbia China, Georgia, India, Israel, vastatrix Fitch=Peritymbia Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR vitifoliae (North Korea),Republic of Korea (Planchon)=Peritymbia (South Korea), Lebanon, Syria, vitisana Turkey Westwood=Phylloxera Europe: Austria, Bosnia and 107

pervastatrix Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Börner=Phylloxera vastatrix Czech, France, Germany, (Planchon)=Phylloxera Greece, Hungary, Italy, vitifolii (Fitch)=Rhizaphis Luxembourg, Macedonia, vastatrix (Planchon)=Viteus Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, vastatrix (Planchon)=Viteus Portugal, Poland, Romania, vitifoliae); Hemiptera: Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Phylloxeridae; phylloxera, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, grape phylloxera, vine Ukraine, UK louse, grape leaf louse Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 186.Pieris rapae.; (=Artogeia II Brassica spp., Brassica batang, daun Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, rapae =Ascia rapae oleracea (cabbage, Morocco =Mancipium rapae =Papilio cauliflowers), Brassica America: Bermuda, Canada, rapae =Pontia rapae); oleracea var. botrytis (bunga Mexico, USA Lepidoptera: Pieridae; kol, cauliflower), Brassica Asia: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, cabbage butterfly, cabbage oleracea var. capitata (kubis, China, Georgia, India, Iran, white butterfly, common cabbage), Brassica oleracea Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, cabbage worm, imported var. gemmifera (Brussels Korea DPR (North cabbage worm, rape white sprouts), Brassica oleracea Korea),Republic of Korea butterfly, small white var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, butterfly Brassica oleracea var. italica Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica Pakistan, Philippines, oleracea var. viridis(collards), Singapore, Syria, Taiwan, Brassica rapa cultivar group Turkey, Vietnam Caixin, Brassica rapa subsp. Europe: Austria, Belarus, oleifera (turnip rape), Brassica Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and rapa subsp. pekinensis, Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Brassicaceae (cruciferous Czech, Denmark, Estonia, crops), Finland, France, Germany, Alliaria petiolata(garlic Greece, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, mustard), Cakile maritima, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, 108

Erysimum cheiranthoides Montenegro, Malta, (Treacle mustard), Rorippa Netherlands, Norway, Poland, indica (indian marshcress), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spinacia oleracea (Spinach), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Tropaeolum majus(common Sweden,Switzerland, Ukraine, nasturtium) UK, Serbia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 187.Piesarthrus II Acacia spp. batang, Oceania: Australia marginellusNewman; kayu, kulit Coleoptera: kayu Cerambycidae;acacia longhorn beetle 188.Pimelephila II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa batang, daun Africa: Benin, Cameroon, ghesquiereiTams.; sawit, oilpalm), Raphia Central African Republic, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; Cocos nucifera (kelapa, Congo,DR Congo, Gabon, African spir borer coconut) Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 189.Pissodes strobi Peck; II Picea abies (common spruce), batang, kayu America: Canada, Mexico, USA (=Pissodes engelmanni Picea engelmannii (Engelmann Hopkins =Pissodes spruce), Picea glauca (white sitchensis Hopkins); spruce), Picea sitchensis Coleoptera: (Sitka spruce), Pinus Curculionidae;sitka spruce banksiana (jack pine), Pinus weevil strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus balfourina, P. densifola, P. flexilis, P. griffithii, P. montocola, P. mugo, P. ponderosa, P. rigida, P. syvestris, Pseudotsuga 109

menziesii Picea mariana (black spruce), Picea omorika (Pancic spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Picea rubens (red spruce), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine),Pinus flexilis (limber pine),Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine), Pinus monticola (western white pine), Pinus mugo (mountain pine), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus parviflora (Japanese white pine), Pinus peuce(macedonian pine), Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Pinus strobiformis (southwestern white pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pinus tecunumanii (tecun uman pine), Pinus wallichiana (blue pine) 190.Planococcoides II Theobroma cacao (kakao, tunas, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, DR njalensisLaing; cocoa), Persea americana batang, Congo, Congo, Ghana, Guinea, (=Pseudococcus njalensis (avokad, avocado) daun, buah Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, =P.exitiabilis); Hemiptera: Ananas comosus (nenas, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Pseudococcidae; Northwest pineapple), Bombax Sierra Leone, Togo African cocoa mealybug buonopozense (silk-cotton tree), Ceiba pentandra (kapok), Clerodendrum (Fragrant clerodendron), 110

Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), Coffea canephora (kopi robusta, robusta coffee), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree), Cola acuminata(cola), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae (leguminous plants), Gliricidia sepium (mother of cocoa), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae 191.Planococcus kenyae Le II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, tunas, Africa:Burundi, DR Congo, Pelley;(=Planococcus pigeon pea), Citrus spp.(jeruk, batang, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, subukiaensis=Pseudococcus orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, daun, bunga, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, kenyae=P.kenyaensis); coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi buah Rwanda, Siera Leone, Sudan, Hemiptera: arabika, arabica coffee), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Pseudococcidae; coffee Coffea canephora (kopi Zimbabwe mealybug, Kenya mealybug robusta, robusta coffee), Coffea eugenioides, Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Ipomoea batatas(ubi jalar, sweet potato), Passiflora spp. (passion flower), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) Acacia spp. (wattles), Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia), Beta 111

vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Carissa edulis (egyptian carissa), Codiaeum variegatum (croton), Erythrina abyssinica (red hot poker tree), Gardenia, Gliricidia, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Indigofera spp., (indigo), Impatiens (balsam), Inga, Jacaranda mimosifolia (Brazilian rose wood), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Phaseolus (beans), Psidium guajava (jambu batu, guava), Pueraria lobata, Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Sesbania grandiflora (turi, agati), Sesbania sesban (sesban), Solanum (nightshade), Solanum seaforthianum (star potato- vine), Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) 192.Platyomopsis egena Pascoe; II Acacia spp. batang, Oceania: Australia Coleoptera: Cerambycidae kayu, kulit jayu 193.Platyomopsis nigrovireus II Acacia spp. batang, Oceania: Australia Donovan; Coleoptera: kayu, kulit Cerambycidae;green striped kayu longhorn beetle

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194.Popilia japonicaNewman; II Acer spp., Asparagus batang, America: Canada, USA (=Aserica japonica=A. officinalis(asparagus, daun, bunga, Asia: China, India, Japan, japonica=Maladera asparagus), Glycine max akar, tanah Korea Europe: Portugal, Russia japonica=Serica japonica); (kedelai, soyabean), Malus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; domesticum (apel, apple), Japanese beetle, velvety buah batu (stone fruit), chafer Rheum hybridum, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus spp.(raspberry), Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) Aesculus spp., Althaea spp., Castanea spp., Hibiscus spp., Juglans nigra, Platanus spp., Populus spp., Salix spp., Sorbus americana, Sassafras albidum, Betula spp., turfgrasses. 195.Prionoryctes canniculusArr.; II Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), batang, Africa: all Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Dioscorea esculenta daun, umbi yam beetle 196.Prostephanus truncatus II Dried cassava (gaplek), Zea umbi kering, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Horn.; (=Dinoderus mays (jagung, corn), Manihot biji Burundi, Ghana, Guinea, truncates); Coleoptera: esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Bostrichidae; larger grain stored products (dried stored Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, borer, greater grain borer, products) Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, scania beetle S): Arachis hypogaea (kacang Tanzania, Togo, Zambia tanah, peanut), Dioscorea sp. America:Brazil, Canada, (gembili, yam), Phaseolus Colombia, Costa Rica, El vulgaris (buncis, common Salvador, Guatemala, bean), Sorghum bicolor Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, (sorgum, sorghum), Triticale Panama, Peru, USA 113

spp., Triticum aestivum Asia:Cambodia (gandum, wheat) Europe:France,Italy 197.Protomelittoma insulare II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang Africa: Madagascar, Fairmaire; Coleoptera: coconut), Elaeis guineensis Seychelles. Lymexylidae; stem borer (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) 198.Pseudococcus aurilanatus II A. Excelsia, Araucaria spp. batang, kayu Africa: Kenya, Uganda Maskell; Hemiptera: America: Canada, Mexico, USA Psudococcidae; Golden Oceania: Australia, New mealybug, yellow banded Zealand mealybug 199.Pseudococcus calceolariae II Abutilon (Indian Mallow), bibit Africa: Ghana, Madagascar, Maskell;(=Dactylopius Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanaman, Morocco, Namibia, South calceolariae (Maskell), tanah, peanut), Brachychyton, bagian Africa Erium calceolariae Brassica, Ceanothus (white- tanaman America: Argentina, Brazil, ((Maskell) Lindinger), thorne), Chenopodium Bolivia, Central America, Pseudococcus citrophilus (Goosefoot), Citrus medica Colombia, Chile, Dominican (Clausen), P. fragilis Brain; (citron), Conium maculatum Republic, Ecuador, French P. gahani Green, P. (Poison hemlock), Crataegus, Guiana, Mexico, USA, similans);Hemiptera: (hawthorns), Cynodiaoblonga Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Pseudococcidae; scarlet (quince), Daucus carota Venezuela, mealybug, Citrophilus (wortel, carrot), Dodonaea Asia: China, Georgia mealybug, currant viscosa (switsch sorrel), Europe: Czech, France, Italy, mealybug Eugenia, Ficus, Fragaria Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, (stroberi, strawberry), Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine, UK Geranium (cranesbill), Hedera Oceania: Australia, New helix (ivy), Helianthusspp. Zealand (sunflower), Heliotropium arborescens (cherry pie), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Juglans regia (walnut), Laburnum anargyroides (laburnum), Ligustrum 114

(privet), Lolium spp (ryegrasses), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Malva (mallow), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Pittosporum tobira (japanese pittosporum), Pittosporum undulatum (pittosporum), Polyscias, Prunus, (stone fruit), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rheum hybridum, (rhubarb), Rhododendron (Azalea), Ribes sanguineum (Flowerring currant), Rosa (mawar, roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) Schinus molle (false pepper tree), Sechium edulle (chayotte), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane) 200.Pseudotheraptus wayi II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, Africa: Kenya, South Africa, Brown; (=Theraptus sp. coconut), Anacardium bunga, buah Tanzania (Way)); Hemiptera: occidentale (jambu mete, 115

Coreidae; coconut bug cashew-nut), Macadamia spp., Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut), Cinnamomum myanmarnii (bark of kayu manis, cassia vera), Cinnamomum verum (kayu manis, cinnamon), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, starfruit),Carya illinoinensis(pecan), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado) 201.Psila rosaeFab.; II Petroselinum crispum (parseli, umbi, media America: Canada, USA (=Chamaepsila rosae = parsley), Pastinaca sativa ( tanam, Asia: Georgia, Japan, Musca rosae =Chamaepsila parsnip), Apium graveolens tanah Mongolia, Turkey hennigi); Diptera: Psilidae; (seledri, celery), Apium Europe: Austria, Belarus, carrot root fly, carrot rust graveolens var. rapaceum Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, fly (celeriac), Daucus carota Denmark, Finland, France, (wortel, carrot), Carum carvi Germany, Hungary, Ireland, (jinten, caraway), Levisticum Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, officinale (lovage), Norway, Poland, Russia, Anethum graveolens (dill), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Anthriscus cerefolium, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Brassica, Brassica oleracea UK var. botrytis (bunga kol, Oceania: New Zealand cauliflower), Coriandrum 116

sativum (ketumbar, corriander), Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock), Foeniculum vulgare (adas pedas, fennel), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish) 202.Psorosina hammondiRiley.; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, America: Canada, USA Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; Prunus persica (persik, daun, buah apple leaves skeletonizer peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), nektarin, other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) 203.Pyrrhia umbraHufnagel; II Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, batang, Asia:Republic of Korea (South Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tomato) daun, bunga Korea) rose budworm, tobacco Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, striped caterpillar Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Russia 204.Recilia micaKramer; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa tunas, Africa:West Africa, Ivory Coast Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; sawit, oilpalm) batang, daun cicadellid leaveshopper 205.Rhagoletis cerasiL; (= II Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), buah, media Asia: Georgia, Iran, Musca cerasi = Rhagoletis Prunus avium (sweet cherry), tanam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, cerasi fasciata=R. cerasi Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb tanah Tajikistan, Turkey, nigripes =R. cerasi obsoleta cherry), Prunus serotina Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan =R. obsoleta =Spilographa (black cherry) Europe: Austria, Belgium, cerasi =Tephritis cerasi Malus domestica (apel, apple), Bulgaria, Bosnia and =Trypeta signata =Urophora Prunus americana (aprikot, Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech, cerasorum =Urophora apricot), Prunus persica Denmark, Estonia, France,

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liturata=Zonosema cerasi); (persik, peach), Pyrus Germany, Greece, Hungary, Diptera: Tephritidae; communis (pir, pear), Prunus Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Europeancherryfruit fly, domesticum (plum), Lonicera Moldova, Montenegro, cherry fruit fly xylosteum (Fly honeysuckle) Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine 206.Rhagoletis cingulataLoew.; II Prunus avium (sweet cherry), buah, media America: Canada, Mexico, USA (=Trypeta (Rhagoletis) Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), tanam, Europe: Austria, Croatia, cingulata=Trypeta Prunus serotina (black tanah France, Germany, Hungary, cingulata); Diptera: cherry), Pyrus communis (pir, Netherlands, Slovenia, Tephritidae; cherryfruit fly pear), Prunus domesticum Switzerland (plum) Malus domesticum (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus virginiana (commonchokecherrytree) 207.Rhagoletis faustaOsten II Prunus avium (sweet cherry), buah, media America: Canada, USA Sacken; (=Acidia fausta = Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry) tanam, Rhagoletisintrudens Malus domesticum (apel, tanah =Trypeta (Acidia) apple), Prunus americana fausta=T.fausta); Diptera: (aprikot, apricot), Prunus Tephritidae; black (dark) emarginata (bitter cherry cherry fruit fly tree), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Prunus domesticum (plum), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus 118

pensylvanica (pin cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree) 208.Rhagoletis II Malus domestica (apel, apple) buah, media America: Canada, Mexico, pomonellaWalsh.; Amelanchier (serviceberries), tanam, USA. (= Rhagoletis symphoricarpi Aronia (chockeberry), Cornus tanah =Spilographa pomonella florida (Flowering dogwood), =Trypetapomonella Cotoneaster, Cotoneaster =Zonosema pomonella); apiculatus, Cotoneaster Diptera: Tephritidae; apple coriaceus, Cotoneaster maggot fly, railroad worm integerrimus, Crataegus (hawthorns), Crataegus crus- galli (Cockspur hawthorn), Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn), Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn), Crataegus suksdorfii, Malus (ornamental species apple), Malus baccata (siberian crab apple), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus angustifolia (Mountain cherry tree), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domestica (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, 119

peach), Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry tree), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree), Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet firethorn), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree), Rosa (roses), Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose), Rosa virginiana (Virginia rose), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Sorbus scopulina 209.Rhynchophorus II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun America: Argentina, Barbados, palmarumL.; Coleoptera: coconut), Elaeis guineensis Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Curculionidae; boring (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, weevil Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Dominica, Ecuador, El dates-palm), Saccharum Salvador, Guyana France, officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Grenada, Guadeloupe, Phoenix canariensis Guatemala, Guyana, Artocarpus communis (sukun, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, breadfruit), Ananas comosus Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, (nenas, pineapple), Annona Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, reticulata, Carica papaya St. Vincent and the (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Grenadines, Suriname, Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Mangifera indica (mangga, Uruguay, Venezuela mango), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium 120

guajava (jambu biji, guava), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 210.Rhynchophorus phoenicis II Phoenix spp, Cocos nucifera batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, L.;Coleoptera: (kelapa, coconut), Elaeis daun, titik Cameroon, DR Congo, Ivory Curculionidae; boring guineensis (kelapa sawit, tumbuh Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, weevil oilpalm) Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda 211.Sacadodes pyralisDyar.; II Gossypium barbadens buah, America:Colombia, Costa Rica, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; (kapas, cotton) batang, El Salvador, Guyana, Colombian pink bollworm, Abelmoschus esculentus daun, bunga, Nicaragua, pink cotton boll worm, (okra, lady’s finger), tanah Panama,Paraguay,Trinidad Thurberia bollworm, Cienfuegosia affinis, Hibiscus and Tobago, Venezuela Trinidad bollworm, South sabdariffa American red bollworm, sugarcane stalk borer, South American bollworm 212.Saccharosydne II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, America: Antigua and saccharivoraWestwood; sugarcane) daun, bunga Barbuda, Bahama, Barbados, (=Delphax saccharivora Caribbean Island, Cuba, =Stenocranus Dominica, Grenada, saccharivorus); Hemiptera: Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Delphacidae; West indian Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, cane fly, West Indian Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. sugarcane leaveshopper Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela 213.Sahlbergella II Theobroma cacao (kakao, batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, singularisHagl.; cocoa), Cola nitida(bitter cola) daun, buah Cameroon, Central Africa, DR (=Sahlbergella theobroma); Bombax buonopozense(silk- Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast,

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Heteroptera: Miridae; cotton tree), Ceiba pentandra Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, mirids, brown capsid, cocoa (kapuk randu, kapok), Cola Madagascar, Nigeria, Sao Tome capsid, cocoa capsidstem spp., Gossypium barbadens & Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo, sapper (kapas, cotton), Theobroma Uganda spp., Theobroma bicolor (nicaraguan cocoa), Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuassu) 214.Scolytus rugulosusMuller; II Malus domesticum (apel, batang, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Eccoptogaster apple), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, daun, buah Morocco,Tunisia mediterraneus =E. cherry), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Brazil, rugulosus =Scolytus (persik, peach), Pyrus Canada, Chile, Peru, USA, mediterraneus communis (pir, pear), Prunus Uruguay =Ruguloscolytus domesticum (plam, plum), Asia: Afghanistan, Georgia, mediterraneus =R. other stone fruit (buah batu Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, rugulosus); Coleoptera: lainnya) Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Scolytidae;shoot hole borer, Turkey, Turkmenistan apple tree beetle, fruit tree Europe: Albania, Austria, bark beetle, shot-hole borer Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK

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215.Sesamia calamistis Hamps.; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, daun Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Sesamia mediastriga, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Sesamia vuteria); sorghum), Pennisetum Comoros, DR Congo, Congo, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; glaucum(pearl millet), Triticum Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, African pink stem borer, aestivum (gandum, wheat), Gambia, Ghana, African pink borer of Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Kenya,Madagascar, Malawi, sugarcane, Mauritius pink Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, borer of sugarcane, pink sugarcane), cerealia. Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, stalk borer of sugarcane, Carex (sedges), Cyperus Reunion, Senegal, Sierra southern pink borer of papyrus, Poaceae (grasses) Leone, South Africa, Sudan, sugarcane Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe 216.Sesamia creticaLederer; II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), batang, daun Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, (=Sesamia cretica Pennisetum glaucum(pearl Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, rufescens=S.cyrnaea millet), Saccharum officinarum Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Mali, =S.griselda =S.pecki (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, =S.uniformis =S.vuteria bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia vuterioides); Lepidoptera: Triticum aestivum (gandum, Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Noctuidae;corn stem borer, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, greater sugarcane borer, corn) Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Panicum miliaceum (millet), Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, sorghum) stem borer, stem Poaceae (grasses) Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, corn borer, durra stem Uzbekistan, Yemen borer, corn pink borer, Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, large corn borer, pink Bosnia and Herzegovina, sugarcane borer, sugarcane Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, pink borer, sorghum borer Macedonia, Montenegro, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Serbia

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217.Sirex noctilio Fabricius; II Pinus banksiana (jack pine), batang, kayu Africa: South Africa Hymenoptera: Siricidae; Pinus canariensis (Canary America: Canada, USA, woodwasp, steel blue, pine), Pinus contorta Argentina, Brazil, Chile, horntail, european (lodgepole pine), Pinus Uruguay woodwasp, sirex wasp, densiflora (Japanese umbrella Asia: Georgia (Republic), wood wasp, steel-blue pine), Pinus echinata Mongolia (shortleaves pine), Pinus Europe: Austria, Belgium, elliottii (slash pine), Pinus Canary Islands, Cyprus, Czech halepensis (Aleppo pine), Republic and Slovakia, Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine), Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus France, Germany, Greece, palustris (longleaves pine), Hungary, Italy, Norway, Pinus patula (Mexican Poland, Portugal, Romania, weeping pine), Pinuspinaster Russia, Siberia, Serbia and (maritime pine), Pinuspinea Montenegro, Serbia, Spain, UK (stone pine), Pinus ponderosa Oceania: Australia, New (ponderosa pine), Pinus Zealand radiata (radiata pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Abies (firs), Abies alba (silver fir), Larix (larches), Picea (spruces), Picea abies (common spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pseudotsuga(douglas-fir) 218.Sitophilus granariusL.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, (=Calandra granaria wheat), Hordeum vulgare Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, =Calendra granaria (barli, barley), stored products Swaziland =Curculio granarius); (dried stored products) America: Argentina, Canada, Coleoptera: Arachys hypogaea (kacang Chile, Mexico, USA Dryophthoridae; grain tanah, peanut), Avena Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, weevil, maize weevil, sativa(oat, oats), Cicer Iraq, Israel, Japan, 124

granary weevil arietinum(chickpea), Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Saudi Helianthus annuus (bunga Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, matahari, sunflower), Oryza Thailand, Turkey, Yemen sativa (padi, paddy), Panicum Europe:Austria, Belgium, spp. (milets), Pennisetum spp. Bosnia and Herzegovina, (feather grass), Secale cereale Croatia,Czech, Denmark, (rye), Sorghum bicolor France, Germany, Greece, (sorgum, sorghum), Triticale Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, spp., Vicia faba (faba or broad Romania, Russia, Serbia, bean), Zea mays (jagung, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, corn) Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia 219.Sophronica ventralis Auriv.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) batang, Africa Coleoptera: Scolytidae; daun, biji, America: Argentina, Bolivia, berry borer buah Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana 220.Stenoma decora II Theobroma cacao (kakao, daun, buah America: Brazil Zeller;(=Cryptolechia decora cocoa) Zeller); Lepidoptera: Ceiba pentandra (kapuk Oecophoridae; cacao fruit randu, kapok) and shoot borer, shoot and pod borer 221.Stromatium barbatum II Citrus, Eucalyptus, Oak, batang, kayu Africa: Tanzania, Madagascar, Fabricius;Coleoptera: pines Mauritius Cerambycidae; Drywood Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Burma, longicorn beetle Pakistan, Nepal 222.Tagosodes cubanus II Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), batang, Africa: Ivory Coast D.L.Crawford; Glycine max (kedelai, daun, America: Colombia, Cuba, (=Chloriona soyabean), Oryza sativa (padi, Guyana, Mexico, Puerto Rico,

125

cubana=Dicranotropis paddy) Suriname, Trinidad and cubanus =Sogatella cubana Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, Tobago, USA, Venezuela =Sogatodes mungbean), Cicer aeritinum, cubanus=Sogata cubana); Lens esculenta (lentils) Hemiptera: Delphacidae; paddy plant hopper 223.Tagosodes orizicolusMuir.; II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun America:Argentina, Belize, (=Chloriona orizicola Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, =Sogata brazilensis=Sogata Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, orizicola =Tagosodes Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, brazilensis =Sogatodes Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, brazilensis =S. orizicolus Puerto Rico, Suriname, =S.oryzicola =S. orizicola Trinidad and Tobago, USA, =S. orizicolus); Hemiptera: Venezuela Delphacidae; rice delphacid, rice leaveshopper 224.Toxotrypana curvicauda II Carica papaya (papaya, buah, media America: Bahama, Belize, Gerstaecker; (=Mikimyia pawpaw, papaya) tanam, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, furcifera =Toxotrypana tanah Dominican Republic, El fairbatesi); Diptera: Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Tephritidae, papaya fruit fly Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands, Venezuela. 225.Trichispa sericea Guerin- II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Meneville; Coleoptera: Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Chrysomelidae; rice hispids Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, 126

Uganda Europe: Spain

226.Trogoderma granarium II Arachys hypogaea (kacang biji, karung Africa: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Everts; (=Trogoderma tanah, peanut), Gossypium goni/alat Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, affrum=Trogoderma hirsutum (kapas, cotton), pembungkus Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, khapra); Coleoptera: Hordeum vulgare(barley), bekas Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Dermestidae; kumbang Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), komoditi, Tunisia, Zambia, Zanzibar, kaphra/khapra beetle Panicum miliaceum (millet), makanan Zimbabwe. Sesamum indicum (wijen, ternak Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, sesame), Sorghum bicolor India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, (sorgum, sorghum), stored Republic of Korea (South products (dried stored Korea), Lebanon, Myanmar, products), Triticum aestivum Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, (jagung, corn) dan serealia Yemen. lainnya Europe: Cyprus, Spain, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Switzerland, Ukraine, Helianthus annuus (bunga Kazakhstan, Belarus, matahari, sunflower), Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Pennisetum glaucum (pearl Lithuania, Turkmenistan, millet), Vicia faba (faba bean), Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Vigna unguiculata(cowpea) Armenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova 227.Tryphocaria mastersi II Acacia spp. batang, Oceania: Australia Pascoe; Coleoptera: kayu, kulit Cerambycidae ; Eucalypt kayu ring barber 228.Undulambia polystichalis; II Leather Leaves Fern, Rumohra rimpang America: USA Lepidoptera: adiantiformis, Polypodium Crambidae;Leatherleaves scouleri, Pyrrosia eleagnifolia 127

fern borer moth 229.Xestobiumrufovillosum De II Quercus (oak), Castanea batang, kayu America: NorthAmerica Geer;Coleoptera: Anobiidae; (chestnut), other hardwood Europe: England, France, deathwatch beetle wholeEurope Oceania: Australia 230.Xyleborus affinis Eichoff; II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, America: Brazil, Cuba, USA, (=Xyleborus mascarensis sugarcane) kayu, kulit Mexico, Jamaica Eichhoff=Xyleborus Juglans nigra (black walnut), kayu Europe: Italy sacchari Hopkins); Macadamia integrifolia Coleoptera: Scolytidae;shot- (macadamia nut), Pinus hole borer of sugarcane, (pines) ambrosia beetle of oak 231.Xyleborus ferrugineusFab.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam), batang, Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Xyleborus Euterpe edulis(assai palm), kayu, kulit Botswana, Burundi, confusus=X.fuscatus); Persea americana (avokad, kayu Cameroon, Cape Verde, DR Coleoptera: Scolytidae; avocado), Pinus elliottii(slash Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial black twig borer, bark pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, beetle pine) Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leon, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,

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Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela. Asia:Republic of Korea (South Korea), Malaysia Oceania: American Samoa, Fiji, France Polynesian, Kiribati, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Island, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands 232.Xyloborinus saxesenii II Eucalyptus spp. bibit Asia: China, India, Armenia, Batzeburg; Coleoptera: tanaman, Azerbeijan Scolytidae; Fruit tree batang, Europe: all pinhole borer kayu, kulit kayu 233.Zonocerus elegans (Thunb.); II Allium ascalonicum (bawang seluruh Africa: Angola, Botswana, DR (=Acrydium sanguinolentum merah, shallot), Allium cepa bagian Congo, Congo, Lesotho, =Gryllus elegans (bawang bombay, onion), tanaman, Madagascar, Malawi, =Poekilocerus roseipennis); Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, tanah Mozambique, Namibia, Orthoptera: spinach), Amaranthus (grain Rwanda, South Africa, Pyrgomorphidae; elegants amaranth), Ananas comosus Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, grasshopper (nenas, pineapple), Zambia, Zimbabwe Anacardium occidentale(jambu mete, cashew-nut), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops),Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantiifolia (jeruk nipis, 129

lime), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Chromolaenaodorata(siam weed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Plumeria spp. (frangipani), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanaceae, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Persea americana (avokad, avocado) 234.Zonocerus variegatus L.; II Allium ascalonicum (bawang seluruh Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Acrydium merah, shallot), Allium cepa bagian Faso, Cameroon, Central sanguinolentum=Gryllus (bawang bombay, onion), tanaman, Africa, Chad, DR Congo, (Locusta) variegatus=G. Amaranthus (grain tanah Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, laevis =G. opacus); amaranth), Amaranthus Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Orthoptera: Acrididae; hybridus (bayam, spinach), Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, variegated grasshopper Ananas comosus (nenas, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, pineapple), Anacardium Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, occidentale (jambu mete, Sierra Leone, Togo cashewnut), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops),Capsicum 130

annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantiifolia (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Chromolaenaodorata(siam weed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Poaceae, Solanaceae, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Piper, Plumeria (frangipani) Cannabis sativa (hemp), Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Tectona grandis (jati, teakwood) 131

235.Zygogramma II Helianthus annuus (bunga batang, America: Canada, USA exclamationisFab.; matahari, sunflower) daun, tanah, (=Calligrapha exclamationis bunga =Zygospila exclamationis =Chrysomela exclamationis); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; sunflower beetle

II. TUNGAU (MITES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR / UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG / No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOSTS PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Aceria cajani II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, bagian Asia:Bangladesh, China, India, Channabasavanna; pigeon pea), Cajanus tanaman di Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand Prostigmata: Eriophydae; cajanifolius, Cajanus atas tanah pigeonpea mite platycarpus, Cajanus scarabaeoides (kacang gude, peanut grass), Cajanus sericeus 2. Aceria ficus Cotte; (=Aceria II Ficus carica (ara, fig) bagian Asia: Japan, India fici =Eriophyes fici =E.ficus); tanaman di Africa: all Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; atas tanah America: North America fig blister mite, fig mite, fig Eropa: all rust mite 3. Aculops lycopersici Tryon.; II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, bagian Africa: Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, (=Aculops destructor tomato), Ipomoea batatas (ubi tanaman di Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, =Aculus destructor jalar, sweet potato), Nicotiana atas tanah Morocco,, Mozambique,

132

=A.lycopersici =Phyllocoptes tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, destructor =P.lycopersici Solanum melongena (terung, Zambia, Zimbabwe =Vasates destructor eggplant), Solanum tuberosum America: Antigua and =V.lycopersici); Prostigmata: (kentang, potato) Barbuda, Argentina, Bermuda, Eriophyidae; tomato russet Capsicum annuum(cabai Brazil, Canada, Cuba, mite, tomato mite besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Curaçao, Guyana France, Browallia americana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Convolvulus, Datura spp., Martinique, Mexico, Petunia hybrida, Physalis Montserrat, Netherlands peruviana, Solanum spp., Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Convolvulus arvensis, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Physalis minima Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Swedia, Ukraina, UK Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu 4. Aculops pelekassi Keifer; II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) bagian America: USA, Brazil (=Aculus pelekassi); tanaman di Asia: Republic of Korea (South Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; atas tanah Korea), Taiwan, Thailand pink citrus rust mite Europe: Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 133

5. Aculus schlechtendali II Malus domestica (apel, apple) bagian Africa: Egypt, South Africa Nalepa; (=Aculus Pyrus communis (pir, pear), tanaman di America:Canada, USA, Chile malivagrans=Phyllocoptes Malus sylvestris (crab-apple atas tanah Asia: China, India, Japan, schlechtendali =Vasates tree) Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey malivagrans =Vasates Europe: Austria, Belgium, schlechten-dali); Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, apple rust mite, apple bud Bosnia and Herzegovina, mite, apple leaf mite, rusty Montenegro, Macedonia, leaf mite France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Swedia, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK Oceania: New Zealand, Australia 6. Brevipalpus californicus II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), bagian Africa: Algeria, Angola, Congo, Bank.; (=Brevipalpus Citrus spp. tanaman di Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, australis =B.browningi Abelmoschus esculentus atas tanah Mozambique, Senegal, South =B.confusis =B. woglumi (okra, lady’s finger), Africa, Zimbabwe =Hystripalpus californicus Citharexylum quadrangulare, America: Brazil, Costa Rica, =Tenuipalpus australis Cymbidium, Cucurbita, Cuba, Guyana France, =T.californicus =T.vitis); Dendrobium, Ipomoea batatas Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Prostigmata: (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Musa USA Tenuipalpidae;citrus flat spp. (pisang, banana), Vigna Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, mite, red flat mite, scarlet sinensis (buncis, common Japan, Malaysia, Mauritania, mite of tea, bunch mite bean), Phalaenopsis, Psidium Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, guajava (jambu biji, guava), Tajikistan, Thailand Pittosporum, Rhododendron, Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Robinia, Schinus Hungary, Italy, Portugal, terebinthifolius, Sesbania Russia sesban, Tetragonia Oceania: Australia, Guam, New 134

tetragonioides, Vitis vinifera Zealand, Papua New Guinea (anggur, grapevine), Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum burmanii (kayu manis, cassiavera), Lablab purpureus, Solanum spp. 7. Bryobia II Malus domestica (apel, apple), bagian Africa: Mozambique, South rubrioculusScheuten; Prunus avium, Prunus tanaman di Africa, Zimbabwe (=Bryobia arborea, domestica, Prunus dulcis, atas tanah America: Argentina, Brazil, B.redikorzevi); Prostigmata: Prunus persica (persik, Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, Tetranychidae; brown apple peach), Prunus spp., Pyrus Uruguay mite, brown mite; brown, communis (pir, pear), Pyrus Asia:Afghanistan, bryobia mite, pear bryobia javonica (Japonica), Ulmus sp. Azerbaijan,China, Georgia, mites (elm) India, Iran, Iraq, Arachis hypogaea (kacang Japan,Kazakhstan, tanah, groundnut, peanut), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Turkey, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Uzbekistan cotton), Prunus salicina Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 8. Eotetranychus willamettei II Vitis vinifera (anggur, bagian America: USA McGregor; (=Tetranychus grapevine), Acernegundo, tanaman di willamettei =Tetranychus Quercusgarryana, atas tanah willametti); Prostigmata: Quercuslobata, Tetranychidae; willamette Eriogonumjamesi, mite Amelanchiersp., 135

Malusdomestica (apel, apple), Purshiatridentata, Pyruscommunis (pir, pear), Sorbusdomestica, Ulmussp. (elm) 9. Mononychellus tanajoa II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, bagian Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Bondar: (=Mononychellus tomato), Manihot esculenta tanaman di Burundi, Cameroon, Central caribbeanae =Mononychus (ubi kayu, cassava) atas tanah Africa, Chad, Congo, Ivory tanajoa =Eotetranychus Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Coast, Equatorial Guinea, caribbeanae common bean), Vigna sinensis Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, =E.caribbeanus = (kacang panjang, cowpea), Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Tetranychus tanajoa); Zea mays (jagung, corn, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Prostigmata: maize) Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Tetranychidae; cassava Togo, Uganda, Zambia, mite, cassava green mite Zimbabwe America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Ekuador, Falklands, Guyana France, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: China Oceania: Australia, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands

136

10. Oligonychus peruvianus II Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, bagian America:Brazil, Colombia, McGregor: (=Homonychus cassava) tanaman di Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, peruvianus = Ceratonia siliqua, atas tanah Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Paratetranychus peruvianus Citrusaurantium, Coffea Venezuela =Paratetranychus trinitatis arabica (kopi, coffee), Daucus =Tetranychus carota (wortel, carrot), peruvianus(Mc Gregor) Gossypium, Persea americana =Tetranychus peruvensis (avokad, avocado), Trifolium =Tetranychus trinitatis); repens, Vitis, Oxalis sp. Prostigmata: Tetranychidae;cassava white spot spider mite 11. Oligonychus yothersi II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), tanaman dan America: Chile, Costa Rica, McGregor; Prostigmata: Mangifera indica (mangga, bagian Cuba, USA Tetranychidae; avocado red mango), tanaman di Asia: Iran mite Persea americana (Avokad, atas tanah avocado) 12. Panonychus ulmi Koch; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), daun, bagian Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Paratetranychus ulmi Pyrus communis (pir, pear), tanaman Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Koch = Metatetranychus Prunus persica(persik, peach), America: Argentina, Bermuda, ulmi Koch=Tetranychus Prunus domesticum (plum), Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa pilosus Canestrini et Prunus cerasus (sour ceri). Rica, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Fanzago = Tetranychus Arachis hypogaea (kacang Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, mytilaspidis Ewing); tanah, groundnut), Cedrus Azerbaijan, China, Georgia Prostigmata: (cedars), Citrus, Citrus (Republic), India, Iran, Israel, Tetranychidae; european deliciosa (jeruk mediterranean Japan, Republic of Korea red spider mite mandarin), Citrus reticulata (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, (jeruk mandarin), Coffea Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, (kopi, coffee), Corylus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Europe: Albania, Austria, Morus alba (murbei, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, mulberry), Prunus avium Czech Republic, Croatia, 137

(sweet cherry), Prunus dulcis Bosnia and Herzegovina, (almond), Vitis vinifera Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, (anggur, grapevine) Lithuania, Denmark, Finland, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Swedia, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 13. Penthaleus major Duges; II Avena sativa (oats), Hordeum biji, daun, Africa: South Africa. (=Tetranychus major vulgare (barli, barley), Triticum bagian America: Argentina, Canada, Dugès); Prostigmata: aestivum (gandum, wheat), tanaman, Mexico, USA Tetranychidae; Bouteloua gracilis (blue tanah Asia: China, Japan blue oat mite, winter grain grama), Bromus secalinus Europe: France, Germany, mite (Rye brome),Lathyrus, Lolium, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Lolium multiforum (italian Norway, Portugal, Russia, ryegrass), Poaceae (grassess), Spain, UK. Secale cereale (rye). Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 14. Petrobia latens (Muller); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, daun, tanah, Africa: Egypt, South Africa (=Acarus latens = Acarus wheat), (barli, barley), Allium bagian America: Canada, USA petarum =Acarus praegnans sativum (bawang putih, tanaman di Asia: China, India, Republic of =Paratetranychus longipes garlic), Allium cepa (bawang atas tanah Korea (South Korea) =Petrobia cepae =Petrobia bombay, onion), Cuminum Europe: Austria, Denmark, lapidum =Petrobia tritici = cyminum (jintan, cumin), France, Germany, Italy, Tetranobia decepta Coriandrum sativum Netherlands, Poland, Spain, =Tetranychia tritici (ketumbar, corriander), Oryza United Kingdom =Tetranychopsis paupera sativa (padi, paddy), Cucumis Oceania: Australia =Tetranychopsis simplex sativus (mentimun, 138

=Tetranychus anauniensis cucumber), Cucumis melo =Tetranychus longipes= (melon, melon), Daucus carota Trombidium (wortel, carrot), lapidum);Prostigmata: Sorghumbicolor(sorgum, Tetranychidae; brown sorghum), Gladiol, Iris, wheat mite Malusdomestica (apel,apple), Gossypiumbarbadens(kapas,c otton), Medicagosativa(alfalfa,lucerne ), Clover 15. Phyllocoptes vitis Nalepa; (= II Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun Africa: South Africa Phyllocoptes viticolus); grapevine) Asia: India. Prostigmata: Eriophydae; Europe: Austria, Czech grapevine rust mite, Republic, Slovakia, Germany, acarinosis of vine, vine rust Hungary, Italy, Portugal, mite Slovakia, Slovenia, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 16. Phytonemus pallidus II Begonia, Begonia cucullata tanaman, Africa: South Africa (Banks) var. hookeri (Perpetual bagian America: Brazil, Canada, (=Steneotarsonemus begonia), Capsicum annuum tanaman di Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, fragariae (cabaibesar, paprika, bell atas tanah Peru, USA, Venezuela =Steneotarsonemus pallidus pepper), Chrysanthemum Asia: Japan, Republic of Korea =Tarsonemus destructor (daisy), Chrysanthemum (South Korea), Philippines, =Tarsonemus fragariae frutescens, Consolida Taiwan, Turkey =Tarsonemus pallidus); ambigua, Cyclamen persicum Europe: Austria, Belgium, Prostigmata:Tarsonemidae; (cyclamens), Fragaria Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, strawberry mite, cyclamen (strawberry), Rhododendron France, Germany, Greece, mite simsii Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, 139

United Kingdom Oceania: Australia 17. Retracus elaeis Keifer; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa daun, biji America: Costa Rica, Colombia Prostigmata: Phytoptidae; sawit, oilpalm) oil palm mite 18. Rhizoglyphus echinopus II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, tanaman, America: USA Fumouze & Robin onion), Allium sativum bagian Asia: Taiwan, Japan, Korea, (=Coepophagus echinopus (bawang putih, garlic),Panax tanaman Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, =Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi ginseng (asiatic ginseng) Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, =Rhizoglyphus spinitarsus Uzbekistan =Tyroglyphus echincopus); Europe: Belarus, Latvia, Astigmata: Acaridae; bulb Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, mite Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraina, Russia, Hungary, Spain Oceania: New Zealand 19. Steneotarsonemus laticeps II Narcissus (daffodil), umbi, bagian Europe: UK, Netherlands, (Halbert);(=Tarsonemus Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, tanaman di Poland, Slovakia approximatus =Tarsonemus amaryllis),Cyrtanthus spp. atas tanah approximatus narcissi (fire lily),Eucharis spp. =Tarsonemus (Amazon lily, eucharist hydrocephalus lily),Sprekelia spp. (Jacobean =Tarsonemus laticeps); lily) Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae; bulb scale mite 20. Tarsonemus myceliophagus II Mushroom batang America: USA Hussey; Prostigmata: jamur Europe:UK, New Zealand, Tarsonemidae Netherlands, Germany. Oceania: Australia 21. Tetranychus pacificus II Vitis vinifera (anggur, tanaman, America: Canada, Mexico, McGregor;Prostigmata:Tetr grapevine), Prunus, bagian USA

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anychidae; Pacific mite, Gossypium hirsutum, tanaman di Pacific spider mite Gossypium barbadens (kapas, atas tanah cotton), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Phaseolus vulgaris(common bean), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean). Zea mays (jagung, maize, corn), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, flax), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Salvia sp., Morning glory, Fragaria (strawberry), Rosa (roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Vicia (vetch.Begonia, Begonia cucullata var. hookeri (Perpetual begonia), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Consolida ambigua (rocket larkspur), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Rhododendron simsii (Sim's azalea) 22. Tetranychus schoenei II Malus domestica (apel, apple), tanaman, America: USA McGregor; Pyrus communis (pir, pear), bagian Europe: All (=Septanychus schoenei Prunus domesticum (plum), tanaman di McGregor); Prostigmata: Vitis vinifera (anggur, atas tanah 141

Tetranychidae; schoene grapevine), Gossypium mite barbadens (kapas, cotton) 23. Tyrophagus putrescentiae II Cucumis sativus (mentimun, daun, bunga, Africa:Angola, Egypt, Kenya, Schrank(=Acarus cucumber), komoditas Zimbabwe. putrescentiae =Tyroglyphus simpan, America:Barbados, Brazil, americanus = Tyroglyphus jamur, debu, Canada, Chile, Colombia, castellanii= Tyroglyphus polen, tanah, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, lintneri =Tyroglyphus moss, Peru, Panama, Mexico, muscae =Tyroglyphus kotoran dan USA,Venezuela nadinus =Tyroglyphus sarang Asia:Bangladesh, China, India, putrescentiae =Tyrophagus berbagai Iraq, Israel, Japan, Republic of brauni =Tyrophagus bulleri hewan Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, =Tyrophagus castellanii Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, =Tyrophagus lintneri Taiwan, Turkey =Tyrophagus longior var. Europe:Belgium, castellanii =Tyrophagus CzechRepublic and Slovakia, noxius);Astigmata: Denmark, Finland, France, Acaridae; cereal mite, Germany, Greece, Ireland, cheese mite, copra itch Italy, Netherlands, Poland, mite, forage mite, mill mite, Scandinavia, Slovakia, Spain, mold mite, mould mite Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia

III. KEONG (SNAIL) DAN SIPUT (SLUG)

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR / KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN No INANG / HOSTS PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. AchatinacraveniSmith; II Coffeaspp.(kopi, coffee), bibit Africa: Zanzibar, Lake Achatinidae; Giant African Sesamumindicum(wijen, Tanganyika,Mozambique

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snail sesame), tanamanhias(perdu) 2. AchatinazanzibaricaBourg; II Gossypiumbarbadens(kapas, bibit Africa: all Giant African snail, Giant land cotton), Agave sisalana snail (sisal), tanamanhias(perdu) 3. Ariolimax columbianus Gould; II Musaspp.(pisang, banana), daun, sisa America: USA, North Pacific banana slug garden plant and flowers tanaman, America bibit, tanaman 4. ArioncircumscriptusJohnston; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, bibit, umbi America: North America, (=Arion bourguignati); Arionidae; tobacco), USA Brownbanded arion, white Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), Europe: Czech Republic, soled slug Fragariavesca(arbei, Great Britain, Ireland, strawberry), Solanum Scandinavia tuberosum(kentang, potato), tanamanjagung(plantofcorn), Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), rape, poppy,rye 5. ArionintermediusNormand; II Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), bibit, umbi America: USA, Canada, Arionidae; Hedgehog arion, Solanumtuberosum(kentang, Hawaii Hedgehog slug potato), Asia: Sri Lanka Apiumgraveolens(seledri, Europe: Western and celery), tulip, Zea mays L Central Europe (Jagung, corn), Triticum spp. Oceania: New Zealand (gandum, wheat), Ornamental plants 6. ArionrufusL.; (=Limax rufus II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, biji, bibit, America: USA, Canada =Arion ater =Arion tobacco), tanaman Europe: Western and empiricorum); Arionidae; Solanumtuberosum(kentang, Sothern Europe

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Chocolate arion, European red potato), Triticum aestivum slug (gandum, wheat), medicinalherbs, poppy, rape, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), rye, Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Brassica oleracea (kubis, cabbage), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli, parsley) 7. ArionsubfuscusDrap; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi, America:USA, Canada subfuscus =Arion krynickii potato), Daucuscarota(wortel, daun, Europe: UK (Britain, East =Arion brunneus =Arion carrot), batang, Anglia) esthonicus); Arionidae; Apiumgraveolens(seledri, bunga, buah Dusky arion celery), Fragaria ananassa(stroberi, strawberry), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato) 8. BradybaenafructicumMuller; II Vitisvinifera(anggur, bibit Africa: all Bradybaenidae; brush snail, grapevine), polong-polongan Asia: all bush snail (legumes), tanamanhias Europe: all (anggrek, tanaman berdaun/puring), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery) 9. CecilioidesaciculaMuller; II Asparagusoffinalis bibit Africa: South Africa Ferussaciidae; blind snail, (asparagus, asparagus), America: Argentina, blind awlsnail Apiumgraveolens (seledri, Bermuda, Barbadaos, celery) Hawaii, USA Europe: Canary Island, Great Britain, Ireland, 144

Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine Oceania: New Zealand, Australia 10. DerocerasagresteL;(=Limaxagre II Fragariavesca(arbei, bibit, umbi, America: all stis =Agriolimax agrestis strawberry), sayuran akar, Asia:all =Agrolimax fedschenkoi (vegetables), Solanum tanaman Europe:North Europe, =Agrolimax transcaucasicus tuberosum(kentang, potato), Central Europe coeciger); Agriolimacidae; Field Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), (Scandinavia, Russia slug, grey field slug, milky slug Brassicaceae, Trifoliumsp, Oceania: Australia Cynarascolymus(Artichoke), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce) 11. DiscusrotundatusMuller;(=Helix II Orchidaceae tanaman, America:USA, Canada rotundatus); Discidae;Rotund bagian Europe:Southern disc tanaman Scandinavia, Northern Scotland to Algeria, Spain, Ireland, Ukraine, Turkey, Denmark, Norway 12. DrymaeusdormaniBinney:Buli II Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange) bibit America: all mulidae; Manatee Treesnail 13. GeomalacusmaculosusAllman; II Betavulgarisvar.saccharifera bibit Europe, Ireland, Spain, Arionidae; (Bitgula, sugarbeet) Portugal, France Kerry slug, Kerry spotted slug 14. HelixaspersaMuller; (=Cornu II Actinidiachinensis(kiwi, bibit, daun, Africa:Algeria, Egypt, aspersum =Cantareus asperses Chinesegooseberry), Beta akar, batang, Gambia, Lesotho, Lybia, =Cryptomphalus aspersus); vulgaris(bit, beetroot), biji, kayu, Mauritius, Morocco, Helicidae; Brassicasp, Citrus, kulit kayu, Portugal, Reunion, Brown garden snail, common Capsicum, umbi, bunga, SaintHelena, Seychelles, snail, garden snail Fragariaananassa buah South Africa, Tunisia,

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(strawberry), Lactuca Zimbabwe, Spain sativa(selada, lettuce), America:Argentina, Brazil, Lycopersicumesculentum Canada, Chile, Ecuador, (tomat, tomato), Persea FrenchGuiana, Haiti, americana(avokad, avocado), Mexico, Peru, USAUruguay, Phaseolusvulgaris, (common Guadeloupe, Martinique, bean), Pyrus communis(pir, Colombia, Guyana, pear), Ribes nigrum Venezuela. (blackcurrant), Asia:China, Israel, Zeamays(jagung, corn, Lebanon, Philippines, Saudi maize), Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Alliumcepa(bawangbombai, Thailand, Uzbekistan onion), Europe:Albania, Andorra, Brassicaoleraceaevar. Austria, Belarus, Belgium, capitata(kubis, cabbage), Bosnia-Hercegovina, Polyphagous, Prunus Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, armeniaca (aprikot, apricot) Canary Island, Denmark, Alcea sp., Allium spp. (onion, Estonia, France, Germany, garlic, leek, etc), Alnus sp. Greece, Gibraltar, Hungary, (alders), Alyssum sp. Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, (alison), Avena sativa (oat), Luxembourg, Malta, Calibrachoa sp., Consolida Moldova, Montenegro, sp., Coriandrum sativum Netherlands, Norway, (coriander), Dahlia sp, Poland, Portugal, Russian Delphiniumsp. (larkspur), Federation, Romania, Dianthus sp (carnation), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Hedera helix (ivy), Hordeum Sweden, Switzerland, UK, vulgare (barley), Poaceae, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Coriandrum Oceania: Fiji, French sativum(ketumbar, cor- Polynesia, New Caledonia, riander) Australia, NewZealand, Humuluslupulus(hop), Iberis Nonfolk Is Heliland, 146

sp. (candytuft), Laburnum Pitcairn Island, Samoa anagyroides (common laburnum), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Liliumsp. (lily), Malus domestica (apple), Medicago lupulina (black medick), Nasturtium (watercress), Opuntia ficus-indica (pricky pear), Penstemon sp., Petunia sp., Pisum sativum (pea), Primula sieboldii, Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercarp), Raphanus sativus (radish), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Yucca sp., Zinnia sp., Nasturtium officinale(seladaair, watercress), Rosmarinus officinalis(rosemary), Rosa sp., Thymus vulgaris(thyme), Helianthus annuus(bunga matahari, sunflower), Trifolium alexandrium (egyptian clover), Vitis vinifera(anggur, grapevine), strawberry, Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange), Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat) 15. HelixpomatiaL.; Helicidae; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, bibit America:Canada Roman snail, edible snail, tobacco), Europe: Denmark, 147

vineyard snail, burgundy snail Vitisvinifera(anggur, Belarus, Latvia, grapevine), Triticum Lithuania, Estonia, aestivum(gandum, wheat), Moldova, Armenia, dansayuran (vegetables) Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Norway, Finland, Ukraine, Portugal, Greece 16. HelixrufescensPennant; II Fragariavesca bibit America: all Helicidae; reddish snail (arbei, strawberry) 17. LanistesovumTrosch; II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy) tanaman Africa: Botswana, Congo, (=Lanistes connollyi =Lanistes Chad, Ghana, Cameroon, elator =Lanistes innesi Gambia, Angola, Namibia, =Lanistes procerus); Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ampullariidae; freshwater Mozambique, Zimbabwe, snail South Africa 18. LehmaniavalentianaFerussac; II Orchidaceae(anggrek, bibit, umbi, Africa: South Africa Limacidae; terrestrial orchid), akar America: USA, Canada, pulmonate gastropod mollusk Solanumtuberosum(kentang, Chile, Peru, Colombia. potato), sayuran (vegetables) Asia: China, Japan 148

Europe: Andora, Austria, Azores, Balearis Island, Belgium, Britain Island, Canary Island, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish Mainland, French Mainland, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italian Island, Lithuania, Madeira, Malta, Poland, Portuguese, Romania, Russia, Spanish Mainland, Sweden, The Netherland. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 19. LimaxcinereonigerWolf; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi Europe: all antiquorum); Limacidae; Ash- potato), grey slug, black keel-slug Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), tanaman hias (anggrek, anthurium, tanaman berdaunlainnya) 20. LimaxmaximusL; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi America:USA, Hawaii maculatus =Limax cellarius potato), Europe:Italy, Norway =Limax cinereus =Limacella Apiumgraveolens(seledri, Oceania: New Zealand parma =Limax antiquorum); celery), Cucumis Limacidae; sativus(ketimun, cucumber), Giant garden slug, Great slug, Lycopersicumesculentum(tom Tiger slug, Spotted leopard at, tomato), slug Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), Brassica oleraceavar.capitata(kubis, 149

cabbage), Cucurbitamoschata(labu, pumpkin), tanamanhias (anggrek, anthurium, tanaman berdaunlainnya), jamur (mushroom) 21. MarisacornuarietisL.; II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy). tanaman. Africa: all Ampullariidae; Giant America: USA, Hawaii, ramshorn snail, apple snail Karibia 22. MilaxbudapestensisHazay; II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi Europe: all Milacidae; budapest slug, potato), Daucuscarota(wortel, keeled slug, subterranean slug carrot), sayuran, akarsayuran, Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), rape, poppy, rye, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery), Helianthusannuus(bunga matahari, sunflower) 23. MilaxgagatesDraparnaud; II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi, Africa:all (=Limax gagtes =Limax potato), Daucuscarota(wortel, bibit, akar, America: USA fulginosus =Milax antipodarum carrot), Brassicaoleraceavar. batang Asia: Japan, Sri Lanka =Limax pectinatus =Milax capitata(kubis, cabbage), Europe: Britain, hewstoni =Milax emarginata Fragariavesca(arbei, Mediterranean region =Milax tasmanicus =Milax strawberry), Cynara Oceania: New Zealand, nigricolus =Amalia scolimus(Artichoke), Glycine Australia antipodarum var. pallida max (kedelai, soyabean), =Amalia parryi =Amalia Helianthusannuus(bunga babori); Milacidae; Greenhouse matahari, sunflower), slug, Keeled slug (oilseed rape)

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24. MilaxsowerbyiTandonia II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi Europe: all sowerbyi; sowerby’s slug, bulb- potato), eating slug Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Daucus carota(wortel, carrot) 25. OtalalacteaMuller; Helicidae; II Alliumsativum(bawangputih, biji, umbi Africa: NorthAfrica Milk snail, Milky snail garlic), America:Bermuda,Argentin Apiumgraveolens(seledri, a, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, celery), Chile, Venezuela, Brassicaoleraceavar.botrytis( DominicanRepublic, kembang kol, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, cauliflower),Brassicaoleracea Uruguay, FrenchGuiana, capitata(kubis,cabbage), USA, Cuba, Jamaica Brassicaoleraceavar.italica(b Europe:Netherlands, Spain rokoli, broccoli), Oceania: Australia Brassicaceae, Citrus, Caricapapaya(pepaya,papay a), Lactuca sativa(selada, lettuce), Pimpinella anisum (anise), lily, yucca, 26. OxychiluscellariusMuller; II Orchidaceae (Anggrek, batang, akar, Africa: North Africa Zonitidae; Cellar glass snail orchid), legumes, buah America: USA, Canada Cucumissativus(ketimun, Asia:all cucumber), Cucurbita Europe: all moschata(labu, pumpkin), Oceania: New Zealand Citrulluslanatus(semangka, watermelon), Cucumismelo(melon, melon) 27. OxychilusdraparnaudiBeck; II Orchidaceae(Anggrek, batang, akar, Europe: all Zonitidae; Dark bodied glass orchid), legumes, buah snail Cucumissativus(ketimun, cucumber), Cucurbita moschata(labu, pumpkin) 151

28. Pilaglobosa(Swainson); II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy), bibit, sisa Asia:Argentina, Bolivia, common freshwater gastropod tanamanair tanaman Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, FrenchGuiana 29. ThebapisanaMuller; (=Helix II Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape), biji, bibit Africa: South Africa, pisana); Helicidae; White Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange), Somaliland garden snail, mediteranean Brassicaoleraceacapitata America: USA, Atlantic sandsnail, sandhill snail, white (kubis, cabbage), Island, Bermuda, Canary snail Lycopersicumesculentum(tom Island at, tomato), legumes Asia: Iran (kacang-kacangan), Europe: Western France, Medicago sativa (alfalfa), England, Wales, Ireland ornamental plant, Triticum Oceania:Australia aestivum (gandum, wheat),Hordeumvulgare(barli ,barley),Daucus carota (wortel, carrot) 30. VaginulahedleyiSimroth; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, biji America: all Veronicellidae; Vaginula slugs tobacco), Ipomoeabatatas(ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne)

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IV. NEMATODA (NEMATODES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ N GOLONGA INANG/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL O N/ GROUP HOST SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION NAME 1. Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch) I: jika MP Agrostis canina(velvet tunas, Africa: South Africa Filipjev; (=Anguillula agrostidis tidak bentgrass), Agrostis daun, biji, America: Canada, USA =A.agrostis =A.phalaridis diproses. exarata(spike bentgrass), batang/rant Asia: China, Kyrgyzstan =Anguillulina agrostis II: jika MP Agrostis stolonifera var. ing, akar, Europe: Czech, Estonia, =A.phalaridis =Anguina diproses Palustris(creeping bunga, Finland, Germany, funesta =A.lolii =A.phalaridis bentgrass), Agrostis stolon, Ireland, Netherlands, =A.poophila =Tylenchus capillaris(colonial tanah Norway, Poland, Russia, agrostidis =T.agrostis bentgrass), Bromus Slovakia, Sweden, =T.phalaridis =T.phlei =Vibrio erectus(erect brome), Ukraine, UK agrostis =Vibrio phalaridis); Dactylis Oceania:Australia, New Anguinidae; rye grass glomerata(orchardgrass), Zealand. nematode, bentgrass Festuca ovina(sheep fescue), nematode, grass seed eelworm Festuca nigrescens(red fescue), Lolium rigidum(wimmera ryegrass), Phleum pratense(timothy), Phleum boehmeri, Phleum phleoides(boehmer's cat's- tail), Poa alpina(alpine bluegrass), Poa annua(annual bluegrass), Poa pratensis(kentucky bluegrass), Trisetum flavescens(yellow oatgrass)

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2. Anguina tritici (Steinbuch) I: jika MP Secale cereale (rye), Triticum tunas, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia Chitwood; (=Anguillula tritici tidak aestivum (gandum, wheat), bunga, America:USA, Brazil, =Anguillulina tritici =Rhabditis diproses. Triticum dicoccum, Triticum daun, Canada tritici =Tylenchus scandens II: jika MP spelta batang, Asia: China, Iran, India, =T.tritici =Vibrio tritici); diproses Avena sativa (oat, oats ), ranting, biji, Syria, Iraq, Israel, Anguinidae; wheat nematode, Hordeum vulgare (barli, tanah Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, wheatgall nematode, eelworm barley), Triticum turgidum South Korea, Pakistan, disease, earcockles, bunted Saudi Arabia, Turkey wheat, hard smut, cockle Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, wheat, purples Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 3. Aphasmatylenchus straturatus I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang akar, Africa: Burkina Faso Germani; Hoplolaimidae; tidak tanah, peanut). polong, ground nut chlorosis diproses. Cajanus cajan (kacang tanah nematode II: jika MP gude, pigeon pea), Glycine diproses max (kedelai, soyabean), Vigna cylindrical (kacang tunggak, long bean), Voandzeia subterranea(bambara groundnut)

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4. Aphelenchoides arachidis I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang tunas, Africa: Nigeria, Cameroon, Bos.; Aphelenchoididae; tidak tanah, peanut) polong, Egypt groundnut testa nematode, diproses. Oryza sativa (padi, paddy, akar, biji, peanut testa nematode II: jika MP rice), Pennisetum tanah diproses glaucum(pearl millet), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 5. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi I: jika MP Chrysanthemum morifolium biji, daun, Africa: South Africa, (Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer; tidak (krisan, chrysanthemum batang, Mauritius (=Aphelenchoides ribes diproses. (florists), Dahlia, Fragaria akar, America: Brazil, Chile, =Aphelenchus phyllophagus II: jika MP vesca (stroberi, bunga, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, =A.ribes =A.ritzemabosi diproses wildstrawberry), Fragaria umbi, USA, Venezuela. =Pathoaphelenchus ananassa (stroberi, kormus, Asia: China, India, Iran, ritzemabosi strawberry) stolon, Japan, Kazakhtans, South =Pseudaphelenchoides Asplenium nidus(bird's nest media Korea, Uzbekistan ritzemabosi =Tylenchus ribes); fern), Bergenia tanam, Europe: Bosnia and Aphelenchoididae; bud and spp.(elephant-leaved tanah Herzegovina, Bulgaria, leaf nematode, Chrysant foliar saxifrage), Calceolaria Croatia, Germany, eelworm, leaf wilt nematode of spp.(pouch flower), Hungary,Ireland, Italy, Chrysant, Chrysant foliar Campanula Latvia, Montenegro, nematode, Blackcurrant spp.(campanulas), Macedonia, Netherlands, nematode Campanula Poland, Portugal, Russia, pyramidalis(chimney Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, bellflower), Consolida Slovenia, UK, Ukraine, ambigua(rocket larkspur), Oceania: New Zealand, Fiji Crassula coccinea, Callistephus chinensis(China aster), Geranium spp.(cranesbill), Helianthus annuus (bunga 155

matahari, sunflower), Hibiscus rosa – sinensis (kembang sepatu, china- rose), Helleborus niger(christmas rose), Lavandula angustifolia(lavender), Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus spp. (lupine), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), Lupinus (lupins), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Mimulus spp.(monkey-flower), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Ocimum basilicum (kemangi, basil), Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passionfruit, granadilla), Peperomia sp., Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Philadelphus coronarius (mock orange), Ranunculus (buttercup), Rheum hybridum(rhubarb), Rhododendron spp. (azalea), Rudbeckia spp. (coneflower), Salvia splendens(scarlet sage), 156

Sinningia speciosa(gloxinia), St.paulia spp.(african violet), St.paulia ionantha(african violet), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Verbena spp.(vervain), Viburnum spp., Viola spp. (violet), Ribes nigrum(blackcurrant), Veronica (speedwell), Limonium sinuatum, Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zinnia elegans(zinnia), Buddleia spp., Eleusine coracana(finger millet),Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rumex (Dock), Ranunculus spp., Sambucus spp.(elderberry), Senecio spp.(groundsel), Sonchus spp., Veronica spp., Echium spp., Rumex spp., Stellaria media 6. Belonolaimus longicaudatus I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah America: Bahama, Rau; Belonolaimidae; sting tidak tanah, peanut), Brassica berpasir, Bermuda, Costa Rica, nematode diproses. spp., Cynodon kerikil, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA. II: jika MP dactylon(Bermuda grass), akar, bibit Asia: Pakistan, Saudi diproses Citrus sinensis (jeruk Arabia, Turkey 157

manis, navel orange), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria spp., (stroberi, strawberry), Gossypium hirsutum(kapas, bourbon cotton), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Poaceae, Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, lady’s finger), Acer spp.(maples), Acer pseudoplatanus(sycamore), Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris(bent grass), Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Baccharis halimifolia (groundsel- bush), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot),Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape)Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chillies, red pepper), Casuarina 158

equisetifolia(casuarina), Chrysanthemum spp.(daisy), Citrullus lanatus(semangka, watermelon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Desmodium tortuosum(florida beggarweed), Digitaria decumbens(pangolagrass), Digitaria sanguinalis(large crabgrass), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon),Eremochloa ophiuroides(centipedegrass), Festuca arundinacea(reed fescue), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hordeum vulgare (sorgum, sorghum), Ilex (holly), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Ipomoea purpurea (Tall morning glory), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Liquidambar styraciflua(sweet gum), Lolium multiflorum(italian ryegrass), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato),Mentha spicata (Spear mint), Ocimum basilicum (kemangi, basil), 159

Oxalis (wood sorrels), Paspalum notatum(bahiagrass), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pinus palustris(longleaf pine), Pinus taeda(loblolly pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Pittosporum tobira(japanese pittosporum), Poaceae (grasses), Pharbitis purpurea, Rumex crispus(curled dock), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Schinus terebinthifolius(Brazilian pepper tree), Secale cereale (rye), Sesbania exaltata(coffeebean (USA)), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum Sudanense(Sudan grass), Stenotaphrum 160

secundatum(buffalograss), Trifolium spp.(clovers), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), turfgrasses, Ulmus parvifolia(lacebark elm), Vaccinium corymbosum(blueberry), Vigna unguiculata(cowpea), Baccharis halimifolia, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Vitis rotundifolia(Muscadine grape) 7. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus I: jika MP Cocos nucifera (kelapa, tunas, kulit America: Belize, Brazil, (Cobb) Baujard; tidak coconut), Elaeis guineensis kayu, Colombia, Costa Rica, (=Aphelenchoides cocophilus diproses. (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) planlet, Ecuador, El =Aphelenchus cocophilus II: jika MP Phoenix canariensis, batang, Salvador,Guatemala, =Rhadinaphelenchus diproses Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, daun, akar, Guyana, Grenada, cocophilus dates-palm), Sabal palmetto kayu, Honduras, Mexico, =Chitinoaphelenchus tanah, bibit Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, cocophilus); Aphelenchoididae; St. Vincent and the red ring nematode Vektor: Grenadines, Suriname, Coleoptera, Trinidad and Tobago, Curculionid Venezuela, French Guiana ae: Rhynchopho rus palmarum, R. cruentatus 8. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus I: jika MP Pinus spp. kulit kayu, Africa: South Africa (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle; tidak Abies spp., (fir), Cedrus batang, America: Canada, Mexico, (=Aphelenchoides xylophilus diproses. deodara (deodar cedar), kayu, USA. 161

=Bursaphelenchus lignicolus); II: jika MP Cedrus atlantica, kemasan Asia: China, Japan, South Parasitaphelenchidae; pine diproses Chamaecyparis kayu Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan wood nematode, pine wilt nootkatensis (alaska cedar), Europe: Portugal nematode Picea spp. (spruce), Vektor:Cole Pseudotsuga menziesii optera, (douglas-fir), Larix spp. Cerambycid (larch) ae: Monochamu s alternatus, M. nitens 9. Cactodera cacti (Filipjev & I: jika MP Schlumbergera truncata akar, Africa: Algeria Schuumans Stekhoven) Krall tidak (christmas cactus), batang, America: Argentina, Brazil, & Krall; (=Heterodera cacti); diproses. Epiphyllum spp., tanah Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Heteroderidae; cactus cyst II: jika MP Epiphyllum ackermannii, Mexico, USA, nematode, cactus cyst diproses Echinopsis spp., Erysimum Asia: China, India, Israel, eelworm, cactus root eelworm allionii, Ferocactus spp., Japan, South Korea, Opuntia microdasys(angel's Uzbekistan, Vietnam, wings), Opuntiastricta(erect Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, prickly pear), Saccharum Tajikistan, Turkmenistan officinarum (tebu, Europe: Austria, Belgium, sugarcane), famili cactaceae Czech, Denmark, Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraina, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia 162

and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia. 10. Ditylenchus africanusWendt I: jika MP Arachis hypogaea (kacang biji, polong, Africa:Mozambieque, et. al.;Anguinidae; thepeanut tidak tanah, peanut) akar, umbi, South Africa pod nematode, groundnut pod diproses. Chenopodium album (fat buah Asia: China nematode II: jika MP hen), Datura stramonium diproses (jimsonweed), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lupinus albus (white lupine), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Tagetes minuta (stinking Roger), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 163

11. Ditylenchus destructor Thorne; I: jika MP Allium ascalonicum (bawang polong, Africa: South Africa Anguinidae; potato rot tidak merah, shallot), Allium umbi, America: Canada, nematode, potato tuber diproses. sativum (bawang putih, rimpang, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, nematode, potato eelworm II: jika MP garlic), Arachys hypogaea batang, Peru, USA diproses (kacang tanah, peanut), stolon, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), kormus, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), akar, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Chrysanthemum spp. planlet, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, (krisan, chrysant), Citrus tanah Tajikistan, Turkey, sinensis (jeruk manis, navel Uzbekistan, orange), Capsicum annuum Europe: Albania, Austria, (paprika, bell-pepper), Belarusia, Belgium, Cucumis sativus Netherlands, Bulgaria, (mentimun, cucumber), Czech, Estonia, Finland, Cucurbita maxima (waluh, France, Germany, Greece, labu parang, pumpkin), Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Daucus carota (wortel, Latvia, Lithuania, carrot),Dahlia hybrids, Luxembourg, Moldova, Fragaria ananassa Norway, Poland, Rumania, (stroberi, strawberry), Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Gladiolus hybrids(sword Sweden, Switzerland, lily), Glycine max (kedelai, Ukraine, UK soyabean), Humulus lupulus Oceania: Australia, New (hops), Irish spp., Ipomoea Zealand batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mentha spp. (mentol, mint), Panax schinseng (ginseng), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solanum melongena (terung, 164

eggplant), Trifolium spp., Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Tulipa spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) 12. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Khun.) I: jika MP Allium ascalonicum (bawang umbi, buah, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Filipjev; (=Aguillulina dipsaci tidak merah, shallot), Allium bunga, Morocco, Nigeria, Réunion, =A. Dipsaci var. tobaensis diproses. sativum (bawang putih, daun, bibit, South Africa, Tunisia. =Tylenchus dipsaci =T. II: jika MP garlic), Allium cepa (bawang batang, biji, America: Argentina, devastator =T. devastatrix = diproses bombay, onion), Allium stolon, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Anguillula dipsaci =A. secalis = fistulosum (bawang daun, tanah Chile, Colombia, Costa A. devastatrix= Ditylenchus welch onion), Allium porrum Rica, Dominican Republic, allocotus =D. amsinckiae = D. (bawang daun, leek), Avena Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, fragariae = D. sochophila = D. sativa (oat, oats), Begonia, Paraguay, Peru, USA trifolii =D. dipsaci var. Beta vulgaris var. (Hawaii), Uruguay, Communis =Tylenchus saccharifera (bit gula, Venezuela. putrefaciens =T. havensteinii = sugarbeet), Cannabis Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, T. hyacinthi =T. Allii; sativa(hemp), Fragaria China, Georgia (Republic), Anguinidae; nematoda ananassa (stroberi, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, umbi/brown ring disease of strawberry), Gladiolus Jordan, Kazakhstan, hyacinth, stem and bulb hybrids (sword lily), South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, nematode, onion bloat, bulb Hyacinthus orientalis Oman, Pakistan, Syria, eelworm, ring disease of bulbs (hyacinth), Medicago sativa Turkey, Uzbekistan, (alfalfa, lucerne), Narcissus Yemen (daffodil), Narcissus Europe: Europe (as a pseudonarcissus, Nicotiana whole), Albania, Austria, tabacum (tembakau, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia tobacco), Phlox drummondii and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, (phlox), Phlox paniculata Croatia, Cyprus, Czech (garden phlox), Pisum Republic, Denmark, sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Estonia, Finland, France, Secale cereale (gandum, Germany, Greece, Hungary, rye), Trifolium pratense Iceland, Ireland, Italy, 165

(purple clover), Trifolium Latvia, Lithuania, repens (white clover), Macedonia, Malta, Solanum tuberosum Moldova, Netherlands, (kentang, potato), Tulipa Norway, Poland, Portugal, spp., Vicia faba (broad Romania, Russia (Central bean), Zea mays (jagung, Russia, Russian Far East, corn). Siberia, Southern Russia, Allium cepa var. aggregatum Western Siberia), Slovakia, (bawang merah, shallot), Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Apium graveolens (seledri, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK celery), Abrosia spp., Avena (England and Wales, spp., Agropiron spp., Scotland), Serbia, Slovenia, Brassica napus var. napus Croatia, Montenegro, (rape), Bergenia, Brassica Macedonia. rapa subsp. rapa (turnip), Oceania: Australia, New Carduus acanthoides Zealand. (welted thistle), Crocus sativus (kuma-kuma, safron, saffron), Cucurbitae, Chenopodium murale (nettleleaf goosefoot), Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed), Chrysanthemun spp., Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Dianthus caryophyllus (anyelir, carnation),Erigeron spp.,Iris spp., Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Helianthus annuus (bunga 166

matahari, sunflower), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Delpinium spp., Hydrangea (hydrangeas), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil, lentil), Onobrychis vicifolia (sainfoin), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean), Triticum (gandum, wheat), Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchids), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Lactucasativa (selada, lettuce), Lepidium spp., Tagetes spp., Trifolium spp., Plantago spp., Hyacinthes spp., Hieracium pilosella (mouse-ear hawkweed), Lamium album (white deadnettle), Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Lamium purpureum (purple deadnettel), Myriophyllum verticillatum (whorled watermilfoil), Nerine sarniensis (guernsey lily), Ranunculus arvensis (Corn buttercup), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), 167

Stellaria media (common chickweed), Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion) 13. Globodera tabacum(Lownsbery I: jika MP Nicotiana tabacum akar, umbi, Africa: Madagascar, & Lownsbery) Skarbilovich; tidak (tembakau, tobacco), tanah Morocco (=Globodera tabacum diproses. Nicotiana rustica (wild America: Argentina, =Heterodera tabacum); II: jika MP tobacco), Lycopersicum Canada, Colombia, Heteroderidae; tobaco cyst diproses esculentum (tomat, tomato) Mexico, USA. nematode Solanum melongena (terung, Asia: China, Japan, South eggplant), Solanum Korea, Pakistan, nigrum(black nightshade), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Solanum gilo(gilo), Solanum Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, indicum, Solanum Uzbekistan mauritianum(tree tobacco), Europe:Bulgaria, Spain, Solanum Armenia, Azerbaijan, quitoense(Narangillo), Belarus, Estonis, Georgia, Solanum tuberosum Latvia, Lithuania, (kentang, potato) Moldova, Ukraine, France, Greece, Italy, Rusia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 14. Hemicycliophora arenaria I: jika MP Citrus limonia (mandarin akar, bibit, America: Argentina, Brazil, Raski; Criconematidae; sheath tidak lime), Citrus aurantiifolia tanah USA. nematode diproses. (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus Oceania: Australian II: jika MP reticulate (jeruk mandarin, diproses mandarin), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Cucurbita maxima (waluh, labu parang, pumpkin) Apium graveolens (selederi, 168

celery), Citrus limettioides (palestine sweet lime), Citrus macrophylla(alemow), Citrus taiwanica(nanshodaidai), Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Capsicum frustecens (chili), Libocedrus Chilensis(Chilean cedar), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea),Vigna cylindrical (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 15. Heterodera avenae I: jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), bibit, akar, Africa: Algeria, Libya, Wollenweber; (=Bidera avenae tidak Hordeum vulgare (barli, tanah Morocco, South Africa, =B.ustinovi =Heterodera major diproses. barley), Secale cereale (rye), Tunisia =H. schachtii maior II: jika MP Triticale spp., Triticum America: Canada, Peru, =H.schachtii var. avenae =H. diproses aestivum (gandum, wheat) USA ustinovi); Heteroderidae; oat Poaceae(grasses), Zea mays Asia: China, India, Iran, cyst nematode, cereal cyst (jagung, corn) Israel, Japan, Kazakstan, nematode, cereal cyst Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, eelworm, oat root eelworm Turkey Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,Czech, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Montenegro, 169

Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 16. Heterodera carotae Jones; I: jika MP Daucus carota (wortel, umbi, akar, America: USA Heteroderidae; carrot cyst tidak carrot), Olea europaea tanah Europe:Armenia, nematode, carrot cyst diproses. subsp. europaea (olive) Azerbaijan, Belarus, eelworm, carrot root eelworm II: jika MP Estonia, France, Germany, diproses Georgia, Poland, Portugal, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, UK, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Switzerland 17. Heterodera cruciferae I: jika MP Brassica napus var. akar, tanah Asia: Pakistan. Franklin; Heteroderidae; tidak napobrassica (swede), Europe: All crucifer cyst nematode diproses. Brassica napus var. napus Oceania: Australia II: jika MP (rape), Cruciferae, diproses Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish) Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage)

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18. Heterodera goettingiana I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet bibit, akar, Africa: Algeria Liebscher; (= Heterodera tidak pea), Vicia faba(kacang tanah America: USA. göttingiana); Heteroderidae; diproses. babi, broadbean) Asia: China, Israel, Iran, pea cyst nematode, pea cyst II: jika MP Cicer arietinum(kacang Jordan, Japan, Turkey, eelworm, pea root eelworm diproses arab, chickpea), Glycine Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, max (kedelai, soyabean), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Lathyrus cicera (flat-podded Uzbekistan vetchling), Lathyrus Europe: Belgium, odoratus (sweet Bulgaria, Belarus, Latvia, pea),Lathyrus sativus Lithuania, Estonia, (grasspea), Lens esculentum Moldova, Armenia, (lentil, lentil), Lens culinaris Azerbaijan, Georgia, subsp. culinaris (lentil), Ukraine, Russia, France, Lupinus albus (white Germany, Italy, Malta, lupine), Lupinus luteus Poland, Portugal, Spain, (yellow lupin), Medicago UK sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Vicia (vetch), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia calcarata, Vicia cracca (Tufted vetch), Vicia ervilia (Bitter vetch) 19. Heterodera oryzicola Rao & I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, rice, akar, Africa: Ivory Coast Jayaprakash; Heteroderidae; tidak paddy) bonggol, Asia: India. rice cyst nematoda, paddy diproses. Brachiara decumbens(signal bibit, tanah cyst nematode II: jika MP grass), Urochloa decumbens diproses (signal grass), Musa paradisiaca(pisang, plantain), Cynodon dactylon(bermuda grass)

171

20. Heterodera sacchariLuc.& I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, rice, akar, tanah Africa: Benin, Burkina Merny.; Heteroderidae; tidak paddy), Zea mays (jagung, Faso, Chad, Congo, Ivory sugarcane cyst nematode diproses. corn), Saccharum Coast, Gambia, Ghana, II: jika MP officinarum (tebu, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal. diproses sugarcane), Nicotiana Asia: India, Pakistan, tabacum (tembakau, Thailand tobacco) Axonopus compressus (carpet grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Psapalum conjugatum (sour paspalum), Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane), Urochloa brizantha (palisadegrass) 21. Heterodera schachtii Schmidt; I: jika MP Alliaria petiolata(garlic akar, bibit, Africa: Algeria, Cape (=Heterobolbus schachtii tidak mustard), Alyssum batang, Verde, Gambia, Libya, =Heterodera schachtii diproses. argentium, Amaranthus umbi, tanah Morocco, Senegal, South minor=Tylenchus schachtii); II: jika MP spp., Apium dulce, Arabis Africa, Tunisia, Heteroderidae; sugarbeet diproses spp., Armoracia America: Chile, Canada, nematode, beet cyst eelworm rusticana(horseradish), Mexico, Peru, USA, Atriplex spp., Aubrieta Uruguay spp.(rainbow rock-cress), Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Aubrieta columnae, Alyssum Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, argentium, Beta spp., Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Brassica spp., Dianthus Pakistan, Syria, Turkey spp., Europe: Albania, Austria, Gypsophila acutifolia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Gypsophila elegans(baby's Croatia, Czech Republic, breath), Phaseolus vulgaris Denmark, Estonia, 172

(buncis, common bean), Hungary, Finland, Serbia, Phytolacca acinosa, Pisum Slovenia, Bosnia and sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Herzegovina, Ireland, Italy, Polygonum spp., Polygonum Latvia, Moldova convolvulus(black Montenegro, Macedonia, bindweed), Portulaca France, Germany, Greece, oleracea (purslane), Oryza Netherlands, Poland, sativa (padi, rice, paddy), Portugal, Rumania, Thlaspi arvense, Raphanus Russia, Spain, Sweden, maritimus, Raphanus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK raphanistrum(wild radish), Oceania: Australia, New Raphanus sativus (lobak, Zealand radish), Rheum hybridum(rhubarb), Rorippa amphibia(great yellowcress), Rorippa islandica(yellow marshcress), Rumex spp., Saponaria ocymoides(rock soapwort), Saponaria officinalis(soapwort), Sesbania macrocarpa, Sesbania exaltata(coffeebean (USA)), Silene armeria(garden catchfly), Silene maritima, Silene nutans(nottingham catchfly (UK)), Silene quadrifida, Silene saxifraga, Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis eruca, Sisymbrium austriacum, Sisymbrium spp., Solanum 173

sarrachoides(green nightshade (UK)), Spinacia glabra, Spinacia oleracea(spinach),Tetragoni a tetragonioides(New Zealand spinach), Thlaspi arvense (field pennycress), Tropaeolum perigrinum, Vaccaria hispanica(bladder soapwort), Vicia benghalensis(purple vetch), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Vigna catjang Chenopodium (goosefoot), Stellaria media (common chickweed) 22. Heterodera trifolii Goffart; I: jika MP Dianthus caryophyllus akar, umbi, Africa: Tunisia Heteroderidae; clover cyst tidak (anyelir, carnation) tanah America: Canada, USA, nematode, clover cyst eelworm diproses. Poaceae (grasses), Beta Argentina, Chile, Colombia II: jika MP vulgaris var. saccharifera Asia: India, Iran, Israel, diproses (bit gula, sugar beet), Japan, Kazakhstan, Solanum tuberosum Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, (kentang, potato), Trifolium Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan spp. (clovers), Trifolium Europe: Belgium, pratense(purple clover), Bulgaria, Denmark, Trifolium repens(white Armenia, Azerbaijan, clover), Leguminosae Belarus, Estonis, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, 174

Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 23. Heterodera vigni Edward & I: jika MP Vigna sinensis (kacang akar, tanah Africa: Egypt. Mura; (=Heterodera cajani); tidak panjang, cowpea), Cajanus Asia: India, Pakistan Heteroderidae; pigeonpea cyst diproses. cajan (kacang gude, pigeon nematode, cowpea cyst II: jika MP pea), Cyamopsis nematode diproses tetragonoloba(guar bean), Lablab purpureus(banner bean), Vigna aconitifolia(mat Bean), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Vigna mungo, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean) Crotalaria juncea(cascavelle), Sesbania cannabina(sesbania) 24. Heterodera zeae Koshy, I: jika MP Zea mays (jagung, corn) akar, bibit, Africa: Egypt Swarup & Sethi; tidak Avena sativa (oat, oats), tanah America: USA Heteroderidae; corn/maize diproses. Hordeum vulgare (barli, Asia:Afghanistan, India, cyst nematode II: jika MP barley), Oryza sativa (padi, Pakistan, Nepal, Thailand diproses rice, paddy), Setaria Europe: Greece, Portugal italyca(foxtail millet), Sorghum Sudanense(Sudan grass), Sorghum bicolor 175

(sorgum, sorghum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte), Poaceae 25. Hirschmanniella miticausa I: jika MP Colocasia esculenta (talas, umbi, bibit, Oceania: Papua New Bridge Mortimer & Jackson; tidak taro) akar, tanah Guinea, Solomon Islands Pratylenchidae; miti miti diproses. disease II: jika MP diproses 26. Hirschmanniella spinicaudata I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, rice, umbi, bibit, Africa: Benin, Burkina (Schuurmans Steekhoven) Luc tidak paddy), Saccharum planlet, Faso, Cameroon, Congo, & Goodey; (=Hirschmannia diproses. officinarum (tebu, akar, tanah Ivory Coast, Gambia, spinicaudata =Radopholus II: jika MP sugarcane) Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, lavabri =Tylenchorhynchus diproses Fimbristylis dichotoma(tall South Africa, Togo, spinicaudatus); fringe rush), Cyperaceae Zambia Pratylenchidae; rice root tip (sedges), Oryza America: Brazil, Costa nematode, root lesion longistaminata (perennial Rica, Cuba, USA, nematode wild rice), Poaceae (grasses), Venezuela Juncus(rushes), Asia: China, Pakistan Typha(reedmace)

27. Hoplolaimus columbus Sher.; I: jika MP Cyperus esculentus(yellow akar, tanah. Africa: Egypt (=Hoplolaimus colombuson tidak nutsedge), Glycine max America: USA, Trinidad =Basirolaimus colombus); diproses. (kedelai, soyabean), and Tobago. Hoplolaimidae; II: jika MP Gossypium barbadens Asia: India, Pakistan Coltuber/Columbia lance diproses (kapas, cotton), Saccharum nematode officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 176

28. Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb) I: jika MP Diospyros kaki (kesemek, akar, tanah America: USA, Canada Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekh; tidak persimmon) Asia: Pakistan Hoplolaimidae: lance diproses. Arachis hypogea (kacang nematode II: jika MP tanah, peanut), diproses Brassica oleraceae var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Bambusa (bambu, bamboo), Borrichia frutescens (sea- oxeye), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Poaceae (grasses), Musa (pisang, banana), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss), Trifolium spp. (clovers), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 29. Hoplolaimus indicus Sher.; I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, rice, akar, umbi, Asia: Bangladesh, China, (=Basirolaimus arachidis tidak paddy) tanah India, Iran, Pakistan. =Basirolaimus indicus diproses. Abelmoschus moschatus =Hoplolaimus arachidis); II: jika MP (okra, lady’s finger), Hoplolaimidae; lance diproses Arachys hypogaea (kacang nematode tanah, peanut), Basella spp., Brassica oleracea botrytis (bunga kol, 177

cauliflower), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, chrysant ), Citrus jambhiri(rough lemon), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar bean), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Capsicum annuum (cabai rawit, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Eleusine coracana(finger millet), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Sweet potato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Vigna mungo(black gram), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Poncirus trifoliata(hardy orange), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium 178

spp., (guava)Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium alexandrinum(egyptian clover), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Senna siamea(siamese cassia), Pinus roxburghii, Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane) 30. Hoplolaimus pararobustus I: jika MP Musa spp. (pisang, banana) akar, Africa: Angola, Burkina (Schuurmans stekhoven & tidak Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), bonggol, Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Teunissen) Sher. In Coomans; diproses. Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), tanah. Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, (=Gottholdsteineria II: jika MP Psidium guajava (jambu Ivory Coast, Kenya, pararobusta =Hoplolaimus diproses biji, guava), Saccharum Madagascar, Malawi, angustulatus =H.capensis officinarum (tebu, Mozambique, Niger, =H.casparus =H. kittenbergeri sugarcane), Elaeis Nigeria, Réunion, Sao =H.pararobustus =Rotylenchus guineensis (kelapa sawit, Tome & Principe, Senegal, pararobustus oilpalm), Gossypium South Africa, Tanzania, =Tylenchorhynchus hirsutum, Mangifera indica Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe pararobustus); Hoplolaimidae; (mangga, mango), Carica America: Dominica, lance nematode papaya (pepaya, papaya, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. pawpaw), Oryza sativa Vincent and the (padi, rice, paddy), Grenadines. 179

Dioscorea spp., Ananas Asia: China, Pakistan, Sri comosus (nenas, pineapple), Lanka Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Citrus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Eleusine coracana, kakao, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) 31. Longidorus attenuatus Hooper; I: jika MP Hordeum vulgare (barli, akar, umbi, Africa: Nigeria Longidoridae; needle tidak barley), Brassica sp. (kubis, stolon, Europe:Russia, Bulgaria, nematode diproses. cabbage), Trifolium sp. tanah France, Italy, Germany, II: jika MP (cengkeh, clover), Fragaria Poland, Spain, UK diproses ananassa (strawberry), sebagai Fragaria vesca (stroberi, vektor:Toma wildstrawberry), Beta to black ring vulgaris var saccharifera (bit virus gula, sugar beetroot), Triticum sp. (gandum, wheat), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Cucurbita sp. (labu, pumpkin), Vitis sp. (anggur, grape) 32. Longidorus caespiticola I: jika MP Fragaria vesca (stroberi, akar, stolon, Europe: Western Europe Hooper; Longidoridae; needle tidak wildstrawberry), Rosa spp. tanah nematode diproses. (mawar, rose) II: jika MP sebagai diproses vektor:Rasp berry 180

ringspot virus, Cherry leaf roll virus 33. Longidorus elongatus (de Man) I: jika MP Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), akar, stolon, Africa: South Africa Thorne & Swanger; tidak Daucus carota (wortel, umbi, America: Canada, USA (=Dorylaimus elongatus diproses. carrot), Fragaria ananassa polong, Asia: Georgia, India, =Dorylaimus tenuis II: jika MP (stroberi, strawberry), tanah Kazakhtan, Pakistan, =Longidorus menthasolanus diproses Fragaria vesca (stroberi, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, =Longidorus monohystera wildstrawberry), Lolium sebagai Vietnam =Trichodorus elongatus); perenne(perennial ryegrass), vektor: Europe:Austria, Belgium, Longidoridae; needle Mentha piperita Raspberry Netherlands, Bulgaria, nematode, tomato black ring (peppermint) ringspot Czech, Denmark, Estonia, eelworm Allium spp., Apium virus, Finland, France, Germany, graveolens (seledri, celery), Tomato Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Avena sativa (oat, oats), black ring Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Brassica oleracea var. virus Norway, Poland, Portugal, Gemmifera(Brussels Rumania, Russia, sprouts), Brassica oleracea Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, capitata (kubis, cabbage), Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Ficus carica(fig), Hordeum Oceania:New Zealand. vulgare (barli, barley), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Ribes nigrum(blackcurrant), Ribes rubrum(red currant), Trifolium pratense(purple clover), Urtica dioica(stinging nettle), Vitis 181

vinifera(anggur, grapevine), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Brassica rapa subspec. rapa (turnip, turnip), Polygonum convolvulus(black bindweed), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Ranunculus acris, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus idaeus(raspberry), Capsella burs-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Lolium multiforum (Italian ryegrass), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Stellaria media(common chickweed) 34. Longidorus leptocephalus I: jika MP Cerealia, Daucus carota akar, umbi, Europe:Denmark, Hooper; Longidoridae; needle tidak (wortel, carrot), Solanum tanah Germany, Ireland, Norway, nematode diproses. tuberosum (kentang, Sweden, Netherlands, UK, II: jika MP potato), grass, Tagetes spp. sebagai Slovenia, Slovakia, diproses (marigold), Rosa sp. vektor: Scotland, England, (mawar, rose), Beta vulgaris Raspberry Russia, Poland (bit gula, sugarbeet), Tulipa ringspot sp. (Tulip), Brassica rapa virus, (turnip), Malus domestica Cherry leaf (apel, apple), Prunus avium roll virus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domestica (prem, plum) 182

35. Longidorus macrosomaHooper; I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), akar, stolon, Europe: all Longidoridae; needle tidak Fragaria vesca (stroberi, tanah nematode diproses. wildstrawberry), Vitis sebagai II: jika MP vinifera (anggur, grapevine), vektor: diproses Prunus avium (ceri, cherry) Rasberry ringspot virus 36. Meloidogyne acronea Coetzee; I: jika MP Gossypium barbadens akar, Africa: Malawi, South (=Hypsoperine (Hypsoperine) tidak (kapas, cotton), Gossypium polong, Africa. acronea =Hypsoperine diproses. hirsutum (Bourbon cotton) umbi, bibit, acronea); Meloidogynidae; II: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah African cotton root nematode diproses tanah, peanut), Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Cassia spp., Chloris gayana(rhodes grass), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar), Croton tiglium(purging croton), Eleusine coracana(finger millet), Eragrostis spp.(lovegrasses), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hibiscus sabdariffa(jamaica sorrel), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) 183

37. Meloidogyne brevicauda Loos; I: jika MP Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), akar, umbi, Asia: Azerbaijan, India, Meloidogynidae; Indian tidak Crocus sativus(kuma-kuma, planlet, Srilanka. rootknot nematode, tea diproses. safron, saffron) bibit, tanah rootknot nematode II: jika MP diproses 38. Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden II Daucus carota (wortel, akar, umbi, Africa: South Africa O’ Bannon, Santo & Finley; carrot), Lycopersicum bibit, tanah America: Argentina, Meloidogynidae; Columbia esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mexico, USA. root-knot nematode Medicago sativa (alfalfa, Asia: Turkey lucene), Solanum tuberosum Europe: Belgium, (kentang, potato) Germany, Netherland, Vigna spp. (buncis, France, Italy, Portugal cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Scorzonera hispanica(oyster plant), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (bit gula, sugarbeet), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Poaceae, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat) 39. Meloidogyne coffeicola Lordello I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) akar, tanah America: Brazil & Zamith; Meloidogynidae; tidak Eupatorium (Asteraceae) coffeerootknot nematode diproses. II: jika MP diproses

184

40. Meloidogyne decalineata I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) akar, tanah Africa: Tanzania, Sao Whitehead; Meloidogynidae; tidak Tome & Principe. African coffee rootknot diproses. nematode II: jika MP diproses 41. Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi; II Allium ascalonicum (bawang umbi, America: Bolivia, Brazil, (=Heterodera exigua); merah, shallot), Allium cepa bonggol, Chile, Colombia, Costa Meloidogynidae; coffee (bawang bombay, onion), akar, tanah Rica, Dominica, El rootknot nematode, Brazilian Bidens pilosa(blackjack), Salvador, French Guiana, pyroid coffee nematode, root- Citrus aurantium (jeruk Guatemala, Guadeloupe, knot nematode nipis, lime), Citrullus Guyana, Honduras, vulgaris (semangka, Martini, Nicaragua, Puerto watermelon), Capsicum Rico, Peru, Suriname, annuum (paprika, bell- Trinidad, Venezuela. pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cyphomandra betacea(tree tomato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Pilea spp., Poncirus trifoliata(trifoliate orange), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Stachys arvensis(staggerweed), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Ipomoea acuminata.

185

42. Meloidogyne fallaxKarssen; I: jika MP Daucus carota subsp. bibit, akar, America: USA (=Meloidogyne chitwoodi tidak sativus (wortel, carrot), tanah Eropa: Belgium, France, (Baexem) B Type (van diproses. Scorzonera hispanica (oyster Germany, Switzerland, Maggelen et al 1994); II: jika MP plant), Solanum Netherlands Meloidogynidae; false diproses tuberosum(Kentang, potato) Oceania: Australia, New Colombia root-knot nematode Arachis hypogea (peanut) Zealand Asparagus officinalis (asparagus), Beta vulgaris(beetroot), Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (bit gula, beet, sugarbeet), Chenopodium album (lambsquarters), Cynara scolynus, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (globeartichoke), Dahlia spp. (dahlia), Fragaria sp., Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Hemerocallis sp. (daylily), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce),Lamprocapnos spectabilis (bleeding heart), Lolium sp., Lolium perenne subsp. multiforum (ryegrass, Italian ryegrass), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Oenothera biennis, O. glazioviana (primrose), Phacelia tenacetifolia (lacy phacelia), Sinapsis alba (mustard), Solanum 186

lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Triticum sp., T. aestivum, T. durum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn), 43. Meloidogyne minor Karssen et I: jika MP Lycopersicon esculentum akar, umbi, America: USA al.; tidak (tomat, tomato), Solanum tanah Europe: Belgium, Ireland, Meloidogynidae diproses. tuberosum (kentang, potato) Netherlands, UK II: jika MP Agrostis stolonifer (creeping diproses bentgrass) 44. Meloidogyne naasi Franklinl; II Hordeum vulgare (barli, akar, umbi, America: USA Meloidogynidae; rootknot barley), Trifolium tanah Europe: France, Hungary, nematode repens(white clover), UK Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Beta vulgaris var. sacchraifera (bit gula, sugar beetroot), cerealea, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) Turfgrasses 45. Meloidogyne oteifae Elm iligy; I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), akar, tanah Africa: Angola, DR Congo Meloidogynidae; rootknot tidak Peuraria spp. nematode diproses. II: jika MP diproses 46. Nacobbus aberrans (Thome) I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi, akar, Africa: Egypt Thorne & Allen; (=Nacobbus tidak (kentang, potato), bibit, tanah America: Argentina, batatiformis =N.serendipiticus diproses. Lycopersicum esculentum Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, bolivianus =Pratylenchus II: jika MP (tomat, tomato), Beta Mexico, Peru, USA aberrans =Nacobbus diproses vulgaris var. sacchraifera Europe: Italy, Netherlands, serendipiticus =Anguillulina (bit gula, sugar beetroot), Russia, UK

187

aberrans); Pratylenchidae; Brassica napus var. false rootknot nematode, napobrassica (swede), potato rosery nematode Brassica nigra (black mustard), Brassica oleracea (kubis, bunga kol, cabbages, cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), Brassica oleracea var. italica (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis (petsai), Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, spinach), Atriplex confertifolia(shadscale saltbush), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Chenopodium album(fat hen), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima(giant pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labu kuning, zucchini), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Gaillardia spp., 188

Kochia spp., Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Opuntia spp.(pricklypear), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Sisymbrium irio(london rocket), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Spergula arvensis(corn spurry), Spinacia oleracea(spinach), Tribulus terrestris(puncture vine), Tragopogon porrifolius(oysterplant), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Ullucus tuberosus(ulluco) 47. Paratrichodorus porosus(Allen) I: jika MP Allium cepa (bawang bibit, umbi, Africa: South Africa Siddiqi; tidak bombay, onion), Brassica bonggol, America: USA, Brazil, (=Trichodorus porosus=T. diproses. oleracea var. capitata akar, tanah Chile, Costa Rica Bucrius =Paratrichodorus II: jika MP (kubis, cabbage), Brassica Asia: China, India, Iran, (Atlantadorus) diproses rapa subsp. chinensis sebagai Japan, South Korea, porosus=Atlantadorus (kubis, Chinese cabbage), vektor: Srilanka, Uzbekistan, porosus); Trichodoridae Camellia, Camellia sinensis Tobravirus Vietnam (teh, tea), Citrus jambhiri Europe: Italy,Portugal, (rough lemon), Citrus limon Russia (jeruk lemon, lemon), Citrus Oceania: Australia, Papua reticulata (jeruk mandarin, New Guinea mandarin), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Dioscorea (yam), Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam), Juglans 189

regia (walnut), Lycopersicon peruvianum, Musa (pisang, banana), Musa x paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus persica (peach), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rubus loganobaccus (loganberry), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, okra), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Bambusa vulgaris (bambu, common bamboo), Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tree), Ficus carica (fig), Gardenia, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Lagerstroemia indica (indian crape myrtle), Lupinus (lupins), Malus domestica 190

(apel, apple), Morus alba (mora), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (zaitun, olive), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Rhododendron (Azalea), Rosa (mawar, roses), Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Aphananthe aspera (muku), Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba), Bambusa tuldoides (punting-pole bamboo), Butia(jelly palm), Callicarpa japonica(Japanese callicarpa), Carpinus tschonoskii, Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut), Castanopsis cuspidata (chinkapin), Casuarina (beefwood), Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina), Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura), Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel), 191

Cleyera japonica, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Daphniphyllum macropodum, Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), Ginkgo biloba (kew tree), Idesia polycarpa (idesia), Ilex crenata (Japanese holly), Ilex integra (mochi), Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly), Juniperus (junipers), Magnolia hypoleuca (japanese big-leaved magnolia), Musa acuminata (wild banana), Neolitsea sericea, Pinopsida (conifers), Pinus densiflora (Japanese umbrella pine), Pinus pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobus, Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Pyrus amygdaliformis, Quercus acutissima (sawtooth oak), Quercus glandulifera (Glandbearing oak), Quercus salicina, Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew), 192

Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum odoratissimum 48. Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & I: jika MP Musa spp. (pisang, banana), umbi, Africa: Burundi, Allen; (=Anguillulina musicola tidak Musa xparadisiaca (pisang bonggol, Cameroon, Canary Island, =Tylenchus musicola); diproses. kepok, plantain) bibit, akar, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Pratylenchidae; banana lesion II: jika MP Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanah Rwanda, Tanzania, nematode diproses Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Uganda. common bean), Vigna spp. Europe: Greece, Portugal, (kacang panjang, cowpea), Spain Commelina Oceania: Australia benghalensis(wandering jew), Sesbania grandiflora (turi, agati), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) 49. Pratylenchus neglectus I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, akar, stolon, Africa: Morocco, South (Rensch)Fili&Schuur.Steekh.; tidak wheat), Zea mays (jagung, umbi, tanah Africa Pratylenchidae; California root diproses. corn), Agropyron America: Canada, Mexico, lesion nematode, California II: jika MP cristatum(crested USA meadow nematode diproses wheatgrass), Brassica Asia: Japan, Pakistan, oleracea var.capitata (kubis, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, cabbage), Fragaria (stroberi, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, strawberry), Malus Uzbekistan domestica(apel, apple), Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Medicago sativa (alfalfa, Italy, Poland, Armenia, lucerne), Solanum Azerbaijan, Belarus, tuberosum (kentang, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, potato), Pistacia vera Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, (pistachio) Spain Oceania: Australia 193

50. Pratylenchus scribneri I: jika MP Gossypium barbadens akar, umbi, Africa: Cameroon Steiner;Pratylenchidae; lesion tidak (kapas, cotton), Malus stolon, America:South America, nematode diproses. domestica (apel, apple), tanah USA, Mexico. II: jika MP Mentha spicata(Spear mint), Asia: Pakistan, Japan, diproses Parthenium India, Israel, Turkey argentatum(Guayule), Europe: Bulgaria, Sweden, Solanum tuberosum Italy (kentang, potato), Sorghum halepense(Johnson grass), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Fragaria vesca (stroberi, strawberry), Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, amaryllis). 51. Pratylenchus thornei Sher. & I: jika MP Cicer arietinum(chickpea), akar, umbi, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Allen; Pratylenchidae; tidak Pinus merkusii (tusam, polong, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Thorne's root lesion nematode diproses. pinetree), Triticum aestivum stolon, bibit, South Africa, Sudan, II: jika MP (gandum, wheat), Quercus batang, Tunisia diproses spp., Zea mays (jagung, tanah America:Canada, corn), Argentina, Mexico, USA, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Chile, Venezuela Fabaceae, Agrostis Asia: Afghanistan, India, spp.(bentgrasses), Allium Iran, Israel, Japan, ascalonicum (bawang Jordan, Pakistan, Saudi merah, shallot), Apium Arabia, Syria, Turkey graveolens (seledri, celery), Europe: Belgium, Arachys hypogaea (kacang Bulgaria, Netherlands, tanah, peanut), Avena Croatia, Cyprus, sativa (oat, oats), Beta Denmark, Serbia, vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Slovenia, Slovakia, Citrullus vulgaris Croatia, Bosnia and (semangka, watermelon), Herzegovina, Montenegro, Cupressus spp.(cypresses), Macedonia, Germany, 194

Cynara scolymus Greece, Italy, Portugal, (artichoke), Daucus carota Russia, Spain, UK (wortel, carrot), Fragaria Oceania: Australia. vesca (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Iberis spp.(candytuft), Juglans regia (walnut), Lens esculenta (lentil), Lathyrus odoratus(sweet pea), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Mentha piperita(Peppermint), Mentha spicata(Spear mint), Vigna spp. (kacang panjang, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus spp.(stone fruit), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium spp., Vicia faba(faba bean), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers)

195

52. Pratylenchus vulnus (Allen & I: jika MP Actinidia arguta (tara vine), akar, stolon, Africa: Cameroon, Egypt, Jensen); Pratylenchidae; tidak Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, bibit, umbi, Kenya, Rѐunion walnut root lesion nematode; diproses. kiwifruit), Araucaria tanah, America: Argentina, Brazil, root lesion nematode; meadow II: jika MP araucana (monkey puzzle), batang, Cuba, Canada, USA, nematode diproses Bambusa sp. (bambu, kulit kayu Uruguay bamboo), Berberis Asia: China, India, Iran, thunbergii (Japanese Israel, Japan, Philippines, barberry), Brassica oleracea South Korea, North Korea, var. capitata (kubis, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, cabbage), Buxus Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, sempervirens (common uzbekistan, Pakistan, Sri boxwood), Carya Lanka illinoinensis (pecan), Citrus Europe: Belgium, aurantium (sour orange), Bulgaria, Denmark, Citrus sinensis (jeruk Finland, France, Germany, manis, navel orange), Citrus Greece, Italy, Netherlands, x paradisi (grapefruit), Norway, Russia, Spain, Corylus avellana (hazel), UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Crotalaria juncea (sunn Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, hemp), Crotalaria Latvia, Lithuania, spectabilis (Showy Moldova, Ukraine rattlepod), Cydonia oblonga Oceania: Australia, New (quince), Cytisus scoparius Zealand (broom), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus carica (ara), Forsythia intermedia (Golden bells), Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, Bourbon cotton), 196

Hamamelis (witchhazel), Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam), Juglans hindsii (californian black walnut), Juglans major (arizona walnut), Juglans microcarpa (River walnut tree), Juglans nigra (black walnut), Juglans regia (walnut), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Ligustrum ovalifolium (california privet), Lilium longiflorum (Easter lily), Lilium speciosum (Showy lily), Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), Mahonia (holly grape), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Melilotus alba (honey clover), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (zaitun, olive), Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common 197

bean), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus amygdalus, Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus besseyi (bessey cherry), Prunus cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pterocarya stenoptera (chinese wing nut), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rosa (roses), Rosa canina (Dog rose), Rosa chinensis (China rose), Rosa multiflora (Multiflora rose), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Taxus baccata (English yew), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia faba (kacang babi, broad bean), Vigna catjang, Vitis rupestris (sand-grape), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn)

198

53. Punctodera punctata (Thorne) I: jika MP Agrostis stolonifera var. akar, bibit, Africa: Morocco Mulvey & Stone; (=Heterodera tidak Palustris(bent grass), tanah America: Argentina, punctata); Heteroderidae; diproses. Agrostis stolonifera(creeping Canada, Chile, Mexico, grass cyst nematode, grass II: jika MP bentgrass), Agrostis USA. cyst eelworm diproses capillaris(brown bentgrass), Asia: Israel, Japan Festuca rubra(red fescue), Europe: Austria, Belgium, Lolium perenne(perennial Czech Republic, ryegrass), Poa Croatia,Denmark, Estonia, annua(annual Finland, France,Serbia, meadowgrass), Poa Slovenia, Bosnia and pratensis(smooth-stalked Herzegovina, Montenegro, meadowgrass), Turfgrasses Macedonia, Germany, Avena sativa (oat, oats), Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, barley), Triticum aestivum Norway, Poland, Portugal, (gandum, wheat) Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK 54. Radopholus citrophilus I: jika MP Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) biji, tanah America: USA Huettel, et al.; (=Radopholus tidak similis citrus race); diproses. Pratylenchidae; burrowing II: jika MP nematode, spreading decline diproses of citrus 55. Scutellonema bradys (Steiner I: jika MP Dioscorea spp. (yam), Vigna umbi, bibit, Africa:Benin, Burkina & Le Hew) Andrassy; tidak cylindrica (kacang tunggak, akar, tanah Faso, Cameroon, Ivory (=Anguillulina bradys diproses. long bean), Zea mays Coast, Gambia, Ghana, =Hoplolaimus bradys II: jika MP (jagung, corn), Manihot Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, =Rotylenchus blaberus diproses esculenta (ubi kayu, Senegal, Sudan, Togo =R.bradys =Scutellonema cassava), Quercus spp. America: Barbados, Brazil, blaberum =S.dioscorea); Abelmoschus moschatus Costari Rica, Cuba, Hoplolaimidae; yam dry rot (okra, lady’s finger), Ananas Dominica, Dominican 199

nematode, yam nematode comosus (nenas, pineapple), republic, Guadeloupe, Cajanus cajan (kacang Guatemala, Haiti, gude, pigeon pea), Cocos Jamaica, Martinique, nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Celosia argentea(celosia Tobago, USA, Venezuela argentea), Corchorus Asia: India, Pakistan olitorius(jute), Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf), Hibiscus sabdariffa(jamaica sorrel), Luffa acutangula (gambas, angled loofa), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pachyrhizus erosus (bangkuang, yam-bean), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Pueraria phaseoloides(tropical kudzu), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Urena lobata(caesar weed), Synedrella nodiflora(synedrella) 56. Trichodorus similisSeinhorst; I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum akar, umbi, America: USA. Trichodoridae; stubby root tidak (kentang, potato), Sorghum tanah Asia: Turkey nematode diproses. bicolor (sorgum, sebagai Europe: Belgium, II: jika MP sorghum),Beta vulgaris var. vektor: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, diproses saccharifera (bit gula, Tobacco Netherlands, France, sugarbeetroot), Dioscorea rattle virus Germany, Italy, Norway, batatas (Chinese yam), Poland, Sweden, UK Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco) 200

57. Trichodorus viruliferus Hooper; I: jika MP Beta vulgaris var. akar, umbi, America: USA Trichodoridae; stubby root tidak saccharifera (bit gula, tanah Europe:Belgium, Bulgaria, nematode diproses. sugarbeetroot), Hordeum Czech Republic, France, II: jika MP vulgare (barli, barley), sebagai Germany, Hungary, Italy, diproses Malus domestica (apel, vektor:Pea Netherlands, Poland, apple), Pisum sativum early Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, (kapri, sweet pea), Secale browning Switzerland, UK cereale (rye), Solanum virus, tuberosum (kentang, Tobacco potato), Vitis vinifera rattle virus (anggur, grapevine), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 58. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni I: jika MP Arachniodes adiantiformis akar, bibit, Africa: South Africa Steiner; (=Tesselus claytoni) tidak (Leatherleaf fern), Avena umbi, America: Honduras, Dolichodoridae; stunt diproses. sativa (oats), Azaleas, polong, Canada, USA, nematode; tobacco stunt II: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, tanah Asia: Bangladesh, China, nematode diproses soyabean), Gossypium sp. Japan, India, Turkey, (kapas, cotton), Lolium Korea (ryegrasses), Medicago Europe: Belgium, sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Nandina, Nicotiana tabacum Denmark, Germany, Italy, (tembakau, tobacco), Olea Netherlands, Switzerland, europaea subsp. europaea UK, Poland (zaitun, olive), Oryza sativa Oceania: Australia (padi, paddy, rice), Peony, Photinia glabra, Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Poaceae (grasses), Prunus persica (peach), 201

Rhododendron (Azalea), Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Rhododendron japonicum (Japanese azalea), Rhododendron obtusum (Kirishima azalea), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Secale cereale (rye), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, groundnut), Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba), Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Litchi chinensis (leci, lichi), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Picea abies (common spruce), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine), Pinus elliottii (slash pine), Pinus palustris (longleaf 202

pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Solanum melongena (terong, eggplant), Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry), Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (bent grass), Arctium lappa (burdock), Bouteloua curtipendula (Side-oats grama), Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama), Camellia japonica (camellia), Chamaecyparis pisifera (sawara false cypress), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Enkianthus perulatus (white enkianthus), Erica (heaths), Festuca (fescues), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Osmanthus fragrans, Pieris japonica (Lily-of-the-valley shrub), Poa pratensis (smooth-stalked meadowgrass) 59. Xiphinema americanum Cobb.; I: jika MP Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), akar, bibit, Africa: Nigeria, Senegal (=Tylencholaimus americanus tidak Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), stolon, America: Argentina, Brazil, =Xiphinema taylori diproses. Malus domestica (apel, umbi, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, 203

=Xiphinema californicum); II: jika MP apple), Rubus tanah. Guatemala, Mexico, Xiphinematidae; American diproses idaeus(raspberry), Panama, Peru, USA, dagger nematode, tobacco ring Vaccinium spp.(blueberries), sebagai Uruguay, Venezuella, spot nematode Vitis vinifera (anggur, vektor:Toba Argentina, grapevine), Zea mays cco ring spot Asia: China, India, Japan, (jagung, corn), virus, Kazakhtan, North Korea, Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato ring Oman, Pakistan, (tomat, tomato), Avena spot virus, Philippines, Sri Lanka, sativa (oat, oats), Cocos Peach Tajikistan, Turkey, nucifera (kelapa, coconut), yellow bud Uzbekistan Citrus sinensis (jeruk virus, Europe: Hungary, Poland, manis, navel orange), Ficus Cherry rasp Russia, Spain, UK carica (ara), Fragaria vesca leaf virus Oceania: Australia. (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Juglans regia (walnut), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, lychee), Linum usitatissimum(flax), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Prunus spp. (stone fruit), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Rubus spp.(blackberry, raspberry), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, 204

potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Vaccinium spp.(blueberries), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Coffea canephora (kopi robusta, robusta coffee), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium hirsutum (bourbon cotton), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Polyphagous, Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), 205

Zea mays (jagung, corn) Mentha spp. (mints), Pinus spp. (pines), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Onobrychis viciifolia(sainfoin), Petunia hybrida, Picea spp., Plantago spp. (plantain), Poncirus trifoliata(Trifoliate orange), Potentilla spp.(Cinquefoil), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Shorea robusta(sal), Tectona grandis (jati, teakwood), Trifolium spp. (clovers), Zoysia japonica(zoysiagrass), Agropyron spp., Codiaeum variegatum(croton), Callicarpa americana(American beautyberry), Nerium oleander(oleander), Acer platanoides(Norway maple), Agropyron cristatum(crested wheatgrass), Agropyron desertorum(crested wheatgrass (USA)), Anethum graveolens(dill), Bambusa (bamboo), Bambusa tuldoides(punting-pole bamboo), Callicarpa 206

americana (American beautyberry), Cichorium intybus (chicory), Codiaeum variegatum (croton), Cydonia oblonga(quince), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Nerium oleander(oleander), Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin), Petunia hybrida, Picea glauca(white spruce), Picea pungens(blue spruce), Plantago (Plantain), Poncirus trifoliate(Trifoliate orange), Potentilla(Cinquefoil), Rosa (mawar, roses), Shorea robusta (sal), Tectona grandis (teak), Trifolium (clovers), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white clover), Zoysia japonica (zoysiagrass) 60. Xiphinema diversicaudatum I: jika MP Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), akar, umbi, Africa: Algeria, South (Micoletzky) Thorne; tidak Fragaria ananassa stolon, bibit, Africa (=Dorylaimus (Longidorus) diproses. (stroberi, strawberry), tanah America: USA diversicaudatus =D.elongatus II: jika MP Prunus spp., Rosa spp. Asia: Turkey =Longidorus diversicaudatus diproses (mawar, rose), Rubus sebagai Australia: New Zealand =Xiphinema (Diversiphinema) fruticosa(blackberry), Rubus vektor:Arabi Europe: Austria, Belgium, diversicaudatum idaeus (raspberry), Vitis c mosaic Bulgaria, Netherlands, =X.amarantum =X.basiri vinifera (anggur, grapevine) virus Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech =X.israeliae =X. Prunus salicina (Japanese Strawberry Republic, Denmark, 207

paraelongatum =X.sahelense plum), Acer pseudoplatanus latent Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =X.seredouense); (sycamore), Allium porrum ringspot Bosnia and Herzegovina, Xiphinematidae; dagger (bawang daun, leek), virus Montenegro, Macedonia, nematode Brassica olercea (kubis, France, Germany, Ireland, bunga kol, cabbage, Italy, Moldova, Norway, cauliflower), Poland, Portugal, Russia, Chamaecyparislawsoniana Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, (Port Orford cedar), Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Chamomilla suaveolens (Rounded chamomile), Chrysanthemum coronarium (garland chrysanthemum), Crataegus laevigata, Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Mentha arvenis (corn mint), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pyrus communis (European pear), Sambucus nigra (elder), Senecio vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium pratense 208

(purple clover), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Veronica(Speedwell) 61. Xiphinema index Thorne & I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, akar, umbi, Africa: Algeria, South Allen;(=Diversiphinema index); tidak grapevine), Ficus carica bibit, tanah Africa, Tunisia Xiphinematidae; dagger diproses. (ara, America: Argentina, Brazil, nematode, fan-leaf virus II: jika MP fig),Muscadiniarotundifolia( sebagai Chile, Peru, USA nematode diproses monkhood-vine), Vitis spp. vektor: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Grapevine Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Ampelopsis fanleaf virus Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, aconitifolia(monkhood-vine), Tajikistan, Turkey, Anacardium occidentale Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Europe: Albania, Austria, Citrus aurantium (jeruk Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, nipis, ime), Cydonia oblonga Czech, Serbia, Slovenia, (kwinsi, quince), Juglans Croatia, Bosnia and regia (walnut), Jasminum Herzegovina, Montenegro, officinale, Lycopersicum Macedonia, France, esculentum (tomat, tomato), Germany, Greece, Malus domestica (apel, Hungary, Italy, Malta, apple), Malus sylvestris Moldova, Poland, Portugal, (crab-apple tree), Morus Romania, Russia, alba(mora), Olea europea Slovakia, Spain, subsp. europea (zaitun, Switzerland, Ukraine olive), Opuntia Oceania: Australia, New sp.(pricklypear), Zealand. Parthenicissus tricuspidata, Petunia hybrida, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pistacia mutica, Pistacia vera(pistachio), 209

Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus spp., Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Betula (birches), Chenopodium giganteum (large lambsquarters), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Cupressus pyramidalis, Fagus silvaticus, Gomphrena globosa (Globe amaranth), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine), Pinus sp. (pine), Populus sp. (poplar), Quercus lucombeana, Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Thuja, Urtica urens (annual nettle), Vitis rupestris (sand-grape) 62. Xiphinema italiae Meyl.; I: jika MP Citrus spp., Vitis vinifera akar, tanah Africa: Egypt, Cameroon, Xiphinematidae; dagger tidak (anggur, grapevine), Olea Libya, Nigeria, South nematode diproses. europea subsp. europea sebagai Africa, Tunisia. II: jika MP (zaitun, olive) vektor:Grap Europe: Greece, Italy, diproses evine Spain fanleaf virus

210

V. GULMA (WEEDS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA MEDIA PEMBAWA/ DAERAH ASAL/ No SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP PATHWAY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Agropyron repens(L.) II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Egypt, Nigeria Beauv.; (Elymus repens = Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta America: Argentina, Canada, Ecuador, Elytrigia repens =Triticum vulgaris var saccharifera (bit gula, USA repens); Poaceae; quack sugar beet), Brassica spp., Daucus Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, grass, couch grass, quick carota (wortel, carrot), Helianthus Bangladesh, Georgia, India, Iran, grass, rope twich, scotch annuus (bunga matahari, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, quelch, dog grass, twich sunflower), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Pakistan, Turkey grass, wikens, wicks barley), Linum usitatissimum, Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Medicago sativa, Pastures, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Phaseolus spp., Pisum sativum Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, (kapri, sweet pea),Poaceae(grasses), Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherland, Secale cereale (rye), Solanum Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, tuberosum (kentang, potato), Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Trifolium (clover),Zea mays (jagung, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, corn, maize), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 2. Alectra fulminensis (Vell.) II Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) America: Venezuela Stearn; Scrophulariaceae: sugarcane weed 3. Alectra orobanchoides II Leguminoceae (kacang-kacangan) Africa: Kenya (Benth); (= A. kirkii Benth. Kick); Schropulariaceae; tobacco witch weed 211

4. Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) II Leguminoceae (kacang-kacangan) Africa: all Kuntze; Asia: India, Myanmar, China, Schropulariaceae; Philippines tobacco witch weed, yellow witch weed 5. Alectra vogelli (Benth); II Vigna unguiculata (kacang Africa: South Africa, Central Africa, Schropulariaceae; panjang, cowpea) Mali, Kenya cowpeawitch weed Arachis hypogaea (kacang Europe: Switzerland tanah,groundnut,peanut), Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), Mucuna pruriens (Buffalobean), Phaseolus acutifolius (tepary bean), Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean), Phaseolus radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Voandzeia subterranea (bambara groundnut) 6. Alopecurus myosuroides II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Northern Africa Hudson (=A. agrestis L); Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), America: Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Poaceae; blackgrass, Brassica napus var. napus, Secale Mexico, Peru, USA, Uruguay slender meadow foxtail, cereale (rye) Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, twitch grass, black twitch Beta vulgaris (bit gula, beetroot), Iraq, Israel, Jordania, Lebanon, Allium cepa (bawang bombay, Pakistan,Turkey onion), Solanum tuberosum Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, (kentang, potato), Zea mays Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, (jagung, corn, maize), Malus spp., Denmark, France, Corsica, Germany, Prunus (stone fruits), Pyrus Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, communis (pir, pear) Netherland, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand

212

7. Asphodelus fistulosus II Cicer arietinum, Linum Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Mauritius, (L.); (=Asphodelus usitatissimum,Nicotiana tabacum Morocco, Sudan tenuifolius Cav.) (tembakau, tobacco), Pisum America: Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, USA Asphodelaceae; onion sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, weed, asphodelus,wild Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Malaysia, Nepal, onion, onion-leafed, pink potato), Triticum aestivum Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, asphodel, asphodel (gandum, wheat) Turkey, Yemen Beta vulgaris (bit gula, beetroot), Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Brassica juncea var. juncea (Indian Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, mustard), Citrus, Gossypium Macedonia, France, Greece, Italy, hirsutum (bourbon cotton), Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, date- palm), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Zea mays(jagung,corn,maize) 8. Buchnera hispida II Sorghum bicolor (cantel, sorghum), Africa: Southeast Africa (Bunch.-Ham. ex D. Setaria italic (jewawut, millet) Asia: India, Madagascar Don); (=Buchnera longifolia Klotzsch. =B. browniana Schinz. =B. macrocarpa Hochst.) Orobanchaceae; karanji, marathi 9. Cirsium arvense(L.) II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Angola, South Africa, Sudan, Scop.;(=Cirsium incanum Aeschynomene falcata, Avena Swaziland, Tunisia, Zimbabwe = C. lanatum =C. setosum sativa (oat, oats), Bromus, Brassica America: North America (Canada, =C. arvensis); Asteraceae; napus var. napus,Carthamus Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, california thistle, canada tinctorius, Coronilla varia, Dactylis New Brunswick, Newfoundland, thistle, creeping thistle, glomerata, Fagopyron Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, field thistle esculentum,Glycine max (kedelai, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, 213

soybean), Gossypium barbadens Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus Territory, Mexico, USA, Alaska, (bunga matahari, sunflower), Arizona, Arkansas, California, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Linum usitatissimum, Lotus Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, corniculatus, Pinus merkusii Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, (tusam, pinetree), Medicago sativa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Onobrychis viciifolia, Panicum Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, miliaceum, Phleum, Pisum sativum New Hampshire, New Jersey, New (kapri, sweet pea), Poa, Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Polyphagous, Secale cereale (rye), North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, sorghum), Trifolium, Triticum South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West mays (jagung, corn, maize) Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), South Allium cepa (bawang bombay, America (Chile), Brazil onion), Allium porrum Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, China, (bawangdaun,leek), Allium sativum Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, (bawang putih, garlic), Apium Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachis Turkmenistan hypogaea (kacang tanah, Europe:Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech groundnut, peanut), Asparagus Republic, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, (sugarbeet), Brassica juncea var. France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, juncea (Indian mustard), Brassica Italy, Netherland, Norway, Poland, nigra (black mustard), Brassica Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, oleracea (kubis (cabbages),bunga Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Ireland kol(cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. var. botrytis (bunga kol,cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. italica (brokoli,broccoli), 214

Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), Brassica rapa subsp. rapa (turnip), Capsicum annuum (paprika,bell-pepper,red pepper), Chamomilla recutita (common chamomile), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (waluh,labuparang, pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labukuning,zucchini), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel,apple), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau,tobacco), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli,parsley), Phaseolus (beans), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Solanum melongena (terong, 215

eggplant,aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 10. Cuscutaepilinum(Weike);C II Flax, Linseed Africa:Ethiopia,Egypt,Morocco,SouthAf onvolvulaceae; flax rica dodder America: Canada,USA Asia: Cyprus Europe:all 11. Cuscutaepithym II Herbaceous,Legume Africa:South Africa um(L.) America: Murr.(=C.trifoli); NorthAmerica,Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil, Convolvulaceae; Colombia, alfalfa dodder Chile,Venezuela,DominicanRepublic,E cuador,Paraguay, Peru,Uruguay,FrenchGuiana Asia: Japan,WestAsia Europe:all Oceania:Australia 12. Cuscutagronovii(Willd II Herbaceous,Solanumtuberosum(ke America: NorthAmerica .);Convolvulaceae;sw ntang,potato),Pipernigrum(lada,pep Europe:all amp dodder per), Apium graveolens(seledri,celery) 13. Cuscutaindecora(Choisy II Leguminoceae Africa:Morocco .);Convolvulaceae;thin- America: vine dodder NorthdanArgentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Colo mbia,Chile, Venezuela,DominicanRepublic,Ecuado r,Paraguay,Peru,

216

Uruguay,FrenchGuiana Europe: Greece 14. Cuscutajaponica(Choisy); II Solanumtuberosum(kentang,potato) Asia: Japan Convolvulaceae; dodder ,Solanum melongena (terong, seed eggplant,aubergine), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato) 15. 3Cuscutamonogyna(Vahl.); II Leguminoceae,Citrus spp. Asia: CentralEast,Afghanistan 0Convolvulaceae; eastern (jeruk,orange),Tamarix,Salix Europe:France,SouthEurope . dodder Oceania:Mediteranean 16. Cuscutapedicellata(Ledeb) II Leguminoceae Asia: CentralAsia,CentralEast Asia ; Convolvulaceae Oceania:EasternMediteranean 17. Cuscutaplaniflora(Ten.);(= II Leguminoceae America:NorthAmerica C.Approximate); Asia:CentralAsia Convolvulaceae; Oceania:Mediteranean espaguete 18. Digitaria II Agave part oflana, Ananas comosus Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi, scalarum(Schweinf.) (nenas, pineapple), Coffea spp. Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Chiov.; (=Digitaria (kopi, coffee), Gossypium Swaziland, Nigeria, South Africa, abyssinica =D. barbadens (kapas, cotton), Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, abyssinicavar. scalarum Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Tanzania, Madagascar, Zambia, =D. eichingeri =D. hackelii sugarcane), Zea mays (jagung, Zimbabwe =D. merkeri =D. mutica corn, maize) Asia: Saudi Arabia, India, Sri Lanka =D. scalarum =D. Acacia (wattles), Camellia sinensis somaliensis =D. (teh, tea), Linum usitatissimum tangaensis =D. vestita (flax), Musa sp. (pisang, banana), =Panicum abyssinicum Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), =P. hackelii =P. Tanacetum cinerariifolium kafuroense =P. muticum (Pyrethrum), Triticum aestivum =P. scalarum); Poaceae; (gandum, wheat) cough grass

217

19. Emex australis II Avena sativa (oat, oats), Brassica Africa: Bostwana, Kenya, Lesotho, (Steinh.);Polygonaceae;Sp napus var. napus (rape), Cicer Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, iny Emex, doublegee, arietinum (chickpea), Hordeum Namibia, Ascension, South Africa, three-cornered jack vulgare (barli, barley), Lupinus Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe spp., Medicago sativa (lucerne), America: North America (USA, Medicago spp., Pisum sativum California, Hawaii), Central America & (kapri,sweetpea), Secale cereale Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) (rye), Triticale, Triticum aestivum Asia: Taiwan, India, Pakistan (gandum, wheat), Vicia faba (broad Oceania: Australia, New Zealand bean), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, groundnut, peanut), Brassica oleracea (kubis (cabbages), bunga kol (cauliflowers), Citrus, Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Gossypium (cotton), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Prunus (stone fruit), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant,aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, 218

sorghum), Trifolium spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize) 20. 3Melampyrum arvense (L.); II Cereal, Triticum aestivum (gandum, Asia: West Asia . Orobanchaceae; field wheat), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Europe: West Europe, France, cow-wheat, purple cow- barley) Belgium, Germany, Netherland wheat, horse flower 21. 3Odontites verna (Bell) II Poaceae(grasses), Lucerne, Triticum America: North America . Dum; (= Bastsia odontites aestivum (gandum, wheat) Asia: Turkey = O. serotinus = O. rubra Europe: Southeast Europe, Germany gilib); Orobanchaceae; red bartsia, Eyebright, red rattle, Perlina di Primavera 22. 3Orobanche cernua II Tanaman Compositae, Solanaceae Africa: Tanzania, Uganda, Algeria, 9(Loefl.);(= O. cernua, O. Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, . bicolor, O. curviflora, O. Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia hispanica, O. gallica, O. Asia: India, Afghanistan, China, pogonanthera, O. Bahrain, Geogia, Irak, Israel, Jordania, nicotiana, O. glaucantha, Kuwait, Kazaktans, Lebanon, O. cumana); Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Orobanchaceae Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Europe:Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, Greece, Hongary, Italy, Rumania, Rusia, Spain, UK Oceania: Australia 23. 4Orobanche foetida (Poir.), II Legumimosae/ Fabaceae Africa: Morocco, Tunisia, Iberian . Orobanchaceae; Peninsula, Balearic Islands Broomrapes Europe: Spain 24. 4Orobanche gracilis (SM.); II Legumimosae/ Fabaceae Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, . Orobanchaceae; Rwanda, Tanzania Broomrapes Europe: Sout East Europe

219

25. 3Orobanche ramosa (L.); (= II Brassica spp., Lycopersicon Africa: North Africa, South Africa 7O. Interrupta, O. esculentum (tomat, tomato), America: USA, Central America (Cuba), . Micrantha, Kopsia Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, South America, Chile interrupta, O. cannabis, tobacco), Solanum melongena Asia: Armenia, Afghanistan, China, Philipaea ramosa, (terong, eggplant, aubergine) India, Iran, Irak, Israel, Jordan, Phelipanche ramosa, Allium cepa (bawang bombay, Lebanon, Nepal, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Kopsia ramosa); onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Orobanchaceae; celery), Arachis hypogaea (kacang Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Broomrapes tanah, groundnut, peanut), Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Cannabis sativa (hemp), Capsicum Republic, Slovakia, France, Corsica, annuum (paprika, bell pepper, red Germany, Greece, Hongary, Italy, pepper), Carthamus tinctorius Malta, Moldova, Netherland, Poland, (safflower), Cicer arietinum Portugal, Rumania, Rusia, Spain, UK, (chickpea), Citrullus lanatus Switzerland (semangka, watermelon), Cucumis Oceania: Australia melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita (pumpkin), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium spp., Vicia faba (broad bean) 26. Partheniumhysterophorus II Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, L.; (= rgyrochaeta lady’sfinger), Allium cepa (bawang Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, bipinnatifida Cav. = bombay, onion), Anacardium Cornoros, Seychelles, South Africa, 220

Villanova binnatifida occidentale (cashew nut), Arachis Somalia, Mayotte, Swaziland, Ortega) hypogaea (kacang Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe Asteraceae;parthenium tanah,groundnut, peanut), Carica America: Bermuda, North America weeds, congress grass, papaya (pepaya,papaw, papaya), (Mexico, USA)Tropical America, whiteheads, barley flower Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Citrus, Caribean Island, Central America Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), (Barbados, Belize, Bahama, Cuba, Coffea (kopi, coffee), Daucus carota Dominican Republik, Haiti, Honduras, (wortel, carrot), Eleusine coracana Jamaica, Poerto Rico, Costa Rica), (finger millet), Eragrostis tef (teff), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Helianthus annuus (bunga Suriname, Venezuela, Uruguay) matahari, sunflower), Lycopersicon Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, esculentum (tomat,tomato), Taiwan,India, Israel, Jepang, Vietnam, Mangifera indica (mangga,mango), Nepal, Pakistan Musa (pisang,banana), Pastures, Europe: Belgium Phaseolus (beans), Psidium guajava Oceania: Eastern Queensland, (jambu biji, guava), Saccharum Australia, Frenche Polinesia, New officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Caledonia, Vanuatu Sesamum indicum (sesame), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (Jagung, corn, maize), Radish 27. Praxelis clematidea R.M. II Pasture, Saccharum officinarum America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, King & H. Robinson; (tebu, sugarcane) Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, (=Eupatorium catarium Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Veldk.); Asteraceae Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana, Guyana Asia: Hongkong, China Oceania: Australia 221

28. 4Rhamphicarpa fistulosa II Oryza sativa (padi, rice, paddy), Africa: Africa Tropic, South Africa, 6(Hochst)Benth; (= R. Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize), Tanzania, Kayela, Mbunga . Longiflora); Rumput-rumputan Schropulariaceae 29. 4Rhinanthus angustifolius II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), America: North America 4(C. Gmelin); Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Asia: Turkey, Caucasus, Armenia, . (=Alecterolophus major = Azerbaijan, Georgia A. glaber= A. montanus = Europe: Denmark, Finland, Norway, R. apterus = R. glaberR. Sweden, United Kingdom, Austria, major = R. serotinus); Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Orobanchaceae; greater Hungary, Netherland, Poland, yellow-rattle Switzerland, France, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Balkans, Russia 30. 4Rhinanthus minor (L.); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), America: North America, Canada, USA 5Orobanchaceae; yellow Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Asia: West Asia, Siberia . rattle, cockscomb Europe: Russia 31. 4Striga aspera (Willd.), (= II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize), Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, . Euphrasia aspera Willd); millet, Oryza sativa(padi, rice, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Orobanchaceae; parasitic paddy) Gambia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, weed, witchweed Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) Senegal, Togo 32. 5Striga forbesii II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize), Africa:Madagascar, South Africa . (Benth);Orobanchaceae; Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) parasitic weed, Buchera forbesii (Benth) D. Dietr.; giant maize witchweed, giant mealie witchweed 33. 5Striga gesnerioides(Willd) II Nicotianatabacum Africa: Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, 3Vatke; (=S. (tembakau,tobacco), Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Sudan, . Orobanchoides = Ipomoeabatatas(ubijalar,sweet Zimbabwe

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Buchnera potato), Vignaspp.(cowpea) America: USA, Florida, Guyana gesnerioides);Orobanchac Asia: Morocco, Sri Langka, India, eae; cowpea witchweed Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Yemen Oceania: Australia 34. 4Striga hermonthica II Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, . (Delile)Benth.; (= S. Oryza sativa(padi, rice, paddy), Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Egypt, senegalensis);Scrophulari Panicum (millets), Saccharum Gambia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, aceca; parasitic weed, officinarum (tebu,sugarcane), Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, purple witchweed Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, Namibia, Madagascar, Sudan, corn,maize) Ethiopia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Eragrostis tef (teff), Hordeum Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, vulgare (barli, barley) Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: Cambodia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Peninsula 35. 5Striga latericea (Vatke); (= II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugar Africa: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, . S. cane) Somalia, Mali, Central Africa Republic somaliensis);Orobanchac eae; parasitic weed, cowpea witchweed 36. 5Striga II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize) Africa: Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, . passargei(Engl.);Orobanc Nigeria haceae; parasitic weed Asia: Saudi Arabia 37. 5Thesium australe (R. Br.); II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Oceania: Australia . Santalaceae; Austral grasses, Saccharum officinarum toadflax, Austral Toad- (tebu, sugar cane) flax, Australian Toadflax 38. 5Thesium humile (Vahl.); II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Africa: North Africa . Santalaceae; lesser grasses, Saccharum officinarum Asia: Israel bastardtoadflax (tebu, sugar cane) Europe: Spain

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39. . Thesium II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Africa: South Africa resdoides;Santalaceae grasses, Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugar cane)

VI. CENDAWAN (FUNGAL/FUNGAL LIKE ORGANISM/PSEUDOFUNGY)

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA GOLONG DAERAH SEBAR/ N UMUM/ INANG/ PEMBAWA AN/ GEOGRAPHICAL o SCIENTIFIC NAME/ HOST / GROUP DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ PATHWAY COMMON NAME 1. [a]: - I Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, media Africa: Angola, Botswana, [s]: Claviceps africana (Fr.) ; sorghum) tanam Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana, =Sphacelia sorghi; Sorghum halepense Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Ascomycota, (Johnson grass) Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Pezizomycotina, Senegal. Swaziland, Tanzania, Sordariomycetes Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela. Asia: India, Japan, Thailand, Yemen. Oceania: Australia. 2. [a]: - I Zea mays (jagung, corn, biji, media America: Mexico [s]: Claviceps gigantea maize) tanam (Fuentes), de la Ista, Ullstrup &

224

Rodrigues(1964); ( =Sphacelia gigantea); Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; ergot of maize, horse's tooth 3. [a]: - I: jika MP Agrostis (bentgrasses), biji, media Africa: Algeria, Ethiopia, [s]: Sphacelia segetum Lév., tidak Avena sativa (oat, oats), tanam Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, 1827 diproses Cynodon (quickgrass), Mauritania, Mauritius, ( =Claviceps purpurea . Festuca (fescues), Hordeum Morocco, South Africa (Sudan, (Mantle); =Sphacelia II: jika MP (barleys), Hordeum vulgare Tanzania, Zimbabwe). sorghi =Claviceps diproses (barley), Lolium (rye grasses), America: Canada, Mexico, microcephala (Wallr.) Lolium perenne (perennial USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Tul., 1853; rye grass), Phleum Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Ascomycota, (timothies), Poa (meadow Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Pezizomycotina, grass), Poa pratensis Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Sordariomycetes; sugary (smooth-stalked French Guiana disease meadowgrass), Poaceae Asia: Armenia, China, India, (grasses), Secale (rye), Secale Iran, Israel, Japan, cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor Kazakhstan, South Korea, (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Philippines, (wheat), Triticum aestivum Turkey. (gandum, wheat) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bromus (bromegrasses), Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Echinochloa spp., Panicum Faroe Islands, Finland, France, (millets), Pennisetum (feather Germany, Greece, Hungary, grass) Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and 225

Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 4. [a]: - I: jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, bagian America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, [s]:Moniliophthora perniciosa tidak cocoa), tanaman Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, (Stahel) Aime & Phillips- diproses Bixa orellana Grenada, Guyana, Panama, Mora (2006) =Marasmius . Peru,St. Vincent and the perniciosus (Stahel, 1915) II: jika MP Grenadines, Suriname, =Crinipellis perniciosa diproses Trinidad and Tobago, (Stahel) (Singer, 1943) Venezuela Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; cocoa witches’ broom disease 5. [a]: - I: jika MP Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) daun, Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, [s]: Exobasidium reticulatum tidak batang Malaysia Ito & Sawada; diproses muda Basidiomycota, . Ustilaginomycotina, II: jika MP Exobasidiomycetes; net diproses blister blight of tea 6. [a]: - I: jika MP Albizia falcataria (L.), Albizia batang, Africa: Jamaica [s]: Fomes robiniae (Murr) tidak lelbeck, Robinia pseudo akar Asia: India, Ceylon, Pakistan Sacc and D. Sacc (1905) diproses acacia, Anogeissus latifolia, Oceania: Australia, Samon =F. rimosus =Phellinus . Boswellia serrata, Casuarina robiniae (Murrill) A. Ames II: jika MP strieta, Dalberbia sissoo, 1913 =Pyropolyporus diproses Eucalyptus spp, Querus sp., robiniae Murrill 1903 Shrea robusta, Terminalia =Fulvifomes robiniae bellarica, Terminalia (Murrill) Murrill 1914; tomentosa, Morus alba, Basidiomycota, Pistacia lentiscus 226

Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; Yellow spongy rot 7. [a]: - I: jika MP Abies alba (silver fir), Abies batang, Africa: Egypt, Morocco [s]:Fomitopsis pinicola(Sw.: tidak amabilis (Pacific silver fir), akar America: Guatemala, Canada, Fr.) P. Karst. 1881; ( diproses Abies concolor (Rocky Mexico, USA, Brazil =Boletus pinicola Sw.: Fr. . Mountain white fir), Abies Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, 1810; Fomes pinicola II: jika MP holophylla (Manchurian fir), China, Taiwan, India, Iran, (Sw.: Fr.) Fr. 1849; diproses Abies magnifica (red fir), Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Placodes pinicola (Sw.: Abies nephrolepis (Khingan Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Fr.) Pat. 1887; Polyporus fir), Abiesprocera (noble fir), Thailand, Turkey pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Fr. Abies religiosa (sacred fir), Europe: Austria, Belarus, 1821; Pseudofomes Acer macrophyllum Bulgaria, Czech Republic, pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Lázaro (broadleaf maple), Agathis, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ibiza 1916; Trametes Betula papyrifera (paper Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. birch), Larix gmelinii Bosnia and Herzegovina, Karst. 1882 (Dahurian larch), Picea abies Montenegro, Macedonia, Basidiomycota, (common spruce), Picea France, Germany, Greece, Agaricomycotina, glauca (white spruce), Picea Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Agaricomycetes; brown jezoensis (Yeddo spruce), Lithuania, Netherlands, crumbly rot, pinicola conk, Picea koraiensis (Korean Norway, Poland, Romania, red belt fungus, root rot spruce), Picea mariana Russia, Slovakia, Spain, conifers, brown rot of (black spruce), Picea obovata Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, conifers, brown cubical (Siberian spruce), Picea UK heart rot of fir rubens (red spruce), Picea Oceania: Australia, sitchensis (Sitka spruce), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine), Pinusedulis (pinyon), Pinus flexilis (limber pine), Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Prunus persica (peach), 227

Prunus sargentii (sargent's cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), Tsuga mertensiana (Patton's hemlock), Vitis (grape) Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Abies grandis (grand fir), Abies lasiocarpa (rocky mountain fir), Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir), Acer pictum (painted maple), Alnus glutinosa (European alder), Alnus incana (grey alder), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula pendula (common silver birch), Betula platyphylla (Manchurian birch), Betula populifolia (gray birch), Calocedrus decurrens (bastard cedar), Carpinus betulus (hornbeam), Carpinus cordata (heart-leaved hornbeam), Carya (hickories), Castanea (chestnuts), Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Alaska cedar), Corylusavellana (hazel), 228

Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch), Larix komarovii, Larix laricina (American larch), Magnolia, Malus domestica (apple), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pinus lambertiana (big pine), Pinus monophylla (single-leaf pinyon pine), Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), Pinus sibirica (Siberian stone pine), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus tabuliformis (chinese pine), Platanus occidentalis (sycamore), Platanus orientalis (plane), Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth aspen), Populus maximowiczii (Japanese poplar), Populus nigra (black poplar), Populus tremula (aspen (European)), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), Prunusavium (sweet cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Salix alba (white willow), Salix caprea 229

(pussy willow), Salix fragilis (crack willow), Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Thuja plicata (western redcedar), Tilia cordata (small-leaf lime), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) 8. [a]: - I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), akar, Africa: Egypt, South Africa [s]:Gaeumannomyces tidak Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, America: Peru, USA graminis var. graminis diproses wheat), Zea mays (jagung, daun, biji, Asia: India, Philippines (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier . corn, maize), Zizania spp., media (1952); ( =Rhaphidophora II: jika MP Avena spp., secale, Poaceae, tanam graminis Sacc. (1875); diproses Cynodon spp., Eremochloa Gaeumannomyces ophiuroides, Pennisetum graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D. clandestinum, Stenotaphrum Olivier (1952); Ophiobolus secundatum, Zoysia japonica graminis (Sacc.) Sacc. (1881); Ophiobolus oryzinus Sacc. (1916); Linocarpon oryzinum (Sacc.) Petr. (1952); Gaeumannomyces oryzinus (Sacc.) Schrantz (1961) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; crown sheath rot, crown sheath 230

rot of rice, patch disease of turf, white-heads of grasses 9. [a]: - I: jika MP Saccharum officinarum (tebu, daun Asia: Taiwan [s]: Leptosphaeria tidak sugarcane) taiwanensis W.Y. Yen & diproses C.C. Chi: 213 (1952); ( II. jika MP =Didymella taiwanensis diproses (J.M. Yen & C.C. Chi) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., (1989); Saccharicola taiwanensis (J.M. Yen & C.C. Chi) O.E. Erikss. & D. Hawksw., (2003) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; sugar cane leaf blight 10. [a]: - I: jika MP Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, Africa: Kenya,Tanzania [s]:Marasmiellus cocophilus tidak coconut) daun, Oceania: Solomon Islands Pegler; diproses Cynodon dactylon, batang, Basidiomycota, II. jika MP Echinochloa colona, Eleusine media Agaricomycotina, diproses indica tanam Agaricomycetes; basal stem break, lethal bole rot of coconut 11. [a]: - I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) akar, Africa: Egypt [s]:Marasmiellus inoderma tidak Zea mays (jagung, corn, daun, Oceania: Samoa America, (Berk.) Singer (1955); (= diproses maize), Musa spp. (pisang, batang, Samoa Marasmius inoderma II. jika MP banana), Orchidaceae tanaman, Berk. diproses (anggrek, orchids) tanah. Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, 231

Agaricomycetes; crown rot of rice, pre-emergence shoot rot, root rot of maize, sheath rot of maize 12. [a]: - I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah America: USA [s]:Microthyriella tidak grapevine), Malus Asia: China, India, Japan rubiPetr.;(=Schizothyrina diproses domesticum (apel, apple), rubiSchizothyrina rubi II. jika MP Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) (Petr.)) diproses Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; fly speck 13. [a]: - I: jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, buah, biji America: Brazil, [s]:Moniliophthora roreri tidak cocoa) Colombia,Costa Rica, Ecuador, (Cif.) H.C. Evans, diproses Guatemala, Honduras, Stalpers, Samson & II. jika MP Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Benny (1978); (= Monilia diproses Venezuela roreri Cif. (1933) Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; frosty pod rot, monilia pod rot, pod rot of cocoa, quevedo disease, watery pod rot of cocoa 14. [a]: - I: jika MP Manihot esculenta (singkong, umbi, Africa: Madagascar [s]:Laetiporus baudonii (Pat.) tidak cassava), akar, Ryvarden (1991); ( diproses batang =Polyporus baudonii Pat. II. jika MP (1914) =Polyporus diproses baudoni =Cladoporus baudonii (Pat.) Teixeira (1994) =Pseudophaeolus 232

baudonii (Pat.) Ryvarden (1975) =Phaeolus manihotis R. Heim (1931) Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; root rot 15. [a]: - I: jika MP Crataegus monogyna daun, Africa: Libya, Mauritius, [s]: Podosphaera clandestina tidak (hawthorn), Cydonia oblonga buah, Morocco, Zimbabwe var. clandestina, (1851); diproses (quince), Prunus armeniaca batang America: Canada, USA (=Alphitomorpha II. jika MP (apricot), Prunus avium muda Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, clandestina Wallr., (1819) diproses (sweet cherry), Prunus China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, =Erysiphe clandestina domestica (plum), Prunus Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of (Wallr.) Link, (1824) salicina (Japanese plum) (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, =Erysiphe oxyacanthae Lebanon, Turkey, DC., (1815) =Podosphaera Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan kunzei Lév., (1851) Europe: Austria, Belgium, =Microsphaera fulvofulcra Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Cooke (1851) Republic, Denmark, Estonia, =Podosphaera minor Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Howe, (1874) Croatia, Bosnia and Ascomycota, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Pezizomycotina, Macedonia, France, Germany, Leotiomycetes; powdery Greece, Hungary, Ireland, mildew of cherry; powdery Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, mildew of hawthorn; mildew Netherlands, Norway, Poland, of quince Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand

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16. [a]: Sclerotium cepivorum I: jika MP Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi, Africa: Egypt, Libya, South [s]:Stromatinia cepivorum tidak etc.), Alliumcepa (onion), akar, Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe (Berk.) Whetzel ; diproses Allium cepa var. aggregatum batang America: Canada, Mexico, ≡Stromatinia cepivora II. jika MP (shallot), Allium fistulosum USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, (Berk.,1945) diproses (Welsh onion), Allium porrum Chile, Colombia, Guyana, =Stromatinia cepivorum (leek), Allium sativum Uruguay, Venezuela (Berk., 1945) (garlic), Allium Asia: China, India, Iran, Basidiomycota, schoenoprasum (chives) Japan, Philippines Agaricomycotina, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Agaricomycetes; white rot of Cyprus, Czech Republic and onion and garlic, onion Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, white root rot, bulb rot of France, Germany, Greece, onion, Allium white rot, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, onion white rot Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 17. [a]: - I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji Africa: Botswana, Burundi, [s]:Sporisorium tidak sorghum) Cameroon, Central Africa, cruentum(J.G. Kühn) diproses Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Vanky (1985); ( II. jika MP sugarcane) Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, =Sphacelotheca diproses Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, cruenta(J.G. Kühn) Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Potter(1912) =S.holci Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, =Ustilago cruentaJ.G. South Africa, Sudan, Kühn (1872) Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, =Endothlaspis sorghi Zambia, Zimbabwe Sorokin (1890) America: Argentina, Barbados, =Cintractia sorghi Brazil, Cuba, El Salvador, (Sorokin) De Toni (1888) Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, 234

=Sphacelotheca Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, sorokiniana Cif. (1928) Puerto Rico, USA,Venezuela =Ustilago sorghi Pass. Asia: Afghanistan, China, (1873) Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Basidiomycota, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Ustilaginomycotina, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Ustilaginomycetes; loose Turkey, Yemen kernel smut, loose smut, Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, sorghum loose kernel smut Czech, Slovakia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Rusia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 18. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji Africa: South Africa, Mexico, [s]:Tilletia indica tidak wheat) USA Mitra(1931)( =Neovossia diproses Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, indica(Mitra) Mundk II. jika MP Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan (1940); diproses Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Exobasidiomycetes; Karnal bunt of wheat, Indian bunt of wheat, partial bunt of wheat, new bunt 19. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji, Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, [s]:Tilletia laevis J. G. tidak wheat) batang, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Kühn(1873); ( =Tilletia diproses . bunga Libya, Morocco, Somalia, foetens (Berk. & M.A. II. jika South Africa, Tunisia, Curtis) J. Schröt (1877) MP Zimbabwe =Tilletia foetida =Ustilago diproses America: Argentina, Canada, foetensBerk. & M.A. Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, 235

Curtis (1874); USA, Uruguay, Venezuela, Basidiomycota, Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Ustilaginomycotina, Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Exobasidiomycetes; Iraq, Israel, Japan, common bunt, complete Kazakhstan, Korea, Lebanon, bunt, covered smut, hill Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, bunt, smooth-spored wheat Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, bunt, stinking bunt, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan stinking wheat smut Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania : Australia, New Zealand 20. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum spp. (gandum, biji, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, [s]:Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) G. tidak wheat) bunga, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Winter (1884); ( =Tilletia diproses Agropyron spp., Bromusspp., batang South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. II. jika MP Elymusspp., Festucaspp., Zimbabwe (1847) =Uredo caries DC. diproses Hordeumspp., Poaspp., America: Argentina, Canada, (1815) =Uredo Sitophila Secale sereale, Lolium spp. Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Ditmar (1816) =Caeoma Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, sitophilum (Ditmar) Link Peru, USA, Uruguay, (1825) =Tilletia sitophila Venezuela (Ditmar) J. Schröt. (1877) Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, 236

Basidiomycota, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China, Ustilaginomycotina, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Exobasidiomycetes; Israel, Japan, Jordan, complete bunt, covered Kazakhstan, Korea, smut, hill bunt, rough- Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, spored wheat bunt, stinking Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi smut, wheat bunt, common Arabia, Syria, Turkey, bunt Uzbekistan Europe: Austria, Belgium,Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,Greece,Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 21. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, bunga, Africa: Algeria, Egypt,Morocco, [s]:Urocystis tidak wheat) daun,tang South Africa, Tunisia agropyri(Preuss) A.A. diproses Agropyron, Elymus repens, kai malai, America: Argentina, Canada, Fisch. Waldh. (1867); ( II. jika MP Agropyron smithii, Agrostis biji Chile, Falkland Islands, =Uredo agropyri Preuss diproses stolonifera var. palustris, Greenland, Guatemala, (1848) =Polycystis Agrostis capillaris, Mexico, USA, Uruguay, agrropyri (Preuss) J. Alopecurus, Avena sativa Venezuela Schröt. (1877) (oat, oats ), Bromus Asia: Afghanistan, 237

=Tuburcinia agropyri carinatus, Bromus China,Taiwan, India, Iran, (Preuss) Liro (1922) marginatus, Carex, Dactylis Iraq, Israel, Japan, =Tubircinia agropyri- glomerata, Elymus, Festuca Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, juncei Vienn.-Bourg. rubra, Lolium, Phleum Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, (1954) =Urocystis pratense, Poa spp., Trisetum Uzbekistan agropyri-juncei (Vienn.- Europe: Baltic area, Bulgaria, Bourg.) H. Zogg. (1986) Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, =Tuburcinia elymi Cif. Denmark, Estonia, Finlania, (1931) =Urocystis elymi France, Greece, Hungary, (Cif.) Schwarzman (1960) Ireland, Italy, Latvia, =Urocystis preussii J.G. Lithuania, Netherlands, Kühn (1874) Norway, Poland, Portugal, Basidiomycota, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Ustilaginomycotina, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Ustilaginomycetes; flag UK smut, flag smut of wheat, Oceania: Australia, New stem smut, stripe smut Zealand 22. [a]: - I: jika MP Allium spp. umbi, Africa: Egypt, Gabon, Morocco [s]:Urocystis cepulaeFrost. tidak Anthirinum sp. daun, America: Canada,Chile, Cuba, (1877)( =Tuburcinia diproses batang Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. cepulae Frost (1877) II. jika MP Lucia, USA =Urocystis magica Pass. diproses Asia: China, Taiwan, India, (1875) =Tuburcinia Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, magica (Pass.) Liro (1922) Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, =Urocystis allii Schellenb. Philippines, Tajikistan, (1911) =Tuburcinia allii Thailand (Schellenb.) Liro (1922) Europe: Austria, Belgium, =Tuburcinia oblonga Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Massenot (1953) Malta, Denmark, Finlania, =Urocystis oblonga France, Germany, Greece, (Massenot) H. Zogg (1986) Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Basidiomycota, Romania, Rusia, 238

Ustilaginomycotina, Slovakia,Sweden, Switzerland, Ustilaginomycetes; leek UK,Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, smut, onion smut Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 23. [a]: - I: jika MP Gladiolus spp. umbi, Asia: Iran [s]:Urocystis tidak daun gladiolicolaAinsw. (1950); diproses ( =Tuburcinia gladiolicola II. jika MP (Ainsw.) Cif. (1963) diproses Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Ustilaginomycetes; smut 24. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, bunga, Africa: Egypt [s]: Ustilago nuda f.sptritici tidak wheat), Secale sereale daun, America: Canada, USA (Schaffnit); ( =Ustilago diproses (barley) tangkai Asia: China, India, Pakistan nuda f.sp. hordei); II. jika MP malai, biji Europe: Ireland, Rusia, Basidiomycota, diproses Switzerland, UK Ustilaginomycotina, Oceania: Australia Ustilaginomycetes; barley loose smut 25. [a]: - I: jika MP Silene pratensis, Cerastium, bunga, America: North America, USA [s]:Ustilago violacea(Pers.) tidak Dyanthus,Caryophyllaceae daun, Europe: Sweden, Roussel; ( =( diproses tangkai =Microbotryum violaceum II. jika MP malai, biji (Pers.) G. Deml & Oberw. diproses =Uredo violacea Pers. =Caeoma violaceum (Pers.) Nees =Uredo antherarum DC. =Ustilago antherarum (DC.) Fr. 239

=Caeoma antherarum (DC.) Schltdl. =Microbotryum antherarum (DC.) Lév. =Erysibe antherarum (DC.) Wallr. =Ustilago silenes-nutantis Liro) Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Ustilaginomycetes; Caryophyllaceae anther smut 26. [a]: - I: jika MP Sorghum sudanense, biji, Africa: Burkina Faso, Burundi, [s]: Sphacelotheca reiliana tidak Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, bunga, Cameroon, Chad, DR Congo, (J. G. Kühn) G.P Clinton;( diproses sorghum), Zea mays daun, Egypt, Erythrea, Ethiopia, =Cintractia reiliana (J. G. II. jika MP (jagung, corn, maize), Zea akar, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Kühn) Clinton diproses mays subsp. mays (sweet batang, Mauritania, Mauritius, =Sorosporium holci- corn) media Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, sorghi (Rivolta) Moesz Andropogon, Zea mexicana tanam Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, =Sorosporium (Zea mays subsp. mexicana) Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, reilianum(J.G. Kühn) Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, McAlpine =Sphacelotheca Zambia, Zimbabwe holci-sorghi (Rivolta) Cif. America: Argentina, Barbados, =Sporisorium holci- Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, sorghi (Rivolta) Vánky Colombia, El Salvador, =Sporisorium Guatemala, Honduras, reilianum(J. G. Kühn) Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Langdon & Full. USA, Uruguay =Ustilago holci-sorghi Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Rivolta =Ustilago reiliana Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, J. G. Kühn) Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of, Basidiomycota; Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, 240

Microbotryales;Microbotryac Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, eae; Head smut of maize, Yemen loose smut Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Estonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro,Moldova, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 27. [a]:Alternaria citriEllis & N. I: jika MP Citrus sp., Citrus jambhiri buah, dan Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Pierce(1992); tidak (rough lemon), Citrus junos daun. Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, [s]: - diproses (yuzu), Citrus limon (lemon), Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Ascomycota, II. jika MP Citrus medica (citron), Citrus Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Pezizomycotina, diproses reticulata (mandarin), Citrus Zimbabwe Dothideomycetes; stalk end sinensis (navel orange) America: Cuba, Jamaica, rot, stem end rot, navel end Puerto Rico, North America, rot, core rot of citrus, black Mexico, USA, Argentina, rot of citrus fruit, brown Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, spot of citrus, black rot of Chile, Venezuela, Dominican Citrus, fruit rot of Citrus, Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, core rot of Citrus. Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, 241

Turkey, Vietnam Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia, Spain Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 28. [a]:Aposphaeria ulei Henn. I: jika MP Hevea brasiliensis (karet, tanaman, America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, (1904); ( = Fusicladium tidak rubber tree) batang Colombia, Costa Rica, heveae K. Schub. & U. diproses muda, Ecuador,El Salvador, Guyana Braun (2003) II. jika MP daun, France, Guatemala, Guyana, =Fusicladium diproses buah, alat Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, macrosporum Kuyper angkut, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, (1911) =Passalora heveae alat Suriname, Trinidad and Massee 1913 pertanian, Tobago, Venezuela [s]:Microcyclus ulei (Henn.) media Arx (1962); ( =Dothidella pembawa ulei Henn. (1904) lainnya =Melanopsammopsis ulei (Henn.) Stahel (1917) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; American leaf blight of rubber 29. [a]:Armillaria heimii Pegler I: jika MP Anacardium occidentalis akar, Africa: Angola, Cameroon, DR (1977); (=Clitocybe tidak (jambu mede, cashew nut), batang, Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, elegans R. Heim (1963); diproses Camellia cinensis (teh, tea), tanah Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Armillariella elegans (R. II. jika MP Coffea arabica (kopi, arabica Madagascar, Mozambique, Heim, 1974) diproses coffe), Coffea canephora Nigeria, Reunion, South Africa, [s]: - (kopi, robusta coffea), Hevea Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Basidiomycota, brasiliensis (karet, rubber), Zimbabwe Agaricomycotina, Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, Agaricomycetes; armillaria cassava), Pinus ellioti (slash 242

root rot; honey root rot pine), Pinus radiate (radiate pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus persica (Japanese plum), Tectona grandis (teak), Theobromoa cacao (coklat, cocoa) Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood), Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine), Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarinas), Cinnamamum camphora (camphor laurel), Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Delonix regia (gold mohar), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon- scented gum), Grevillea robusta (silky oak), Jacaranda mimosifolia (Brazilian rosewood), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Pinus strobes (eastern white pine), Prunus (buah batu, stone fruit), Schinus molle (false pepper tree), swietenia (mahogany). 30. [a]:Ascochyta boltshauseri I: jika MP Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) biji, America: Colombia Sacc. =Stagonosporopsis tidak Fabaceae, Poaceae polong, hortensis =Stagonospora diproses daun, 243

hortensis =Ascochyta II. jika MP batang, hortensis = diproses tanah Stagonosporopsis boltshauseri =Phoma boltshauseri =Hendersonia hortensis =Phoma subboltshauseri); [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; bean blotch, bean leaf spot 31. [a]: Ascochyta I: jika MP Gossypium barbadens biji, buah, Africa: Benin, DR Congo, gossypii(Woronichin) tidak (kapas, cotton) daun, Ethiopia, Kenya, Syd.; diproses Capsicum annuum (cabai, batang Mauritius,Nigeria, South [s]: - II. jika MP hot pepper, chilies, red Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Ascomycota, diproses pepper), Abelmoschus Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Pezizomycotina, moschatus (okra, lady’s America: Argentina, Brazil, Dothideomycetes; ascochyta finger), Solanum melongena Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, blight of cotton, ascochyta (terung, eggplant, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, leaf spot, ascochyta aubergine),Nicotiana Puerto Rico, USA,Venezuela seedling blight, ashen spot, tabacum (tembakau, Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, wet weather blight of cotton. tobacco), Glycine max China, Taiwan, Georgia, India, (kedelai, soybean), Vigna Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, unguiculata, Hibiscus spp., Philippines Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) Europe: Greece Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea 32. [a]:Boeremia exigua var. I: jika MP Linum ussitatissimum (flax) buah, America: Canada linicola (Naumov & tidak Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) bunga, Europe: Belgium, Czech, Vassiljevsky) Aveskamp, diproses biji, Denmark, Estonia, France, Gruyter & Verkley (2010); II. jika MP batang, Germany, Italy, Latvia, 244

( = Ascochyta linicola diproses akar, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Naumov & Vassiljevsky Slovakia (1926) Oceania: Australia, New [s]: Phoma exigua f. sp. Zealand linicola (Naumov & Vassiljevsky) Malc. & E.G. Gray (1968) =Phoma exigua var. linicola (Naumov & Vassiljevsky) P.W.T. Maas (1965) =Phoma belgica Cash (1972) =Phoma linicola É.J. Marchal & Verpl. (1926) =Diplodina lini Moesz & Smarods (1930) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; foot rot of flax 33. [a]: Botrytis aclada Fresen. I: jika MP Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, =Botrytis allii Munn tidak etc.), Allium cepa (onion), lapis,daun South Africa, Tanzania, =Botrytis septospora El- diproses Allium cepa var. aggregatum , bunga, Zambia Helaly et al.; II. jika MP (shallot) biji America: Costa Rica, [s]: - diproses Allium porrum (leek), Allium Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama, Ascomycota, sativum (garlic) Canada, USA, Brazil, Chile, Pezizomycotina, Colombia, Venezuela Leotiomycetes; grey mould Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, of onion, neck rot of onion, China, Taiwan, India, Iran, leaf rot of onion, small Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea sclerotial neck rot fungus, Republic of (South Korea), neck rot fungus, grey mould Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, neck rot of onion, small Turkey, Vietnam 245

sclerotial onion neck rot Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 34. [a]:Botrytis gladiolorum I: jika MP Gladiolus spp. umbi, Asia: Pakistan Timmerm(1941)( tidak tanaman =Sclerotinia draytonii) diproses [s]:Botryotinia II. jika MP draytonii(Buddin & diproses Wakefield) Seaver; Ascomycetes; corm rot 35. [a]:Botrytis porri N.F. I: jika MP Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi America: Canada, USA, Chile Buchw. (1949); tidak etc.), Allium cepa (onion), lapis,daun Europe: Finland, Germany, (=Sclerotinia porri J.F.H. diproses Allium porrum (leek) , bunga, Hungary, Norway, UK Beyma (1927) II. jika MP biji Oceania: Australia, New [s]: Botryotinia porri(H.J.F. diproses Zealand Beyma) Whetzel (1945); Ascomycetes; Botrytis rot of garlic, Botrytis rot of leek, seedling damping-off of onion, neck rot of onion, mycelia onion neck rot 36. [a]:Botrytis squamosaJ.C. I: jika MP Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi Africa: Mauritius Walker, (1925) tidak etc.), Allium cepa (onion) lapis,daun America: Canada, USA, Brazil [s]:Botryotinia diproses Allium chinense (spring , bunga, Asia: China, Japan, Korea, 246

squamosaVienn.-Bourg. II. jika MP onion), Allium fistulosum biji DPR, Korea Republic of (South (1953); (=Sclerotinia diproses (Welsh onion), Allium Korea) squamosa (Vienn.-Bourg. schoenoprasum (chives), Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, 1956) Allium tuberosum (Oriental Czech Republic, France, Ascomycota, garlic) Germany, Ireland, Italy, Pezizomycotina, Netherlands, Poland, UK, Leotiomycetes; leaf blight of Scotland onion, neck rot of onion, Oceania: New Caledonia, New small sclerotial neck rot, Zealand onion leaf blight, onion neck rot 37. [a]: Botrytis tulipae Lind. I: jika MP Tulipa (tulip) umbi America: Canada, USA, (1913) =Sclerotium tulipae tidak Allium cepa (onion), Lilium lapis,daun Argentina, Chile Lib. =Botrytis parasitica diproses (lily) , bunga, Asia: Iraq, Japan, Korea, DPR, Cavara (1888); II. jika MP biji Korea Republic of (South [s]: - diproses Korea), Philippines Ascomycota, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Pezizomycotina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Leotiomycetes; tulip fire Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Italy, Jersey, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, 247

Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 38. [a]:Catacauma huberi I: jika MP Hevea brasiliensis (karet, daun, America: Brazil, Guyana (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd. tidak rubber tree) batang 1915; ( = Phyllachora diproses muda huberi Henn. (1900) II. jika MP [s]: - diproses Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; black spot, tar spot 39. [a]: I: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, biji Africa: Egypt Cephalosporiumgregatum tidak soybean) America: Canada, Mexico, USA Alling & Chamb; diproses Asia:Japan =Acremoniumgregatum II. jika MP Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, =Phialophora gregata diproses Croatia, Bosnia and (Allington & D.W. Herzegovina, Montenegro, Chamb.) W. Gams, Macedonia (1971); [s]:Cadophora gregata (Allington & D.W. Chamb.) T.C. Harr. & McNew, (2003); Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes;brown batang rot 40. [a]: Cercospora I: jika MP Allium ascalonicum (bawang tanaman, America: Barbados, Jamaica duddiaeWelles (1923); tidak merah, shallot), Allium daun Asia: India [s]: - diproses schoenoprasum (bawang Ascomycota, II. jika MP daun/leeks, chives) 248

Pezizomycotina, diproses Dothideomycetes; leaf spot of onion and garlic, withertip onion of and garlic, leaf spot: garlic, leaf spot: onion 41. [a]: Cercospora I: jika MP Elaeis guineensis (kelapa buah, biji, Africa: Angola, Benin, elaeidisSteyaert (1948); tidak sawit, oilpalm) daun, Cameroon, DR Congo, Congo, [s]:Pseudospiropes elaeidis diproses Gabon, Ghana, Guinea- (Steyaert) Deighton, II. jika MP Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, (1985); diproses Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Ascomycota, Principe, Senegal, Sierra Pezizomycotina, Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Dothideomycetes; Zimbabwe, Antilles cercospora leaf spot, freckle Netherlands, Suriname of oil palm, leaf spot of oil Oceania: Australia palm, oil palm leaf spot 42. [a]: Cercospora epipactidis; I: jika MP Orchidaceae (anggrek, daun, Europe: Italy, Germany, Rusia. =Cercospora missal ex. tidak orchids) batang, Sacc. (1911); diproses tangkai [s]: - II. jika MP bunga Ascomycota, diproses Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; leaf spot 43. [a]: Colletotrichum I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) buah, Africa: Angola, Burundi, kahawaeJ.M Waller & tidak bunga, Cameroon, Central Africa, DR Bridge (1993); diproses batang, Congo,Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, (=Colletotrichum II. jika MP Malawi, Mozambique, coffeanum =C.coffeanum diproses Rwanda,Tanzania, Uganda, 'var. virulans'); Zambia, Zimbabwe [s]: - America: Cuba Ascomycota, 249

Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; anthracnose of coffee, brown blight of coffee, coffee berry disease 44. [a]: Colletotrichum I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, Africa: Benin, Botswana, sublineolum(Henn.) ex tidak sorghum) bunga, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Sacc. & Trotter (1913) diproses Poaceae (grasses), Zizania daun, Cameroon, Central Africa, =Colletotrichum II. jika MP aquatica (annual wildrice) batang, Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, sublineolum Henn. ex diproses Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Sacc. & Trotter (1913); Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, [s]: - Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Ascomycota, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Pezizomycotina, Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Sordariomycetes; sorghum Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, anthracnose, stalk red rot Zambia, Zimbabwe. of sorghum, red leaf spot of America: Argentina, Brazil, sorghum, head blight of Barbados, Canada, Colombia, sorghum Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Guyana, Venezuela Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, Japan, South Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Europe: Romania, UK. Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands 250

45. [a]:Coniothyrium fuckelii I: jika MP Rubus spp., Rosa spp. tanaman, Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Sacc. (1878); ( tidak (mawar, rose). batang, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, =Microsphaeropsis fuckelii diproses Ribes, Vaccinium, Fragaria, media Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Sacc.) Boerema II. jika MP Bambusa, Juniperus, Malus tanam America: Argentina, Brazil, [s]:Sphaeria coniothyrium diproses domesticum (apel, apple), Colombia, Cuba, Canada, USA Fuckel, (1870); ( Pinus sylvestris, buah batu Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, =Leptosphaeria (stone fruit), Taxus, Thuja China, India, Japan, Kuwait, coniothyrium (Fuckel) Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sacc., (1875); Diapleella Thailand, Turkmenistan coniothyrium (Fuckel) Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, M.E. Barr, (1986); Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Kalmusia coniothyrium Estonia, Finland, France, (Fuckel) Huhndorf, Germany, Greece, Hungary, (1992); Melanomma Ireland, Italy, Latvia, coniothyrium (Fuckel) L. Lithuania, Netherlands, Holm, (1957); Sphaeria Poland, Portugal, Rusia, coniothyrium Fuckel, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, (1870) UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Ascomycota, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pezizomycotina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Dothideomycetes; cane Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New blight, rose blight, apple Zealand, Papua New Guinea canker, pine needle blight, rose stem canker 46. [a]: Coniothyrium I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) tanaman, America: Canada, USA wernsdorffiaeLaubert tidak batang Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, (91905); =Coniothyrium diproses Denmark, France, Germany, cystotricha; II. jika MP Greece, Italy, Lithuania, [s]: - diproses Netherlands, Poland, Rusia, Ascomycota, Sweden, Ukraine, UK Pezizomycotina, Oceania: Australia Dothideomycetes; rose brand canker 251

47. [a]:Cylindrocarpon I: jika MP Albizia lebbeck, Acer batang, Africa: South Africa, heteronemum (Berk. & tidak pseudoplatanus, Aesculus buah, Madagascar Broome) Wollenw. (1928); diproses hippocastanum, Ainus polong America: North America ( = Fusarium willkommii II. jika MP glutinosa, Batula pubescens, Asia: Japan J. Lindau (1909) diproses Juglans sp, Fraxinus Europe: England =Cylindrocarpon excelsior, Fogus silvatica, willkommii (Lindau) Platanus orientalis, Pupulus Wollenw. (1928) spp, Quercus robus, Salix =Cylindrocarpon alba, S. vitallina, Tillia spp, willkommii var. minus Ulmus glabra Wollenw. (1928) =Cylindrocarpon willkommii var. pluriseptatum Wollenw. (1928) [s]:Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006); (=Nectria ditissima Tul. & C. Tul. (1865) =Nectria ditissima var. ditissima Wollenw. (1865) =Nectria ditissima var. arctica Wollenw. (1926) =Nectria galligena Bres.(1901) =Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (1999) =Fusarium heteronemum Berk. & Broome (1865) =Cylindrocarpon heteronema (Berk. & 252

Broome) Wollenw. (1928) =Nectria magnoliae M.L. Lohman & Hepting (1943) =Fusarium mali Allesch. (1892) =Cylindrocarpon mali (Allesch.) Wollenw. (1928) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; Hardwoods perennial canker, nectria cancer 48. [a]:Dematophora necatrix R. I: jika MP Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi tanaman, Africa: Central Africa, DR Hartig (1883) =Graphium tidak fruit), Begonia, Boehmeria umbi, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, desmazierii Sacc. diproses nivea (rami, ramie), Camellia akar, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, (1878)[1879] =Hypoxylon II. jika MP sinensis (teh, tea), Citrus batang, South Africa, Réunion necatrix (R. Hartig) diproses spp., Cydonia oblonga, media America: Argentina, Brazil, P.M.D. Martin (1976) Cynara scolymus (artisyok, tanam Colombia, Dominica, Mexico, =Rhizomorpha necatrix R. artichoke), Cyclamen, USA Hartig (1883) Dianthus, Eriobotrya Asia: China,Taiwan, Georgia, [s]:Rosellinia japonica, Ficus carica, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, necatrixPrill.(1902); Fragaria vesca (arbei, South Korea, Lebanon, Ascomycota, strawberry), Jasminum Philippines, Turkey Pezizomycotina, sambac (melati, jasmine), Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Sordariomycetes; Malus domesticum (apel, Cyprus, France, Germany, dematophora root rot, white apple), Morus, Narcissus, Greece, Italy, Portugal, root rot of trees Olea europea sub sp. Romania, Southern Russia, europea (zaitum, olive), Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Paeonia, Populus, Prunus UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Pyrus Bosnia and Herzegovina, communis (pir, pear), Rosa Montenegro, Macedonia, spp. (mawar, rose), Viola, Oceania: New Zealand 253

Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) cerealia, Abies alba, Acacia, Acer, Aesculus, Annona,Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Beta vulgaris var saccharifera (bit gula, sugar beet), Berberis, Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Ceanothus megacarpus, Cedrus atlantica, Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Castanea sativa, Cotoneaster, Carya, Corylus avellana, Cyperus esculentus, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Diospyros, Eucalyptus, Fagus,Feijoa sellowiana, Fragaria, Gladiolus hybrids, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Humulus lupulus, Hyacinthus, Ilex aquifolium, Iris, Juglans, Juglans regia, Ixia, Lavandula, Larix decidua, Ligustrum vulgare, Laurus nobilis, Malus, Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Macadamia, Medicago sativa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), 254

Passiflora quadrangularis (markisa, passion- fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (alpokat, avocado), Pelargonium, Phaseolus, Pistacia vera, Picea abies, Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), Pinus merkusii (tusam, pinetree), Platanus, buah batu (stone fruit), Protea, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyracantha, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), azalea, Ribes, Rubus spp., Rumex, Salix, Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorbus aucuparia, Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, Tulipa, Ulmus, Viburnum, Vicia, Vitis, Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize), Ziziphus jujuba, Zantedeschia 49. [a]:Denticularia mangiferae I: jika MP Mangifera indica (mangga, daun, Africa: Kenya (Bitanc. & Jenkins) tidak mango) buah America: Brazil, Canada, Alcorn, Grice & R.A. diproses Cuba, Dominica, Haiti, Peterson 1999 II. jika MP Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, =Sphaceloma mangiferae diproses USA Bitanc. & Jenkins 1956 Asia: Taiwan, India, Nepal, [s]:Elsinoe mangiferae Philippines 255

Bitanc. & Jenkins 1946 Oceania: Australia Ascomycetes; mango scab 50. [a]: Diplodia laelio- I: jika MP Cattleya sp. (anggrek tanaman, America: all cattleyaeSibilia (1927); tidak cattleya, cattleya) daun [s]: - diproses Ascomycota, II. jika MP Pezizomycotina, diproses Dothideomycetes; leaf spot 51. [a]: Fusarium I: jika MP Albizia julibrissin (silk tree) biji,akar Africa: Kenya, Nigeria avenaceum(Fr.: Fr.) Sacc. tidak Clausena lansium (wampi), buah, America: Brazil, Chile, Mexico, (1886) =Fusarium roseum diproses Cucurbita (pumpkin), batang, Puerto Rico, Peru, USA var. avenaceum Fr.: Fr.) II. jika MP Fraxinus excelsior (ash), media Asia: China, India, Iran Wollenw. (1930 diproses Gossypium (cotton), Ipomea tanam Europe: Hungary, Poland, =Fusarium avenaceum batatas, (sweet potato), Slovenia, UK f.sp. fabae =Fusarium Morus (melberrytree), Oryza Oceania: Australia, New avenaceum subsp. sativa (rice), Piper betle (betel Zealand. aywerte) pepper), Pseudotsuga [s]: Gibberella avenaceae menziesii (Douglas-fir), Pyrus R.J. Cook (1967); communis (European pear), Ascomycota, Solanum tuberosum (potato), Pezizomycotina, Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Sordariomycetes; Fusarium blight; head blight; stem base disease; scab 52. [a]:Fusarium I: jika MP Morus (mulberrytree), biji, akar, Africa: widespread, Nigeria chlamydosporumWollenw. tidak Pennisetum glaucum (pearl batang, America: USA. & Reinking 1925; diproses millet), Sorghum bicolor media Asia: China, India (Haryana), (=Fusarium fusarioides II. jika MP (sorgum, sorghum) tanam Saudi Arabia. (Gonz. Frag. & Cif. ) C. diproses Oceania: Australia Booth 1971; Fusarium sporotrichioides var. chlamydosporum 256

(Wollenw. & Reinking) Joffe 1974 =Dactylium fusarioides Gonz. Frag. & Cif. 1928 [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; wilt cotton 53. [a]:Fusarium graminearum I: jika MP Alopecurus pratensis biji, buah, Africa: widespread, Egypt, Schwabe (1838) ( tidak (Meadow foxtail), Avena bunga, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, =Fusarium roseum Link diproses sativa (oats), Glycine max daun, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia, emend Snyder & Hansen II. jika MP (kedelai, soyabean), akar, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (1945) diproses Hordeum vulgare (barley), batang, America: Costa Rica, [s]:Gibberella zeae Linum usitassimum (flax), media Dominica, Grenada, Honduras, (Schwein.: Fr.) Petch Lupinus (lupins), Nicotiana tanam St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the (1936); ( =Sphaeria zeae tabacum (tembakau, Grenadines, Windward Island, Schwein.: Fr. (1822) =; tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, Canada, Mexico, USA., Gibberella roseum (Link) rice), Pennisetum glaucum Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, W.C. Snyder & E.M. (pearl millet), Secale cereale Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Hans. (1945) =; (rye), Sorghum bicolor Uruguay. Gibberella roseum f. (sorghum), Triticum aestivum Asia: China, Iran, Japan, cerealis (Cooke) W.C. (wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Snyder & H.N. Hansen; = maize) Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Gibberella saubinetii; Acacia mearnsii (black Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey. =Gibberella cyanogena; wattle), Azadirachta indica Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Dothidea zeae Schwein. (neem tree), Brassica, Croatia, Czech, Finland, (1832) Dianthus (carnation), France, Germany, Greece, Ascomycota, Gardenia jasminoides (cape Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Pezizomycotina, jasmine), Gossypium Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Sordariomycetes; (cotton), Lycopersicon, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, headblight of maize, scab of Mangifera indica (mangga, Portugal, Romania, Russia, maize, root rot of maize, mango), Medicago (medic), Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, 257

stalk rot of maize, ear rot of Medicago littoralis (strand Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, maize, gibberella stalk rot, medick), Musa x paradisiaca Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, gibberella ear rot, red ear (plantain), Panicum UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, rot, pink ear rot, fusarium miliaceum (millet), Phaseolus Bosnia and Herzegovina, root and stalk rot, cobweb vulgaris (common bean), Montenegro, Macedonia, disease Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Pisum (pea), Rubus idaeus Zealand. Papua New Guinea, (raspberry), Solanum Solomon Islands Islands. (nightshade), Trifolium (clovers), Triticale, Vicia faba ( Broad bean), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) 54. [a]: Fusarium I: jika MP Elaeis guineensis (kelapa biji, buah, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, DR oxysporumf.sp. tidak sawit, oilpalm) bunga, Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, elaeidisSchltdl.: Fr. diproses batang, Ghana, Nigeria (1824) ( =Fusarium II. jika MP daun, America: Brazil, Colombia, angustum Sherb. (1915); diproses akar, Ecuador, Suriname, Costa [s]: - media Rica Ascomycota, tanam Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; fusarium wilt of oil palm, vascular oil palm wilt 55. [a]:Fusarium I: jika MP Avena sativa (oats), biji, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Sierra sporotrichioidesSherb. tidak Hordeum vulgare (barley), batang, Leone, South Africa, Tanzania (1915); ( =Fusarium diproses Lolium perenne (perennial media America: Barbados, Canada, sporotrichiella var. II. jika MP ryegrass), Triticum aestivum tanam USA, Brazil sporotrichioides (Sherb.) diproses (wheat), Zea mays (maize) Asia: China, India, Japan, Bilai (1953); Fusarium Glycine max (soyabean), Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey sporotrichioides var. Medicago sativa (lucerne), Europe: Austria, Cyprus, sporotrichioides Sherb. Pinus strobus (eastern white Czech Republic, Denmark, (1915) pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Germany, Ireland, Italy, 258

[s]: - turfgrasses, Zizania palustris Poland, Portugal, Russia, UK Ascomycota, (northern wild rice (USA) Oceania: Australia, New Pezizomycotina, Zealand Sordariomycetes; kernel rot of maize, blight of grasses, foot rot of carnation 56. [a]:Fusarium xylarioides I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) akar, Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Steyaert (1948); = tidak Gossypium barbadens batang, Cameroon, Central Africa, Fusarium lateritium f. sp. diproses (kapas, cotton), Solanum media Congo, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, xylarioides W.L. Gordon II. jika MP lycopersicum (tomat, tanam Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, (1965); =Fusarium diproses tomato), Musa paradisiaca Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, oxysporum f. xylarioides (pisang kepok, plantain) Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, (Steyaert) Delassus Rwanda, Senegal, South (1954) Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, [s]:Gibberella xylarioides R. Tanzania, Togo,Uganda, Heim & Saccas (1950) Zimbabwe Ascomycota, America: El Salvador Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; coffee wilt, sudden death of coffee, tracheomycosis of coffee, vascular wilt of coffee 57. [a]:Fusicladium porni (Fr.: I: jika MP Malus domesticum (apel, buah, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Fr.) Lind;( =Spilicaea porni tidak apple) bunga, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, South Fr.: Fr. =Spilocaea diproses Crataegus laevigata, daun, Africa, Zimbabwe amelanchieris I.C. Harv. II. jika MP Cotoneaster, Malus, batang America: Argentina, Bolivia, =Actinonema crataegi diproses Pyracantha, Pyrus communis Brazil, Canada, Chile, Pers. =Capillaria crataegi (pir, pear), Sorbus, Viburnum Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, (Pers.) Link =Phlyctidium Peru, USA, Uruguay crataegi (Pers.) Wallr. Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, =Spilocaea crataegi (Pers.) China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, S. Hughes =Asteroma Japan, Jordan, Korea, 259

crataegi (Pers.) Rabenh. Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi =Asteroma crataegi var. Arabia, Syria, Turkey porni Desm. =Asteroma Europe: Austria, Belgium, crataegi var. sorbi Desm. Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, =Cladosporium Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, dendriticum Wallr. France, Germany, Greece, =Fusicladium dendriticum Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, f. microsperma Roum. Netherlands, Norway, Poland, =Fusicladium dendriticum Portugal, Romania, Rusia, var. eriobotyrae Scalia Sweden, Switzerland, UK, =Fusicladium dendriticum Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, var. pyracanthae Thüm. Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Fusicladium dendriticum Montenegro, Macedonia var. sorbi-torminalis Oceania: Australia, New Savul. & Sandu Zealand =Fusicladium dendriticum var. sorbinum Sacc. =Basiascum eriobotryae Cavara =Fusicladium eriobotryae (Cavara) Cavara =Fusicladium melanconioides Ferraris =Spilocaea eriobotryae (Cavara) S. Hughes =Fusicladium lalandi É.J. Marchal & Verpl. =Asteroma mali Desm. =Coniosporium mali Dearn. & W.R. Foster =Fumago mali Pers. =Cladosporium orbiculatum Desm. 260

=Fusicladium orbiculatum (Desm.) Thüm. =Passalora dendritica var. orbiculata (Desm.) Berk. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. orbiculatum (Desm.) Sacc. =Fusicladium photinicola McClain =Spilocaea photinicola (McClain) M.B. Ellis =Spilocaea photiniicola (McClain) M.B. Ellis =Fusicladium pirinum var. amelanchieris Sacc. =Fusicladium pirinum var. pyracanthae Thüm. =Fusicladium pyrinum var. pyracanthae Thüm. =Actinonema pomi Lév. =Passalora pyracanthae G.H. Otth =Spilocaea pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Arx =Fusicladium pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Vienn.-ourg. =Napicladium soraueri Thüm. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraueri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraureri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Napicladium 261

saraureri Thüm. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraureri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Scolecotrichum venosum Bonord. =Scolicotrichum venosum Bonord.) [s]:Venturia inaequalis(Cooke) G.Winter; ( =Sphaerella inaequalis Cooke =Endostigme cinerascens (Aderh.) Jorst. =Spilosticta cinerascens (Aderh.) Petr. =Didymosphaeria inaequalis (Cooke) Niessl =Endostigme inaequalis (Cooke) Syd. =Spilosticta inaequalis (Cooke) Petr. =Venturia inaequalis var. cinerascens Aderh. =Phaeosphaerella berolinensis Kirschst. =Venturia chlorospora f. sp. mali Aderh. =Sphaerella cinerascens Fleischh. =Sphaeria cinerascens Fuckel =Venturia inaequalis f. sp. mali R. Menon) Ascomycota; Pleosporales; 262

Venturiaceae; apple scab, apple black spot, apple scab, black spot 58. [a]:Gloeocercospora sorghi I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, daun, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex tidak sorghum) tanaman Central African Republic, Deighton, (1971); ( diproses Agrostis capillaris (brown Chad, Congo, Eritrea, =Microdochium sorghi II. jika MP bentgrass), Agrostis Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, (D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex diproses stolonifera var. palustris Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Deighton) U. Braun, (bent grass), Cynodon Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, (1995); dactylon (Bermuda grass), Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, [s]: - Pennisetum glaucum (pearl Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Ascomycota, millet), Pennisetum America: Belize, El Salvador, Pezizomycotina, purpureum (elephant grass), Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua, Sordariomycetes; zonate Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Panama, Mexico, USA, leaf spot sugarcane), Sorghum Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela. halepense (Johnson grass), Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Sorghum sudanense (Sudan Japan, North Korea, Malaysia, grass), Zea mays (jagung, Philippines, Thailand. maize) Europe: Russia Oceania: American, Samoa, Australia, Samoa, Tonga. 59. [a]:Gloeodes pomigena I: jika MP Malus domesticum (apel, daun, America: Brazil,USA (Schwein.) Colby (1920) tidak apple) cabang, Asia: India, Japan [s]:Dothidea pomigena diproses Citrus spp., Magnolia spp., buah Europe: Germany Schwein. (1832); ( II. jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, =Phyllachora pomigena diproses grapevine), Orchidaceae (Schwein.) Sacc. (1883) (anggrek, orchid), Querqus Ascomycota, Gloeodes; spp. sooty blotch on twig & fruit 60. [a]:Heterosporium allii-cepae I: jika MP Allium cepa (onion), Allium daun, America:Brazil Ranoj., (1910); ( tidak porum (leek), Allium umbi Asia: South Korea =Cladosporium allii-cepae diproses fistulosum (welsh onoin) Europe: Germany, Switzerland, 263

(Ranoj.) M.B. Ellis, (1976) II. jika MP UK [s]:Davidiella allii-cepae diproses (M.M. Jord., Maude & Burchill) Crous & U. Braun, (2003) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; leafspot 61. [a]:Hypoxylon nummularium I: jika MP Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), tanaman, Africa: Kenya, South Africa Bull., (1791); ( tidak Malus domesticum (apel, akar, Asia: Japan =Biscogniauxia diproses apple), Pyrus communis (pir, batang, Europe: UK nummularia (Bull.) II. jika MP pear) media Kuntze, (1891); diproses Vitis vinifera (anggur, tanam Hypoxylon nummularium grapevine) var. nummularium; Nemania decorticata (Sowerby) Gray, (1821); Nummularia nummularia (Bull.) J. Schröt., (1897); Numulariola nummularia (Bull.) House, (1925); [s]:Sphaeria decorticata Sowerby, (1799) (=Sphaeria decorticans Sowerby; Sphaeria nummularia (Bull.) DC., (1805) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; tea wood rot, tea root rot, rot root, tarry root rot 264

62. [a]:Micronectriella nivalis I: jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), biji, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, (Schaffnit) C. Booth tidak Hordeum vulgare (barley), bunga, Senegal, Zambia. (1971) =Fusarium nivale diproses Secale cereale (rye), Triticum daun, America: Canada, Mexico, =.Gerlachia nivalis II. jika MP aestivum (gandum, wheat). batang, USA, Bolivia, Brazil. =Fusarium nivale f.sp. diproses Agrostis canina (velvet akar Asia: Bahrain, China, India, graminicola =Fusarium bentgrass), Agrostis Japan, Pakistan. nivale var.nivale stolonifera (creeping Europe: Austria, Belgium, =Fusarium nivale var. bentgrass), Festuca rubra Czech, Denmark, Estonia, majus =Microdochium (red fescue), Oryza sativa Finland, Belarus, Latvia, nivale =Calonectria (padi, rice), turfgrasses. Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, graminicola F.Stevens); Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, [s]: Monographella nivalis Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, (Schaffnit) E. Müll. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, (1977); ( = Calonectria Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, nivalis Schaffnit (1913) Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =Griphosphaeria nivalis Bosnia and Herzegovina, (Schaffnit) E. Müll. & Arx Montenegro, Macedonia, (1955) France, Germany, Iceland, Ascomycota, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Pezizomycotina, Lithuania, Netherlands, Sordariomycetes; foot rot of Norway, Poland, Romania, cereals, snow blight of Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, cereals, head blight of Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, cereals, pink snow mould of Ukraine, UK. cereals, seedling blight of Oceania: Australia, New cereals, snow mould of Zealand cereals, Fusarium patch of turf, Microdochium patch of turf, pink snow mould of turf

265

63. [a]: Monilia fructicolaL.R. I: jika MP Prunus avium (sweet cherry), bunga, Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, South Batra tidak Prunus domestica (plum), buah, Africa, Zimbabwe [s]: Monilinia fructicola(G. diproses Prunus persica (peach), daun, America: Canada, Mexico, Winter) Honey ( II. jika MP Prunus salicina (Japanese tangkai USA, Guatemala, Panama, =Sclerotinia fructicola (G. diproses plum) buah, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Winter) Rehm) Carica papaya (papaw), media Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Ascomycota; Helotiales; Malus domestica (apple), tanam Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela Sclerotiniaceae; Brown rot, Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Asia: China, India, Korea American brown rot of stone Prunus cerasus (sour Republic of, Taiwan, Yemen fruit, brown rot of apple, cherry), Prunus dulcis Europe: Austria, Belgium, brown rot of cherry, twig (almond), Rubus fruticosus Czech Republic and Slovakia, canker of stone fruit (blackberry) France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherland, Serbia,Spain, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand 64. [a]:Monilia laxa (Ehrenb.) I: jika MP Prunus armeniaca (apricot), buah, Africa: Morocco, South Africa Sacc. & Voglino (1886); ( tidak Prunusavium (sweet cherry), bunga, America: Guatemala, Canada, = Oidium laxum Ehrenb. diproses Prunus cerasus (sour daun, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, (1818) =Oospora laxa II. jika MP cherry), Prunus domestica batang Uruguay, (Ehrenb.) Wallr. (1833) diproses (plum), Prunusdulcis Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, =Acrosporium laxum (almond), Prunus persica China, India, Iraq, Israel, (Ehrenb.) Pers. (1822) (peach) Japan, Lebanon, Turkey, =Sclerotinia cerasi Cydonia oblonga (quince), Europe: Austria, Belgium, Woronin (1895) Malus domestica (apple), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, =Stromatinia cerasi Prunus triloba (Rose tree of Czech Republic and Slovakia, (Woronin) Boud. (1907) China), Pyrus communis Denmark, Finland, Belarus, =Monilia cinerea Bonord. (European pear) Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, (1851) =Sclerotinia Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, cinerea (Bonord.) J. Georgia, Kazakhstan, Schröt. (1893) =Monilia Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, oregonensis Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, 266

[s]:Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Ruhland (1905) Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and (=Stromatinia laxa (Aderh. Herzegovina, Montenegro, & Ruhland) Macedonia, France, Germany, (Chifflot,1921) Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Ascomycota, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Pezizomycotina, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Leotiomycetes; blossom Romania, Slovakia, Spain, blight, mummufying fruit, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, blossom wilt, brown rot of UK stone fruits, spur blight, Oceania: Australia, New twig canker, wither tip Zealand 65. [a]:Monilochaetes infuscans I: jika MP Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, umbi, Africa: Sierra Leone, South Ellis & Halst. (1890); ( = tidak sweet potato) batang, Africa, Zimbabwe Dischloridium diproses media America: Argentina, Brazil, cylindrospermum S.K. II. jika MP tanam USA Srivast. (1987)[1986] diproses Asia: China, Taiwan, Israel, [s]: - Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka Ascomycota, Europe: Italy, Portugal Pezizomycotina, Oceania: Australia, Palau, Sordariomycetes; scurf of Cook Islands, Micronesia, New sweet potato, manure stain, Zealand, Northern Mariana soils stain Island, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu 66. [a]:Oidium anacardii F. I: jika MP Anacardium occidentale tanaman, Africa: Malawi, Tanzania Noack (1898); ( = tidak (jambu mete, cashew-nut) daun, Acrosporium anacardii (F. diproses buah Noack) J.A. Stev. (1975) II. jika MP =Oidium erysiphoidesf. diproses citri J.M. Yen (1967) =Oidium citri (J.M. Yen) U. Braun (1982) =Oidium 267

heveae B.A. Steinm. (1925) =Acrosporium heveae (B.A. Steinm.) Subram. (1971) =Oidium mangiferae Berthet (1914) =Acrosporium mangiferae (Berthet) Subram. (1971) [s]:Erysiphe quercicola S. Takam. & U. Braun (2007) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Leotiomycetes; powdery mildew 67. [a]:Oidium passeriniiBertol. I: jika MP Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus buah Africa: Agypt. Libya, Morocco, [s]: Podosphaera tidak armeniaca (apricot), Prunus South Africa, Spain tridactyla(Wallr.) de Bary( diproses avium (sweet cherry), Prunus America: Canada, USA, =Podosphaera II. jika MP dulcis (almond) Argentina, Chile, Acuador, oxyacanthae var. diproses Peru tridactyla (Wallr.)Salmon Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, =Podosphaera Azerbaijan, Georgia Republic clandestina var. tridactyla of, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, (Wallr.) W.B. Cooke Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic =Alphitomorpha tridactyla of, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Saudi Wallr. =Erysiphe Arabia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, tridactyla (Wallr.) Turkey, Turkmenistan, Rabenh. =Erysiphe Uzbekistan, Yemen bertolinii Roum.) Europe: Bulgaria, Czech Ascomycota; Erysiphales; Republic and Slovakia, Erysiphaceae Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, 268

Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukaraine, UK, Serbia and Monteneggro (Yugoslavia) Oceania: Australia, Ne Zealand 68. [a]: Penicillium I: jika MP Malus domestica (apple) buah Africa: Agypt, Ghana, Kenya, expansumLink. ( tidak Brassica oleracea var. Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, =Penicillium crustaceum diproses gemmifera (Brussels South Africa, Zimbabwe Link. =Penicillium II. jika MP sprouts), Cydonia oblonga America: Canada, USA, glaucum Stoll.) diproses (quince), Fragaria ananassa Honduras, Nicaragua, [s]: - (strawberry), Gossypium Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ascomycota; Eurotiales; hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Uruguay, Venezuela Trichocomaceae; Blue Hordeum vulgare (barley), Asia: Armenia, Brunei mould of stored apple, soft Lilium (lily), Phoenix Darussalam, China, Georgia rot of apple, soft rot of dactylifera (date-palm), Republic of, India, Iran, Israel, grape, storage rot of fruit Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea Prunus avium (sweet cherry), DPR (North Korea), Korea Prunus domestica (plum), Republic of (South Korea), Prunus persica (peach), Philippines, Sri Lanka, Saudi Punica granatum Arabia, Turkey (pomegranate), Pyrus Aurope: Belgium, Bulgaria, communis (European pear), Cyprus, Czech Republic and Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Slovakia, Denmark, France, Solanum lycopersicum Greece, Italy, Latvia, (tomato), Triticum aestivum Lithuania, Poland, Romania, (wheat), Vaccinium Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, (blueberries), Vitis vinifera Ukraine, UK, Serbia and (grapevine), Zea mays Montenegro (maize), Allium cepa (onion), Oceania: Australia, New 269

Allium sativum (garlic), Beta Zealand vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) 69. [a]:Periconia manihoticola I: jika MP Hevea brasiliensis (karet, tanaman, Asia: India (Vincens) Viegas, tidak rubber tree), Acasia spp., daun, Oceania: Fiji, Papua New Bragantia 14:63 (1955); ( diproses Pisum spp., Manihot batang Guinea, Solomon Islands, =Haplographium II. jika MP esculenta (ubi kayu, Vanuatu manihoticola Vincens: 24, diproses cassava) (1916) [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; Periconia blight 70. [a]: Phoma cucurbitacearum I: jika MP Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus biji, Africa: Ethiopia, Gabon, (Fr. ex Fr.) Sacc.; tidak vulgaris (semangka, batang,da Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Ascochyta cucumis diproses watermelon), Cucumis melo un, buah, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Fautrey & Roum. II. jika MP (melon, melon), Cucumis media Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe =Phyllosticta citrullina diproses sativus (mentimun, tanam America: Argentina, Barbados, Chester =Ascochyta cucumber), Cucurbita spp., Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, melonis Potebnja Momordica charantia (paria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa =Ascochyta citrullina bitter gourd), Sechium edule Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El (CHESTER) SMITH (labu siam), Solanum Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, =Cercospora citrullina tuberosum (kentang, potato) Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, Cooke =Cercospora Trinidad and Tobago, USA cucurbitae Ell. & Ev. Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, [s]: Didymella bryoniae China,Taiwan, India, Iraq, (Auersw.) Rehm Israel, Japan, South Korea, =Mycosphaerella melonis Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, (Pass.) Chiu & Walker Pakistan, Philippines, Sri =Didymosphaeria Lanka, Thailand melonisPidoplichko = Europe: Austria, 270

Didymosphaeria effusa Bulgaria,Czech, Denmark, Sacc. =Mycosphaerella Rusia, Germany, Greece, citrullina =Didymella Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, melonis Pass. =Sphaeria Norway, Poland, Romania, bryoniae FUCKEL Rusia, Slovakia, Sweden, =Sphaerella bryoniae Switzerland, Ukraine, UK AUERSW.; Oceania: Samoa America, Ascomycota, Australia, Fiji, France Pezizomycotina, Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Dothideomycetes; gummy Zealand, Pitcairn, Samoa, stem blight, leaf spot of Solomon Islands,Tonga cucurbits, cercospora leafspot of squash, cucumber black rot, cucurbits stem blight, cucurbits leaf spot, cucurbits stem-end rot 71. [a]:Phoma tracheiphila I: jika MP Citrusspp. buah, Africa: Algeria,Tunisia (Petri) L.A. Kantsch. & tidak Fortunella, Poncirus akar, Asia: Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Gikaschvili (1948); ( = diproses batang,biji Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Deuterophoma II. jika MP , Europe: Albania, Cyprus, tracheiphila Petri (1929) diproses France, Greece, Italy, Russia =Bakerophoma tracheiphila (Petri) Cif. (1946) [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; mal secco disease of citrus, wilt of citrus, citrus wilt, citrus mal secco 271

72. [a]:Phomopsis perceae I: jika MP Persea americana (alpokat, buah America: USA. Serova tidak avocado) [s]: - diproses Ascomycota, II. jika MP Pezizomycotina, diproses Dothideomycetes; fruit rot 73. [a]:Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (grapevine) buah, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Sacc. (1915); ( = tidak Parthenocissus quinquefolia bunga, Africa, Zimbabwe Phomopsis viticola var. diproses (creeper), Vitis labrusca (fox daun, America: Canada, Mexico, viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. II. jika MP grape), Vitis rupestris (sand- batang. USA, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela (1919) =Phomopsis diproses grape) Asia: Brunei Darussalam, ampelopsidis Petr. (1916) China, Taiwan, India, Japan, [s]:Cryptosporella viticola Turkey Shear (1911) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Ascomycota, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pezizomycotina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, Dothideomycetes; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Phomopsis cane and leaf Herzegovina, Montenegro, spot; Phomopsis cane and Macedonia, France, Germany, leaf blight; black knot: Greece, Hungary, Italy, Jersey, grapevine; black rot: Macedonia, Moldova, grapevine; dead-arm: Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, grapevine; necrosis of Romania, Russia, Serbia and grapevine Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 74. [a]: Phyllosticta ampelicida I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah, Africa: Morocco, Mozambique, (Engelm.) Aa, (1973) tidak grapevine) bunga, Sudan [s]:Guignardia bidwellii diproses Ampelopsis, Cissus, daun,bata America: Argentina, Barbados, (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz, II. jika MP Parthenocissus, Citrus spp. ng,tangkai Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, El (1892); ( =Botryosphaeria diproses buah Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, 272

bidwellii (Ellis) Petr., Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, (1958); sin: Carlia Panama, USA bidwellii (Ellis) Magnus Asia: China,Taiwan, India, (1892); Carlia bidwellii Iran, Japan, North Korea, (Ellis) Prunet (1989); Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey Laestadia bidwellii (Ellis) Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Viala & Ravaz (1888); Cyprus, France, Germany, Phyllachorella bidwellii Italy, Romania, Rusia, (Ellis) Theiss., (1919); Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Physalospora bidwellii Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, (Ellis) Sacc., (1882); Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sphaerella bidwellii (Ellis) Montenegro, Macedonia Ellis (1890); Sphaeria Oceania: Christmas Island bidwellii Ellis (1880) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; black rot 75. [a]: Phyllosticta arbutifolia I: jika MP Malus domesticum (apel, buah, America: Canada, USA Ellis & G. Martin (1886); ( tidak apple) daun = Phyllosticta arbutifoliae diproses Crataegus sp.,Pyrus Ellis & G. Martin (1886) II. jika MP coronaria =Phyllosticta solitaria Ellis diproses & Everh. (1895) =Phyllostictina solitaria (Ellis & Everh.) [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; apple blotch

273

76. [a]: Phyllosticta capitalensis I: jika MP Orcidaceae (anggrek, tanaman, America: Hawaii Henn. (1908); ( = tidak orchids) daun, Phyllosticta cymbidii diproses tangkai, Sawada (1943) II. jika MP bunga =Phyllostictina mangiferae diproses Bat. & A.F. Vital 1952 =Phyllosticta anacardiacearum =Phyllosticta ophiopogonis Wulandari, Wikee & Hyde (2012) =Phyllosticta phalenopsidis Marchal & Verpl. (1927)[1926] =Variant spelling Phyllosticta phalaenopsidis Marchal & Verpl. (1927)[1936] =Phyllosticta phalenopsidis var. vanillae Verpl. & Claess. (1934) =Phyllostictina pyriformis E.K. Cash & A.M.J. Watson (1955) =Phyllostictina theicola Petr. (1927) =Phyllosticta theacearum Aa (1973) =Macrophoma theicola Siemaszko (1923 - illegitimate later homonym, not included in search] Note: Illegitimate later 274

homonym of Macrophoma theicola Petch 1917). [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; leaf spot 77. [a]:Phyllosticta I: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, tanaman, America: Barbados, Jamaica phaseolinaSacc.(1878) tidak soybean), Phaseolus spp. daun, [s]:- diproses Vanilla sp. buah, Ascomycota, II. jika MP batang, Pezizomycotina, diproses polong Dothideomycetes; leaf spot, fruit blotch, twig canker 78. [a]:Phymatotrichopsis I: jika MP Fabaceae, Juglandaceae, akar, America: Mexico, USA, omnivora (Shear) tidak Malvaceae, Rosa ceae, batang, Venezuela Hennebert (1973); ( = diproses Umbelliferae, Abelmoschus media Ozonium omnivorum II. jika MP moschatus (okra, lady’s tanam Shear (1907) diproses finger), Arachys hypogaea =Phymatotrichum (kacang tanah, groundnut, omnivorum (Shear) peanut), Beta vulgaris var Duggar (1916) =Ozonium saccharifera (bit gula, sugar auricomum beet) Carya illinoinensis, [s]:Hydnum omnivorum Ficus carica (ara), Glycine Ascomycota, max (kedelai, soybean), Pezizomycotina, Gossypium barbadens Pezizomycetes; cotton root (kapas, cotton), Juglans rot, root rot of cotton, soft regia, Malus domesticum rot of cotton, cotton soft rot, (apel, apple), Medicago grapevine root rot sativa, Phaseolus, Populus,Prunus spp., Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Salix, Ulmus, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)

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79. [a]:Plenodomus destruens I: jika MP Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, biji, umbi America: Brazil, Caribbean, Harter (1913) tidak sweet potato) USA [s]: - diproses Ascomycota, II. jika MP Pezizomycotina, diproses Dothideomycetes; foot rot of sweet potato 80. [a]:Polyscytalum pustulans I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi Africa: South Africa (M.N. Owen & Wakef.) tidak (kentang, potato) America: Canada,USA M.B. Ellis (1976); ( = diproses Solanum spp. Europe: Estonia, Germany, Oospora pustulans M.N. II. jika MP Ireland, Lithuania, Norway, Owen & Wakef. (1919) diproses Romania, Russia, UK [s]: - Oceania: Australia, New Ascomycota, Zealand Pezizomycotina, Polyscytalum; potato skin spot 81. [a]:Pseudocercospora I: jika MP Aleurites moluccana (kemiri, daun Asia: China aleuritis (I. Miyake) tidak candle-nut) Oceania: Tonga, Cook Islands, Deighton (1976); ( = diproses New Zealand Cercospora aleuritidis I. II. jika MP Miyake (1912) diproses =Cercosporina aleuritis (Miyake) Sacc. (1931) [s]:Mycosphaerella aleuritis S.H. Ou (1940); ( =Mycosphaerella aleuritidis S.H. Ou (1940) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; angular leaf spot 276

82. [a]:Pseudocercospora I: jika MP Musa spp. (pisang, banana) daun Africa: Benin, Burundi, fijiensis (M. Morelet) tidak Cameroon, Central African Deighton (1976); ( = diproses Republic, Comoros, DR Congo, Cercospora fijiensis M. II. jika MP Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Morelet (1969) diproses Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, =Paracercospora fijiensis Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, (M. Morelet) Deighton Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome (1979) =Cercospora and Principe, Tanzania, Togo, fijiensis var. difformis J.L. Uganda, Zambia. Mulder & R.H. Stover America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, (1976) =Paracercospora Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, fijiensis var. difformis Dominican Republic, Ecuador, (J.L. Mulder & R.H. El Salvador, Guatemala, Stover) Deighton (1979) Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, [s]:Mycosphaerella fijiensis Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands M. Morelet (1969); ( Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, =Mycosphaerella fijiensis Peru, USA, Hawaii, Venezuela. var. difformis J.L. Mulder Asia: Bhutan, China (Fujian, & R.H. Stover (1976) Hainan, Taiwan), Malaysia, Ascomycota, Philippines, Singapore, Pezizomycotina, Thailand, Vietnam. Dothideomycetes; Black Oceania: American Samoa, sigatoka Australia, Cook Islands, Federated states of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis, Futuna.

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83. [a]:Pyricularia setariae Y. I: jika MP Eleusine coracana (finger biji, Africa: Tanzania, Uganda Nisik. (1927); ( = tidak millet), Setaria italica (foxtail batang, Asia: China, India, Japan, Pyricularia grisea f. sp. diproses millet) daun, Malaysia, Sri Lanka eleusines S. II. jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), tangkai Yamanaka=Pyricularia diproses Hordeum vulgare (barley), malai oryzae Cavara,(1891) Pennisetum glaucum (pearl [s]: Magnaporthe oryzae millet), Zea mays (jagung, B.C. Couch, (2002) maize) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; blast of millet, leaf spot of millet 84. [a]: Sarocladium strictum (W. I: jika MP Zea mays (jagung, maize) biji,batang Africa: Burkina Faso, Gams) Summerbell tidak Arachis hypogaea (kacang , daun Cameroon, Egypt, Libya, (2011); ( =Sarocladium diproses tanah, peanut), Avena sativa Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda. zeae W. Gams & D.R. II. jika MP (gandum, oats), Glycine soja, America: Mexico, USA, Sumner, (2011) diproses Sorghum bicolor, (sorghum), Argentina, Brazil, Chile. =Acremonium strictum Asia: China, India, Iran, W.Gams (1971) Pakistan, Syria, Turkey. =Tilachlidium medietatis Europe: Czech Republic and Novobr, (1972) Slovakia, Italy, Netherlands, =Acremonium stricta Poland, Russia, Spain. =Hyalopus acremonium Oceania: Australia (Corda) M.A.J. Barbosa =Cephalosporium acremonium Corda [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; acremonium wilt, black bundle disease of maize, kernel rot of maize; 278

85. [a]:Sclerotium gladioli I: jika MP Gladiolus spp. umbi, Africa: South Africa Massee (1928) tidak akar, Europe: UK [s]:Stromatinia diproses batang gladioli(Drayton) Whetzel II. jika MP (1945)( =Sclerotinia diproses gladioli Drayton (1934) Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; gladiolus dry rot 86. [a]: Septoria pisiWestend I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet biji, daun, America: Canada, USA (1857); tidak pea), Vicia faba polong Europe: Denmark, Finland, [s]: - diproses Ireland, Norway, Sweden Ascomycota, II. jika MP Oceania: New Zealand Pezizomycotina, diproses Dothideomycetes; septoria blight/blotch 87. [a]: Septoria I: jika MP Orchidaceae tanaman, America selenophomoidesCash & tidak daun, Watson (1955); diproses tangkai [s]: - II. jika MP bunga Ascomycota, diproses Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; leaf spot 88. [a]: Setophoma terrestris I: jika MP Allium spp. tanaman, Africa: Senegal (H.N. Hansen) Gruyter, tidak Asparagus officinalis umbi, akar America: Argentina,USA, Aveskamp & Verkley diproses (asparagus, asparagus), Venezuela Oceania: Australia (2010); ( = Phoma II. jika Triticum aestivum (gandum, Europe: Netherlands, Greece, terrestris H.N. Hansen MP wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Poland, Israel (1929) =Pyrenochaeta diproses corn, maize) terrestris (H.N. Hansen) Gorenz, J.C. Walker & 279

Larson (1948) [s]: - Setophoma; onion pink root 89. [a]: Sphaceloma arachidis I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang batang, Africa: Swaziland bitanc & Jenkins (1940); tidak tanah, groundnut, peanut) daun, America: Argentina, Brazil, [s]: - diproses Colombia Ascomycota, II. jika MP Asia: China, Japan Pezizomycotina, diproses Dothideomycetes; groundnut scab, peanut scab, scab of groundnut, scab: groundnut 90. [a]:Sphaceloma manihoticola I: jika MP Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, batang America: Barbados, Brazil, Bitanc. & Jenkins tidak cassava) muda, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, [s]:Elsinoe brasiliensis diproses daun Venezuela Bitanc. & Jenkins 1942(= II. jika MP Oceania: Cook Islands Elsinoë jatrophae); diproses Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; superelongation disease of cassava, cassava root enlargement 91. [a]: Sphaceloma rosarum I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, America: USA. (Pass.) Jenk. 1932 tidak daun, =Phyllosticta rosarum diproses tangkai Pass. 1881 II. jika MP bunga [s]: Elsinoe rosa rumJenk. & diproses bitanc; Ascomycetes; kudis, scab

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92. [a]:Stagonospora nodorum I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji, daun Africa: Angola, Ethiopia, (Berk.) Castell. & E.G. tidak wheat), Secale cereale (rye), Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Germano (1977); ( = diproses Hordeum vulgare (barli, South Africa, Tanzania, Depazea nodorum Berk. II. jika MP barley) Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (1845) =Hendersonia diproses Agropyron, Bromus inermis, America: Argentina, Bolivia, nodorum (Berk.) Petr. Cynodon dactylon, Lolium Brazil, Chile, Colombia, (1947) =Septoria nodorum perenne, Triticale Ecuador, Mexico, USA (Berk.) Berk. (1845) Asia: Armenia, Bhutan, =Septoria glumarum Pass. China,Taiwan, India, Israel, (1879) =Phoma Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, hennebergii J.G. Kühn Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi (1877) =Macrophoma Arabia hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Berl. & Voglino (1886) Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, =Rhabdospora Finland, France, Germany, hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Sacc. & D. Sacc. (1906) Netherlands, Norway,Poland, =Stagonospora Portugal, Romania, Rusia, hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Petr. & Syd. (1925) Switzerland, UK, Serbia, =Septoria holci Pass. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and (1879) Herzegovina, Montenegro, [s]:Phaeosphaeria nodorum Macedonia, (E. Müll.) Hedjaroude Oceania: Australia, New (1968); ( =Leptosphaeria Zealand nodorum E. Müll. (1952) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; glum blotch

281

93. [a]:Stenocarpella maydis I: jika MP Zea diploperennis, Zea mays biji, daun, Africa: Congo, DR Congo, (Berk) B. Sutton (1980); ( tidak (jagung, maize), Zea mays batang, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, =Sphaeria maydis Berk. diproses subsp. mays (sweetcorn) bunga Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, (1847) =Diplodia zeae II. jika MP Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Lév. (1848) =Diplodia diproses Zimbabwe maydis(Berk.) Sacc. America: Belize, Honduras, (1884) =Diplodia Canada, Mexico, USA, maydicola Speg. (1910) Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, =Macrodiplodia zeae Ecuador. (Lév.) Petr. & syd. (1923) Asia: China, India, Iran, =Sphaeria zeae Schwein. Japan, South Korea, Nepal, (1832) =Hendersonia zeae Pakistan, Thailand. (Lév.) Hazsl. (1872) Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, =Phaeostagonosporopsis Czech, Italy, Serbia- zeae (Lév.) Woron. (1925) Montenegro, UK. =Diplodia zeae-maydis Oceania: Australia, New Mekht. (1962) Zealand. [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; ear rot of maize, leaf spot of maize, stalk rot of maize, seedling blight of maize, leaf blight of maize, leaf blight of Sorghum spp., leaf spot of grasses, Diplodia ear and stalk rot, white ear rot of maize 94. [a]:Stilbella flavidum (Cooke) I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), buah, America: Bolivia, Brazil, Henn. (1904) tidak Citrus, Cinchona offiChinalis daun, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, [s]:Mycena citricolor (Berk. & diproses (kina, quinine tree) batang, Dominica, Ecuador, El 282

M.A. Curtis) Sacc.; ( II. jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, bibit, Salvador, Guyana France, =Omphalopsis citricolor diproses cocoa) tanaman Guadeloupe, Guatemala, (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) hasil Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Murrill =Omphalia flavida mikroprop Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Maubl. & Rangel (1914) agasi Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, =Agaricuscitricolor Puerto Rico, Suriname, =Stilbum flavidum Trinidad and Tobago, USA Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; American leaf spot of coffee, American: coffee leaf spot, cock's eye spot, iron spot of coffee 95. [a]:Synchytrium I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi, Africa: Algeria, South Africa, endobioticum (Schilb.) tidak (kentang, potato) akar, Tunisia Percival (1909); diproses Solanum nigrum, Solanum media America: Bolivia, Canada, =Chrysophlyctis II. jika MP dulcamara, Hyoscyamus tanam Chile, Ecuador, Falkland endobioticum Schilb. diproses niger, Nicandra physalcides, Islands, Peru, USA, (1896) =Chrysophlyctis Solanum lycopersicum Asia: Armenia, Bhutan, India, endobiotica Schilb (1896) (tomat, tomato) Nepal =Synchytrium Europe: Austria, Belarus, solanMassee (1910); Belgium,Czech, Denmark, [s]: - Estonia,Faroe Islands, Finland, Chytridiomycota, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Chytridiomycetes; black Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, wart of potato, potato black Luxembourg, Netherlands, scab, potato wart disease, Norway, Poland, Portugal, wart disease of potato Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and 283

Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: New Zealand 96. [a]:Thanatophytum crocorum I: jika MP Beta vulgaris var umbi, Africa: Algeria, Ethiopia, (Pers.: Fr.) Nees (1816); ( tidak saccharifera (bit gula, sugar akar, bibit, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, =Rhizoctonia crocorum diproses beetroot) batang Rhodesia, South Africa, (Pers.) DC., (1815); II. jika MP Araucaria cuninghamii, Tanzania, Trinidad, Tunisia, Helminthosporium diproses Daucus carota (wortel, Zambia, Zimbabwe rhizoctonon Rabenh. carrot), Ipomoea batatas (ubi America: Argentina, Barbados, (1855); Helminthosporium jalar, sweet potato), Solanum Canada, Colombia, Dominica, rhizoctonum Rabenh. tuberosum (kentang, potato), Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, (1855); Hypochnus Morus spp. (murbei, USA, Uruguay violaceus Erikss. (1912); mulberry) Asia: China, India, Iran, Rhizoctonia asparagi Japan, Philippines, Turkey, Fuckel ex Erikss. (1915); Vietnam Rhizoctonia asparagi Europe: Austria, Belgium, Fuckel, (1870); Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Rhizoctonia medicaginis England, France, Germany, DC., (1815); Rhizoctonia Greece, Hungary, Ireland, rubiae M.J. Decne., Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, (1837); Rhizoctonia Norway, Poland, Romania, violacea f. dauci J.G. Rusia, Scotland, Slovakia, Kühn (1875); Tuber croci Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Dubois, (1803); Tuber Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and parasiticum Bull., (1790) Herzegovina, Montenegro, [s]:Helicobasidium Macedonia brebissonii (Desm.) Donk, Oceania: Australia, New (1958); ( =Helicobasidium Zealand purpureum (Tul.) Pat., (1885) Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, 284

Pucciniomycetes; Asparagus officinalis root rot, apple violet root rot, sweet potato, violet root rot 97. [a]:Thecaphora I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi, America: Bolivia,Chile, solani(Thirum & M.J. tidak (kentang, potato) daun, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, O'Brien) Mordue (1988); ( diproses batang Panama, Peru, Venezuela =Angiosorus solani II. jika MP Thirum. & M.J. O'Brien diproses (1974) =Thecaphora solani Barrus (1944); [s]: - Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Ustilaginomycetes; potato smut, thecaphora smut 98. [a]:Verticillium cinerescens I: jika MP Dianthus spp. tanaman, America: Canada, Colombia, Wollenw. (1930) tidak Helianthus annuus (bunga akar,batan USA [s]: Phialophora cinerescens diproses matahari, sunflower), g, media Asia: China (Wollenw.) J.F.H. Beyma II. jika MP Fragaria spp. tanam Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, (1940); diproses Croatia, Finland, France, Ascomycota, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Pezizomycotina, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Eurotiomycetes; Lithuania, Netherlands, phialophora wilt, vascular Norway, Poland, Romania, wilt of carnation, wilt of Rusia, Spain, Ukraine, UK, carnation Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: New Zealand

285

99. [a]:Zygophiala jamaicensis I: jika MP Citrus, Diospyros, Malus buah America: USA E.W.Mason ( tidak domesticum (apel, apple), Asia: China, India,Japan =Microbotryum violaceum diproses Pyrus communis (pir, pear), (Pers.) G. Deml & Oberw. II. jika MP Diospyros sp. (Malabar =Uredo violacea Pers. diproses ebony) =Caeoma violaceum (Pers.) Nees =Uredo antherarum DC. =Ustilago antherarum (DC.) Fr. =Caeoma antherarum (DC.) Schltdl. =Microbotryum antherarum (DC.) Lév. =Erysibe antherarum (DC.) Wallr. =Ustilago silenes-nutantis Liro) [s]:Schizothyrium pomi(Mont.) v. Arx ( =Leptothyrium porni (Mont.) Arx =Labrella porni Mont. =Asterina gaultheriae M.A. Curtis =Microthyriella paludosa C. Booth) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; greasy blotch, flyspeck, sooty blotch 100. [c]: Aphanomyces I: jika MP Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), bibit,akar, America: Canada, USA euteichesDrechsler tidak Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet batang, Asia: China, India,Japan (1925); diproses pea), polong-polongan lain media Europe: Czech, Denmark, 286

Chromista,Oomycetes; II. jika MP (legumes) tanam Finland, Rusia, France, Italy, phanomyces root rot, diproses Netherlands, Norway, Poland, common root rot, root rot Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 101. [c]:Pachymetra chaunorhiza I Saccharum officinarum (tebu, tanaman, Oceania: Australia B.J. Croft & M.W. Dick sugarcane), Zea mays akar, (1989) (jagung, corn, maize), media Oomycetes; pachymetra Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, tanam root rot sorghum)

102. [c]:Peronospora I: jika MP Nicotiana tabacum daun, biji America: Argentina, Brazil, hyoscyamif.sp.tabacina(D tidak (tembakau, tobacco) Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, .B. Adam) Skalicky; ( = diproses Capsicum annuum (paprika, Dominica, El Salvador, Peronospora tabacina II. jika MP bell-pepper), Solanum Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, =Peronospora hyoscyami diproses lycopersicum (tomat, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, =Peronospora nicotianae tomato), Solanum melongena Puerto Rico, USA, Uruguay, Oomycetes; angular tobacco (terung, eggplant, aubergine) Venezuela leaf spot, blue mould of Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, tobacco, downy mildew, Taiwan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, tobacco black fire, tobacco Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, blue mould, tobacco wildfire Myanmar, Syria, Turkey, Uni Arab Emirat, Yemen, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, 287

Romania, Rusia, Spain, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia 103. [c]:Peronospora sparsa I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), daun, Africa: Egypt Berk. (1862); ( = tidak Punus laurocerasus, Rubus buah, America: USA, Canada, Brazil, Peronoplasmopara sparsa diproses spp. bunga, Colombia (Berk.) Uljan. (1967) II. jika MP tanaman Asia: Israel =Pseudoperonospora diproses hasilmikro Europe: Finland, Ireland, sparsa (Berk.) Jacz. propagasi, France, Scandinavia, UK, (1928) =Peronospora akar, Russia, Russia rosae-gallicae Savul. & batang Oceania: Australia. Rayss (1934) =Peronospora sanguisorbae Gäum. (1923) Oomycetes; downy mildew 104. [c]:Peronospora I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet biji, buah, Asia: India viciaef.sppisi(Sydow) tidak pea), Vicia faba bunga, Europe: Scandinavia Boerema & Verhoeven diproses daun, Oomycetes; pea downy II. jika batang mildew MP diproses 105. [c]:Phytophthora cryptogea I: jika MP Actinidia chinensis (Chinese akar, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Pethybr. & Laff. (1919) tidak gooseberry), Actinidia batang, Zimbabwe Oomycetes; tomato foot rot, diproses deliciosa (kiwifruit), Allium bibit America: Canada, USA, damping off, gerbera foot II. jika MP cepa (bawang bombay, tanaman, Argentina, Brazil, Chile rot, black neck of diproses onion), Antirrhinum majus media Asia: China, Iran, Japan, chrysanthemum, tulip (snapdragon), Apium tanam Jordan, Korea shanking, corm, stem and graveolens (seledri, celery), Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, 288

leaf rot of gloxinia, pink rot Asparagus officinalis Croatia, Czech, Denmark, of potato, stem rot, root rot, (asparagus), Aster, Brassica Finland, France, Germany, damping-off oleracea var. botrytis (bunga Greece, Hungary, Ireland, kol, cauliflower), Cajanus Italy, Netherlands, Poland, cajan (pigeon pea), Calathea, Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, Calendula officinalis (Pot Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK marigold), Callistephus Oceania: Australia, New chinensis (China aster), Zealand, Papua New Guinea Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Castanea (chestnuts), Celosia argentea (celosia), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Chrysanthemum vestitum, Cichorium (chicory), Cichorium intybus (chicory), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Citrus, Clarkia (satin flowers), Consolida ambigua (rocket larkspur), Cotoneaster, Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (ketimun, cucumber), Cucurbita (pumpkin), Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin), Cucurbita moschata (labu, pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Cupressus (cypresses), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar), 289

Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato), Dahlia, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dianthus barbatus (sweet williams), Dianthus caryophyllus (anyelir, carnation), Erica (heaths), Erysimum cheiri (wallflower), Eucalyptus spp., Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Fragaria (strawberry), Gerbera (Barbeton daisy), Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gynura bicolor, Gypsophila paniculata (babysbreath), Hebe, Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Humulus lupulus (hop), Juglans regia (walnut), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Liatris spicata (spike gayfeather), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lupinus spp.,Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Maranta (arrowroot), Matthiola incana (stock), Medicago sativa (lucerne), 290

Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin), Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Pericallis cruenta (common cineraria), Persea americana (avocado), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Picea (spruces), Pinus (pines), Pinus lambertiana (big pine), Pinus mugo (mountain pine), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Pisum spp., Populus simonii (Simon poplar), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), St.paulia ionantha (African violet), Salvia officinalis (common 291

sage), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Syzygium samarangense (water apple), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Pyrethrum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Tulipa (tulip), Vicia villosa, Viola (violet), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) 106. [c]:Phytophthora I: jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, buah, Africa: Cameroon, Equatorial megakaryaBrasier & M.J. tidak cocoa) batang Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Griffin (1979) diproses Guinea, Nigeria, Togo Oomycetes; black pod of II. jika MP cocoa, seedling blight of diproses cocoa, trunk canker of cocoa 107. [c]:Phytophthora I: jika MP Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), tanaman, America: Canada, USA, megasperma Drechsler tidak Asparagus officinalis umbi, Argentina, Chile 1931; ( = Phytophthora diproses (asparagus), Brassica buah, Asia: China, India, Iran, megasperma var. II. jika MP oleracea (cabbages, polong, Japan, Korea Republic of megasperma Drechsler diproses cauliflowers), Brassica daun, (South Korea), Philippines 1931 =Pythiomorpha oleracea var. botrytis akar, Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, miyabeana S. Ito & Nagai (cauliflower), Brassica batang, Croatia, Bosnia and 1931 oleracea var. capitata bibit, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Oomycetes; root rot, crown (cabbage), Brassica oleracea bahan Macedonia, France, Greece, rot, trunk canker, collar rot, var. gemmifera (Brussels perbanyak Ireland, Italy, Spain, UK, 292

apoplexy, sudden wilt, fruit sprouts), Brassica rapa an Scotland rot, stem blight, seed-piece subsp. pekinensis (Pe-tsai), tanaman Oceania: Australia, New rot, tuber rot, pod rot, black Daucus carota (carrot), (hasil Zealand rot, blight, spear rot Juglans regia (walnut), mikroprop Solanum lycopersicum agasi) (tomato), Malus domestica (apple), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Solanum tuberosum (potato) Aesculus hippocastanum (buckeye), Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), Banksia, Buddleia (Butterflybush), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Castanea sativa (chestnut), Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Cytisus (Broom), Dahlia, Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tree), Matthiola incana (stock), 293

Narcissus (daffodil), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Pinus (pines), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Sorbus aria (whitebeam), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Vicia faba (broad bean) 108. [c]:Phytophthora phaseoli I: jika MP Phaseolus lunatus biji, Africa: DR Congo Thaxt. (1889); ( = tidak daun,bata America: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Phytophthora infestans diproses ng, akar, USA var. phaseoli (Thaxt.) II. jika MP media Asia: Sri Lanka, Philippines Leonian (1925) diproses tanam Europe: Italy,Rusia Oomycetes; Phaseolus leaf blight, collar rot of lima bean 109. [c]: Phytophthora I: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, polong, America: Argentina, Brazil, sojaeKaufm & Gerd.;( tidak soyabean) biji, media Canada, Chile, USA =P.megasperma var. diproses Lupinus sp. tanam Asia: China, Iran, Japan, sojaeHildebr. II. jika MP (tanah), Korea Republic of (South =Phytophthora diproses daun, Korea), Mongolia, Pakistan megasperma f.sp. akar, Europe:Bulgaria, France, Italy, glycinea T.L. Kuan & batang, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Erwin; Switzerland, Ukraine =Phytophthora.sojae f.sp. Oceania:Australia glycines); Chromista; Oomycota; Pythiales; Pythiaceae; Phytophthora root and stem rot, root and stem rot of 294

soybean, root and stem rot of soyabean 110. [c]: Sclerophthora I: jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), media Africa: Ethiopia, macrospora(Sacc.) tidak Eleusine coracana (finger tanam, Mauritius,South Africa, Thirum., C.G. Shaw & diproses millet), Hordeum vulgare bunga, Uganda. Naras; ( =Sclerospora II. jika MP (barley), Oryza sativa (padi, daun, American: Cuba, Canada, oryzae = diproses paddy, rice), Pennisetum akar, Mexico, USA, Brazil, Peru, Phytophthora macrospora glaucum (pearl millet), batang, Venezuela. =Sclerospora kriegeriana Saccharum officinarum (tebu, biji Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, =Nozemia macrospora sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, =Sclerospora macrospora); (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum Pakistan, Syria, Thailand, Oomycetes; downy mildew; (wheat), Tritcum aestivum Turkey. crazy top of maize, yellow (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, wilt of rice, witches' broom (jagung, maize). Germany, Italy, Poland, on maize Bromus inermis (Awnless Serbia-Montenegro, Slovenia, brome), Digitaria sanguinalis Switzerland. (large crabgrass), Oceania: Australia, New Echinochloa crus-galli Zealand (barnyard grass), Eleusine indica (goose grass) Elymus repens (quackgrass) Eragrostis (lovegrasses), Lolium temulentum (darnel), Panicum capillare (tumble panicgrass), Poa (meadow grass), Setaria viridis (green foxtail), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss) 111. [c]: Sclerospora graminicola I: jika MP Pennisetum glaucum (pearl bunga, Africa: Burkina Faso, Chad, (Sacc.) J. Schrot (1886); ( tidak millet), Zea mexicana batang, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Gambia, =Sclerospora graminicola diproses (teosinte) biji, daun Ghana, Malawi, Mauritania, var. setariae-italicae II. jika MP Saccharum officinarum Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, 295

=Protomyces graminicola diproses (sugarcane), Zea mays Senegal, Sierra Leone, South =Peronospora graminicola (maize) Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, =Peronospora setariae Uganda, Zimbabwe =Ustilago urbani); America: Puerto Rico, Canada, Oomycetes; downy mildew Mexico, USA, Hawaii, of pearl millet, green ear Argentina Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Pakistan, Yemen Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Russia (Europe), Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Oceania: Fiji 112. [c]:Trachysphaera I: jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, buah, Africa: Cameroon,Central fructigenaTabor & tidak cocoa), Musaspp. bunga Africa, Chad, DR Congo, Bunting (1923); diproses Pyrus, Prunus, Malus and Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Oomycetes; cigar end rot of II. jika MP Citrus, Coffea spp. (kopi, Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, banana, berry rot of coffee, diproses coffee), Persea americana Guinea, Madagascar, Nigeria, fungus rot of banana, mealy (alpokat, avocado) Sierra Leone pod of cacao, fruit rot of coffee, pod rot of cacao 113. [r]:Aecidium cantense I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum tanaman,b America: Peru Arthur (1929); tidak (kentang, potato), Solanum unga, Basidiomycota, diproses lycopersicum (tomat, buah, Pucciniomycotina; II. jika MP tomato), Ullucus tuberosus batang, 296

Pucciniomycetes; Aecidium diproses daun potato rust, deforming potato rust, deforming rust, Peruvian rust 114. [r]: Armillaria luteobubalina I: jika MP Acacia dealbata (acacia akar, Oceania: Australia, Papua New Watling & Kile (1978); tidak bernier), Acacia melanoxylon batang, Guinea Basidiomycota, diproses (Australian blackwood), bibit, umbi Agaricomycotina, II. jika MP Actinidia chinensis (Chinese Agaricomycetes; armillaria diproses gooseberry), Prunus persica root rot; honey root rot (persik, peach), Citrus reticulata (jeruk mandarin, mandarin orange), Citrus sinensis (jeruk, navel orange), Cotoneaster, Cycas revoluta (sago cycas), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Malus (ornamental species apple), Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Prunus (buah batu, stone fruit), Prunus dulcis (almond), Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Salix (willows), Taxus (yew), Viburnum, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 115. [r]: Hemileia coffeicolaMaubl I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) daun Africa: Cameroon, Central & Roger, (1934); ( =Uredo tidak Africa, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, coffeicola); diproses Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Basidiomycetes, II. jika MP Togo, Uganda 297

Pucciniomycotina, diproses Pucciniomycetes; grey rust of coffee powdery rust of coffee, coffee rust 116. [r]:Phragmidium I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) daun, Africa: Egypt mucronatum(Pers.) tidak batang America: Chile Schlect; ( = Phragmidium diproses Asia: Japan disciflorum II. jika MP Europe: Bulgaria, Germany, Basidiomycetes; rust diproses Italy 117. [r]:Puccinia asparagi DC. I: jika MP Asparagus officinalis daun, Africa: Angola, Ethiopia, (1805); (=Uredo asparagi tidak (asparagus, asparagus) batang, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Lasch (1848) =Aecidium diproses biji, bibit Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia asparagi Lasch (1848) II. jika MP America: Canada, Cuba, =Dicaeoma asparagi (DC.) diproses Dominica, Mexico, USA Kuntze (1898) Asia: Azerbaijan, China, =Persooniella asparagi Taiwan, Georgia, India, Iran, (DC.) Syd.(1922) Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, =Puccinia discoidearum Philippines, Turkey, var. asparagi (DC.) Wallr. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (1833) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Urediniomycetes; asparagus Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, rust Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norwagia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia 118. [r]:Puccinia coronata Corda I: jika MP Agrostis capillaris (brown bunga, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, (1837); ( = Puccinia tidak bentgrass), Agrostis gigantea daun, Kenya, Morocco, Tanzania coronata var. bromi W.P. diproses (black bent), Agrostis batang America: Canada, Mexico, Fraser & Ledingham II. jika MP stolonifera (creeping USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, (1933) =Puccinia coronata diproses bentgrass), Alopecurus Uruguay var. calamagrostis W.P. aequalis (Dent foxtail), Asia: India, Israel, Japan, 298

Fraser & Ledingham Arrhenatherum elatius (false Kazakhstan, Mongolia, (1933) =Puccinia coronata oatgrass), Avena sativa Uzbekistan var. elaeagni W.P. Fraser (oats), Bromus erectus Europe: Austria, Belarus, & Ledingham (1933) (upright brome(grass)), Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Puccinia lolii =Puccinia Bromus tectorum (downy Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, sertata =Puccinia brome), Calamagrostis Denmark, Estonia, Finland, coronata var. lolii epigejos, Festuca France, Corsica, Germany, =Puccinia coronata var. arundinacea (reed fescue), Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, sertata =Puccinia Festuca ovina (sheeps Lithuania, Netherlands, alpiniae-coronata fescue), Festuca pratensis Norway, Poland, Portugal, =Puccinia mediterranea (English bluegrass), Festuca Romania, Russia, Serbia- =Puccinia coronata f. holci rubra (red fescue), Lolium Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, =Puccinia coronata var. rigidum (rigid ryegrass), Canary Islands, Sweden, calamagrosteos Phalaris canariensis Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, =Aecidium alaterni (Canarygrass), Phleum Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =Aecidium cathartici pratense (timothy), Secale Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Aecidium frangulae cereale (rye), Trisetum Montenegro, Macedonia, =Aecidium rhamni flavescens (yellow oatgrass) Oceania: Australia, New =Aecidium rhamni-alipnae Rhamnus caroliniana Zealand =Aecidium rhamni- (Carolina buckthorn), infectoriae =Puccinia Rhamnus cathartica coronata var. intermedia (buckthorn), Rhamnus =Puccinia pumilae- frangula (alder buckthorn), coronata =Puccinia turfgrasses alpinae-coronata =Puccinia coronata var. avenae); Urediniomycetes; crown rust, crown rust of oat, oat crown rust, leaf rust of oats

299

119. [r]: Sphenospora I: jika MP Oncydium orchids daun, America: USA saphenaCummins; tidak tangkai Basidiomycetes; rust diproses II. jika MP diproses 120. [r]:Uredo nigropunctaHenn. I: jika MP Orchidaceae, Cattleya sp, daun, America: Argentina, USA, (1896); ( =Uredo guacae tidak Epidendrum sp. tangkai Nicaragua, Bahama, Brazil, Mayor (1913) =Uredo diproses Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba. behnickiana Henn. (1896) II. jika MP =Uredo epidendri Henn diproses =Uredo nigropuncta Henn) Basidiomycetes; rust

VII. BAKTERI (BACTERIA) DAN FITOPLASMA (PHYTOPLASMA)

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acetobacter aceti (Pasteur, I Ananas comosus (nanas, buah America: USA 1864) Beijerinck 1989 pineapple), Malus Asia: Philippines (= Bacterium aceti Beij, domestica (apel, apple), Oceania: Australia Mycoderma aceti Pasteur) Pyrus communis (European pink disease of pineapple pear) 2. Acidovorax citrulli(Manns) I Cucumis melo (melon, biji, daun, America: USA, Brazil, Willems et al melon), Citrullus vulgaris buah, Costarica (=Acidovorax avenae subsp. (semangka, watermelon), batang, Asia: Turkey, China, Japan, citrulli(Manns) Willems et Cucurbita maxima (waluh, bibit Taiwan, Thailand al.=Pseudomonas avenae labu parang, pumpkin), Oceania: Australia, Guam, subsp. citrulli = Cucumis sativus Northern Mariana Island P.pseudoalcaligenes subsp. (mentimun, cucumber)

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citrulli); Burkholderiales, Comamonadaceae; busuk buah, fruit blotch, fruit rot 3. Burkholderia andropogonis I Zea mays (jagung, corn, bunga, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, (Smith) Gilliset al.; maize), Triticum aestivum tunas, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, (=Aplanobacter stizolobii (gandum, wheat), Sorghum jaringan South Africa, Sudan, Togo, =Bacterium andropogonis bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), meristem, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. =B.stizolobii =B.woodsii Dianthus spp. (anyelir, tanaman America: Argentina, Brazil, =Phytobacterium andropogonis carnation), Bougainvillea hasil Canada, Colombia, Costa =P.Stizolobii =P.woodsii spp. (bogenvil, bougenville), mikropropa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, =Phytomonas andropogonis Trifolium repens (white gasi, bibit Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, =P.stizolobii =P.woodsii clover), Vicia sativa USA, Uruguay, Venezuela =Pseudomonas andropogonis (common vetch), Ceratonia Asia: China, Hongkong, Iraq, =P.andropogonis pv. Stizolobii siliqua (locust bean), Cicer Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, =P.stizolobii =P.woodsii); arietinum (chick paea), Thailand, Taiwan Burkhoderiales: Gypsophila paniculata Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Burkholderiacea; (baby’s breath), Limonium Italy, Polandia, Portugal, bacterialstripe, striping sinuatum (sea pink), Russia, United Kingdom Ruscus, Trifolium pratense Oceania: Australia, Federasi (purple clover), Trifolium Micronesia, New Zealand. subterraneum (subterraneum clover), Tulipa (tulip), Vaccinium (blueberries), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Dypsis lutescens (golden cane palm) 4. Burkholderia gladioliYabuuchi I Gladiolus spp., Asplenium umbi, akar, Africa: Algeria. et al.; (=Pseudomonas gladioli); nidus (bird's nest fern), batang, America: USA Burkholderiales: Crocus sativus (saffron), daun, Asia: China, Japan. Burkholderiacea;spot of Eustoma grandiflorum bunga, orchids; soft rot of orchids; (Lisianthus (cut flower buahdan 301

bacterial crown rot of crop), Orchidaceae media lisianthus; busuk umbi (orchids), Poa annua tanam (annual meadowgrass). 5. Clavibacter michiganensis I Zea mays (jagung, corn, biji, akar, America: USA, Canada subsp. nebraskensis(Vidaver & maize), Saccharum batang, Mandel) Davis et al.; officinarum (tebu, daun, (=Corynebacterium sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor bunga, michiganense pv. nebraskensis (sorgum, sorghum), buah, bibit, =C.michiganense subsp. Sorghum sudanense (Sudan tanaman nebraskense grass), Zea mexicana hasil =C.nebraskense);Actynomyceta (teosinte) mikropropa les: Microbacteriaceae;bacterial Triticum aestivum (gandum, gasi stripe, freckles and wilt wheat), Echinochloa crus- galli (barnyard grass)

6. Clavibacter michiganensis I Solanum tuberosum umbi, biji, Africa: Algeria subsp.sepedonicus(Spieckerma (kentang, potato) media America: Canada, USA, nn & Kotthoff) Davis et al.; Solanum lycopersicum tanam, Venezuela, Mexico, Costa (=Aplanobacter sepedonicus (tomat, tomato), Solanum akar, Rica, Haiti, Panama, Peru =Bacterium sepedonicum melongena (terung, batang, Asia: Afganistan, Cambodia, =Corynebacterium eggplant), Lycopersicon daun, China, Israel, Taiwan, Japan, michiganense pv. sepedonicum pimpinellifolium (currant bunga, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lebanon, =C. michiganense subsp. tomato) buah, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, sepedonicum =C.sepedonicum tanah, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Asia =Mycobacterium sepedonicum bibit, Tenggara =Phytomonas sepedonica tanaman Europe: Austria, Belarus, =Pseudobacterium hasil Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, sepedonicum); mikropropa Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Actynomycetales: gasi France, Germany, Greece, Microbacteriaceae; bacterial Crete, Latvia, Lithuania, ring rot Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Siberia, Sweden, 302

Ukraine, Belgia, Bulgaria, Hungaria, Irlandia, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom 7. Curtobacterium I Glycine max (kedelai, biji, buah, Africa: Mauritius, Tunisia, flaccumfacienspv.flaccumfacien soybean), Zea mays batang, Kenya s (Hedges) Collins & Jones; (jagung, corn, maize), Vigna bibit, America: Brazil, Colombia, (=Bacterium flaccumfaciens = radiata (kacang hijau, tanaman USA, Venezuela, Canada, Corynebacterium mungbean), Vigna spp. hasil Mexico flaccumfaciens pv. (kacang panjang, cowpea), mikropropa Asia: Turkey flaccumfaciens Phaseolus coccineus gasi Europe: Romania, Russia, =C.flaccumfaciens (runner bean), Phaseolus (planlet) Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, =C.flaccumfaciens ssp. lunatus (lima bean), France, Germany, Greece, flaccumfaciens =Phytomonas Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Hungary, Italy, Netherland, flaccumfaciens =Pseudomonas common bean), Zornia.spp., Poland, Portugal, Russia, flaccumfaciens); Ipomoea (morning glory), Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Actynomycetales: Lablab purpureus (hyacinth Ukraine, Yugoslavia Microbacteriaceae; bacterial bean) Oceania: Australia wilt 8. Dickeya chrysanthemi. I Chrysanthemum spp., umbi, Africa: Algeria, Comoros, (= Erwinia chrysanthemi Araceae, Aglaonema, Aloe batang, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, (Bulkholder, Mc. Fadden & vera (lidah buaya), Allium daun, Morocco, Reunion, South Dimock); =Erwinia carotovora spp. (bawang-bawangan), media Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe, f.sp. parthenii =E.carotovora Begonia, Brachiaria, tanam America: Aruba, Bolivia, f.sp. zeae =E.carotovora var. Brassica oleraceae var. (tanah) Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, chrysanthemi botrytis (kol bunga, Cuba, Ecuador, French =E.dieffenbachiae =E.maydis cauliflower), Dieffenbachia, Guiana, Guadeloupe, =E.paradisiaca=Pectobacterium Dianthus, Dracaena Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, carotovorum f. sp. marginata, Elettaria Honduras, Jamaica, chrysanthemi =P.carotovorum cardamomum, Pelargonium Martinique, Panama, Peru, var. chrysanthemi zonale hybrids, Petunia Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia,

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=P.carotovorum var. hybridaPhilodendron, United States of America, graminarum Anggrek Vanda, Venezuela =P.chrysanthemi=P.chrysanthe Phalaenopsis. Asia: Bangladesh, China, mi pv. zeae =P.parthenii- Aglaonema commutatum, India, Iran, Japan, Korea dianthicola); Enterobacteriales: Ananas comosus (nenas, Dem. People's Republic, Korea Enterobacteriaceae; busuk pineapple), Apium Republic, Malaysia, Nepal, kaki, bacterial wilt, bacterial graveolens (seladeri, celery), Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri soft rot Brachiaria mutica, Brassica Lanka, Syria, Taiwan oleracea var. capitata Europe: Austria, Belarus, (kubis, cabbage), Capsicum Belgium, Denmark, Finland, annuum (paprika, bell- France, Germany, Greece, pepper), Hungary, Italy, Poland, Dieffenbachiamaculata, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Dianthus spp., Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Lycopersicum esculentum Switzerland, United Kingdom (tomat, tomato), Panicum (England, Scotland). maximum, Pennisetum Oceania: Australia, Cook purpureum, Philodendron Islands, New Zealand, Papua spp., Aechmea fasciata, New Guinea, Solomon Islands Anemone, Celosia argentea, Cichorium endivia (andewi, endevi), Cichorium intybus, Canna, Consolida ambigua, Cucumis melo (melun, melon), Colocasia esculenta (taleus, taro), Cynara scolimus (artichoke), Cyclamen, Dahlia pinnata, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Euphorbia pulcherrima, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hyacinthus,

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Imperata cylindrica (alang- alang, bedding grass), Ipomoea batatas (ubi rambat, sweet potato), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce) Medicago sativa, Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Musa textilis, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy ), Paspalum, Parthenium argentatum, Phalaenopsis sp.Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sedum spectabile, Saintpaulia ionantha, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant) Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sweet potato, Syngonium podophyllum, Tagetes patula (French marigold)Tulip spp., Xanthosoma caracu, Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize)

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9. Dickeya I Pelargonium sp., Solanum umbi, Asia: China, dadantii;Enterobacteriales: tuberosum (kentang, batang, America: USA, Honduras, Enterobacteriaceae;bacterial potato), Ananas comosus daun, Puerto Rico, wilt and soft rot of ornamentals (nanas, pineapple), media Europe: Belgium, France, and potato Dianthus spp., Euphorbia tanam Germany, Italy, United sp., Ipomoea batatas (ubi (tanah) Kingdom jalar, sweet potato), Musa sp. (pisang, banana), Zea mays (jagung, maize), Philodendron sp., Sintpaulia sp. 10. Dickeya I Dianthus spp, Solanum umbi, Asia: Japan, dianthicola;Enterobacteriales: tuberosum (kentang, batang, America: USA, Enterobacteriaceae; slow wilt potato), Solanum daun, Europe: Belgium, Denmark, of Dianthus and potato lycopersicum (tomat, media Finland, France, Germany, tomato), Cichorium sp. tanam Greece, Italy, Jersey, (Chicory), Cynara sp. (tanah) Netherlands, Poland, (Artichoke), Dahlia sp., Romania, Sweden, Hyacinthus sp., Iris sp., Switzerland, United Kingdom, Kalanchoe sp. Oceania: New Zealand 11. Dickeya I Dieffenbachiae sp., umbi, Asia: China, dieffenbachiae;Enterobacteriale Solanum lycopersicum batang, America: USA, Honduras, s: Enterobacteriaceae (tomat, tomato) daun, Puerto Rico, media Europe: Belgium, France, tanam Germany, Italy, United (tanah) Kingdom 12. Dickeya I Musa sp. (pisang, banana) umbi, America: Cuba, Guatemala, paradisiacal;Enterobacteriales: batang, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Enterobacteriaceae daun, Colombia, Venezuela media Oceania: Papua New Guinea tanam (tanah) 306

13. Dickeya I Solanum tuberosum umbi, Europe: Belgium, Finland, solani;Enterobacteriales: (kentang, potato) batang, France, Poland, Netherlands, Enterobacteriaceae daun, Spain) media Africa: Israel tanam (tanah) 14. Dickeya I Zea mays (jagung, Maize), umbi, Asia: China, India, Iran, zeae;Enterobacteriales: Solanum tuberosum batang, Japan, Korea Dpr, Korea Enterobacteriaceae (kentang, potato), Ananas daun, Republic Of, Malaysia, comosus (nanas, media Philippines, Taiwan, pineapple), Musa sp. tanam Africa: Comoros, Egypt, (pisang, banana), Nicotiana (tanah) Mauritius, Réunion, South tabacum (tembakau, Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe, tobacco), Oryza sativa America: Usa, Costa Rica, (padi, rice), Brachiaria sp, Cuba, Honduras, Jamaica, Chrysanthemum sp. Panama, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Europe: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand 15. Erwinia amylovora (Burrill); I Malus domesticum (apel, tunas, Africa: Egypt, Algeria, (=Bacillus amylovorus apple), Prunus dulcis tanaman Morocco =Bacterium amylovorum (almon, almond), Prunus hasil America: Bermuda, =Erwinia amylovora f.sp. rubi americana (aprikot, mikropropa Guatemala, Mexico, USA, =Micrococcus amylovorus); apricot), Prunus cerrasus gasi(planlet) Canada Enterobacteriales: (ceri, cherry), Pyrus , buah, Asia: Armenia, Iran, Israel, Enterobacteriaceae, fire blight communis (pir, pear), bunga, Jordan, Libanon, Turkey, Prunus persica (persik, daun, Azerbajian, China, India, Iran, 307

peach), Amelanchier spp., batang Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Cydonia oblonga, Bibit, kayu Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Rubusspp., Sorbusspp. Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam, Asia Tenggara (South-east Asia) Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia. Oceania: New Zealand 16. Erwinia rhapontici I Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), biji, umbi America: North America (=Pectobacterium rhapontici Triticum (wheat), Triticum lapis, buah, (Canada), Mexico, USA (Millard 1924) Patel & Kulkarni aestivum (gandum, wheat) bibit, Asia: Iran, Israel, Jepan, 1951 =Erwinia carotovora var. Allium cepa (bawang batang, Korea, Malaysia rhapontici =Aplanobacter bombay, onion), Allium akar, Europe: Belgium, Czech rhapontici = Bacillus rhapontici sativum (bawang putih, planlet, Republic and Slovakia, =Bacterium rhapontici garlic), Beta vulgaris var. media France, Italy (Sardinia), =Phytomonas rhapontici saccharifera (sugarbeet), tanam, Lithuania, Netherlands, =Pseudobacterium rhapontici = Cichorium (chicory), tuber, Norway, Poland, Ukraine, UK Xanthomonas rhapontici); Cyclamen persicum corms, (England, Wales) Enterobacteriales; (cyclamens), Dianthus rhizome Oceania: Australia Enterobacteriaceae; rhubarb (carnation), Hippeastrum, 308

crown rot; wheat pink seed; Hyacinthus orientalis cereal pink grain (hyacinth), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Morus (mulberrytree), Morus alba (mora), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pyrus (pir, pears), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Amaranthus hybridus (smooth pigweed) 17. Erwinia tracheiphila (Holland) I Cucumis sativus bunga, Africa: DR Congo, South Smith; (=Bacillus tracheiphilus (mentimun, cucumber), daun, akar, Africa, Smith =Bacillus tracheiphilus Cucumis melo (melon, batang, America: Canada, Honduras, f.sp. cucumis =Bacterium melon), labu, Cucurbita bibit, Peru, USA, New Mexico tracheiphilum =Erwinia maxima (waluh, labu tanaman Asia: China, Iraq, Japan, amylovora var. tracheiphila); parang, pumpkin), Citrullus hasil Korea, Thailand, Iran, Taiwan Enterobacteriales: Entero vulgaris (semangka, mikropropa Europe: Czech, Slovakia, bacteriaceae; bacterial wilt watermelon), Cucurbitaceae gasis Lithuania, Russia. lainnya Oceania: Australia. Vektor: Coleoptera, Chrysomeli dae: Acalymma vittata 18. Herbaspirillum I Saccharum officinarum daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Central rubrisubalbicans(=Pseudomona (tebu, sugarcane), Zea batang Africa, Ivory Coast, s rubrisubalbicansNorth. & mays (jagung, corn, maize), Madagascar, Malawi, Smith; (=Bacterium Sorghum halepense Mauritius, Nigeria, Réunion, rubrisubalbicans = (Johnson grass), South Africa, Tanzania, =Phytomonas Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Burundi, Cote d’Ivore, Togo 309

rubrisubalbicans=Xanthomonas sorghum), Oryza sativa America: Barbados, Brazil, rubrisubalbicans); (padi, paddy) Colombia, Guadeloupe, Pseudomonadales: Jamaica, Martinique, Pseudomonadaceae; mottled Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, stripe, bacterialstripe USA, Venezuela, Cuba, Panama Asia: Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand 19. Pantoea I Ananas comosus (nenas, buah, Africa: Egypt, Burkina Faso, agglomerans(=Bacterium pineapple), Medicago sativa polong, Cameroon, Gabon, herbicola =B.typhiflavum (alfalfa, lucerne), Allium akar, Madagaskar, Mali, Niger, =Corynebacterium beticola spp. (bawang-bawangan), batang, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, =Enterobacter agglomerans Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun, Tunisia =E.agglomeranspv. millettiae grapevine), Malus sylvestris bunga, America: Barbados, Cuba, =Erwinia herbicola =E.herbicola (apel, apple), Pyrus buah USA, Costarica, El Salvador, pv. millettiae=E.lathyri communis (pir, pear) Honduras, Nicaragua, =E.mangiferae =E.millettiae =E. Abelmoschus moschatus Panama, Mexico, Colombia, vitivora =Flavobacterium (okra, lady’s finger), Citrus Bolivia, Equador, Venezuela herbicola =F.rhenanum spp. (jeruk, orange), Asia: Israel, Japan, Saudi =F.trifolii =Kurthia baccarinii Impatiens balsamina, Arabia., Bangladesh, =Pantoea agglomerans pv. Lathyrus odoratus, Kambodia, China, India, millettiae =Phytomonas itoana Solanum lycopersicum Korea DPR (North Korea), =Pseudomonas herbicola (tomat, tomato), Manihot Republic of Korea (South =P.itoana esculenta (ubi kayu, Korea), Laos, Malaysia, =P.trifolii=Xanthomonas cassava), Mangifera indica Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, cosmosicola =X.indica =X.itoana (mangga, mango), Oryza Philipine, Sri Lanka, =X.maydis =X.penniseti =X. sativa (padi, paddy ), Thailand, Vietnam rubrisorghi Setaria italica, Vitis vinifera Europe: France, Germany, =X.tagetis=X.translucens f.sp. (anggur, grapevine), Zea Poland, Spain, UK., Italy, oryzae =X.trifolii); mays (jagung, corn, maize), Moldova, Poland 310

Enterobacteriales: Allium sativum (bawang Oceania: New Zealand., Enterobacteriaceae; bacterial putih, garlic), Carthamus Australia grapevine blight, bacterial tinctorius, Daucus carota riceblight, pink disease of (wortel, carrot), Glycine max pineapple (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Hordeum vulgare, Morus, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) 20. Pantoea ananatis (Serrano, I Ananas comosus (nenas, tunas, Africa: Nigeria, South Africa, 1928), Mergaert, 1931 pineapple), Saccharum buah, biji, Zimbabwe (= Pectobacterium ananas officinarum (tebu, batang, America: Brazil, Guatemala, (Serrano) Patel & Kulkarni sugarcane), Cucumis melo daun, Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Puerto =Pantoea ananatis pv. ananatis (melon, melon), Allium cepa tanaman Rico, USA, Venezuela, New (Serrano) Mergaert et al.= (bawang bombay, Onion), hasil York, Argentina Erwinia uredovora Pon et Eucalyptus grandis (saligna mikropropa Asia: China, Taiwan, al.=Pantoea ananatis pv. gum), Eucalyptus nitens gasi Malaysia, Philippines, India, uredovora (Pon et al.) Mergaert (shining gum) (planlet) Japan. etal. Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Eropa: Polandia = Bacillus ananas Serrano Zea mays (jagung, corn), Oceania: Australia =Bacterium ananas (Serrano) Solanum lycopersicum Burgvits =Chromobacterium (tomat, tomato), sorghum ananas (Serrano) Krasil'nikov bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) =Erwinia herbicola var. ananas (Serrano) Dye= Pectobacterium ananas (Serrano) Patel & Kulkarni =Erwinia ananas pv. uredovora (Pon et al.) Dye = 311

Erwinia urediniolytica Borders =Xanthomonas uredovora =Pantoea ananas pv. ananas (Serrano) Mergaert et al. =Pantoea ananas pv. uredovora (Pon et al.) comb. Nov; Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae 21. Pectobacterium I Zantedeschia aethiopica umbi, Africa: South Africa aroidearum;Enterobacteriales: (lilium, calla lily, arum lily) daun, akar, Enterobacteriaceae batang, tanah 22. Pectobacterium atrosepticum I Solanum tuberosum umbi, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, (Van Hall) Jennison; (=Erwinia (kentang, potato), daun, akar, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, caricae =Bacillus atrosepticus = Euphorbia pulcherrima batang, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Bacillus melanogenes (poinsettia) tanah. France, Germany, Greece, =B.phytophthorus =Bacterium Saccharum officinarum Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, atrosepticum =B.carotovorum (tebu, sugarcane), Lithuania, Malta, =B.carotovorum pv Brassicaceae, Allium Netherlands, Norway, Poland, atrosepticum =B.melanogenum ascalonicum (bawang Portugal, Romania, Russia, =B.phytophthorum =Erwinia merah, shallot), Asparagus Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, carotovora =E.carotovora pv. officinalis (asparagus, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, atroseptica =E.dahliae asparagus), Carica papaya Bosnia and Herzegovina, =E.melonis =E.papayae (pepaya, pawpaw), Coffea Montenegro, Macedonia., =E.phytophthora spp. (kopi, coffee), Cucumis Yugoslavia =E.phytophthorus sativus (mentimun, Asia: Azerbaijan, Bhutan, =Pectobacterium atrosepticum cucumber), Daucus carota China, India, Iran, Israel, =P.carotovorum =P.carotovorum (wortel, carrot), Glycine max Japan, Kazakhstan, Libanon, pv atrosepticum =P.carotovorum (kedelai, soybean), Philippines, Turkey, Vietnam. pv carotovorum Helianthus annuus (bunga Africa: Algeria, Egypt, =P.phytophthorum =Erwinia matahari, sunflower), Iris Mauritius, Morocco, atroseptica =E.carotovora var. spp., Lycopersicum Mozambique, South Africa, 312

atroseptica); Enterobacteriales: esculentum (tomat, tomato), Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. Enterobacteriaceae;blackleg Musa spp. (pisang, America: Argentina, Belize, banana), Nicotiana tabacum Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, (tembakau, tobacco), Vigna Canada, Chile, Colombia, spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zea Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, mays (jagung, corn, maize) French West Indies, Allium cepa (bawang Guadeloupe, Honduras, bombay, onion), Consolida Martinique, Mexico, Peru, St. ambigua (rocket larkspur), Lucia, Grenadines, Suriname, Cyphomandra betacea (tree Trinidad, Tobago, USA., Saint tomato), Datura Vincent and the Grenadines, stramonium (jimson weed), Venezuela Phaseouls vulgaris Oceania: Australia, New (common bean), Saccarum Zealand. offiicinarum (sugarcane), Saintpaulia (African violet), Solanaceae, Iris (Irises), Lupinus (Lupin), Nicotiana glauca ( Tree tobacco), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru)

23. Pectobacterium betavasculorum I Beta vulgaris var. akar, America: USA (= Sacharifera (Sugarbeet), batang, Erwinia carotovora subsp. Solanum tuberosum daun, Betavasculorum; =Erwinia (kentang, Potato) bunga, betavasculorum); buah Enterobacteriace; sugarbeet rot

313

24. Pectobacterium I Opuntia spp. (Kaktus, umbi, America: USA, Columbia, cacticida;Enterobacteriales: cactus, cacti) daun, akar, Guatemala Enterobacteriaceae batang, tanah 25. Pectobacterium I Eutrema wasabi (Wasabi), umbi, Asia: Japan, Malaysia wasabiae;Enterobacteriales: Brassica oleracea var. daun, akar, America: Canada Enterobacteriaceae capitata (kubis, cabbage), batang, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, tanah sweet potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) 26. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. I Phaseolus acutifolius Buah, Africa: Burundi, DR Congo, phaseolicola (tepary bean), Phaseolus polong, titik Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, (Burkholder)Gardan et al.(= coccineus (runner bean), tumbuh, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolus lunatus (lima daun, biji, Mauritius (Rodriguez Island), phaseolicola =Pseudomonas bean), Phaseolus vulgaris batang, Morocco, Mozambique, South phaseolicola = Pseudomonas (buncis, common bean) bibit, bunga Africa, Rwanda, Swaziland, medicaginis = Pseudomonas Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, medicaginis var. phaseolicola Centrosema, Desmodium Zimbabwe. =Bacterium medicaginis var. (tick clovers), Glycine max America: Central America & phaseolicola = Phytomonas (kedelai, soyabean), Lablab Caribbiean (Barbados, Costa medicaginis var. phaseolicola purpureus (hyacinth bean), Rica, Guadeloupe, =Phytomonas puerariae = Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Martinique, Saint Vincent and Pseudomonas medicaginis f.sp. pea), Pueraria var. lobata the Grenadines), North phaseolicola = Xanthomonas (kudzu), Vigna angularis America (Canada), Mexico, medicaginis var. phaseolicola = (adzuki bean), Vigna USA, Hawaii, Argentina, Pseudomonas vignae = radiata (kacang hijau, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Phytomonas vignae = mung bean), Vigna Chile, Venezuela, Dominican 314

Bacterium puerariae = unguiculata (kacang Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Xanthomonas phaseolicola = panjang, cowpea) Peru, Uruguay, French Pseudomonas cerasi (=cerasus) Guiana, Suriname, = Pseudomonas holci) ; Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, Pseudomonadales; Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Pseudomonadaceae; halo blight Arabia, Turki, Yaman (of beans); grease spot (of Europe: Austria, Belgium, beans) Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, Frence, Germany, Greece, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jersey, Lithuaina, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (Russia (Europe), Spain, Sweeden, Switzerland, UK (Channel Islands) Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand 27. Pseudomonas syringaepv. I Prunus avium (sweet buah, Africa: South Africa morsprunorum(Wormald) Young cherry), Prunus domestica bunga, America: North America et al. (=Pseudomonas mors- (plum), Prunus salicina daun, (Canada), USA prunorum = Agrobacterium (Japanese plum) batang, Asia: India, Japan, Libanon mors-prunorum = Bacterium Prunus cerasus (sour kayu, dan Eroupe: Czech Republic, mors-prunorum = Phytomonas cherry) kulit kayu Czech Republic and Slovakia, mors-prunorum; Denmark, Finland, Belarus, Pseudomonadales; Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial Moldova, Armenia, canker of stone fruits;spot of Azerbaijan, Georgia, stone fruits; shoot wilt of stone Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, 315

fruits; gummosis; blossom Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, blast Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, French, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine, UK, Switzerland Oceania: Australia 28. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Passiflora (passionflower), daun, Africa: South Africa passiflorae (= Passiflora edulis (markisa, buah, America: Dominica Pseudomonas passiflora passionfruit) batang Oceania: Australia dan New (Reid) Young et al.); Zeland Phytobacterium passiflorae (Reid) Magrou & Prévot; Phytomonas passiflorae Reid; Pseudomonas passiflorae (Reid) Burkholder); grease spot of passion fruit; necrotic spots 29. Pseudomonas I Coriandrum sativum biji, bibit,, America: Ohio syringaepv.coriandricolaToben (ketumbar, coriander), batang, Asia: India & Rudolph; Pseudomonadales: Petroselinum crispum daun. Europe: Germany, Spain Pseudomonadaceae;blight, (Parsley ) Oceania: Australia bacterial blight 30. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee). Tanaman Africa: Kenya garcae Teix. & Pinh.; Solanum lycopersicum hasil America: Brazil (=P. garcae); Pseudomonadales: (tomat, tomato), Solanum mikropropa Pseudomonadaceae;bacterialsp tuberosum (kentang, gasi ot, bacterial blight of coffee potato), Vigna spp. (kacang (planlet), panjang, cowpea), bibit Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Citrus 316

sp.(jeruk, orange)

31. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Brassica oleracea capitata batang, Africa: Algeria, Algeria, maculicola(McCulloch) Young (kubis, cabbage), Brassica daun, akar, Mauritius, Mozambique, et al.; (=Bacterium rapa gongylodes (kohlrabi), batang, South Africa, Zimbabwe maccullochianum = Brassica rapa sub sp. rapa daun, America: Argentina, Bermuda, B.maculicola =B.maculicola var. (turnip, turnip), Brassica bunga, Brazil, Karibia, Cuba, El japonicum =Phytomonas juncea var. juncea, Brassica buah Salvador, North America, maculicola =Pseudomonas nigra, Brassica oleracea Puerto Rico, Argentina, maculicola); Pseudomonadales: var. viridis, Brassica Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Pseudomonadaceae; pepper oleracea var. gemmifera, Chile, Venezuela, Dominican spot, spot Brassica rapa sub sp. Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, pekinensis, Raphanus Peru, Uruguay, French sativus (lobak,radish), Guiana, USA, Canada Brassica oleracea Asia: China, Georgia var.botrytis (bunga kol, (Republic), Japan, Korea DPR cauliflower), Brassica (North Korea), Republic of oleracea var. italica Korea (South Korea), Turkey, (broccoli) Taiwan Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Rusia, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia Oceania: Australia, Palau, Micronesia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea

317

32. Pseudomonas syringaepv.pisi I Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet planlet, Africa: Kenya, Malawi, (=Bacterium pisi= Chlorobacter pea), Lathyrus, Pisum buah, Morocco, South Africa, pisi =Phytomonas pisi sativum var. arvense bunga, Tanzania, Zimbabwe =Pseudomonas pisi); Vicia benghalensis, Lablab daun, America: Argentina, Bermuda, Pseudomonadales: purpureus, Lathyrus tanaman, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial latifolius, Lathyrus batang, biji. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, pea blight odoratus, Vicia spp., USA, Uruguay Cynodon dactylon, Galium Asia: Armenia, Georgia, India, aparine, Reseda lutea, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Digitaria sanguinalis, Kyrgyzstan, Libanon, Nepal, Lepidium campestre, Vicia Pakistan, Syria (vetch) Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Caldarera, Sicily, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Southern Rusia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Wales), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, Spain Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand 33. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Cucurbita maxima (waluh, biji, akar, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, syringae( van Hall) Young et labu parang, pumpkin), batang, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, al.; (=Bacillus cerasi =B.gummis Cyphomandra betacea (tree daun, Malawi, Morocco, South =B.matthiolae =B.spongiosus tomato), Lactuca sativa bunga, Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, =Bacterium cerasi =B.cerasi (lettuce), Prunus avium buah, Uganda, Zimbabwe, var. prunicola =B.citrarefaciens (Sweet Cherry), Pyrus (pir, media America: Argentina, 318

=B.citriputeale =B.gummis pear), Passiflora edulis tanam Barbados, Brazil, Chile, El =B.hibisci =B.holci = (passionfruit) Salvador, Guatemala, B.nectalaphilum =B.prunicola Malus domesticum (apel, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, =B.rimaefaciens =B.spongiosum apple), Prunus spp., Vigna Puerto Rico, USA, Uruguay =B.syringae =B.trifoliorum spp. (kacang panjang, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, =B.utiformica =B.vignae cowpea), Syringa vulgaris, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, =B.vignae var. leguminophilum Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, =B.viridifaciens =Chlorobacter sorghum), Aconitum spp., Kyrgyzstan, Libanon, Sri syringae =Phytomonas cerasi Abelmoschus moschatus Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, =P.cerasi var. prunicola (okra, lady’s finger), Uzbekistan, =P.citrarefaciens =P.citriputealis Vernicia fordii, Allium spp., Europe: Belarus, Belgium, =P.hibisci =P.holci =P.matthiolae Alnus glutinosa, Arbutus Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, =P.nectalaphila =P.prunicola spp., Aralia spp., Actinidia Slovakia, Denmark, Serbia, =P.rimaefaciens =P.spongiosa deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi fruit), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and =P.syringae=P.trifoliorum Atriplex hortensis, Beta Herzegovina, Montenegro, =P.utiformica =P.vignae vulgaris var saccharifera Macedonia, France, Germany, =P.vignae var. leguminophila (bit gula, sugar beet), Greece, Hungary, Ireland, =P.viridifaciens =Pseudomonas Betula pendula, Brassica Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, cerasi=Pseudomonas cerasi rapa subsp. pekinensis (pe- Poland, Portugal, Romania, f.sp. pyri =P.cerasi var. tsai), Carthamus tinctorius, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, prunicola =P.cerasi var. pyri Centaurea maculosa, Ukraine, UK =P.citrarefaciens =P. Erysimum cheiri, Oceania: Australia, New citriputealis =P.hibisci Chrysanthemum indicum, Zealand =P.oryzicola Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), =P.prunicola=P.spongiosa Cinnamomum camphora, =P.syringae =P.syringae f.sp. Calystegia sepium, prunicola (Wormald) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, =P.trifoliorum =P.utiformica Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), =P.vignae =P.vignae var. Capsicum annuum leguminophila =P.viridifaciens (paprika, bell-pepper), =P.syringae pv. Cucumis sativus japonica);Pseudomonadales: (mentimun, cucumber), 319

Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial Cucurbita, Cydonia canker or blast (stone and oblonga, Cyphomandra pome fruits), bacterial brown betacea, Dahlia pinnata, spot (beans), apoplexy of Daphne odora, Desmodium apricots, bacterial black spot, spp., Diospyros kaki bacterial eye spot, (kesemek, persimmon), bacterialspot, bacterial sheath Echinochloa crusgalli, rot, blast of Citrus, blister spot Fortunella spp., Forsythia of apple, peach-tree short-life, intermedia, Fragaria vesca, pear blossom blight Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Hibiscus spp., Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Impatiens balsamina, Juglans regia, Lactuca sativa, Lablab purpureus, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Magnolia spp., Medicago sativa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Matthiola incana, Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Mucuna deeringiana, Nerium oleander, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Panicum spp., Passiflora quadrangularis (markisa, passion- fruit, granadilla), 320

Persea americana (alpokat, avocado), Pennisetum spp., Philadelphus, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus spp., Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Piper nigrum (lada, blackpepper), Pinus radiata, Populus spp., Quercus spp., Rhododendron, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus ursinus, Salix spp., Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum spp., Trifolium spp., Trigonella foenum-graecum, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vaccinium sp., Vicia faba, Vicia villosa, Vigna cylindrica, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize). Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Panax ginseng (Asiatic ginseng) 34. Pseudomonas syringaepv.theae I Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) daun, Asia: Japan (Hori) Young et al. ; (=Bacillus batang yang theae =Erwinia theae muda akar, =Innominatus theae batang, =Pseudomonas daun, theae);Pseudomonadales: bunga, Pseudomonadaceae; shoot buah 321

blight, bacterial stem blight, bacterial tea blight, red blight, tea bacterialspot 35. Pseudomonas viridiflava I Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, biji, akar, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, (Burkholder); (= Bacterium kiwifruit), Allium cepa batang, Morocco, Tanzania, Uganda, viridiflavum = Chlorobacter (bawang bombay, onion), daun, Algeria viridiflavus = Phytomonas Anethum graveolens (dill), bunga, America: USA, Argentina, viridiflava);Pseudomonadales; Apium graveolens (seledri, buah, Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay Pseudomonadaceae;bacterialbli celery), Apium graveolens media Asia: China, Iran, Japan, ght of tomato; Hydrangea bud var. dulce (celery), Brassica tanam, Jordan, South Korea, Nepal, blight; bacterialnecrosis of spp., Capsicum annuum bibit, Turkey, Saudi Arabia basil; bacterial rot of lettuce; (paprika, bell pepper), tanaman Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, bacterial rot of Chinese Cucumis melo (melon, hasil Czech, Serbia, Slovenia, cabbage; bacterial soft rot of melon), Cucumis sativus mikropropa Croatia, Bosnia and tomato; bacterial blossom (mentimun, cucumber), gasi Herzegovina, Montenegro, blight of kiwi Cucurbita maxima (waluh, Macedonia, France, Germany, labu parang, pumpkin), Greece, Hungary, Italy, Hydrangea (hydrangeas), Macedonia, Netherlands, Solanum lycopersicon Poland, Portugal, Serbia- (tomat, tomato) Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Actinidia chinensis (Chinese Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia, gooseberry), Allium Russia fistulosum (Welsh onion), Oceania: Australia, New Brassica oleracea var. Zealand. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Calendulaofficinalis (Pot marigold), Capsicum 322

frutescens (cabai rawit, chilli), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Chrysanthemum indicum (krisan, chrysanthemum), Cichorium endivia (endives), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus macrophylla (alemow), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Eschscholzia californica (california poppy), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Eutrema wasabi (Wasabi), Forsythia suspensa, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), Lotus corniculatus (bird's- foot trefoil), Lupinus angustifolius (lupin), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Papaver (poppies), Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy), Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus coccineus 323

(runner bean), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Pseudopanax, Pyruscommunis (European pear), Rosa (mawar, roses), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum sudanense (Sudan grass), Tanacetum coccineum (common pyrethrum), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Vacciniumcorymbosum (blueberry), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Viola (violet), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, maize,corn), Zinnia elegans (zinnia)

324

36. Rathayibacter I Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji, akar, Africa: Egypt:, Ethiopia, tritici(Hutchinson) Zgurskaya et wheat), Triticum dicoccum, batang, Zambia, Marocco. al.; (=Clavibacter tritici Triticum turgidum (durum daun, Asia: Afghanistan, China, =Corynebacterium wheat) bunga, India, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan michiganense pv. tritici =C.tritici Alopecurus (foxtails), buah, Europe: Cyprus =Agrobacterium tritici Hordeum vulgare (barley), tanah, Oceania: Australia =Bacterium tritici =Phytomonas Lolium temulentum (darnel) media tritici =P.tritici =Pseudomonas tanam tritici); Actynomycetales: Microbacteriaceae; spike Vektor: blight, tundu disease, yellow Tylenchida, ear rot, yellow slime disease, Anguinidae: yellow spike Anguina tritici 37. Rhizobium vitis(Ophel & Kerr) I Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun, Africa: Tunisia Young et al. ; (=Agrobacterium grapevine) planlet, America: Brazil, Canada, USA biovar 3 =A.tumefaciens biovar akar, Asia: Afghanistan, China, 3 = A. vitis); batang, biji, Japan, Jordan, Korea Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae; tanah, Europe: France, Greece, crown gall media Hungary, Spain tanam. Oceania: Australia

38. Rhodococcus fascians (Zopt.) I Asparagus densiflorus, daun, Africa: Egypt: Tsunukura; (=Bacterium Begonia tuberhybrida, planlet, America: Canada, Colombia, fascians =Phytomonas fascians Erysimum cheiri, akar, Mexico, USA, Guatemala =Pseudobacterium fascians Chrysanthemum spp., batang, biji, Asia: India, Iran, Israel =Rhodococcus rubropertinctus Cucumis melo (melon), tanah, Europe: Belgium, Czech, =Corynebacterium Dahlia pinnata, Dianthus umbi lapis, Denmark, Estonia, France, fascians;Actinomycetales: caryophyllus, Fragaria umbi Germany, Hungary, Italy, Nocardiaceae; witches' broom vesca (arbei, wild (tuber), Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, syndrome, ornamental strawberry), Fragaria corms, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, cauliflower disease, strawberry ananassa (strawberry), rhizomes, Ukraine, UK, Poland 325

cauliflower disease, strawberry Freesia spp., Gloriosa spp., bibit Oceania: Australia, New fasciation, tobacco leafy gall, Lilium spp., Lathyrus Zealand leafy gall, fasciation odoratus, Pelargonium Vektor: zonale, Triteleia spp., Hemiptera, Brassica oleracea var Aphididae: botrytis (bunga kol, Myzus cauliflower), Brodiaea, persicae, M. Euphorbia, Fragaria, Hebe, ascalonicus Kalanchoe, Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Erysimum cheiri (wallflower), Chamaemelum nobile, Antirrhinum majus, Beta vulgaris (bit, beet root), Beloperone, Brassica spp., Buddleia davidii, Cichorium intybus, Cicer arietinum, Consolida ambigua, Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Crysanthemum vestitum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dactura inosia, Dianthus barbatus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Erysimum allionii, Forsythia suspensa, Gladiolus hybrids, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gypsophila paniculata, Hebe andersonii hybrids, Hyasinthus, Impatiens 326

walleriana, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pelargonium, Rhododendron (Azela), Mesembryanthemum, Muscari botryoides, Nicotiana, Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus spp., Physalis spp., Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Phlox spp., azalea, Spinacia oleracea, Tagetes spp., Tropaeolum majus, Triteleia laxa, Tulip, Viburnum opulus, Vicia faba, Sorbaria sorbifolia 39. Spiroplasma citri (Saglio et. al).; I Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), bibit Europe: Cyprus, France, Entomoplasmatales: Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Greece, Italy, Spain. Spiroplasmataceae; stubborn pea), Trifolium pratense, Vektor: Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, disease Trifolium repens, Vicia faba, Hemiptera, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Vinca rosea Cicadellidae Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Armoracia rusticana : Circulifer Turkey, United Arab (horseradish), Citrus tenellus, Emirates, Yemen. aurantium (sour orange), Scaphytopiu Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus s nitrides, S. Madagascar, Morocco, reticulata (mandarin), Citrus acutus Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia. reticulata x paradisi delongi, America: Argentina, Brazil, (tangelo), Citrus sinensis Neoaliturus Mexico, Peru, Suriname, USA, (navel orange), Citrus haematocep Venezuela. paradisi (grapefruit) s. Oceania: New Zealand. Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae (cruciferous 327

crops), Capsella bursa- pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chenopodiaceae, Citroncirus webberi (citrange), Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon), Citruslimettioides (palestine sweet lime), Citrus limonia (mandarin lime), Citrus madurensis (calamondin), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus unshiu (satsuma), Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), Fortunella (kumquats), Plantaginaceae, Plantago ovata (spogel plantain), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) 40. Spiroplasma kunkelii I Zea mays (jagung, corn, daun, America: Bolivia, Brazil, El (Whitcomb) Chen et al.; maize), Zea mays subsp. batang, Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Entomoplasmatales: mays (jagung manis, akar Peru, USA, Venezuela, Belize, spiroplasmataceae; corn stunt sweetcorn). Guatemala, Honduras, disease, corn stunt Zea mexicana (teosinte), Vektor: Nicaragua, Panama, spiroplasma, maize stunt Zea perennis Hemiptera, Argentina spiroplasma, Rio Grande corn Cicadellidae stunt : Dalbulus maydis, D. eliminatus, Exitianus exitiosus, 328

Graminella nigrifons, Stirellus bicolor 41. Streptomyces ipomoeae(Person I Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, umbi America: USA & Martin) Waksman & Henrici; sweet potato) (tuber/ Asia: Japan, Vietnam (=Actinomyces ipomoeae); Ipomoea spp. corm/ Actinomycetales: rhizome), Streptomycetaceae; planlet, Streptomycetes soil rot (pox), akar, soil rot, ground rot, sweet tanah, potato soft rot, sweet potato media soil rot, sweet potato pox tanam, bibit 42. Tatumella citrea (= I Ananas comosus (nanas, buah, Africa:Tanzania Pantoea citrea pineapple) polong America: Mexico, USA = Erwinia citreus Sonoyama et Citrus reticulata (jeruk Asia: Japan, Philippines, al., 1988 mandarin, mandarin Taiwan pink fruit, pink disease of orange) Europe: Albania, Czech pineapple. Republic Oceania: Australia 43. Xanthomonas arboricola pv. I Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, buah, Africa: South Africa, pruni(Smith) Vauterin, Hoste, apricot), Prunus domestica daun, Zimbabwe Kersters & Swings (plum), Prunus dulcis batang America: Central America & (=Xanthomonas pruni = Bacillus (almond), Prunus persica Caribbean (Bermuda), North pruni = Bacterium cerasi wraggi (peach), Prunus salicina America, Canada, Mexico, = Bacterium pruni = (Japanese plum) USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Phytomonas cerasi wraggi = Prunus avium (sweet Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Phytomonas pruni = cherry), Prunus cerasus Venezuela, Dominican Pseudomonas cerasi wraggi = (sour cherry), Prunus Republic, Ecuador, Uruguay, Pseudomonas pruni = japonica (Japanese bush French Guiana Xanthomonas campestris pv. cherry tree), Prunus mume Asia: China, Taiwan, India, pruni; Xanthomonadales; (Japanese apricot tree), Iran, Japan, Korea DPR 329

Xanthomonadaceae; bacterial Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus (North Korea), Republic of canker of stone fruit; bacterial laurocerasus (cherry laurel) Korea (South Korea), shot-hole of stone fruit; Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi bacterial spot of stone fruit; Arabia, Tajikistan bacterialspot of stone fruit; Europe: Bulgaria, France black spot of stone fruit (France [mainland]), Italy, Moldova, Romania, Russia (Russian Far East, Southern Russia), Slovenia, Ukraine, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Netherland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 44. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. I Glycine max (kedelai, daun, Africa: Sudan alfalfae soyabean), Lablab batang, America: Elsalvador, Common name: bacterial purpureus (hyacinth bean), tanaman Nicaragua, USA alfalfa spot Medicago sativa (lucerne), hasil Asia: Georgia (Republic), India Medicago scutellata (snail mikropropa dan Syria medic), Phaseolus vulgaris gasi Europe: Rumania (common bean), Pisum Oceania: Australia sativum (kapri, sweetpea), Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia sativa (common vetch), Vigna mungo (black gram) 45. Xanthomonas axonopodispv. I Allium (onions, garlic, leek, akar, Africa: Mauritius, Réunion, allii Roumagnac et etc.), Allium cepa (bawang batang, South Africa al.(=Xanthomonas campestris bombay, onion), Allium daun, America: Central America & 330

pv. allii);Xanthomonadales: cepa var. aggregatum bunga, Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba, Xanthomonadaceae; blight (bawang merah, shallot), buah, Saint Kitts and Nevis), USA, Allium fistulosum (Welsh media Brazil, Venezuela onion), Allium porrum (leek), tanam Asia: Japan Allium sativum (bawang Europa: Netherland putih, garlic), Allium schoenoprasum (chives) 46. Xanthomonas I Anthurium andreanum, umbi, Africa: Réunion, South Africa axonopodispv.dieffenbachiae Philodendron hederaceum, rhizome, America: Barbados, Bermuda, (McCulloch & Pirone Philodendron hederaceum daun, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Vauterin)et al. ; (=Phytomonas var. oxycardium batang, Dominica, Guadeloupe, dieffenbachiae =Bacterium Aglaonema commutatum, media Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto dieffenbachiae =Xanthomonas Anthurium spp., Caladium tanam Rico, St. Vincent and the dieffenbachiae =X.campestris bicolor hybrids, Grenadines, Trinidad and pv. dieffenbachiae Dieffenbachia maculata, Tobago, USA, Venezuela, =X.campestris pv. Epipremnum pinnatum, Asia: China, Philippines, syngonii);Xanthomonadales: Araceae, Philodendron Taiwan, Turkey Xanthomonadaceae; selloum, Syngonium Europe: Italy, Netherland, anthurium blight, bacterial podophyllum, Xanthosoma Germany, Poland, Romania, blight of aroids caracu, X. sagittifolium UK Oceania: Australia, France Polynesia, New Caledonia 47. Xanthomonas I Codiaeum variegatum, tunas, America: USA, Venezulea axonopodispv.poinsettiicola(Pat Manihot esculenta (ubi batang, Asia: Cocos Islands, el, Bhatt & Kulkarni) kayu, cassava), Euphorbia daun Philippines, India, China, Vauterinet al. ; (=Xanthomonas heterophylla (wild Taiwan campestris pv. poinsettiicola poinsettia), Euphorbia milii Europe: Germany, Italy =X.poinsetticola (Crown-of-thorns), Oceania: Australia, New =X.poinsettiicola Euphorbia pulcherrima Zealand =X.pulcherrimae =X.ricini f.sp. (poinsettia), poinsettiicola =X.rinici f.sp. poinsetticola); 331

Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae 48. Xanthomonas I Saccharum officinarum daun, biji, Africa: Ghana, Madagascar, axonopodispv.vasculorum(Cobb (tebu, sugarcane), planlet, Malawi, Mauritius, ) Vauterin et al.; Saccharum sp. batang, Mozambique, Réunion, South (=Xanthomonas campestris pv. Zea mays (jagung, corn, umbi Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe vasculorum =Bacillus maize), Roystonea regia, (tuber/ America: Antigua and vasculorum =Bacterium Dictyosperma album, Areca corm/ Barbuda, Argentina, vasculorum =Phytomonas catechu (pinang, betelnut rhizome), Barbados, Belize, Brazil, vasculara =P.vasculorum palm), bambu, Cocos akar, bibit, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, =Pseudomonas vasculorum nucifera (kelapa, coconut), kayu Dominican, Guyana France, =Xanthomonas vasculorum) ; Coix lacryma-jobi, Panicum Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Xanthomonadales: spp., Pennisetum Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Xanthomonadaceae; sugarcane purpureum, Sorghum bicolor Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, gumming disease, Gummosis (sorgum, sorghum), St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Sorghum halepense Grenadines, Trinidad and (Johnson grass), Sorghum Tobago sudanense (Sudan grass), Europe: Portugal Thysanolaena latifolia Oceania: Australia, Fiji, (Asian broom grass), Papua New Guinea Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo), Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass), Sorghum sp.(sorgum, sorghum) 49. Xanthomonas I Lactuca sativa (lettuce), daun, Africa: South Africa, axonopodispv.vitians(Brown) Syngonium, Syngonium batang, biji Zimbabwe Vauterin et al. ; (=Bacterium podophyllum (Arrowhead America: Brazil, France West lactuca =B.vitians = vine), beberapa species Indies, USA, Hawaii, Phytomonas lactucae gulma yang termasuk Venezuela =P.lactucae-scariolae =P.vitians kedalam family Asteraceae, Asia: Japan, Republic of

332

=Pseudomonas lactucae Chenopodiaceae, Korea (South Korea) =P.lactucae-scariolae =P.vitians Malvaceae, Polygonaceae Europe: Germany, Italy, =Xanthomonas campestris pv. and Portulacaceae Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, vitians =X.lactucae =X.lactucae- Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, scariolae Azerbaijan, Georgia, =X.vitians);Xanthomonadales: Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Xanthomonadaceae; leafspot, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, lettuce bacterial spot Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia Oceania: Australia 50. Xanthomonas campestrispv. I Armoracia rusticana daun, Africa: Zimbabwe armoraciae (McCulloch) Dye; (horseradish), Brassica batang, biji America: USA, Brazil, (=Bacterium campestre var. oleracea var. botrytis Oklahoma armoraciae = Phytomonas (bunga kol, cauliflower), Asia: China, India, Japan, campestris var. armoraciae = Brassica oleracea var. Turkey Pseudomonas campestris var. gemmifera (Brussels Europe: Ukraine armoraciae = Xanthomonas sprouts), Brassica oleracea Oceania: Australia armoraciae); Xanthomonadales: var. italica (broccoli), Iberis Xanthomonadaceae; (candytuft) Xanthomonasspot 51. Xanthomonas cassavae (ex I Manihot esculenta (ubi daun, Africa: Burundi, DR Congo, Wiehe & Dows.) Vauterin et al.; kayu, cassava) batang Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, (=Xanthomonas campestris pv. Tanzania, Uganda cassavae =X.ricini f.sp. America: Colombia cassavae); Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae; cassavaspot, cassava bacterial necrosis 52. Xanthomonas hortorumpv. I Geranium sanguineum tunas, Africa: Egypt, Morocco, South pelargonii (Brown) Vauterin et (bloody cranesbill), batang, Africa al. ; (=Bacterium geranii Pelargonium daun, America: Argentina, Brazil, =B.pelargonii =Phytomonas (pelargoniums), bunga Canada, USA geranii =P.pelargonii Pelargonium graveolens Asia: India, Iran, Japan 333

=Pseudomonas geranii (Rose geranium) Vektor: Europe: Austria, Belgium, =P.pelargonii =Xanthomonas Hemiptera: Denmark, France, Germany, campestris pv. pelargonii Cicadellidae Greece, Hungary, Italy, =X.geranii , Netherlands, Portugal, =X.pelargonii);Xanthomonadale Cercopidae Romania, Russia, Belarus, s: Xanthomonadaceae; Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, bacterialspot Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia 53. Xanthomonas vasicola I Panicum miliaceum (millet), batang, Africa: Ivory Coast, Gambia, pv.holcicola (Elliot); Setaria italica (foxtail daun, biji Madagascar, Niger, South (=Xanthomonas holcicola millet), Sorghum bicolor Africa, Togo. =Bacterium holcicola (sorghum), Sorghum America: Mexico, USA, =Phytomonas holcicola halepense (Johnson grass), Argentina, Venezuela. =Pseudomonas holcicola = Sorghum sudanense (Sudan Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Xanthomonas campestris pv. grass) Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, holcicola); Xanthomonadales: Sorghum almum Philippines, Thailand. Xanthomonadaceae; streaky (Columbusgrass), Zea mays Europe: France, Romania, spot of sorghum and Sudan (jagung, maize, corn) Russia, Ukraine. grass; melanosis of Panicum Oceania: Australia, New millet; bacterial streak of millet Zealand, Solomon Islands.

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54. Xylella fastidiosaWellset al.; I Acer saccharum, umbi lapis, America: Argentina, Brazil, Xanthomonadales: Liquidambar styraciflua, akar, buah, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Xanthomonadaceae; Pierce's Medicago sativa, Morus bunga, Paraguay, USA, Venezuela disease of grapevines, alfalfa alba, Platanus occidentalis, batang, Asia: China, India, Taiwan, dwarf, almondscorch, citrus Pyrus communis (pir, pear), daun, biji, Turki. variegated chlorosis, dwarf Ulmus (elms), bibit. lucerne, scorch, phony disease Acer (maples), Carya of peach, plumscald illinoinensis (pecan), Citrus Vektor: latifolia (tahiti lime), Citrus Hemiptera, reticulata (mandarin), Cicadellidae Citrus reticulata x paradisi : Cicadella (tangelo), Citrus sinensis viridis, (navel orange), Liquidambar Carneoceph styraciflua (Sweet gum), ala fulgida, Medicago sativa (lucerne), Draeculacep Nerium oleander (oleander), hala Prunus angustifolia minerva, (Mountain cherry tree), Graphoceph Prunus dulcis (almond), ala Prunus persica (peach), atropunctat Prunus salicina (Japanese a, plum), Ulmus (elms), Vitis Hemiptera, labrusca (fox grape), Vitis Cercopidae: rupestris (sand-grape), Vitis Philaenus vinifera (anggur, grapevine), spumarius Acer rubrum (red maple), Brachiaria spp. (signalgrass), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock), Cynodon spp Cyperus (flatsedge), 335

Digitaria spp., Echinochloa frumentacea(Japanese millet), Fragaria vesca (arbei, wild strawberry), Lolium spp (ryegrasses), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Medicago (medic), Paspalum spp., Paspalum dilatatum (dallis grass), Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower), Poaceae (grasses), Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Rubus spp. (blackberry, raspberry), Sambucus spp. (Elderberry), Salix spp., Taraxacum officinale, Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion), Trifolium spp., Trifolium (clovers), Ulmus americana (American elm), Vinca minor 55. Xylophilus ampelinus (Panag.) I Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang Africa: South Africa Willems et al. ; (= Xanthomonas grapevine) Asia: Turkey ampelina);Pseudomonadales: Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Pseudomonadaceae; canker of Moldova, Portugal, Spain, grapevine, bacterial blight of Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, grapevine, black arm Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia

336

FITOPLASMA (PHYTOPLASMA) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Apple chat fruit phytoplasma; I Malus domesticum (apel, mata tunas, Africa: South Africa (= Apple chat fruit MLO) apple), Malus spp. batang, America: USA tanaman, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, akar, bibit Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England and Wales, Scotland) Ocean: New Zealand 2. Apple rubbery wood I Malus domestica (apel, bahan Africa:South Africa phytoplasma; apple) perbanyaka America: Canada, Mexico, Acholeplasmatales, Cydonia oblonga (quince), n USA, Brazil Acholeplasmatacea; apple Malus baccata (siberian vegetative, Asia:India rubbery wood; quince chlorotic crab apple), Prunus avium bibit, akar, Europe: Austria, Czech blotch; pear rubbery wood (sweet cherry), Prunus tanaman Republic, Denmark, Serbia, disease cerasus (sour cherry), Pyrus hasil Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and communis (European pear) mikropropa Herzegovina, Montenegro, gasi, batang Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy (Italy [mainland]), Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Yugoslavia Oceania: New Zealand, Australia

337

3. Candidatus Phytoplasma I Allium cepa (bawang buah, Africa: South Africa asteri;(=Aster yellows bombay, onion), bunga, America: Canada, Mexico, phytoplasma group); Alstroemeria (Inca lily), daun, akar, USA, Brazil, Peru Acholeplasmatales; Anemone coronaria (Poppy batang, Asia: China (Taiwan), India, Acholeplasmatacea; tomato big anemone), Apium akar, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, bud; western aster yellows; graveolens (seledri, celery), batang, Malaysia, Thailand periwinkle little leaf; eastern Brassica napus var. napus daun, Europe: Europe (as a whole), aster yellows; purple (rape), Brassica oleracea bunga, Belgium, Czech Republic, coneflower yellows; multiplier var. capitata (kubis, buah France, Germany, Greece, disease cabbage), Brassica Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, oleracea var. italica UK, Poland, Finland (broccoli), Brassica rapa Oceania: Australia subsp. rapa (turnip), Callistephus chinensis (China aster), Chrysanthemum coronarium (garland chrysanthemum), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Hydrangea macrophylla (French hydrangea), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia), Primula sp. (primrose), Ranunculus asiaticus (garden crowfoot), Spinacia oleracea 338

(spinach), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Trifolium repens (white clover), Zea mays (jagung, maize,corn) Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Celtis australis (European nettle wood), Cornus racemosa (gray dogwood), Cryptotaenia canadensis (honewort), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Delphinium hybrids (florist's larkspur), Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower), Eupatorium capillifolium (Dog fennel), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Lotus corniculatus (bird's- foot trefoil), Solanum lycopersicon (tomat,tomato), Morus bombycis (Japanese mulberry), Myrtus communis (myrtle), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (olive), Opuntia sp. (pricklypear), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Populus 339

(poplars), Populus nigra (black poplar), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nectarine), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Santalum album (Indian sandalwood), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solidago (Goldenrod), Spiraea tomentosa (Hardhack), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Vaccinium (blueberries), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold), Conyza canadensis (Canadian fleabane), Lepidium draba (hoary cress), Malva (mallow), Papaver rhoeas (common poppy), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Stellaria media (common chickweed) 340

4. Candidatus Phytoplasma mali; I Malus domesticum (apel, tunas, Africa: South Africa Acholeplasmatales:Acholeplas apple), Prunussalicina suluran Asia: Turkey, India matacea; Apple proliferation (Japanese plum), (stolon), Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Vitis vinifera (anggur, bagian Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, grapevine), Catharanthus vegetatif Denmark, France, Germany, roseus, Corylus avellana, lainnya Greece, Hungary, Italy, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Moldova, Netherlands, Convolvulus arvensis Vektor: Norway, Poland, Romania, (bindweed), Cynodon Hemiptera, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, dactylon (Bermuda grass), Cercopidae: Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Dahlia sp., Lilium sp., Philaenus Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus spumarius; Montenegro, Macedonia., avium (sweet cherry), Hemiptera, Albania, Balkans, Belgium, Prunus domestica (plum) Aphrophori Bulgaria, Russia, UK, Finland dae: Aphrophora alni, Lepyronia coleoptrata; Hemiptera, Psyllidae: Cacopsylla costalis, C. Mali, C. picta 5. Candidatus Phytoplasma I Cocos nucifera (kelapa, biji, bibit Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Palmae; (=Coconut lethal coconut), Elaeis guineensis Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, yellowing phytoplasma; (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Vektor: Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo coconut lethal yellowing and other Palmae (Arenga Hemiptera, America: Belize, Cayman mycoplasma-like organism); engleri, Borassus flabellifer, Cixiidae: Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Acholeplasmatales: Caryota mitis, Howea Myndus Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Acholeplasmatacea; Lethal forsteriana, Hyophorbe crudus; Mexico, USA, Bahamas, 341

yellowing of palm;Cape St Paul verschaffeltii, Phoenix Cicadellidae Guatemala, Saint Kitts and disease;Cape Three Point canariensis, P. dactylifera, , Fulgoridae Nevis, Guyana disease; Keincope; Kribi P. reclinata, P. sylvestris, Asia: India Chrysalidocarpus cabadae, Eropa: Netherland Corypha utan, Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Dictyosperma album, Australia Latania spp., Livistona chinensis, L. rotundifolia, Trachycarpus fortunei, Veitchia macandielsii, Veitchia merrillii, Panandus utilis 6. Grapevine flavescence doree I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tunas, America: USA, Uruguay phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale grapevine) suluran Europe: Croatia, France, s:Acholeplasmataceae; Chrysanthemum spp., Xleia (stolon), Corsica, Germany, Italy, faba, Vince rosea. bagian Slovenia, Spain, Serbia, vegetatif Switzerland and Montenegro, lainnya Belgium, Netherland, Portugal

Vektor: Hemiptera, Cicadellidae : Scaphoideu s titanus 7. Potato witches broom I Dicentra spectabilis akar, America: Canada dan USA phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale (bleeding heart), Medicago batang, Asia: Taiwan, India dan : Acholeplasmatacea; yellows- sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana daun, Japan, Iran, China type disease; witches’ broom tabacum (tembakau, bunga, Europe: Poland, Ukraine, phytiplasma tobacco), Solanum buah Former USSR tuberosum (kentang, Oceania: Tonga potato), Trifolium hybridum 342

(Alsike clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white clover) S:Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Salix (willows) 8. Strawberry lethal decline I Fragaria sp.(strawberry), daun, America: Canada, USA phytoplasma(SLD); Fragaria ananassa batang, Acholeplasmatales: (strawberry), Fragaria akar, bibit Acholeplasmataceae;northwest chiloensis (Chilean tanaman, disease strawberry), Fragaria vesca bunga. (arbei, wild strawberry)

9. Sugarcane Grassy Stunt I Saccharum officinarum stek, mata Africa: Sudan Disease (tebu, sugarcane), tunas, Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, (SCGSD);Acholeplasmatales: Saccharum spontaneum batang India, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Acholeplasmataceae;grassy (wild sugarcane) Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, shoot disease;sugarcane Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Vektor: Sri Lanka, Thailand grassy;stunt sorghum), Pennisetum Hemiptera, phytoplasma;grassy purpureum, Brachiaria Aphididae: shoot;gassy stunt mutica, Cynodon dactylon, Melanaphis phytoplasma; Sugarcane Imperata arundinacea sacchari grassy shoot; white f.sp phytoplasmas indosacchar i 10. Sugarcane Ramu Stunt Disease I Saccharum officinarum stek, mata Oceania: Papua New Guinea: Phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale (tebu, sugarcane) tunas, s: Acholeplasmataceae; ramu Poaceae (grasses), batang, stunt Saccharum robustum, bibit Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane), Vektor: 343

Saccharum sp. Hemiptera, Delphacidae : Eumetopina flavipes 11. Sugarcane White Phytoplasma I Saccharum officinarum stek, tunas, Africa: Sudan (SCWLD); (tebu, sugarcane). akar, Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, Acholeplasmatales: Saccharum spontaneum, batang, India, Iran, Japan, Myanmar, Acholeplasmataceae; Cynodon dactylon, daun, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, whitedisease;India albino Brachiaria subquadripara, bunga Thailand, China Dactyloctenium egyptium, Chloris barbata, Sporobolus Vektor: fertilis, Saccharum edule, Hemiptera, Saccharum robustum Cicadellidae : Matsumurat ettix hiroglyphicu s, Yamatotetti x flavovittatus

VIII. VIRUS (VIRUSES) MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM / GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION 1. African cassava mosaic I Manihot esculenta (ubi tanaman, Africa:Angola, Benin, Burkina begomovirus (ACMV);(= African kayu, cassava), Ricinus batang, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, cassava mosaic virus, Cassava spp. umbi akar, Cape Verde, Central African

344

latent virus, Cassava latent Hewittia sublobata, tunas, Republic, Chad, Congo, geminivirus, Cassava mosaic Laportea (=Fluerya) suluran Congo Democratic republic of virus, Cassava African mosaic aestuans, Manihot glaziovii, (stolon) the, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial begomovirus, Indian cassava Jatropha sp. Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, mosaic disease) Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: India, Sri Lanka 2. Agropyron mosaic I Bromus secalinus, Elymus tanaman, America: Canada, USA rymovirus(AgMV);(=Agropyron repens (quackgrass), daun Europe: Finland mosaic virus, Agropyron green Elytrigia intermedia, mosaic virus, Agropyron yellow Elytrigia repens, Hordeum Vektor: mosaic virus, Agropyron streak vulgare, Lolium multiflorum, Prostigmata mosaic virus, Couch grass Lophopyrum elongatum, , streak mosaic virus, Wheat Poa pratensis, Secale Eriophyidae virus 2, Marmor agropyri, cereal, Setaria viridis, : Abacarus Agropyron mosaic PV75 severe Triticum aestivum (wheat), hystrix isolate, Agropyron mosaic Triticum turgidum (durum PV101 isolate, Agropyron wheat), Triticum durum mosaic mild isolate) 3. Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus I Medicago sativa, Solanum akar, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (AMV);(= Alfalfa virus 1 & 2, lycopersicum (tomat, batang, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor tomato), Nicotiana tabacum daun, Morocco, South Africa, medicaginis, Potato calico (tembakau, tobacco), bunga, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, virus) Solanum tuberosum buah, biji Zambia 345

(kentang, potato), America: Argentina, Brazil, Cucurbitaceae, Apium Vektor: Panama, Canada, Chile, graveolens var. rapaceum, Hemiptera, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, USA, Apium graveolens (seladeri, Aphididae: Venezuela celery), Cicer arietinum, Acyrthosiph Asia: Bangladesh, China, Capsicum annuum (cabai, on pisum, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, hot pepper, chili, red Myzus Japan, Jordan, South Korea, pepper), Glycine max persicae Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, (kedelai, soybean), Lactuca Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, sativa, Vigna unguiculata Saudi Arabia, Syria, (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Tajikistan, Turkey, Vigna radiata, Trifolium Uzbekistan, Yemen incarnatum, Trifolium Europe: Austria, Belarus, pratense, Trifolium repens, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Viburnum opulus Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Pisum sativum, Cajanus Finland, France, Germany, cajan (kacang gude), Cercis Greece, Hungary, Ireland, siliquastrum, Coriandum Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, sativum (tumbar, Poland, Portugal, Romania, coriander), Cyphomandra Russia, Slovenia, Spain, betacea, Eutrema wasabi, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Euonymus japonicus, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Hibiscus cannabinus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lavandula latifolia, Montenegro, Macedonia Pelargonium, Vigna Oceania: Australia, New angularis, Solanum Zealand melongena, Trifolium subterraneum, Vicia faba, Vinca minor, Vitis vinifera

346

4. Andean potato latent tymovirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, America: Argentina, Bolivia, (APLV);(= Eggplant mosaic (kentang, potato), Ullucus tanaman Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, tymovirus, Andean potato tuberosus (ulluco) Peru latent str., Eggplant mosaic Vektor: virus (Andean potato latent Coleoptera: str.), Potato (Andean) latent Chrysomeli virus, Potato Andean latent dae: Epitrix tymovirus, Potato Andean sp. latent virus) 5. Andean potato mottle I Capsicum annuum (cabai, umbi, America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, comovirus (APMoV);(= Potato hot pepper, chili, red tanaman Colombia, Ecuador, Andean mottle comovirus, pepper), Solanum Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru Potato Andean mottle virus) tuberosum (kentang, potato) Gomphrena globosa, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Physalis peruviana, Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, spinach), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco) 6. Apple chlorotic leaf spot I Cydonia oblonga (quince), tunas daun, Africa: South Africa, Tunisia trichovirus (ACLSV); Malus (ornamental species batang, America: Canada, USA, (=Apple chlorotic leaf spot apple), Malus domestica tanaman. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay virus; Bark split virus; Plum (apple), Malus platycarpa, Asia: China, Taiwan, India, bark split virus; Peach green Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, mottle virus; Pear ring pattern Prunus avium (sweet Kazakhstan, Korea Republic mosaic virus; Quince stunt cherry), Prunus cerasifera of (South Korea), Lebanon, virus; Apple latent virus type 1; (myrobalan plum), Prunus Syria, Turkey Apple latent 1 virus; Plum cerasus (sour cherry), Europe: Albania, Austria, pseudopox virus; Pear ring Prunus domestica (plum), Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, mosaic virus) Prunus persica (peach), Czech Republic, Denmark, 347

Prunus salicina (Japanese Finland, France, Germany, plum), Prunus spinosa Greece, Hungary, Italy, (blackthorn), Prunus Latvia, Malta, Moldova, tomentosa (Nanking cherry Netherlands, Norway, Poland, tree), Pyrus communis Portugal, Romania, Russia, (European pear), Pyrus Central Russia, Serbia and pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree) Montenegro, Slovakia, Amelanchier canadensis Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, (thicket serviceberry), Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Chaenomeles (flowering Oceania: Australia, New quinces), Crataegus Zealand monogyna (hawthorn), Crataegus rhipidophylla (Midland hawthorn), Mespilus germanica (medlar), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash) 7. Apple fruit crinkle viroid I (P) Malus domesticum (apel, tanaman America: USA (AFCVd);(= Apple green crinkle apple) disease, Apple green crinkle, Apple fruit crinkle apscaviroid 8. Apple mosaic ilarvirus I Betula, Corylus avellana, buah, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, (ApMV);(= Apple mosaic Fragaria, Humulus lupulus, bunga, Maroco, South Africa, ilarvirus, European plumline Malus domesticum (apel, akar, Tunisia, Zimbabwe pattern virus, Mountain ash apple), Prunus, Prunus batang America: Argentina, Brazil, variegation virus, Birch line americana (aprikot, Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, pattern virus, Birch ringspot apricot), Prunus avium, Uruguay virus, Dutch plum line pattern Prunus dulcis (almon, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, virus, Hop A virus, Horse almond), Ribes rubrum, Bangladesh, India, Japan, chestnut yellow mosaic virus, Rubus spp. (raspberry, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Rose mosaic virus, Hop virus A, blackberry, black Turkey Hop virus C, Mild apple mosaic raspberry) Europe: Austria, Belgium, 348

virus, Severe apple mosaic Prunus domesticum (plam, Bosnia and Herzegovina, virus) plum), Prunus persica Bulgaria, Belarus, Czech, (persik, peach), Mawar Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, (Rosa sp), Cucumber, France, Germany, Greece, Vigna sinensis, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 9. Apple stem grooving I Citrus, Lilium, Malus tanaman Africa: South Africa, capillovirus (ASGV);(= Apple pumila, Malus sylvestris, Swaziland topworking disease, Citrange Malus toringo, Prunus America: Brazil, Canada, stunt virus, Citrus tatter leaf mume, Prunus armeniaca, Antilles Netherlands, USA, virus, Crab apple decline, Pyrus communis, Pyrus Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Apple latent virus type 2, pyrifolia, Israel, Japan, North Korea, Brown line virus disease, Aronia melanocarpa, South Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Cheno-podium dark green epi- Cotoneaster bullatus, Turkey, Vietnam nasty virus, Apple dark green Cydonia oblonga, Prunus Europe: Austria, Belgium, epinasty virus, Apple E36 avium, Pyronia veitchii, Croatia, Czech, Slovakia, virus, Crab stem grooving Sorbus aucuparia, Malus Denmark, Georgia, Serbia, virus, Apple brown line virus) sp, Malus micromalus Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 349

10. Apple stem pitting foveavirus I Malus pumila, Pyrus tanaman Africa: South Africa (ASPV);(= Apple Spy 227 communis America: Brazil, Canada, USA epinasty & decline, Pear stony Crataegus monogyna, Asia: China, Japan, South pit, Quince sooty ringspot, Pear Cydonia oblonga, Malus Korea vein yellows, Pear red mottle) sylvestris, Malus toringo, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Pyronia veitchii, Sorbus Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, discolor. Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 11. Apricot ring-pox like disease I Prunus armeniaca (Apricot), buah, America: Canada dan USA Prunus avium (Sweet daun, akar, Cherry), Prunus salicina batang (Javanese plum), Prunus virginiana (Common Chokecherry tree) 12. Arabis mosaic nepovirus I Anagallis arvensis, Apium tanaman, Africa: South Africa (ArMV);(= Arabis mosaic virus, graveolens var. dulce, biji America: Canada, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Armoracia rusticana, Asia: Japan, Kazakstan, Hop nettlehead virus, Asparagus officinalis Vektor: Turkey Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, (asparagus, asparagus), Dorylaimida Europe: Austria, Belgium, 350

Rhubarb mosaic virus, Astilbe sp., Bellis perennis, , Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, Forsythia yellow net virus, Beta vulgaris (bit), Buxus Longidorida Denmark, Finland, France, Jasmine yellow blotch virus, sempervirens, Capsella e:Xiphinema Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Rhabarber-Mosaik-Virus, bursa-pastoris, Carum diversicaud Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, rhubarb mosaic virus) segetum, Chamaecyparis atum, X. Luxembourg, Moldova, lawsoniana, Cucumis madierense, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, sativus, Cucurbita pepo, X. coxi Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Cyphomandra betacea, Slovenia, Sweden, Daphne mezereum, Daucus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, carota, Dianthus Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, caryophyllus, Forsythia Bosnia and Herzegovina, intermedia, Fragaria vesca, Montenegro, Macedonia Fraxinus excelsior, Oceania: Australia, Caroline Humulus lupulus, Islands, New Zealand Jasminum officinale, Lactuca sativa, Lamium amplexicaule, Ligustrum vulgare, Melilotus officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Narsisus sp., Phaseolus coccineus, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare, P. persicaria, Prunus avium, P.domestica, P.persica, Ranunculus repens, Rheum rhaponticum, Rheum hybridum, Ribessp., Rosa spp., Rubus idaeus, R. procerus, Sambucus nigra, Senecio vulgaris, Solanum nigrum, Stellaria media, 351

Syringa vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium repens, Tulipa spp., Urtica dioica, U. urens, Vitis vinifera, Trifolium repens, Vitis vinifera. Alstroemeria, Fragaria, Fraxinus, Hordeum vulgare, Narsisus, Ribes nigrum, Rubus 13. Arracacha virus B (AVB);(= I Arracacia xanthorrhiza, umbi, America: Bolivia, Peru. Arracacha B 'nepovirus', Oxalis tuberosa (oca), daun, Arracacha B nepovirus (oca Solanum tuberosum suluran strain) Arracacha virus B (oca (kentang, potato) (stolon), biji strain) Brassica campestris ssp.rapa, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Capsicum annuum, Hyoscyamus niger 14. Artichoke Italian latent I Cynara scolymus daun, Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, nepovirus (AILV);(=Artichoke Cichorium intybus, suluran Italy Italian latent virus) Gladiolus hybrids, (stolon), Pelargonium zonale batang hybrids, Vitis vinifera Vektor: (anggur, grapevine) Dorylaimida , Longidorida e: Longidorus apulus 352

15. Asparagus 2 ilarvirus (AV- I (P) Asparagus officinalis pollen, biji, America: Canada, Mexico, 2);(=Asparagus virus 2, (asparagus, asparagus) suluran USA Asparagus ilarvirus 2, (stolon) Europe: Denmark, Germany, Asparagus virus C, Asparagus Italy, UK, Japan latent virus) Vektor: Dorylaimida , Longidorida e: Longidorus apulus 16. Avocado sunblotch avsunviroid I Persea americana (alpokat, kulit, buah, Africa: South Africa (ASBVd);(= Avocado sunblotch avocado) bunga, America: Peru, USA, viroid, Sunblotch viroid Cinnamomum camphora, daun, Venezuela, (avocado)) Cinnamomum zeylanicum, suluran Europe: Spain, Israel Ocelea bullata, (stolon), Oceania: Australia batang, biji 17. Banana bract mosaic potyvirus I Musa paradisiaca tanaman, America: Ecuador (BBrMV);(= Banana bract bibit Asia: India, Philippines, Sri mosaic virus) Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Oceania: Samoa 18. Barley stripe mosaic I Hordeum vulgare (barli, polen, biji, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, hordeivirus (BSMV);(= Barley barley), Triticum aestivum tanaman Tunisia stripe mosaic virus, Barley (gandum, wheat) America: Argentina, Brazil, false stripe virus, Barley Poaceae, Secale cereale Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA mosaic virus, Oat stripe mosaic (rye), Zea mays (jagung, Asia: China, Israel, Japan, virus, Barley mild stripe virus, corn), Oryza sativa (padi, Jordan, South Korea, Barley yellow stripe (possibly)) paddy), Sorghum bicolor Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, (sorgum, sorghum), Turkey Panicum spp. (millet) Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, 353

Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Oceonia: Australia, New Zealand 19. Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus I Avena sativa (oats), tanaman, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (BYDV);(=Barley yellow dwarf Hordeum vulgare (barley), akar, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, virus; Maize leaf fleck virus; Lolium multiflorum (Italian batang, Morocco, Mozambique, South Wheat cereal yellow dwarf ryegrass), Lolium perenne daun, Africa: Tanzania, Tunisia, virus; (perennial ryegrass), Oryza bunga Zimbabwe.. Rice giallume virus; Hordeum sativa (rice), Poaceae America: Canada, Mexico, virus nanescens; Red leaf (grasses), Secale cereale Vektor: USA, Argentina, Bolivia, disease of barley) (rye), Triticum aestivum Hemiptera, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, (wheat), Triticum turgidum Aphididae:A Venezuela, Dominican (durum wheat), Zea mays ulocorthum Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, (corn) circumflexu Peru, Uruguay, French Agrostis stolonifera m (= Guiana (creeping bentgrass), Amphoroph Asia: China, India, Iran, Arrhenatherum elatius ora Israel, Japan, Jordan, (false oatgrass), Bromus circumflexa, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, (bromegrasses), Bromus Macrosiphu Thailand, Turkey. catharticus (prairiegrass), m Europe: Belgium, Czech, Elymus repens circumflexa, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, (quackgrass), Eragrostis Myzus Former, Serbia, Slovenia, curvula (weeping circumflexus Croatia, Bosnia and lovegrass), Festuca , Herzegovina, Montenegro, (fescues), Leersia oryzoides Aulacorthu Macedonia, France, Germany, (Rice cutgrass), Miscanthus m Greece, Hungary, Ireland, sinensis (Eulalia), circumflexu Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Pennisetum clandestinum m, Poland, Portugal, Russia, (kikuyu grass), Phleum Siphonophor Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, 354

pratense (timothy), a Ukraine, UK. Phragmites (reed), circumflexa) Oceania: Australia, New Saccharum officinarum ; Ceruraphis Zealand. (sugarcane), Setaria italica eriophori; (foxtail millet), Sorghum Metopolophi bicolor (sorghum), Trifolium um repens (white clover) dirhodum(= Acyrthosiph on dirhodum,); Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiph um insertum (=Rhopalosi phum annuae, Rhopalosiph um fitchii); Rhopalosiph um maidis(=Ap his maydis); Rhopalosiph um padi (=Anuraphis padi, Rhopalosiph um prunifoliae); Rhopalosiph um rufiabdomin

355

alis; Schizaphis graminum(= Toxoptera graminum); Sipha agropyrella; Macrosiphu m avenae (=Macrosiph um granarium, Sitobion avenae); Macrosiphu m fragariae (=Sitobion fragariae); 20. Bean golden mosaic I Vigna unguiculata (kacang tanaman Africa: Nigeria begomovirus (BGMV)(=Bean tunggak, cowpea), America: Argentina, golden mosaic geminivirus, Phaseolus sp., Phaseolus Vektor: Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Bean golden mosaic virus (type lathyroides, Phaseolus Hemiptera: Dominica, Guatemala, 1) Brazil, Bean golden yellow acutifolius, Glycine max Aleyrodidae: Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, mosaic virus (type 2), (kedelai, soybean) Bemisia Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela Caribbean mosaico dorado, Cajanus cajan (kacang argentifolii, Bean calico mosaic gude), Calopogonium B. tabaci begomovirus (possible strain)) mucunoides, Pachyrhizus erosus, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus coccineus, Vigna mungo, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco)

356

21. Bean pod mottle comovirus I Glycine max (kedelai, biji, America: Brazil, Canada, (BPMV);(=Bean Pod mottle soybean), Fabaceae lain tanaman Ecuador, Peru, USA virus, Desmodium virus) Vektor: Coleoptera, Chrysomeli dae: Cerotoma trifurcate, Diabrotica balteata, D. undecimpun ctata, Colaspis flavida, C. lata), Coleoptera, Coccinelida e: Epilachna varivestis, E. vittata 22. Beet curly top curtovirus I Beta vulgaris (bit gula, daun Africa: Ivory Coast, Egypt (BCTV);(= Beet curly top virus, sugar beet), Capsicum America: Argentina, Bolivia, Beet curly top geminivirus, annuum (cabai, hot pepper, Vektor: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Beet curly top chilies, red pepper), Vigna Hemiptera, USA, Uruguay hybrigeminivirus, Sugarbeet unguiculata (kacang Cicadellidae Asia: India, Iran, Israel, curly top virus,Tomato yellow tunggak, cowpea), : Japan, South Korea, Turkey virus, Sugar beet curly-leaf Cucurbitaceae, Beta Neoaliturus Europe: Cyprus, Italy virus, Sugarbeet virus 1, vulgaris (bit, beetroot), tenellus, N. Tomato yellows virus, Western Cucumis sativus opacipennis yellow blight virus, Potato (mentimun, cucumber), green dwarf virus) Solanum lycopersicum 357

(tomat, tomato), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean). Linum usitatissimum (flax), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) 23. Beet leaf curl rhabdovirus I Beta spp. daun, akar, Europe:Germany, Poland, (BLCV);(= Beet leaf curl virus, Atriplex, Spinacia, batang, Turkey Beta virus 3, RubenkrSusel- Tetragonia tetragonioides tanaman Virus, Rübenkräusel sugar beet leaf crinkle virus, Sugar beet Vektor: leaf curl rhabdo virus, Sugar Hemiptera, beet virus 3, Beet leaf crinkle Piesmidae: virus, Sugar beet leaf curl Piesma virus) quadratum 24. Broad bean wilt fabavirus I Apium graveolens (celery), polong biji, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, (BBWV);(=Broad bean wilt Beta vulgaris var. akar, Morocco, South Africa, virus, Nasturtium ringspot saccharifera (sugarbeet), batang, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, virus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot Brassica napus var. napus daun, America: USA, Argentina virus, Tropaeolum ringspot (rape), Brassica rapa bunga, Asia: Bangladesh, China, virus, Nasturtium white spot subsp. chinensis (Chinese buah. Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, virus, Patchouli mild mottle cabbage), Capsicum Japan, Jordan, North Korea, virus, Petunia ringspot virus, annuum (bell pepper), South Korea, Philippines, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild Capsicum frutescens (chilli), Singapore, Syria, Turkey, mosaic virus) Cynara cardunculus L. var. Europe: Bulgaria, Czech scolymus (globe artichoke), Republic, Slovenia, Daucus carota (carrot), Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, Glycine max (soyabean), Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia, Lactuca sativa (lettuce), France, Germany, Greece, Lycopersicon esculentum Hungary, Italy, Poland,

358

(tomato), Nicotiana tabacum Slovakia, Spain, United (tobacco), Petroselinum Kingdom, crispum (parsley), Oceania: Australia Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna radiata (mung bean), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Cicer arietinum (chickpea) 25. Brome mosaic bromovirus I Bromus inermis (Awnless tanaman Africa: South Africa, (BMV);(=Brome mosaic virus, brome) America: North America Weidel gras mosaik virus, Avena sativa (oats), Bromus Europe: Hungary, Russian Ryegrass streak virus, Trespen (bromegrasses), Federation, Sweden, gras mosaik virus, Marmor Chenopodium quinoa Oceania: Australia graminis) (quinoa), Commelina communis (common dayflower), Commelina diffusa (spreading dayflower), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Oryza sativa (rice), Poaceae (grasses), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Zea mays (corn) 359

26. Cacao yellow mosaic tymovirus I Theobroma cacao (kakao, akar, Africa: Sierra Leone (CYMV);(=Cacao yellow mosaic cocoa) batang, virus) Cola nitida, Culcasia daun, scandens bunga, buah 27. Carnation necrotic fleck I Dianthus caryophyllus bunga, America: Colombia, USA, closterovirus (CNFV);(= Dianthus barbatus, akar, daun, Venezuela Carnation necrotic fleck virus, D.chinensis, Saponaria batang Asia: Israel, Japan Carnation streak virus, vaccaria, Silene armeria Europe: Belgium, Czech, Carnation yellow fleck virus) Vektor: Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Hemiptera, Croatia, Bosnia and Aphididae: Herzegovina, Montenegro, Myzus Macedonia, France, Germany, persicae Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 28. Cassava brown streak virus I Manihot esculenta (ubi tunas, Africa: Angola, Guinea (CBSaV);(= Cassava brown kayu, cassava) tanaman Ekuator, Kenya, Malawi, streak carlavirus, Cassava Mozambique, Tanzania, brown streak potyvirus, Zanzibar, Uganda, Zimbabwe Cassava brown streak- associated (?) carlavirus) 29. Cereal yellow dwarf I Avena sativa (oats), tanaman, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, polerovirus-RPV Hordeum vulgare (barley), akar, America: Canada, Ecuador, (CYDRV);(=Cereal yellow dwarf Secale cereale (rye), batang, Mexico, USA virus) Triticum aestivum (wheat), daun, Asia: China, India, Israel, Triticum turgidum (durum bunga Japan, Jordan, Pakistan wheat) Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, 360

Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 30. Cherry leafroll nepovirus I Betula (birches), Betula biji, daun, America: Canada, USA, Chile (CLRV);(= Cherry leafroll virus, pendula (common silver tanaman. Asia: China, Turkey Golden elderberry virus) birch), Cornus (Flowering Europe: Albania, Belgium, dogwood), Fagus sylvatica Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (common beech), Fraxinus Republic, Finland, France, excelsior (ash), Juglans Germany, Hungary, Italy, (walnuts), Juglans regia Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (walnut), Ligustrum (privet), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Prunus avium (sweet Serbia and Montenegro, cherry), Ptelea trifoliata Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, (Hoptree), Rubus procerus, Switzerland, UK, Scotland Sambucus canadensis Oceania: Australia, New (American elder), Zealand Sambucus racemosa (red- berried elder), Syringa vulgaris (lilac), Ulmus (elms), Ulmus americana (American elm) Delphinium hybrids (florist's larkspur), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Rubus idaeus (raspberry) (Wild hosts): Plantago (Plantain), Rumex (Dock) 31. Cherry rasp leaf nepovirus I Prunus avium, Prunus tanaman America: Canada, USA (CRLV);(= Apple flat apple cerasus, Prunus persica, virus, Cherry rasp leaf virus, Prunus mahaleb, Malus 361

Flat apple virus) domesticum (apel, apple) Rubus spp. (raspberry)

32. Citrus impietratura virus;(= I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) akar, Africa: Algeria, Libya, Citrus impietratura disease) batang, Morocco, South Africa, daun, Tanzania, Zimbabwe bunga, America: Venezuela buah Asia: India, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain 33. Citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus I Citrus aurantifolia, C. tunas, biji America: USA (CiLRV);(= Citrus leaf rugose limon, C. paradisi Europe: Turkey ilarvirus, Citrusvariegation Vigna unguiculata (kacang Oceania: Australia virus, Citrus crinkly leaf tunggak, cowpea) ilarvirusm,Citrusvariegation ilarvirus) 34. Clover yellow vein potyvirus I Lathyrus odoratus (sweet umbi America: Canada, USA, (ClYVV);(=Clover yellow vein pea), Phaseolus vulgaris (bulbs/ Colombia, virus, Pea necrosis virus, Bean (common bean), Trifolium tubers/ Asia: Japan, South Korea, yellow mosaic virus-S (severe hybridum (Alsike clover), corms/rhizo Yemen, strain), Bean yellow mosaic Trifolium repens (white mes), daun, Europe: Czech, Slovakia, virus-N (necrotic strain) clover), Trifolium bibit, France, Germany, Hungary, Statice virus Y) vesiculosum (Arrowleaf batang Italy, Netherlands, Poland, clover) Spain, Sweden, United Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce Kingdom clover), Borago officinalis Oceania: Australia, New (Borage), Coriandrum Zealand sativum (coriander), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Gentiana (gentians), Gladiolus hybrids (sword 362

lily), Impatiens walleriana (Busy-lizzy), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lupinus (lupins), Lupinus albus (white lupine), Lupinus angustifolius (lupin), Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin), Medicago lupulina (black medick), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Melilotus officinalis (Field melilot), Pisum sativum (pea), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), Trifolium (clovers), Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover), Vicia faba (broad bean), Viola odorata (English violet), Daucus carota (carrot), Iris (irises), Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Plantago major (broad-leaved plantain), Veronica persica (creeping speedwell) 35. Cocoa swollen shoot I Theobroma cacao (kakao, akar, Africa:Ivory Coast, Ghana, badnavirus (CSSV); (=Cocoa cocoa) batang, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, swollen shoot virus(CoNV), Ceiba pentandra (kapuk daun, Northwest Africa 363

Cocoa necrosis nepovirus, randu, kapok) bunga, America: Colombia, Venezuela Cocoa red mottle virus, Cocoa buah Asia: Sri Lanka vein clearing virus, Cacao virus I, Theobroma virus I) Vektor:Hem iptera, Pseudococci dae: Delococcus tafoensis, Ferrisia virgata, Paraputo anomalus, Phenacoccu s hargreavesi, Planococcoi des njalensis, Planococcus citri, Pseudococc us concavocerr ari, Pseudococc us longis Dorylaimida : Longidorida e Longidorus spp.

364

36. Coconut cadang-cadang I Cocos nucifera (kelapa, biji, buah, Asia: Philippines, Malaysia cocadviroid (CCCVd);(=Coconut coconut), Elaeis guineensis tanaman Oceania: Solomon Islands cadang-cadang viroid, Palm (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Island cadang-cadang viroid) Arenga pinnata, Borassus Vektor:Pros flabelifer (lontar, palmyra tigmata, palm), Chloris, Phoenix Tenuipalpid dactylifera ae: Corypha elata, Livistona Brevipalpus rotundifolia, Arecaceae, phoenicis Panandaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae (Maranta sp.), Commelinaceae 37. Coconut tinangaja cocadviroid I Cocos nucifera (kelapa, biji, buah, Oceania: Guam (CTiVd);(=Coconut tinangaja coconut) tanaman viroid) 38. Coffee blister spot I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) biji, buah, America:, Costa Rica virus;(=Coffee blister spot tanaman agent) 39. Coffee ringspot rhabdovirus I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) biji, America: Brazil, Costa Rica (CoRSV);(= Coffee ringspot tanaman Asia: Philippines virus, Coffee ringspot nucleorhabdovirus) 40. Cotton anthocyanosis I Gossypium barbadens tunas, America: Brazil virus(CAV);(=Cotton (kapas, Gallinicotton), tanaman Asia: India, Pakistan anthocyanosis (?) luteovirus; Gossypium hirsutum Cotton small leaf virus) (kapas, Bourbon cotton) Vektor: Abelmoschus esculentus, Hemiptera, Hibiscus cannabinus, Sida Aphididae: rhombifolia, S. micrantha Aphis gossypii

365

41. Cotton leaf curl begomovirus I Gossypium barbadens tanaman Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, (CLCuV);(= Cotton leaf curl (kapas, cotton), Cameroon, Central Africa, geminivirus, Cotton leaf Abelmoschus esculentus, Vektor: Chad, Ivory Coast, Egypt, crumple begomovirus) Hibiscus cannabinus, Hemiptera, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Aleyrodidae: Togo common bean), Vigna Bemisia America: Mexico, USA, unguiculata (kacang tabaci Guatemala tunggak, cowpea) Asia: India, Pakistan, Abelmoschus esculentus, Philippines Althea rosae, Corchorus fasicularis, Castanospermum australe, Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Hibiscus cannabius, H. escu lentus, H. sabdarifa, Malvaviscus arboreus, Malva parviflora, Phaseolus acutifolius, Vigna angularis, Sida alba 42. Cotton leaf mottle I Gossypium barbadens akar, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, disease;(=Cotton mosaic agent) (kapas, cotton), Gossypium batang, Central Africa, Chad, Ivory hirsutum daun, Coast, Egypt, Ghana, Mali, bunga, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, buah Togo

Vektor: Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci

366

43. Cowpea chlorotic mottle I Vigna unguiculata (kacang tanaman Africa: Nigeria bromovirus (CCMV);(= Bean tunggak, cowpea), Glycine America: Costa Rica, Cuba, yellow stipple virus, Cowpea max (kedelai, soybean) Vektor: USA chlorotic mottle virus, Virus del Arachys hypogaea (kacang Coleoptera, Asia: India moteado amarillo, Marmor tanah, peanut), Nicotiana Chrysomeli flavopunctum) tabacum (tembakau, dae: tobacco), Beta vulgaris(bit), Ceratoma Cajanus cajan(kacang ruficornis, gude), Cassia occidentalis, C.trifurcata, C.tora Diabrotica balteata, D. undecimpun ctata, 44. Cucumber green mottle mosaic I Cucumis sativus biji, akar, America: Brazil tobamovirus (CGMMV);(= (mentimun, cucumber), tanaman, Asia: Taiwan, India, Iran, Bottlegourd indian mosaic Citrullus vulgaris tanah, air, Israel, Japan, South Korea, virus, Cucumber green mottle (semangka, watermelon), pupuk, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia mosaic virus, Cucumber green Cucumis melo (melon, media Europe: Austria, Czech, mottle mosaic watermelon melon), Lagenaria tanam Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, strain (W), Cucumber virus 2, siceraria, Momordica Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Cucumber virus 3, Cucumber charantia Vektor:Cole Bosnia and Herzegovina, virus 4, Cucumis virus 2, Prunus Americana (apricot) optera: Montenegro, Macedonia, Tobacco mosaic virus Chrysomeli Germany, Greece, Hungary, watermelon strain-W) dae: Latvia, Netherlands, Romania, Raphidopal Russia, Spain, Sweden, pa fevicollis; Ukraine, UK, Georgia, Solanales, Convolvulac eae: Cuscuta spp.

367

45. Dasheen mosaic potyvirus I Aglaonema, Alocasia, daun, Africa: Africa, Cameroon, (DsMV);(=Dasheen mosaic Amorphophallus, tanaman Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, virus) Anthurium, Araceae, America: Costa Rica, Cuba, Caladium, Colocasia, Dominican Republic, Colocasia esculenta (taro), Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Dieffenbachia (dumbcanes), Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Philodendron, USA, Brazil, Venezuela Spathiphyllum, Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Xanthosoma (cocoyam), Japan Zantedeschia (calla-lilies) Europe: Belgium, Denmark, Cyrtosperma merkusii Italy, Netherlands, United (giant swamp taro) Kingdom, Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu 46. Dendrobium vein necrosis (?) I Orchidaceae tanaman, Europe: Germany closterovirus (DVNV) 47. Grapevine Bulgarian latent I Vitis spp. (anggur, batang Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, nepovirus (GBLV);(=Grapevine grapevine). tanaman, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgarian latent virus, Virus biji Bosnia and Herzegovina, CM112) Montenegro, Macedonia, Portugal 48. Grapevine chrome mosaic I Vitis vinifera (anggur, kulit, Europe: Austria, Croatia, nepovirus (GCMV);(= grapevine) batang, Czech, Slovakia, Hungary Grapevine chrome mosaic Apium graveolens daun, virus, Grapevine Hungarian tunas, akar, chrome mosaic virus) biji

368

49. Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tunas, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (GFLV);(= Grapevine fan leaf grapevine) suluran Madagascar, Morocco, virus, Grapevine veinbanding Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus (stolon), Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia virus, Grapevine yellow mosaic vulgaris (buncis, common tanaman, America: Argentina, Bolivia, virus, Grapevine arricciamento bean), Vigna unguiculata biji Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, virus, Grape vine infectious (kacang tunggak, cowpea) USA, Venezuela degeneration virus, Grapevine Vektor: Asia: China, Iran, Israel, roncet virus, Grapevine Dorylaimida Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, urticado virus) , Lebanon, Philippines, Syria, Longidorida Turkey, e: Europe: Albania, Austria, Xiphinema Bosnia and Herzegovina, index, X. Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Italye Czech, Slovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain: Canary Island, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Armenia, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 50. Grapevine fleck maculavirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang, Africa: South Africa (GFkV);(= Grapevine fleck grapevine) tanaman America: Brazil, USA virus, Grapevine marbrure Asia: Jordan, Syria virus, Grapevine phloem- Europe: Albania, France, limited isometric virus) Italy,

369

51. Grapevine leafroll-associated I Vitis vinifera (anggur, kulit, akar, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, closterovirus (GLRaV);(= grapevine) batang, Tunisia, Brazil, Canada, Grapevine leafroll-associated daun, kutur Chile, Mexico, USA virus, Grapevine B virus, jaringan Asia: China, Taiwan, Gaza, Grapevine leafroll disease, Israel, Japan, Jordan, South Grapevine C virus) Vektor: Korea, Lebanon, Turkey, Hemiptera, Yemen, Pseudococci Europe: Albania, Austria, dae: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Pseudococc Czech, Slovakia, Serbia, us longis, P. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and calceolariae, Herzegovina, Montenegro, P. Macedonia, France, Germany, maritimus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, P.affinis, P. Moldova, Portugal, Romania, viburni, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Planococcus Armenia ficus, P.citri, Oceania: Australia, New Heliococcus Zealand bohemicus, Phenacoccu s sp.; Hemiptera, Coccidae: Pulvinaria vitis, Parthenolec anium corni, Neopulvinar ia inummerabil is 370

52. Grapevine stem pitting I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tunas, Africa: South Africa, Tunisia, associated closterovirus grapevine) suluran South Africa (GVA);(=Grapevine corky bark (stolon), America: Brazil, Mexico, USA closterovirus, Grapevine kulit, Asia: Jordan, Lebanon, batang pitting disease, batang, Yemen, Central East Grapevine stem pitting virus, daun, Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Grapevine virus A, Legno Riccio tunas, akar. Italy, Portugal (possibly), Rugose wood (possibly), Grapevine corky Vektor: bark disease) Hemiptera, Pseudococci dae 53. Grapevine vein necrosis agent I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tanaman, Europe: Hungary, Turkey (GVVN);(=Grapevine vein grapevine) batang necrosis virus, Grapevine vein necrosis disease) 54. Hop stunt viroid (HSVd);(= I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) tanaman, America: Cuba, USA Citrus cachexia viroid, Citrus batang xyloporosis viroid, Citrus xyloporosis 'virus', Cucumber pale fruit viroid, Hop stunt hostuviroid) 55. Impatiens necrotic spot I Chrysanthemum sp. Daun, America: Canada, Chile, tospovirus (INSV);(= Impatiens (daisy), Impatiens sp. tanaman. Costa Rica, Mexico, USA necrotic spot virus) (balsam) Asia: China, Iran, Japan Cichorium sp., Cyclamen Vektor: Europe: Austria, Belgium, persicum, Gentiana sp., Thysanopte Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, Isotoma axillaris, ra, France, Germany, Guernsey, Kalanchoe sp, Ocimum Thripidae: Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, basilicum, Phalaenopsis Frankliniell Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, hybrids, Rubus, Spinacia a Spain, United Kingdom oleracea, Valerianella, occidentalis Oceania: New Zealand 371

Cardamine scutata, Cerastium glomeratum, Stellaria media, Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell pepper), Capsicum spp., Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) 56. Johnsongrass mosaic potyvirus I Pennisetum glaucum (pearl biji, akar, America: Colombia, Venezuela (JGMV);(=Maize dwarf mosaic millet), Saccharum batang, Europe: Hungary virus - strain O, Johnsongrass officinarum (tebu, daun, Oceania: Australia mosaic virus, Sugarcane sugarcane), Sorghum bunga, mosaic virus - Australian bicolor (sorghum), Sorghum buah Johnson grass virus, Maize halepense (Johnson grass), dwarf mosaic virus - Kansas I Urochloa brizantha strain) (palisadegrass), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 57. Lettuce mosaic virus I Cichorium intybus (chicory), daun, Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Malawi, (LMV);(=Lettuce mosaic Lactuca sativa (lettuce) tanaman. Mauritius, Morocco, Sierra potyvirus, Lettuce virus 1) Carthamus tinctorius Leone, South Africa, (safflower), Cicer arietinum Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, (chickpea), Cichorium Zimbabwe. endivia (endives), Eustoma America: Argentina, Brazil, grandiflorum (Lisianthus Canada, Chile, Ecuador, (cut flower crop)), Pisum Jamaica, Mexico, USA, sativum (pea), Spinacia Uruguay. oleracea (spinach), Sonchus Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, (Sowthistle), Stellaria media Israel, Japan, Jordan, (common chickweed, Lebanon, Malaysia, Syria, 372

Sinapis arvensis (wild Taiwan, Yemen. mustard) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 58. Little cherry virus 1 (LChV I Prunus avium (Cherry) kulit kayu, America: Canada, USA 1);(=Cherry little cherry Prunus cerasus, Prunus bunga, Asia: Japan closteovirus, Cherry little cherry emarginata, Prunus incise, daun, akar, Europe : Belgium, virus, Little cherry closteovirus) Prunus mahaleb, Prunus batang di Czechia, Germany, Greece, sargentii, Prunus serrula, atas Italy, Poland, Romania, Prunus serrulata, Prunus permukaan Switzerland, Turkey, United subhirtella, Prunus tanah Kingdom tomentosa, Prunus x Oceania: New Zealand sieboldii, Prunus x yedoensis, Prunus pensylvanica 59. Lucerne enation rhabdovirus I Alfalfa sp, Fabaceae, tanaman Africa: South Africa, Sudan (LEV);(=Alfalva enation virus, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana America: Argentina, Canada, Lucerne enation virus) tabacum, Solanum Colombia, Peru, USA lycopersicum, Solanum Asia: Iran, Japan tuberosum Europe : Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland Oceania: Australia 373

60. Maize chlorotic dwarf I Zea mays (jagung, corn) tanaman America: USA waikavirus (MCDV);(= Maize Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, sorghum), Setaria spp. Vektor: Maize chlorotic dwarf MCDV Hemiptera, group, Maize chlorotic dwarf Cicadellidae ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic : dwarf virus, Corn stunt agent) Amblysellus grex, Dalbulus maidis, Endria inimica, Exitianus exitiosus, Graminella nigrifrons, Graminella sonora, Macrosteles severini, Planicephal us flavo costatus, Stirellus bicolor 61. Maize chlorotic mottle I Triticum aestivum biji, America: Argentina, Mexico, machlomovirus (MCMV);(= (gandum, wheat), Zea tanaman Peru, USA Maize chlorotic mottle virus, mays (jagung, corn), Maize mottle virus, Peru corn Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Vektor: virus) sorghum) Coleoptera, Chrysomeli Bromus arvensis, Panicum dae: 374

vurgatum, Setaria glauca, Chaetocnem Zea diploperennis a pulicaria, Diabrotica spp., Oulema melanopus, Systena frontalis Thysanopte ra, Thripidae: Frankliniell a williamsii 62. Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus I Sorghum halepense bibit, biji Africa: Ivory Coast, Egypt, (MDMV);(=Sorghum red stripe (Johnson grass), Sorghum Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, virus; European maize mosaic bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, virus; Indian maize mosaic Zea mays (jagung, corn), South Africa, Zambia, virus; Maize dwarf mosaic Zea mays subsp. mays Zimbabwe. virus, Maize stripe mosaic virus) (sweetcorn) America: Argentina, Canada, Avena sativa (oats), Chile, Colombia, Haiti, Panicum miliaceum (millet), Honduras, Mexico, Peru, USA, Saccharum officinarum Hawaii, Venezuela. (tebu, sugarcane) Asia: China (Taiwan), Georgia (Republic), India (Uttar Pradesh), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, Uzbekistan. Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Czech Republic and Slovakia, 375

Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Russia (Russia (Europe)), Spain, Ukraine, 63. Maize mosaic I Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanaman Africa: Kenya, Madagascar, nucleorhabdovirus (MMV);(= Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Mauritius, Mozambique, Maize mosaic virus, Maize sorghum) Vektor: Nigeria, Réunion, Tanzania, stripe Indian virus, Sorghum Axonopus, Hordeum Hemiptera, Zimbabwe chlorosis virus, Zea mays virus) vulgare, Rottboellia cochin Delphacidae America: Brazil, Colombia, chinensis, Sorghum : Peregrinus Cuba, Guyana France, halepense, Zea mexicana maidis Guadeloupe, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, USA, Venezuela Asia: India, Yemen 64. Maize rayado fino marafivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn) tanaman America: Argentina, Brazil, (MRFV);(=Maize rayado fino Colombia, Costa Rica, El virus) Vektor: Salvador, Guatemala, Hemiptera, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Cicadellidae Panama, Peru, USA, Uruguay, :Dalbulus Venezuela maidis, D.elimatus, Baldulus tripsaci, Graminella nigrifrons

376

65. Maize rough dwarf fijivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanaman America: Argentina (MRDV);(= Cereal tillering Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Asia: China, Iran, Israel, disease fijivirus, Cereal tillering sorghum), Hordeum Vektor: South Korea disease reovirus, Cereal vulgare (barli, barley), Hemiptera, Europe: Czech, Slovakia, tillering disease virus, Maize Lolium perenne (perennial Delphacidae France, Germany, Italy, rough dwarf virus) ryegrass), Zea mays subsp. : Norway, Spain, Sweden, mays (jagung manis, Delphacode Switzerland, Slovenia, sweetcorn) s propinqua, Croatia, Bosnia and Triticum aestivum Dicranotropi Herzegovina, Montenegro, (gandum, wheat), Avena s hamata, Macedonia sativa (oat, oats ), Cynodon Laodelphax dactylon (rumput striatellus, bermuda, bermuda grass), Javasella Digitaria sanguinalis (large pellucida, crabgrass), Echinochloa Ribauto- crus-galli (barnyard grass) delphax notabilis, Sogatella vibix 66. Maize streak mastrevirus I Triticum aestivum tanaman Africa: Angola, Benin, (MSV);(=Maize mottle virus, (gandum, wheat), Zea Botswana, Burkina Faso, Maize streak monogeminivirus, mays (jagung, corn), Vektor: Burundi, Cameroon, Central Maize streak geminivirus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Hemiptera, Africa, RD.Congo, Congo, Maize streak virus, sorghum), Poaceae Cicadellidae Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sereal African streak virus, Oat, Hordeum vulgare : Cicadulina Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Sugarcane streak virus) (barli, barley), Secale mbila, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, cereale (rye) C.arachidis, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, C. Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, bipunctella, Réunion, Sao Tome & C. triangula, Principe, Senegal, Sierra C. Leone, South Africa, Sudan, bimaculata, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, 377

C. similis, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe C.latens, America: USA C.ghaurii, Asia: India, Yemen, C.parazeae. Nesoclutha declivata 67. Maize stripe tenuivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanaman Africa: Benin, Botswana, (MSpV);(= Maize chlorotic stripe Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Cameroon, RD.Congo, Egypt, virus, Maize stripe virus, sorghum) Vektor: Kenya, Madagascar, Sorghum chlorosis virus) Avena sativa (oat, oats ), Hemiptera, Mauritius, Mozambique, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae Nigeria, Réunion, Sao Tome & barley), Oryza sativa (padi, : Peregrinus Principe, South Africa, paddy), Triticum aestivum maidis Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, (gandum, wheat), Zimbabwe Saccharum officinarum America: Argentina, Brazil, (tebu, sugarcane), Secale Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, cereale (rye) Peru, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Philippines Oceania: Australia 68. Maize white line mosaic virus I Zea mays (jagung, corn) tanaman America: USA (MWLMV);(= Maize dwarf Europe: France, Italy ringspot virus, Maize white line virus) 69. Orchid fleck rhabdovirus I Orchidaceae tanaman America: Brazil, USA (OFV);(=Dendrobium leaf Asia: Japan streak virus, Dendrobium virus, Europe: Germany Laelia red leafspot, Short Oceania: Australia, New orchid rhabdovirus, Orchid Zealand rhabdovirus, Orchid fleck virus, 378

Phalaenopsis chlorotic spot virus, Phalaenopsis hybrid virus, Phalaenopsis virus) 70. Papaya mosaic potexvirus I Carica papaya (papaya, daun, bibit Africa: Tanzania (PapMV);(= Argentine plantago papaw) tanaman, America: Dominica, Trinidad potexvirus, Argentine plantago akar, and Tobago, USA, Brazil, virus, Australian alternanthera batang, Venezuela potexvirus, Babaco yellow daun, Oceania: Guam mosaic virus, Boussingaultia bunga, mosaic virus, Olive vein yellow buah virus, Papaya mild mosaic virus, Papaya mosaic virus, Pawpaw mild mosaic virus, Pawpaw mosaic virus, Portulaca virus, Salvia potexvirus, Trichosanthes virus, Ullucus potexvirus) 71. Papaya necrosis I Caricapapaya (papaya, tanaman America: USA virus;(=Papaya droopy necrosis papaw) virus (PDNV), Papaya apical necrosis virus (PANV)) 72. Passion fruit woodiness virus I Arachis hypogaea (peanut), tanaman Africa: South Africa, (PWV);(=Passionfruit woodiness Glycine max (soyabean), America: Martinique, Brazil, potyvirus) Passiflora edulis (markisa, Ceara, Goias, passionfruit), Passiflora Asia: Japan, suberosa (Corky Oceania: Australia, passionflower), Phaseolus Queensland, New Zealand, vulgaris (common bean) Samoa Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)

379

73. Pea enation mosaic 1 I Vicia faba biji, America: USA, Canada enamovirus (PEMV-1);(= Pea Cicer arietinum, Lathyrus tanaman Asia: China, Iran enation mosaic virus-1, Pea odoratus, Lens culinaris, Europe: Austria, Czech, enation mosaic virus, Pea Medicago arabica, Pisum Vektor: Slovakia, Germany, UK enation mosaic virus 'group', sativum, Trifolium Hemiptera, Pea virus 1) incarnatum, Vicia sativa Aphididae: Acyrthosiph on pisum, Myzus persicae 74. Pea seed-borne mosaic virus I Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris daun, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (PSbMV);(=Pea leaf-roll virus, (lentil), Pisum sativum tanaman Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Pea seed-borne mosaic virus) (green pea, pea) Sudan, Tunisia Vicia faba (broad bean) America: Brazil, Canada, Peru, USA Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Taiwan, Yemen Europe : Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 75. Pea streak carlavirus(PeSV); (= I Pisum sativum (kapri, tanaman America: Canada, USA Alfalfa latent virus, Pea streak sweet pea), Europe: widespread virus, Steinklee virus, Pea Leguminosae, Medicago streak virus) sativa, Cicer arietinum

380

76. Peach latent mosaic I Prunus persica (peach) buah, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, pelamoviroid(PLMVd); (=Peach Prunus armeniaca (apricot), polong, Morocco, South Africa, latent mosaic viroid; Prunus Prunus avium (sweet bunga, Tunisia virus 5; Peach yellow mosaic cherry), Prunus domestica daun, America: Canada, Mexico, viroid; Peach yellow mosaic; (plum) batang, USA, Uruguay Peach blotch; Peach virus 6; tanaman. Asia: China, Japan, Lebanon, Peach American mosaic Syria disease; Peach American Europe: Austria, Bosnia and mosaic pathogen; Peach Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia, mosaic; Peach calico) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Montenegro, Spain Oceania: Australia 77. Peach rosette mosaic nepovirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, biji, batang, Africa: Egypt (PRMV);(=Grape decline virus, grapevine), Prunus persica daun, America: Canada, USA Grapevine degeneration virus, Vaccinium corymbosum, buah, Asia: India, Turkey Peach rosette mosaic virus, Rumex crispus, Solanum suluran Rosette mosaic virus) carolinense, Taraxacum (stolon), officinale tanah, media tanam

Vektor: Dorylaimida e, Longidorida e: Xiphinema americanum , Longidorus diadecturus

381

78. Peanut chlorotic streak I Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanaman Asia: India caulimovirus (PCSV);(=Peanut tanah, peanut) chlorotic streak virus, Peanut Canavalia ensiformis, chlorotic streak soymovirus) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Spinacia oleracea, Vicia faba(kacang babi, broad bean), Vigna radiata, 79. Peanut clump pecluvirus I Arachys hypogaea (kacang biji, Africa: Burkina Faso, Ivory (PCV);(= Peanut clump tanah, peanut), Saccharum tanaman Coast, Senegal furovirus, Peanut clump virus, officinarum (tebu, Asia: India, Pakistan Indian peanut clump virus sugarcane), Triticum Vektor: (IPCV)) aestivum (gandum, wheat), Protozoa, Setaria Italyca (foxtail Plasmodiop millet) horaceae: Polymyxa graminis 80. Peanut stunt cucumovirus I Arachys hypogaea (kacang biji, Africa: Morocco, Sudan (PSV);(= Black locust true tanah, peanut), Glycine tanaman America: USA mosaic virus, Clover blotch max (kedelai, soybean), Asia: China, Japan, Korea virus, Groundnut stunt virus, Solanum lycopersicum Vektor: Europe: France, Hungary, Peanut common mosaic virus, (tomat, tomato), Nicotiana Hemiptera, Italy, Poland, Spain, Georgia Peanut stunt virus, Robinia tabacum (tembakau, Aphididae: mosaic virus) tobacco), pea, Phaseolus Aphis vulgaris (buncis, common craccivora, bean), Vigna unguiculata A. (kacang tunggak, cowpea) spiraecola, Myzus persicae

382

81. Pepino mosaic virus I Solanum lycopersicum buah, Africa: South Africa, (PepMV);(=Pepino mosaic (tomat), Solanum polong, America: Canada, Chile, potexvirus) muricatum, daun. Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, USA Ocimum basilicum, Asia: Syria Amaranthus graecizans, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Amaranthus viridis, Finland, France, Germany, Calendula arvensis, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Chenopodium murale, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Chrysanthemum segetum, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Convolvulus arvensis, United Kingdom Convolvulus humilis, Malva neglecta, Malva nicaeensis, Malva parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Plantago lagopus, Plantago major, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sonchus tenerrimus, Lens culinaris (lentil) 82. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV); I Prunus armeniaca (apricot), buah, Africa: Egypt (=Plum pox virus; Prunus virus Prunus domestica (plum), polong, America: Canada, USA, 7; Annulus pruni; Sharka virus) Prunus dulcis (almond), daun, Argentina, Chile Prunus persica (peach), batang, Asia: India, Iran, Jordan, Prunus salicina (Japanese akar, biji, Kazakhstan, Syria, Turkey plum) bibit. Europe: Albania, Austria, Juglans regia (walnut), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prunus avium (sweet Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, cherry), Prunus besseyi Czech Republic, France, (bessey cherry), Prunus Germany, Greece, Hungary, cerasifera (myrobalan Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, plum), Prunus spinosa Moldova, Netherlands, 383

(blackthorn), Prunus Norway, Poland, Portugal, tomentosa (Nanking cherry Romania, Russia, Serbia and tree) Montenegro, Slovakia, (Wild hosts): Prunus Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine, UK glandulosa (flowering almond), Prunus japonica (Japanese bush cherry tree), Prunus serotina (black cherry) 83. Potato black ringspot nepovirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, America: Peru (PBRSV);(=Andean potato (kentang, potato) tanaman calico strain of tobacco ringspot Arracacia xanthorrhiza, virus, Andean potato calico Oxalis tuberose strains nepovirus, Potato black ringspot virus, Potato calico strain of tobacco ringspot virus) 84. Potato mop-top pomovirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, America: Bolivia, Canada, (PMTV); (= Potato mop-top (kentang, potato) tanaman Chile, Peru, USA furovirus, Potato mop-top virus) Asia: China: Taiwan, Israel, Vektor:Proto Japan, Pakistan zoa, Europe: Czech, Slovakia, Plasmodiop Denmark, Estonia, Finland, horaceae: Germany, Ireland, Spongospor Netherlands, Norway, a Sweden, UK subterranea 85. Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid I Solanum tuberosum biji, umbi Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, (PSTVd);(= Potato spindle (kentang, potato), Solanum (tuber), Argentina viroid, Spindle tuber viroid, lycopersicum (tomat, polen, America: Canada, Chile, Potato gothic virus, Tomato tomato), Persea americana tanaman Costa Rica, Peru, USA, bunchy top viroid) (alpokat, avocado) Venezuela Beta vulgaris var Vektor:Hem Asia: Afghanistan, China, 384

saccharifera (bit gula, iptera, India sugar beet) Aphididae: Europe: Belarus, Germany, Macrosiphu Poland, Russia (Southern m Russia), Ukraine euphorbiae, Oceania: Australia, New Myzus Zealand persicae 86. Potato T trichovirus (PVT);(= I Solanum tuberosum umbi, biji, America: Bolivia, Peru, Potato T capillovirus, Potato (kentang, potato) tanaman Uruguay virus T) S: Oxalis tuberosa, Ullucus tuberosus 87. Potato U I Solanum tuberosum umbi, biji America: Peru nepovirus(PVU);(=Potato virus (kentang, potato), Nicotiana U) tabacum (tembakau, Vektor:oryla tobacco), Beta vulgaris (bit, imidae, beetroot), Cucumis sativus Longidorida (mentimun, cucumber), e: Solanum lycopersicum Longidoruss (tomat, tomato) p. 88. Potato yellow dwarf virus I Solanum tuberosum (potato) umbi America: Canada, USA (PYDV);(=Potato yellow dwarf Mirabilis jalapa, Nicotiana (bulbs/ rhabdovirus, Potato yellow alata, Tagetes erecta, tubers/ dwarf nucleorhabdovirus) Zinnia elegans, Solanaceae, corms/ Solanum, Apocynoideae, rhizomes) Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Lamioideae, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana debneyi, Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana tabacum, Polygalaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Catharanthus roseus (Pink 385

periwinkle), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Mirabilis jalapa (marvel of Peru), Nicotiana alata (sweet-scented tobacco), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Zinnia elegans (zinnia), Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Erysimum cheiranthoides (Treacle mustard), Lepidium campestre (Field cress), Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress), Verbascum thapsus (Aaron's-rod) 89. Potato yellow dwarf virus I Solanum tuberosum umbi America: Canada, USA (PYDV);Nucleorhabdovirus; (potato) (tubers, (=Potato yellow dwarf Catharanthus roseus (Pink bulbs), nucleorhabdovirus; Potato periwinkle), Lycopersicon tunas, yellow dwarf rhabdovirus, esculentum (tomato), daun, akar, Yellow dwarf of potato) Mirabilis jalapa (marvel of batang, Peru), Nicotiana alata organ (sweet-scented tobacco), vegetatif, Tagetes erecta (African tanaman marigold), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) (Wild hosts): Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Erysimum 386

cheiranthoides (Treacle mustard), Lepidium campestre (Field cress), Lepidium virginicum (n peppercress), Verbascum thapsus (Aaron's-rod) 90. Potato yellow vein crinivirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, America: Colombia, Ecuador, (PYVV); (= Potato yellow vein (kentang, potato) tanaman Peru, Venezuela virus, Potato vein-yellowing disease, Potato yellow vein Vektor:Hem disease) iptera, Aleyrodidae: Trialeurodes vaporarioru m 91. Prunus necrotic ringspot I Prunus persica, Prunus biji, polen, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, ilarvirus (PNRSV);(= Rose line cerasus, Prunus persica, batang, Morocco, South Africa, pattern virus, European plum Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), tanaman Tunisia, line pattern virus, Hop B virus, Prunus domesticum (plam, America: Argentina, Brazil, Hop C virus, Peach ringspot plum), Prunus dulcis Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, virus, Plum line pattern virus, (almon, almond), Humulus, Uruguay, Prunus ringspot virus, Prunus Cucumis sativus (ketimun, Asia: Afghanistan, China, necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, Red cucumber) China, India, Iran, Israel, currant necrotic ringspot virus, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Rose chlorotic mottle virus, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Rose vein banding virus, Rose Europe: Albania, Austria, yellow vein mosaic virus, Sour Belgium, Bosnia and cherry necrotic ringspot virus) Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Moldova, 387

Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand 92. Radish enation mosaic virus I Brassica napus var. napus tanaman Africa: Morocco (RaMV);(=Radish mosaic virus, (rape), Brassica oleracea America: USA Radish mosaic comovirus) (cabbages, cauliflowers), Asia: India, Japan, Brassica rapa. oleifera Europe: Austria, Armenia, (turnip rape), Raphanus Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, sativus (lobak, radish) Georgia, Kazakhstan, Brassica napus var. Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, napobrassica (swede), Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Eruca vesicaria (purple-vein Turkmenistan, Ukraine, rocket) Uzbekistan, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, 93. Raspberry ringspot I Rubus spp. (raspberry), biji, pollen, Asia: Kazakhstan, Turkey, nepovirus(RpRSV);(= Fragaria vesca (arbei, tanaman Siberia Raspberry ringspot virus, strawberry), Prunus Europe: Albania, Belarus, Raspberry Scottish leaf curl cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Vitis Vektor: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech virus, Red currant ringspot vinifera (anggur, orylaimidae, Republic, Finland, France, virus, Red currant ringspot grapevine), Prunus cerrasus Longidorida Germany, Greece, Ireland, virus) (ceri, cherry), Prunus e: Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, domesticum (plam, plum), Longidorus Netherlands, Norway, Prunus americana (aprikot, elongatus, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, apricot), Prunus persica L. Switzerland, Turkey, United (persik, peach), Fragaria macrosoma Kingdom vesca (arbei, 388

strawberry)Ligustrum vulgare, Narsisus pseudonar cissus, Ribes, Weigela Daphne, Forsythia, Phlox, Cynara scolymus 94. Red clover vein mosaic virus I Medicago sativa (alfalva, tanaman America: USA, (RCVMV);(=Red clover vein lucerne), Trifolium pratense Europe: Germany, Lithuania, mosaic carlavirus, Clover (red) (purple clover) Netherlands, vein mosaic virus. Marmor Cicer arietinum (chickpea), trifolii, pea stunt virus) Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Trifolium repens (white clover) 95. Rice black-streaked dwarf I Avena sativa (oat, oats), biji, akar, America: Argentina fijivirus (RBSDV);(=Rice black Hordeum vulgare (barley), batang, Asia: China, Japan, Korea streak virus; Rice streak dwarf Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), daun, virus; Black streaked dwarf Triticum aestivum bunga, disease) (gandum, wheat), Zea buah mays (jagung, corn) Beckmannia syzigachne (american sloughgrass), Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Panicum miliaceum (millet), Phleum pratense (timothy), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Secale 389

cereale (rye), Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Triticum (wheat)

96. Rice dwarf I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman Asia: China, India, Japan, phytoreovirus(RDV); (= Rice Korea, Nepal, Philippines, mosaic virus, Rice dwarf virus, Vektor: Vietnam Rice stunt, Oryza virus 1) Hemiptera, Europe: Bulgaria Cicadellidae : Nephotettix cincticeps, N. nigropictus, Nephotettix spp., Recilia dorsalis 97. Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), tanaman America: Argentina, Belize, (RHBV); (= Echinochloa hoja Triticum aestivum Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, blanca virus, Rice hoja blanca (gandum, wheat), Avena Vektor: Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El virus) sativa (oat, oats ) Hemiptera, Salvador, Guatemala, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, barley), Secale cereale (rye) : Tagosodes Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, orizicolus Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela 98. Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV);(= I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman, Asia : Siberia, China, Japan, Rice stripe virus) Zea mays (jagung, corn), biji Korea Triticum aestivum (kontamina Europe: Russia (gandum, wheat), Avena n) sativa (oat, oats), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Vektor:Hem barley), Secale cereale (rye), pitera, 390

Panicum miliaceum Delphacidae (rumput-rumputan) : Laodelphax striatellus, Terthron albovittatum , Unkanodes sapporona, U. albifascia 99. Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman Africa: Burkina Faso, (RYMV);(= Rice yellow mottle Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, virus) Vektor: Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Coleoptera, Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, Chrysomeli Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, dae: Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sesselia Senegal, Sierra Leone, pusilla, Tanzania: Zanzibar, Chaetocnem Zimbabwe a spp., Dactylispa spp., Dicladisa viridicyanea , Trichispa sericea, Chrysomeli dae lain 100. Rice yellow stunt I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman Asia: China, Japan, Lao, nucleorhabdovirus Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, (RTYV);(=Rice yellow stunt Vektor:Hem virus, Rice transitory yellowing iptera, 391

virus, Rice transitory yellowing Cicadellidae rhabdovirus) : Nephotettix cincticeps, N. nigropictus, N. virescens 101. Rose wilt agent;(=Rose wilt I Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, Africa: South Africa disease, Rose leaf curl, Rose tanaman America: USA stunt, Rose dieback, Rose little Oceania: Australia, New leaf, Rose spring dwarf) Zealand 102. Satsuma dwarf I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) mata tunas, Asia: China, Iran, Japan, nepovirus(SDV);(= Citrus biji, Korea, Turkey mosaic virus, Natsudaidai tanaman dwarf virus, Navel orange infectious mottling virus, Citrus satsuma dwarf nepovirus, Citrus (navel orange) infectious mottling virus, Satsuma dwarf virus, Satsuma dwarf sadwavirus) 103. Southern bean mosaic virus I Phaseolus vulgaris bibit, daun, Africa: Benin, ivory coast, (SBMV);(= Southern bean (common bean), Vigna biji. Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, mosaic sobemovirus, Bean mungo (black gram), Vigna Senegal, Togo, southern mosaic virus, Southern unguiculata (cowpea) America: Costa Rica, bean mosaic virus 1, Bean Glycine max (soyabean) Nicaragua, Mexico, USA, mosaic virus 4, Marmor Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, laesiofaciens, Phaseolusvirus Asia: China, India, Pakistan, laedens) Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, France,

392

104. Strawberry crinkle rhabdovirus I Fragaria ananassa bunga, Africa: South Africa (SCrV);(=Strawberry crinkle Fragaria sp. (strawberry) buah, bibit America: Canada, Mexico, virus, Strawberry latent virus tanaman USA, Brazil, Chile A, Strawberry crinkle Asia: China, Israel, Japan, cytorhabdovirus, Kazakhstan, Korea Strawberry latent virus B, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Strawberry latent A, (mild Czech, France, Germany, form), Strawberry latent A, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, strawberry latent B, Serbia-Montenegro, Slovakia, Strawberry lesion A, UK, Scotland Strawberry lesion B, Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Strawberry vein chlorosis) Zealand 105. Strawberry latent C I Fragaria ananassa, suluran America: Canada, USA rhabdovirus Fragaria vesca (arbei, (stolon) Asia: Japan (STLCV);(=Strawberry latent C strawberry) virus) Fragaria sp. Vektor: Hemiptera, Aphididae: Chaetosipho n fragaefolii 106. Strawberry latent ringspot I Apium graveolens, biji, America: USA nepovirus(SLRSV); (= Aesculus Asparagus officinalis tanaman Asia: Turkey line pattern virus, Rhubarb (asparagus, asparagus), Europe: Belgium, Czech, virus 5, Strawberry latent ring Fragaria vesca (arbei, Vektor: Finland, France, Germany, spot virus, Strawberry latent strawberry), Lilium, Dorylaimida Hungary, Ireland, Italy, ringspot sadwavirus) Narsisus, Prunus , Luxembourg, Netherlands, americana (aprikot, Longidorida Poland, Portugal, Romania, apricot), Prunus avium, e: Spain, Switzerland, UK Prunus domesticum (plam, Xiphinema (England, Wales), Northern plum), Prunus persica diversicaud Ireland, Serbia, Slovenia, (persik, peach), Rheum atum, X. Croatia, Bosnia and hybridum, Ribes nigrum, coxi, Herzegovina, Montenegro, 393

R.rubrum, Rubus fruticosa, Paralongido Macedonia Trifolium repens, Vitis rus Oceania: Australia vinifera (anggur, maximus grapevine). Aesculus, Humulus lupulus, Pastinaca sativa 107. Strawberry mild yellow edge I Fragaria (strawberry), bunga, Africa: South Africa potexvirus Fragaria ananassa buah, bibit America: Canada, USA, (SMYEV);(=Strawberry mild (strawberry), Fragaria tanaman Brazil, Chile, Paraguay yellow edge disease; chiloensis (Chilean Asia: China, Israel, Japan Strawberry yellow edge; strawberry), Fragaria Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Strawberry mild yellow edge ovalis, Fragaria vesca (wild Czech, France, Germany, virus; Strawberry mild yellow strawberry), Fragaria na Hungary, Ireland, Italy, edge associated virus; (scarlet strawberry (UK)) Netherlands, Poland, Serbia- Strawberry xanthosis; Montenegro, Slovakia, strawberry virus 2) Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 108. Strawberry vein banding I Fragaria vesca (wild daun, bibit America: Canada, USA, caulimovirus strawberry), Fragaria tanaman Brazil, Chile (SVBV);(=Strawberry vein (strawberry), Fragaria Asia: China, Japan banding virus; Strawberry ananassa (strawberry) Europe: Czech, Denmark, virus 5) Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, UK Oceania: Australia 109. Sugarcane bacilliform I Saccharum officinarum tunas, America: Cuba, Morocco, USA badnavirus (SCBV);(= (tebu, sugarcane) batang, Sugarcane bacilliform virus) mata tunas

394

110. Sugarcane mild mosaic virus I Saccharum officinarum akar, Africa: South Africa, Malawi, (SCMMV) (tebu, sugarcane) batang, Madagascar, Mauritius, Chad, daun, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Zambia bunga, America: USA buah .

Vektor: Hemiptera, Pseudococci dae: Saccharicoc cus sacchari 111. Sugarcane yellow leaf I Saccharum officinarum batang, Africa: Morocco, Uganda, luteovirus (ScYLV);(= (tebu, sugarcane) suluran Senegal, Kenya, Zambia, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus) S.robustum, S. sinensis, (stolon), Malawi, Zimbabwe, South S.spontaneum tanaman Africa, Reunion, Mauritius America: USA, Mexico, Cuba, Vektor:Hem Dominica, Peru, Brazil, iptera, Colombia, Argentina, Hawai, Aphididae: Jamaica, Barbados, Melanaphis Guatemala, El Salvador sacchari, Asia: Iran, India, Thailand Rhopalosiph Oceania: Australia, Papua um maidis New Guinea 112. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV);(= I Cucumis sativus daun, akar, Africa: South Africa Tobacco necrosis necorvirus, (cucumber), Daucus carota umbi, Amerika: Canada, USA, Brazil Bean stipple steak virus, (carrot), Phaseolus vulgaris batang, Asia: China, India, Japan, Cucumber necrosis virus, Tulip (common bean), Solanum tanaman. Turkey necrosis virus, Chenopodium tuberosum (kentang, Europe: Belgium, Czech necrosis necrovirus potato), Tulipa (tulip) Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, cucumber systemic necrosis Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Finland, France, Germany, virus Cucurbita pepo (ornamental Hungary, Italy, Latvia, 395

Euonymus mosaic virus gourd), Cyamopsis Netherlands, Norway, strawberry necrotic rosette tetragonoloba (guar), Romania, Russian Federation, virus Euonymus europaeus, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, tulip Augusta disease virus) Fragaria ananassa United Kingdom, (strawberry), Lactuca sativa Oceania: Australia (lettuce), Lycopersicon (Queensland), New Zealand esculentum (tomato), Malus domestica (apple), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pisum sativum (pea), Prunus domestica (plum), Pyrus communis (European pear), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) 113. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV); I Beta vulgaris var. tunas, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, (=Aster ringspot virus, saccharifera (sugarbeet), daun, Tunisia Belladonna mosaic virus, Potato Capsicum annuum (bell batang, America: Cuba, Canada, stem mottle virus, Peony mosaic pepper), Freesia, Gladiolus bagian USA, Bolivia, Brazil virus, Peony ringspot virus, hybrids (sword lily), Iris vegetatif Asia: Bangladesh, China, Paeony mosaic virus, Paeony (irises), Lilium candidum tanaman. India, Israel, Japan, Korea ringspot virus, Potato corky (madonna lily), Nicotiana Republic of (South Korea), ringspot virus, Ratel virus, tabacum (tobacco), Secale Uzbekistan Tabakmauche virus, cereale (rye), Solanum Europe: Austria, Belarus, Tabakstreifenund Kra, Spinach tuberosum (potato), Tulipa Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech yellow mottle virus, Tobacco (tulip) Republic, Czech Republic and 396

rattle tobravirus, Tobacco rattle Allium cepa (onion), Allium Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, virus, Tulip white streak virus, sativum (garlic), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Oregon yellow virus, Spinach Alstroemeria (Inca lily), Bosnia and Herzegovina, yellow mottle, Fraxinus virus) Anemone (windflower), Montenegro, Macedonia, Brassica sp., Cyclamen, France, Germany, Greece, Cynara cardunculus L. var. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, scolymus (globe artichoke), Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Fraxinus (ashes), Hosta Moldova, Netherlands, spp., Lactuca sativa Norway, Poland, Russia, (lettuce), Lilium longiflorum Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Easter lily), Narcissus Oceania: Australia, New (daffodil), Peperomia, Zealand Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Phlox, Phlox paniculata (summer perennial phlox) (Wild hosts): Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Artemisia (wormwoods), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Capsella bursa- pastoris (shepherd's purse), Galium mollugo (Hedge bedstraw), Malva (mallow), Physalis (Groundcherry), Plantago (Plantain), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Rumex (Dock), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Sonchus (Sowthistle), Stellaria media (common 397

chickweed), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Viola arvensis (feld pansy) 114. Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV); I Vigna unguiculata (kacang buah, Africa: South Africa (=Asparagus stunt virus, tunggak, cowpea), bunga, America: Argentina, Brazil, Asparagusstunt virus, Black Nicotiana tabacum daun, Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA, raspberry latent ilarvirus, (tembakau, tobacco), tunas, akar, Venezuela Black raspberry latent virus, Solanum lycopersicum batang, biji Asia: China, India, Iran, Bean red node strain, Black (tomat, tomato), Capsicum Israel, Japan, Singapore raspberry latent strain, Datura annuum (cabai, hot pepper, Europe: Denmark, Serbia, quercina virus, New logan chilies, red pepper), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and virus, Nicotiana virus 8, Glycine max (kedelai, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nicotiana virus vulnerans, soybean), Fragaria, Macedonia, France, Strawberry necrotic shock Asparagus officinalis Netherlands, Norway, virus, Tractus orae, Tobacco (asparagus, asparagus), Scotland streak virus) Cynara scolymus, Oceania: Australia, New Gossypium herbaceum, Zealand Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lactuca sativa (letus, lettuce), Medicago sativa, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Vigna angularis, Pisum sativum, Rubus sp. (black raspberry), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium pratense Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw), Cichorium endivia, Cicer arietinum, Cucumis sativus 398

(mentimun, cucumber), Cyphomandra betacea, Dahlia, Eustoma grandiflorum, Gladiolus hybrids, Melilotus alba, raspberry, Rubus ursinus, Trigonella foenumgraecum 115. Tomato aspermy cucumovirus I Chrysanthemumspp. biji, America: Canada, USA (TAV);(= Chrysanthemum (krisan, chrysant), aster, tanaman Asia: China, India, Japan, aspermy virus, Capsicum annuum (cabai, Europe: Estonia, Belarus, Chrysanthemum mild mottle hot pepper, chilies, red Vektor: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, virus, Tomato aspermy pepper), Solanum Hemiptera, Moldova, Armenia, cucumovirus, Chrysanthemum lycopersicum (tomat, Aphididae: Azerbaijan, Georgia, mosaic virus, Cucumis virus tomato), Canna sp., Lilium Myzus Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, 1, Lycopersicon virus 7) sp., Mentha spicata, persicae Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Petunia hybrida, Zinnia Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, elegans Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Poland, Romania Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 116. Tomato black ring nepovirus I Allium cepa (onion), Allium biji, polong, America: Chile (TBRV); (Bean ringspot virus; porrum (leek), Apium akar, Asia: India, Japan, Turkey Beet ringspot virus; Lettuce graveolens (celery), Beta batang, Europe: Albania, Belarus, ringspot virus; Potato bouquet vulgaris var. saccharifera daun, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, virus; Potato pseudo-aucuba (sugarbeet), Brassica bunga, Czech Republic, Finland, virus, Tomato black ring virus) napus var. napobrassica buah France, Germany, Greece, (swede), Brassica rapa Hungary, Ireland, Moldova, subsp. rapa (turnip), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Capsicum (peppers), Romania, Russia, Serbia and Cucumis sativus Montenegro, Sweden, 399

(cucumber), Cynara Switzerland, UK, Scotland cardunculus L. var. scolymus (globe artichoke), Fragaria (strawberry), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Narcissus (daffodil), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Prunus persica (peach), Ribes (currants), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Forsythia intermedia (Golden bells), Syringa vulgaris (lilac) (Wild hosts): Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Herbaceous hosts, Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Sambucus nigra (elder) 117. Tomato ringspot nepovirus I Fragaria chiloensis biji, Africa: Egypt, Togo, Tunisia (ToRSV);(=Tomato ringspot (Chilean strawberry), Malus tanaman, America: Puerto Rico, virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, domestica (apple), akar, Canada, Mexico, USA, Blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic Nicotiana tabacum batang, Argentina, Chile, Peru, 400

virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, (tobacco), Pelargonium daun, Venezuela Tobacco ringspot virus 2, Peach (pelargoniums), Prunus bunga, Asia: China, Iran, Japan, stem pitting virus, Prune brown (stone fruit), Prunus buah Jordan, South Korea, Oman, line virus, Gravelins yellow vein armeniaca (apricot), Prunus Pakistan, Turkey virus, Red currant mosaic avium (sweet cherry), Europe: Belarus, Belgium, vurus, Winter peach mosaic Prunus cerasus (sour Bulgarium, Croatia, Czech, virus, Apple union necrotic cherry), Prunus domestica Denmark, Finland, France, nepovirus) (plum), Prunus persica Germany, Greece, Ireland, (peach), Prunus salicina Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, (Japanese plum), Ribes Norway, Portugal, Russia, (currants), Rubbus Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, (blackberry, Raspberry), Slovenia, Sweden, UK Rubbus idaeus (raspberry), Oceania: Australia, New Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Zealand

401

B. JENIS-JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA(KATEGORI A2)

I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acanthoscelides obtectus II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, biji Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi Say.;(=Acanthoscelides pigeon pea), Phaseolus Afrika: Angola,Burundi, irresectus Fåhraeus (beans), Phaseolus Congo DR, Egypt, Kenya, =Acanthoscelides tetricus lunatus(lima bean), Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Gyllenhal =Bruchidius Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, obsoletus=Bruchidius obtectus common bean) Reunion, Saint Helena, Say =Bruchus fabae Riley Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Senegal, Seychelles, South =Bruchus irresectus=Bruchus Glycine max (kedelai, Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, obsoletus (Say) =Bruchus soyabean), Lathyrus sativus Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe obtectus Say =Bruchus tetricus (grasspea), Phaseolus America:Argentina, Belize, Gyllenhal =Laria obtectus Say acutifolius (tepary bean), Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, =Larra irresectus=Mylabris Phaseolus coccineus (runner Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, obtectus Say); Coleoptera: bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Dominican Republic, Bruchidae; bean bruchid, Vicia faba (faba bean), Vigna Ecuador, El Savador, American seed beetle, bean unguiculata(kacang panjang, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, beetle, bean weevil, common cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, bean weevil, dried bean beetle, corn) Nicaragua, Panama, dried bean weevil Paraguay, Peru, USA, Venezuela Asia:Armenia, India,Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam Eropa: Albania, Austria, 402

Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 2. Aleurodicus dugesiiCockerell; II Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia buah, Indonesia: Jawa Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; giant longifolia, Acacia saligna, batang, America: USA, Mexico, Costa whitefly Acalypa hispida, Allamanda daun, Rica, El Salvador,Guatemala cathartica, Aralia, Bambusa, tanaman Asia: Pakistan Bauhinia galpinni, Begonia, Bishofia javanica, Bombax sp., Bougainvillea variegate, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Brachychiton spp., Buxus japonica,Calliandra sp., Canna sp., Capsicum frutescens (cabai rawit, chillies), Cinnamomum, Citrus, Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Codiaeum variegatum, Colacasia (Elephant ear, taro), Cyperus papyrus (papyrus), Dahlia pinnata, Erythrina 403

sp.,Eucalyptus spp., Eugenia uniflora, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Ficus spp., Heliconia sp., Hibiscus spp., Hoya sp., Jasmine sambac, Mandevilla, Morus alba (murbei, mulberry), Mucuna bennetti, Murraya paniculata (kemuning, mock orange), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Nandina domestica,Neomarica longifolia,Osteospermum sp., Passiflora sp., Pelargonium sp., Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phaseolus lunatus, Philodendron spp., Plumeria, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Ricinus communis (jarak kepyar, castor oil bean), Secium edule, Solanum sp. 3. Altha alastorTams.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang,dau Indonesia: Sulawesi Lepidoptera: Limacadidae; ulat coconut) dan Palmae n, bunga, siput/slug caterpillar, the lainnya, Bombax buah moth of borneo (Bombacaceae) 4. Amblypelta theobromaBrown; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, Indonesia: Papua Hemiptera: Coreidae; coconut coconut), Theobroma cacao daun, buah Oceania: Papua New Guinea bug (kakao, cocoa) 5. Atherigona soccataRond.; II Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, batang Indonesia: Maluku (=Atherigona indica =A. indica sorghum) Africa: Burkina Faso, Congo ssp. infuscata=A. varia var. Brachiaria reptans Democratic Republic, Egypt, 404

soccata); Diptera: Muscidae; (sprawling panicum), Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Sorghum shoot (stem) fly, Cymbopogon citratus (serai Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, great fly, millet stem fly, millet wangi, citronella grass), Nigeria, Réunion, South stem maggot Cymbopogon ceasius, Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Cynodon dactylon (bermuda Uganda, Zimbabwe. grass), Desmostachya Asia: Bangladesh, China, bipinnata (halfa grass), India, Iraq, Israel, Myanmar, Digitaria sanguinalis (large Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, crabgrass), Echinochloa Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, colona (junglerice), Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam. Echinochloa crus-galli Europe: Italy. (barnyard grass), Eleusine coracana (jaba, finger’s millet), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Eragrostis japonica (delicate lovegrass), Eriochloa procera (tropical cupgrass), Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass), Panicum antidotale (elbow grass), Panicum miliaceum (millet), Panicum repens (torpedo grass), Paspalum scrobiculatum (ricegrass paspalum), Pennisetum glaucum (bajra, pearl millet), Pennisetum (feather grass), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass), Setaria intermedia, Setaria pumila (yellow foxtail), Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtai), 405

Sorghum arundinaceum, Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass), Sorghum propinquum, Sorghum purpureosericeum, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Urochloa brizantha (palisadegrass), Urochloa distachya, Zea mays (jagung, corn), Brachiaria brizantha, Oryza sativa (padi, paddy ) 6. Bactrocera bryoniaeTryon; II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, Indonesia:Bali, Kalimantan, (=Chaetodacus bryoniae); mango), Passiflora media Papua, Maluku Utara. Diptera: Tephritidae; fruit fly quadrangularis (markisa, tanam, Oceania: Australia, French granadilla, passion-fruit), tanah Polynesia, New Caledonia. Bryonopsis affinis, Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Capsicum frutescens (cabai rawit, chilies) 7. Bactrocera musaeTryon.; II Musa spp. (pisang, banana), buah, Indonesia: Kalimantan, (=Chaetodacus musae =C. Carica papaya (pepaya, media Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua, tryoni var. musae =Dacus pawpaw, papaya), Psidium tanam, Jawa (Barat) musae=Strumeta musae); guajava (jambu biji (seed), tanah Asia: Philippines. Diptera: Tephritidae; banana guava) Oceania: Australia, Papua fruit fly New Guinea, Bismarck, Solomon Islands. 8. Bactrocera occipitalis Bezzi; II Averrhoa carambola buah Indonesia:Bali, Kepulauan (=Dacus occipitalis = Dacus (belimbing, carambola, star Riau, Kalimantan (Barat, dorsalis var. occipitalis fruit), Citrus reticulata (jeruk Tengah, Timur, Selatan), =Chaetodacus occipitalis Bezzi mandarin, mandarin, Maluku Utara, NTB, Sulawesi = Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. tangerine, mandarin orange), (Barat, Tenggara, Selatan) 406

occipitalis Bezzi =Strumeta Mangifera indica (mangga, Asia: Brunei Darussalam, pedestris var. occipitalis); mango), Achras (=Manilkara) Malaysia, Philippines. Diptera: Tephritidae zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Spondias purpurea (plum, red mombin) 9. Bemisia argentifoliiGennadius; II Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, batang, Indonesia: Jawa (=B.tabaci- biotype); cotton), daun, Africa:Egypt, Mauritius, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, buah, South Africa, Tunisia. silverleaf white fly, sweet tomato), Fabaceae, bunga America: Antigua and potato white fly B-biotype, Brassicaceae, Carica papaya Barbuda, Belize, Brazil, (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Canada, Colombia, Costa Capsicum annuum (cabai Rica, Cuba, Dominican besar, paprika, bell-pepper, Republic, Grenada, hot pepper, chilies), Guadeloupe, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Guatemala,Honduras, Lactuca sativa (salada, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, lettuce), Nicotiana tabacum Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto (tembakau, tobacco), Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Solanum melongena (terung, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, aubergine, eggplant) Hawaii, Venezuela. Brassicaceae, Fagaceae, Asia: China, Taiwan, Iran, Geraniaceae, Lauraceae, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Republic of (South Korea), Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Turkey, Yemen. Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Acer, Europe: Austria, Cyprus, Amaranthus, Mentha, France, Italy, Netherlands, Bombacaceae. Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Canary Islands, UK Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, 407

Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands. 10. Chaetanaphothrips II Anthurium andreanum, batang, Indonesia: Jawa orchidiiMoulton; Alternanthera(joyweed), daun, Africa: Mauritius, Sao Tome (=Anaphothrips orchidii Bougainvillea, bunga, and Principe. =Euthrips orchidii =Physothrips Chrysanthemum(daisy), tanah America:Argentina, Brazil, orchidii =Taeniothrips orchidii); Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Petroselinum Dominican Republic, anthurium thrips, orchid crispum(peterseli, parsley), Ecuador, Grenada, thrips Zea mays (jagung, corn) Guadeloupe, Honduras, Acer palmatum, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Adiantum(japanese maple), Saint Lucia, Suriname, Adiantum (maidenhair Trinidad and Tobago, USA, ferns), Allium (onions, garlic, Hawaii. leek, etc), Amaranthus(grain Asia: China, Taiwan, India, amaranth), Begonia, Citrus Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri reticulataxparadisi (tangelo), Lanka. Citrus sinensis (navel Europe: Italy, Poland orange), Citrus x paradisi Oceania: Australia, Tonga. (jeruk bali, pommel, grapefruit), Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Coix lacryma-jobi (jail, Job’s tears), Cryptotaenia canadensis, Euphorbia(spurges), Epiphyllum, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Iresine(blood-leaf), Litchi sinensis (leci, lychee), 408

Lycopersicon, Passiflora(passion flower), Paspalum conjugatum(sour paspalum), Piper(pepper), Pisonia, Orchid, ornamental plants 11. Chrysomphalus aonidum L; II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi, (=Aonidiella ficorum Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), daun, buah Sumatera. =Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus Africa: Algeria, Burundi, aonidum=A.(Chrysomphalus) maxima (pummelo), Citrus Comoros, Egypt, Ethiopia, ficus =A.aonidum =A. ficorum sinensis (navel orange), Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, =Aspidiotus ficus =Coccus Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit) Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, aonidum); Hemiptera: Asparagus officinalis Mozambique, Nigeria, Diaspididae; red scale, (asparaga, asparagus), Réunion, Senegal, Seychelles, Sircular black scale Carica papaya (pepaya, South Africa, Sudan, pawpaw, papaya), Camelia Tanzania,Tunisia, Uganda, sinensis (teh, tea), Zambia, Zimbabwe. Cinnamomum America: Argentina, verum(cinnamon), Cocos Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Cayman Islands, Chile, Dracaena, Dracaena reflexa, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, Dominica, Dominican cotton), Republic, El Salvador, French Lauraceae,Palmaceae, Malus Guiana, Guadeloupe, domestica (apel, apple), Guatemala, Guyana,Haiti, Mangifera indica (mangga, Honduras, Jamaica, mango), Musa spp. (pisang, Martinique, Mexico, banana), Musa x paradisiaca Montserrat, Panama, (plantain), Phoenix Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint dactylifera (kurma, date- Lucia, Saint Vincent and the palm), Pinus merkusii (pinus, Grenadines, Suriname, pinetree), Pinus (pines) Trinidad and Tobago, USA, 409

United States Virgin Islands, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR (North Korea), Korea Republic of (South Korea), Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan,Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Serbia, Slovenia Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu.

410

12. Chrysomphalus II Albizia julibrissin (silk tree), batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Papua, dictyospermiMorgan; Areca, Areca catechu daun, buah Sumatera (=Aspidiotus (Chrysom phalus) (pinang, betelnut-pam), US Minor Outlying Islands: dictyospermi=A. agrumicula Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Johnston Island. =A. arecae =A. dictyospermi Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, =A. dictyospermi v. arecae =A. Citrus aurantium (sour Cameroon, Cape Verde, dictyospermi v. jamaicensis =A. orange), Citus maxima Comoros, Congo, DR jamaicensis (=Amangiferae (pummelo), Citrus sinensis Congo,Ivory Coast, Egypt, =Chrysomphalus arecae (navel orange), Citrus unshiu Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, =C.castigatus =C. (satsuma), Citrus x paradisi Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, dictyospermatis =C. (grapefruit), Cocos nucifera Mozambique, Mali, Mauritius, jamaicensis =C. mangiferae =C. (kelapa, coconut), Dracaena, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, minor); Hemiptera: Olea (olive), Olea europaea Réunion, Senegal, Seychelles, Diaspididae; dictyospermum subsp. europaea (zaitun, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South scale olive),Howea, Palmaceae Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, lainnya, Solanaceae, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Mangifera indica (mangga, Zambia, Zimbabwe. mango), Manihot, Musa America: Argentina, (pisang, banana), Musa x Bahamas, Barbados, paradisiaca (pisang kepok, Bermuda, Brazil, Bolivia, plantain), Persea americana Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, (avokad, avocado), Plumeria, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Rosa(roses), Plumeria savador, Ecuador, Grenada, (frangipani), Solanum Guadeloupe, Guatemala, melongena (terung, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, aubergine, eggplant), Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Syzygium malaccense Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, (jambu bol, malay-apple), Saint Lucia, Suriname, Taxus baccata(english yew), Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Zingiber officinale (jahe, Hawaii, South Carolina, ginger) Uruguay, United States Virgin Acacia (wattles), Acer Islands, Venezuela. 411

palmatum (Japanese maple), Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, Agave, Aloe (grey alder), Cambodia, China, Georgia Annona, Araucaria (Republic), India, Iran, Iraq, angustifolia (Paraná pine), Israel, Japan, Korea Republic Artocarpus (breadfruit trees), of (South Korea),Laos, Asparagus, Bambusa Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, vulgaris (common bamboo), Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Buxus (box), Cactaceae Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, (cacti), Camellia, Carica Thailand, Turkey, papaya (pepaya, papaw), Turkmenistan, Vietnam. Ceratonia siliqua (locust Europe:Albania, Bulgaria, bean), Cinnamomum, Belarus, Bosnia and Colocasia, Crataegus Herzegovina, Czech Republic, (hawthorns), Cupressus Croatia,Estonia,France,Georgi macrocarpa (monterey a, Germany, Greece, Italy, cypress), Cycas, Cymbidium, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Cypripedium, Dendrobium, Poland, Malta,Moldova, Dictyosperma, Diospyros Montenegro, Macedonia, (malabar ebony), Elaeis Kazakhstan, Kosovo, guineensis (African oil palm), Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Erythrina variegata (Indian Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Russia, coral tree), Eucalyptus Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, (Eucalyptus tree), Eugenia, Spain, Slovakia Republic, UK, Euphorbia regis-jubae, Ficus, Oceania: American Samoa, Fraxinus (ashes), Grevillea, Australia, Federated states of Hedera (Ivy), Hibiscus Micronesia, Cook Islands, Fiji, syriacus (shrubby althaea), French Polynesia, Guam, Howea forsteriana (paradise Kiribati, Marshall Islands, palm), Latania, Laurus New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk (laurel), Ligustrum (rivet), Island, Northern Mariana Macadamia tetraphylla Islands, Palau, Papua New (rough-shell macadamia Guinea, Samoa, Solomon 412

nut), Malus (ornamental Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu. species apple), Monstera deliciosa (ceriman), Morus (mulberrytree), Myristica (nutmeg), Nerium oleander (oleander), Phoenix (date palm), Phormium, Pinus (pines), Pistacia, Pittosporum, Platanus (planes), Populus (poplars), Prunus (stone fruit), Psidium guajava (guava), Punica, Pyrus (pears), Quercus (oaks), Rhamnus (Buckthorn), Roystonea, Ruscus, Rute (rue), Salix (willows), Sida, Sophora, Spondias (purple mombin), Strelitzia, Tamarindus, Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Vanilla planifolia (vanilla), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Xanthosoma (cocoyam), Yucca 13. Contarinia sorghicolaCoquillet; II Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, bunga Indonesia: Jawa (=Contarinia sorghicola =C. sorghum) Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, saltata =C. andropogonis =C. Sorghum arundinaceum, Burundi, Cameroon, Central palposa=Diplosis sorghicola Sorghum dochna, Sorghum African Republic, Chad, DR =Allocontarinia sorghicola); halepense (Johnson grass), Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae; ganjur Sorghum sudanense (sudan Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, 413

(sorgum)/Sorghum midge grass), rerumputan (Triodia Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, flava, Setaria qlauce, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Andropogon gayanus) Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Trinidad and Tobago, USA, United States Virgin Islands, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yemen Europe: France, Italy, Russia. Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea. 14. Coptotermes gestroiWasmann; II Pinus, Albizia, Hevea, other batang, Indonesia: Jawa Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae; wood kayu Africa: Madagascar, Asian subterranean termite Mauritius, Reunion 414

America: Antigua, Barbados, Brazil, CaymanIslands, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, USA, US Virgin Islands Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Europe: Italy Oceania: French Polynesia 15. Darna bradleyiHolloway; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa batang, Indonesia: Sumatera (=Ploneta bradleyi); sawit, oilpalm) daun Lepidoptera: Limacodidae; ulat api/fire worm 16. Darna catenatus Snellen; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, daun Indonesia: Sulawesi, Papua (=Orthocraspeda catenata coconut), Elaeis guineensis (Snellen)=Orthocraspeda (kelapa sawit, oil palm), catenatus); Lepidoptera: Metroxylon sagu (palem Limacodidae. sagu, sago palm) 17. Dihammus rusticatorF.; II Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, batang, Indonesia: Sumatera (=Dihammus fistulator arabica coffee), Coffea spp. daun, akar =Monochamus fistulator = (kopi, coffee), Jatropha sp. Acalolepta fistulator = (jarak iri, Barbados nut A.rusticator); Coleoptera: tree), Manihot esculenta (ubi Cerambycidae; penggerek kayu, cassava), Ricinus batang / stem borer communis (jarak kepyar, castor oil bean), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine, eggplant)

415

18. Dorysthenes buquetiGuerin- II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, Indonesia: Jawa Meneville; (=Lophosternus sugarcane), Bambusa daun Asia : India, Laos, Malaysia, buqueti); Coleoptera: vulgaris (common bamboo), Myanmar, Thailand. Cerambycidae; longhorn beetle Spondias pinnata (kedondong, otaheitte apple), Leucaena glauca (lamtoro gung, horse tamarind) Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava) 19. Dysmicoccus brevipes II Ananas comusus (Nanas, buah, Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera Cockerell; Hemiptera: pineapple), batang, Africa: Angola, Benin,Burkina Pseudococcidae; pineapple Anacardium occidentale daun, Faso, Burundi, mealybug (kacang mete, cashew nut), tanaman Cameroon,Chad, Congo, Annona muricata (sirsak, Egypt, Ghana,Guinea,Ivory soursop), Annona reticulata Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, (bullock’s heart),Annona Malawi, Mali,Mauritius, squamosa (srikaya, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, sweetsop), Apium graveolens Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome (seledri, celery), Arachis and Principe, Senegal, hypogaea (kacang tanah, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, peanut), Brassica rapa Somalia,South Africa, Sudan, subsp. chinensis (Chinese Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, cabbage), Canna indica Zambia (canna lilly), Capsicum America:Antigua and (peppers), Casuarina Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, equisetifolia (casuarina), Brazil, Bahamas, Barbados, Citrus, Cocos nucifera Belize,Bermuda, Bolivia, (kelapa, coconut), Coffea Brazil, Cayman Island, arabica (kopi, arabica Central America & Caribbean, coffee), Colocasia esculenta Colombia, Chile, Costa Rica, (talas, taro), Cucumis sativus Cuba, Dominica, Dominican (ketimun, cucumber), Republic, Ecuador,El 416

Cucurbita (labu, pumpkin), Salvador, French Daucus carota (wortel, Guiana,Guyana, Grenada, carrot), Elaeis guineensis Guadeloupe, Guatemala, (kelapa sawit, oil palm), Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Ficus, Gossypium (kapas, Panama, Puerto Rico, cotton), Hibiscus Paraguay, Peru, Mexico, (rosemallows), Ipomoea Martinique, Montserrat, batatas (ubi jalar, sweet Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and potato), Malus domestica Nevis, Saint Lucia, Suriname, (apel, apple), Mangifera Trinidad and Tobago, indica (mangga, mango), Venezuela, Uruguay, USA, Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, United States Virgin Islands cassava), Medicago sativa Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei (alfalfa, lucerne), Musa Darussalam, Cambodia, (pisang, banana), Persea China, Taiwan, India, Iran, americana (avokad, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, avocado), Phoenix dactylifera Philippines, Singapore, Sri (kurma, date-palm), Piper Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, betle (betel pepper), Poaceae Vietnam (grasses), Psidium guajava Europe: Italy, Portugal, Spain (jambu biji, guava), Oceania: American Samoa, Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, sugarcane), Solanum French Polynesia, Federated tuberosum (kentang, potato), states of Micronesia, Guam, Sorghum halepense Kiribati, Marshall Island, New (Johnson grass), Theobroma Caledonia, Niue, Northern cacao (coklat, cocoa), Mariana Islands, Palau, Trifolium pratense (purple Papua New Guinea, Samoa, clover), Trifolium repens Solomon Islands, Tokelau, (white clover), Zea mays Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, (jagung, corn), Zingiber Wallis and Futuna Islands officinale (jahe, ginger) 417

Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily), Rhapis excelsa 20. Dysmicoccus II Acacia (wattles), Achras(= buah, Indonesia Jawa neobrevipesBeardsley; Manilkara) zapota (sawo, batang, America:Jamaica, Mexico, Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae; sapodilla), Agave sisalana, daun, USA gray pineapple mealybug Aglaonema, Alpinia, tanaman Asia: Fiji, Malaysia, Anagallis arvensis (scarlet Philippines,Taiwan, Thailand pimpernel), Ananas comosus Eropa: Italy (naenas, pineapple), Annona, Oceania:Micronesia Arachis, Artocarpus (breadfruit), Barringtonia, Cajanus, Citrus, Clerodendrum (Fragrant clerodendron), Coccoloba (sea grape), Codiaeum (ornamental croton), Coffea (coffee), Cresentia alata,Cucurbita maxima(waluh, labu parang, pumpkin), Garcinia mangostana (manggis, mangosteen), Gossypium (cotton), Guettarda, Heliconia, Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Musa (pisang, banana), Opuntia (Pricklypear), Pandanus (screw-pine), Phaseolus (beans), Philodendron, Pipturus argentea,Piscidia 418

piscipula, Polianthes, Punica, Samanea, Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine, eggplant), Tectona, Theobroma, Thespesia, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Wrightia arborea (lanete), Yucca 21. Heterobostrychus aequalis II Camelia sinensis, Ceiba batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Bali Waterhouse;Coleoptera; pentandra, Forest trees kayu Africa: South Africa, Bostrichidae Madagascar powder post beetle Asia: India, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Europe: Germany Oceania: Papua New Guinea 22. Hexamitodera II Syzygium aromaticum batang Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi, semivelutinaHeller.; (cengkeh, clove) Maluku, Sumatera Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Syzygium spp., Eugenia Asia: Brunei Darussalam. penggerek batang spp., Psidium guajava (cengkeh)/stem borer (jambu biji, guava) dan Myrtaceae lainnya 23. Icerya purchasiMaskell.; II Acacia(wattles), Acacia batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Kalimantan, (=Pericerya purchasi); confusa, daun Sulawesi, Sumatera, Papua. Hemiptera: Margarodidae; Acalypha(copperleaf), Albizia Africa: Algeria, Angola, Cape cottony cushion scale julibrissin (silk tree), Verde, DR Congo, Congo, Casuarina equisetifolia Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, (casuarina),Citrus, Cytisus Madagascar, Malawi, (broom), Glycine soja Mauritius, Morocco, (kedelai, Mozambique, Saint Helena, soybean),Indigofera(indigo), Sao Tome and Principe, Mangifera indica (mangga, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, 419

mango), Morus alba (murbei, South Africa, Sudan, mulberry), Psophocarpus Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, tetragonolobus (kecipir, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. winged bean), Psidium America: Antigua and guajava (jambu biji, guava), Barbuda, Argentina, Pittosporum, Rosa, Ulex Bahamas, Barbados, europaeus(gorse)Acacia Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, dealbata (acacia bernier), Cayman Islands, Chile, Albizia procera (white siris), Colombia, Cuba, Curaçao, Baccharis, Begonia, Buxus Dominica, Dominican sempervirens(common Republic, Ecuador, El boxwood), Caesalpinia(divi- Salvador, Guadeloupe, divi), Cajanus cajan (kacang Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, gude, pigeon pea), Camellia, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Cassia(sennas), Casuarina, Montserrat, Paraguay, Peru, Choisya, Choisya ternata Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and (mexican orange blossom), Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad Crotalaria, Desmodium(tick and Tobago, USA, Uruguay, clovers), Elaeagnus, Venezuela. Euphorbia(spurges), Asia: Bangladesh, China, Fragaria(strawberry), Christmas Island (Indian Fuchsia, Hebe, Hedera helix Ocean), Cocos Islands, (ivy), Hydrangea Georgia (Republic), India, (Hydrangeas), Impatiens Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, (balsam), Jasminum Jordan, Korea DPR (North (jasmine), Juncus(rushes), Korea), Republic of Korea Lantana camara (lantana), (South Korea), Lebanon, Laurus nobilis(Sweet bay), Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Maranta bicolor, Macadamia Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri integrifolia(macadamia nut), Lanka, Syria, Thailand, Malpighia Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam, punicifolia,Malpighia glabra Yemen. 420

(acerola),Medicago Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, sativa(alfalfa, lucerne), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mimosa(sensitive plants), Cyprus, Croatia,France, Morus nigra (murbei, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, blackmulberry), Nandina Italy, Malta, Montenegro, domestica(heavenly bamboo), Macedonia, Portugal, Pelargonium(pelargoniums), Romania, Russia, Spain, Pittosporum, Pittosporum Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, tobira (japanese United Kingdom. pittosporum)Plumbago, Oceania: Australia, Federated Plumbago zeylanica, Prunus States of Micronesia (Caroline (stone fruit), Punica Islands), Fiji, French granatum (delima, Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, pomegranate), Pyracantha Marshall Islands, New coccinea (scarletfirethorn), Caledonia, New Zealand, Quercus (oaks), Ricinus Norfolk Island, Northern communis (jarak Mariana Islands, Palau, kepyar,castor oil bean), Rosa Papua New Guinea, Solomon (roses), Schinus(pepper tree), Islands, Tonga, US Minor Senecio (groundsel),Spartium Outlying Islands junceum(spanish broom), Spirarea, Syringa (lilac), Ros marinus officinalis (rosemary),Virgilia capensis(snowdrop tree) 24. Laodelphax striatella Fall.; II Avena sativa (oats), batang, Indonesia: Sumatera (=Laodelphax striatellus Hordeum vulgare (barli, daun Africa: Algeria, Morocco, =Calligypona marginata =C. barley), Oryza sativa (padi, Tunisia striatella =Delphacodes paddy), Saccharum Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia striatella =Delphax notula =D. officinarum (tebu, (Republic of), India, Iran, striata =D. striatella =Liburnia sugarcane), serealia lainnya Israel, Japan, Korea DPR akashiensis =L. devastans =L. (other cerealia), Triticum (North Korea), Republic of 421

gifuensis =L. haupti =L. (wheat), Triticum aestivum Korea (South Korea), maikoensis =L. marginata =L. (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Philippines, minonensis =L. nipponica =L. (jagung, corn), Taiwan,Tajikistan, Thailand, striatella); Hemiptera: Dactylis glomerata Turkmenistan, Vietnam Delphacidae; smaller brown (orchardgrass), Digitaria Europe: Austria, Belgium, planthopper ciliaris (southern crabgrass), Bulgaria, Bosnia and Echinochloa Herzegovina, Czech, Croatia, (barnyardgrass), Lolium Denmark, Finland, France, (ryegrasses), Poa annua Germany, Hungary, Ireland, (annual meadowgrass), Italy, Sardinia, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Swedia, Switzerland, Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania:Federated states ofMicronesia,Northern Mariana Islands 25. Liriomyza chinensisKato; II Allium cepa (bawang bombai, batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi Diptera: Agromyzidae; onion) daun Asia: Japan, Malaysia, China, pengorok daun/onion leaves Singapore. miner Europe: France, Germany 26. Liriomyza trifoliiBurgess; II Abelmoschus esculentus batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera (=Agromyza phaseolunata (okra, lady’s finger), daun Africa: Benin, Ivory Coast, =Liriomyza alliovora =L. Ageratum, Allium spp Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, phaseolunata =Oscinis trifolii); (onions, garlic, leek,etc) Kenya, Madagascar, Diptera: Agromyzidae; Allium sativum (bawang Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, penggorok daun (leaves), putih, garlic), Arachys Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, serpentine leaf miner, hypogaea (kacang tanah, South Africa, Sudan, American serpentine leaf peanut), Aster, Beta vulgaris Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, miner, chrysanthemum leaf var. saccharifera (bit gula, Zimbabwe. 422

miner sugarbeet), America: Argentina, Bidens(burmarigold), Bahamas, Barbados, Brassica rapa cultivar group Bermuda, Brazil, British Mizuna, Brassicarapa subsp. Virgin Islands, Canada, Chile, chinensis (pak-choi, Chinese Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, cabbage), Chrysanthemum Dominican Republic, spp, Chrysanthemum Ecuador, French Guiana, morifolium (chrysanthemum Guadeloupe, Guatemala, (florists), Capsicum annuum Guyana, Martinique, Mexico, (cabai besar, paprika, bell- Netherlands Antilles, Peru, pepper, hot pepper, chilies), Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Callistephus, Cucumis melo Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, (melon, melon), Cucumis USA, United State Virgin sativus (mentimun, Island, Hawaii, Venezuela. cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Asia: China, India, Israel, (labu kuning, zucchini), Japan, Jordan, Republic of Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Korea (South Korea), Dahlia, Dendranthema, Lebanon, Oman, Philippines, Dianthus, Gaillardia, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Gerbera(barbeton daisy), Turkey, United Arab Glycine max (kedelai, Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen. soyabean), Europe: Austria, Belgium, Gossypium(cotton), Bosnia and Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, Herzegovina,Croatia, Cyprus, cotton), Gypsophila(baby’s Czech Republic, Finland, breath), France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Helianthus(sunflower), Montenegro, Macedonia, Nasturtium officinale (selada Netherlands, Portugal, air, watercress), Lactuca Romania, Russia, Slovakia, sativa (lettuce), Lathyrus Slovenia, Spain, (Vetchling), Switzerland,Serbia. Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, Oceania: American Samoa, 423

tomato), Medicago Australia, Federated states of sativa(alfalfa, lucerne), Micronesia, Guam, Northern Phaseolus spp. Phaseolus Mariana Islands, Samoa, (beans),Phaseolus lunatus Tonga. (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum(pea), Polyphagous (polyphagous), Salvia(sage), Senecio(grounsel), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Spinacia oleracea(spinach), Tagetes(marigold), Tropaeolum, Trifolium(cengkeh, clovers),Trifolium repens(white clover), Vicia (vetch), Vigna unguiculata(kacang panjang, cowpea), ZinniaAllium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Allium schoenoprasum (chives), Alstroemeria (inca lily), Ambrosia (ragweed), Antirrhinum (snapdragon), Apium graveolens var. dulce (bleached celery), Arachis, Artemisia (wormwoods), 424

Avena sativa (oats), Baccharis, Basella, Bellis,Cassia (sennas), Centaurea (knapweed),Carthamus, Cestrum (jessamine), Chenopodium (goosefoot), Chrysanthemum indicum (chrysanthemum), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Crataegus (hawthorns), Crotalaria, Cucurbita maxima (labu, giant pumpkin), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Erigeron(fleabane), Eupatorium, Gazania, Gladiolus hybrids(sword lily), Glycine, Hordeum(barleys), Ipomoea (morning glory), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Linaria(toadflax),Luffa acutangula (angled luffa),Luffa aegyptiaca (loofah), Macrotyloma, Malva (mallow), Medicago, Macrotyloma, Melilotus (melilots), Mollucella, Ocimum, Primula(primrose), Phlox, Physalis 425

(groundcherry), Ricinus, Ricinuscommunis (castor bean), Sonchus (sowthistle), Taraxacum (dandelion), Tithonia, Tragopogon (goat’s- beard), Tribulus (caltrop), Trigonella, Typha (reedmace), Verbena (vervain), Xanthium (cocklebur) 27. Paraeucosmetus II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), batang, Indonesia:Maluku (Buru), pallicornisDallas (=Gyndes Graminae jerami, Maluku Utara, Sulawesi, pallicornis =Pachybrachius bulir Kalimantan, NTT pallicornis); Hemiptera: Asia: Malaysia, Philippines Rhyparochromidae (sumber: multidisplinary microbial ecology). 28. Paraleyrodes mineiLaccarino; II Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus bagian Indonesia: Jawa Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; aurantium, Citrus limon, tanaman Asia: China, Iran, Israel, nesting whitefly Citrus paradisi, Citrus Lebanon, Syria reticulata, Persea americana, America:Belize, Bemuda, Cocos nucifera (kelapa) Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA Eropa: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey 29. Pectinophora gossypiella II Abelmoschus moschatus buah, biji, Indonesia: Jawa, Nusa (Saund).; (=Depressaria (okra, lady’s finger), Abutilon tanah Tenggara Barat, Nusa gossypiella =Ephestia spp. (Indian mallow), Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi gossypiella Abutilon indicum (country Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, =Gelechiagossypiella mallow), Gossypium, Burkina Faso, Burundi, 426

=Gelechiella gossypiella Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, Cameroon, Central African =Platyedra gossypiella); cotton), Hibiscus spp. Republic, Chad, DR Congo, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae; pink (rosemallows), Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, bollworm, pink cotton Hibiscuscannabinus (kenaf), Ghana, Kenya, Libya, bollworm Hibiscussabdariffa (jamaica Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, sorrel), Malvaceae, Medicago Mauritius, Morocco, sativa(alfalfa, lucerne) Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Althaea (hollyhocks), Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Gossypium arboreum (cotton, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, tree), Gossypium herbaceum Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, (short staple cotton), Uganda, Zimbabwe. America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, United State Virgin Island, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR (North Korea), 427

Republic of Korea (South Korea), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Cyprus, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Malta,Montenegro,Romania, Russia, Spain, Serbia, Slovenia Oceania: Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Pacific Islands (US), Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Vanuatu. 30. Phenacoccus manihotiMatile- II Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, batang, Indonesia: Jawa Ferraro; Hemiptera: cassava) daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Pseudococcidae; cassava Boerhavia diffusa (red bunga Cameroon, Central African, mealybug spiderling), Capsicum spp. DR Congo,Congo, Ivory Coast, Citrus, Cyperus (flatsedge), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Euphorbia pulcheririma Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- (pointsettia), Glycine max Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, (kedelai, soyabean), Ipomoea Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, batatas (sweet potato), Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Manihot glaziovii (ceara Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, rubber), Sida acuta (sida), Sierra Leone, South Africa, Solanum (nightshade), Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, 428

Solanum lycopersicum Uganda,Zanzibar, Zambia, (tomat, tomato) Zimbabwe America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay Asia: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam 31. Phenacoccus solenopsis; II Abelmoschus esculentus buah, Indonesia Jawa Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae; (okra, lady’s finger), Carica batang, Afrika: Benin, Cameroon, cotton mealybug papaya (pepaya, papaw) daun, Egypt, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Abutilon indicum (country tanaman Reunion, Senegal mallow), Abutilon muticum, America:Argentina, Belize, Acacia leucophloea (white- Brazil, Canada, Caribbean, barked acacia), Acacia Cayman Island, Chile, modesta, Acalypha Colombia, Cuba, Dominican wilkesiana, Achillea (milfoil), Republic, Ecuador, Achyranthes aspera (devil’s Guadeloupe, Guatemala, horsewhip), Aerva javanica, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Ageratum conyzoides (billy Nicaragua, Panama, USA goat weed), Albizia lebbeck Asia: Cambodia, China, India, (indian siris), Althaea Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Sri (hollyhocks), Amaranthus Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, flavus, Amaranthus virisis Turkey, Vietnam (slender amaranth), Europe:Cyprus, Netherlands Ambrosia (ragweed), Oceania: Australia, New Ambrosia artemisiifolia Caledonia (common ragweed), Ambrosia confertifolia, Ambrosia dumosa, Ambrosia psilostachya (parennial ragweed), Ambrosia tenuifolia, Anagallis arvensis 429

(scarlet pimpernel), Aphelandra squarrosa (zebra plant), Artemisia annua, Asclepias (silkweed), Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern), Atriplex canescens (Fourwing saltbush), Azadirachta indica (neem tree), Bassia indica, Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia), Bidens pilosa (blackjack), Blumea lacera, Boerhavia repens, Bombax ceiba (silk cotton tree), Bougainvillea glabra, Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry), Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold), Calotropis procera (apple of sodom), Capparis decidua, Capsicum frutescens (cabai rawit, chilies), Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum), Celosia argentea (celosia), Centaurea cyanus (cornflower), Cestrum diurnum, Cestrum nocturnum (night scented cestrum), Cevallia sinuata, Chenopodium album (fat hen), Chenopodium murale (nettleleaf goosefoot), Chrysanthemum morifolium 430

(chrysanthemum (florists), Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Cichorium intybus (chicory), Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Citrus aurantium (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Cleome viscosa (yellow mesambay), Clerodendrum inerme, Coleus blumei (common coleus), Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed), Convolvulus prostratus, Conyza bonariensis (hairy fleabane), Conyza canadensis (Canadian fleabane), Corchorus antichorus, Corchorus trilocularis, Cressa cretica, Croton sparciflorum, Cucumis tetragona, Cucurbita (pumpkin), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Cuscuta reflexa (dodder), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge), Dalbergia sissoo, Datura metel (Hindu 431

datura), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Digera muricata Duranta erecta (Pigeonberry), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower), Encelia farinosa, Enceliopsis, Eragrostis minor, Eriophyllum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum), Euphorbia (spurges), Euphorbia cotinifolia, Euphorbia hirta (garden spurge), Euphorbia prostrata, Euphorbia trigona, Fagonia cretica,Ficus benghalensis (banyan), Ficus carica (fig), Ficus virens (grey fig), Franseria, Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine), Gossypium (cotton), Gossypium arboreum (cotton tree),Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Grewia asiatica (phalsa), Hamelia patens, Helianthus (sunflower), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hibiscus 432

(rosemallows), Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Heliotropium europaeum (common heliotrope), Heliotropium strigosum,Herissantia crispa, Hibiscus mutabilis (cottonrose), Hibiscus rosa- sinensis (China-rose), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morningglory), Jacquemontia pentantha, Jasminum cuspidatum, Jasminum sambac (arabian jasmine),Jatropha integerrima, Kallstroemia brachystylis, Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd),Lagerstroemia indica (indian crape myrtle), Lantana camara (lantana), Launia nudicaulis, Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet), Lepidium didymum,Luffa aegyptiaca (loofah), Lupinus spp., Lycium chinense (chinese wolfberry), Malva parviflora, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow), Mangifera indica 433

(mangga, mango), Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Morus alba (murbei, mullberry),Medicago polymorpha (rough medick), Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree),Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Melilotus indica (Indian sweetclover), Momordica charantia (bitter gourd),Morus alba (mora), Nerium oleander (oleander), Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Ocimumbasilicum (basil), Orobanche (broomrape), Oxalis corniculata (creep ing woodsorrel (USA)), Panax, Parthenium, Partheniumhysterophorus (parthenium weed), Persicaria glabra, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, date- palm), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Phyllanthus niruri (seed- under-the-leaf),Physalis (Groundcherry), Physalis alkekengi, Piper betle (betel 434

pepper),Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican frangipani), Polyalthea longifolia, Polygonumbarbatum (knot grass), Portulacagrandiflora(rose moss),Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Quisqualis indica, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Rosa chinensis (China rose), Ruellia squarrosa,Rumex dentatus, Salsola baryosma, Salvadora oleoides, Salvia officinalis (commonsage), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Solanum spp., Sesbania sesban (sesban), Setcreasea pallida, Sida rhombifolia, Sida urens, Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba),Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine, eggplant), Solanum muricatum (melon pear),Solanum nigrum (leunca, black nightshade), 435

Solanum spp., Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solanum virginianum, Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle),Spermacoce, Suaeda (sea blite), Suaeda nigra, Synsepalum dulcificum, TabernaeMontanadivaricata, Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion), Tecoma stans (yellow bells),Tinospora cordifolia,Trianthema portulacastrum (horse purslane), Trianthema triquetra, Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine), Trigonella polycerata, Urena lobata (caesar weed), Verbena officinalis, Withania somnifera (poisonous gooseberry), Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) 32. Phragmataecia II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, Indonesia: Sumatera castaneaeHubner;(=Phragmata sugarcane), Saccharum daun Asia: China, Malaysia. ecia castaneae); spontaneum (glagah, wild Europe: Bulgaria,Finland, Lepidoptera: Cossidae; giant sugarcane) Italy, Russian 436

stem borer Paspalum, Saccharum robustum, Sorghum propineum 33. Phragmataecia gummata II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, Indonesia: Sumatera Swinhoe.; (=Phragmataecia sugarcane), Saccharum daun Asia: Malaysia parvipunctus); Lepidoptera: spontaneum (glagah, wild Cossidae; giant stem borer sugarcane) 34. Pineus boerneri (Annand; II Pinus canariensis (Canary batang, Indonesia: Kalimantan, (=Pineus pini sensu lato= pine), Pinus caribaea kayu Sumatera, Jawa Anisophleba pini= (Caribbean pine),Pinus Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Aphis pini =Kermaphis pini var. contorta (lodgepole pine), Malawi, Morocco, South laevis =Kermes pini =Pineus Pinus elliottii (slash pine), Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, havrylenkoi = Pinus halepensis (Aleppo Zambia, Zimbabwe Pineus laevis =Pineus pini = pine),Pinus hartwegii America: Argentina, USA Pineus simmondsi =Pineus (Hartweg pine),Pinus kesiya (Hawaii), Chile sylvestris); Hemiptera; (khasya pine), Pinus Asia: China, Geogia (Republic Adelgidae; pine woolly aphid massoniana (masson pine), of), Israel, Jordan, Pinus maximinoi (thin-leaf Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, pine), Pinus montezumae Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, (montezuma pine), Pinus Turkey mugo (mountain pine), Pinus Europe: Czech Republic, muricata (bishop pine), Pinus Finland, France, Germany, oocarpa (ocote pine), Pinus Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, patula (Mexican weeping Netherlands, Poland, Spain, pine), Pinus pinaster Slovakia Republic, Sweden, (maritime pine), Pinus pinea UK (stone pine), Pinus radiata Oceania: Australia, New (radiata pine),Pinus resinosa Zealand (red pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine),Pinus taiwanensis (Taiwan pine), Pinus teocote (twisted leaf 437

pine),Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine), Pinus densiflora,Pinus merkusii, Pinus pungens, Pinus roxburghii. Pinus arizonica, Pinus canariensis, Pinus caribaea, Pinus clausa, Pinus cooperi, Pinus douglasiana, Pinus durangensis, Pinus echinata, Pinus engelmannii, Pinus glabra, Pinus greggii, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus lawsonii,Pinus leiophylla, Pinus maximinoi, Pinus michoacana, Pinus montezumae, Pinus occidentalis, Pinus palustris, Pinus patula, Pinus pinea, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus radiata, Pinus rigida, Pinus serotina, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Pinus taiwanensis, Pinus teocote, Pinus virginiana (scrub pine) 35. Planococcus deceptorBetn.; II Annona muricata (sirsak, batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Kalimantan, (=Dactylopius coffeae soursop), Bauhinia(camel’s daun, akar, Lampung =Dactylopius crotonis foot), Coffea spp. (kopi, buah segar, Africa: Comoros, Kenya, =Planococcus crotonis = P. coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi tanaman Madagascar, Mauritius, lilacinus =P. tayabanus arabika, arabica coffee), Reunion, Seychelles. =Pseudococcus coffeae =P. Coffea canephora (kopi America: Dominican Republic, crotonis =P. deceptor =P. robusta, robusta coffee), El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti. 438

lilacinus Cork =P. tayabanus Ceiba pentandra (kapok Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei =Tylococcus mauritiensis ); randu, kapok), Citrus spp. Darussalam, Cambodia, Hemiptera: Pseudo coccidae; (jeruk, orange), Psidium China, Cocos Islands, India, cacao mealybug, coffee guajava (jambu biji, guava), Japan, Laos, Malaysia, mealybug Theobroma cacao (kakao, Maldives, Myanmar, cocoa) Philippines, Sri Lanka, Annona squamosa (srikaya, Taiwan,Thailand, Vietnam, sweetsop), Bambusa vulgaris Yemen. (common bamboo), Brassica Oceania: Federated States of oleracea var. botrytis Micronesia, Guam, Northern (cauliflower), Cocos nucifera Mariana Islands, Papua New (kelapa, coconut), Dioscorea Guinea. sp. (gembili, yam), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Punica granatum(delima, pomegranate), Tamarindus indica (asam jawa, tamarind), Vitis (grape) 36. Postelectrotermes militaris II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) batang, Indonesia: Jawa. Desneux; (=Calotermes Acacia decurrens(green akar Asia: Sri Lanka. militaris = Neotermes militaris wattle), Casuarina =Termes militaris); Isoptera: equisetifolia(casuarina), Kalotermidae; dry wood Cedrus (cedars), termite Cinnamomum camphora (kamfer, camphor), Cryptomeria japonica(japanese cedar), Erythrina subumbrans(december tree), Eucalyptus spp., Eucalyptus robusta(swamp mahogany), Grevillea robusta(silky oak), 439

Stenocarpus salignus(beefwod), Tephrosia vogelii(vogel’s tephrosia), 37. Rhabdoscelus obscurus Bolsd.; II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang Indonesia: Maluku,Papua, (=Calandra obscura sugarcane) Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara =Rhabdocnemis fausti=R. Areca catechu (pinang, Barat. interruptocostatus=R. betelnut palm), Arecaceae America: USA (Hawaii). maculata=R. nudicollis=R. (plants of the palm family), Asia: China, Christmas Island obscura=R. promissus=R. Cocos nucifera (kelapa, (Indian Ocean), Japan, maculatus=Rhabdoscelis coconut), Carica papaya Malaysia,Sri Lanka, Taiwan obscura =Sphenophorus (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Oceania: American Samoa, beccarii=S. insularis=S. Metroxylon sagu (sagu, sago Australia, Cook Islands, interruptecostatus =S. palm), Musa spp. (pisang, Federated States of nudicollis=S. promissus=S. banana), Musa x paradisiaca Micronesia (Caroline Islands), sulcipes=S. tincturatus=S. (pisang kepok, plantain), Fiji, French Polynesia, Palau, obscurus); Coleoptera: Poacecae (grasses), Strelitzia Guam, Marshall Islands, Dryophthoridae; beetle borer, reginae (Queens bird-of- Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, cane weevil borer, New Guinea paradise), Zea mays (jagung, Northern Mariana Islands, cane weevil borer, sugarcane corn) Papua New Guinea, Samoa, weevil borer, New Guinea Solomon Islands, Tonga, sugarcane weevil, Hawaiian Vanuatu. sugarcane borer, cane weevil borer, New Guinea sugarcane weevil 38. Sesamia grisescensWarren.; II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang Indonesia: Papua, Maluku. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; sugarcane), Oryza sativa Oceania: Papua New Guinea. sesamia borer, pink sugarcane (padi, paddy ), Zea mays borer (jagung, corn) Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass), Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass),

440

Saccharum edule, Saccharum robustum, Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane) 39. Sexava coriaceaLinn.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, Indonesia: Sulawesi, Kep. Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; coconut) tanaman, Sangihe, Talaud, Kep. belalang sexava, sexava Orchidaceae (anggrek, daun, Banggai, Maluku, Maluku grasshopper orchids), Asplenium nidus rimpang, Utara, Papua (kadaka, bird’s nest fern), sabut, Salacca edulis (salak, snake- tanah. skin palm), Metroxylon sagu (sagu, sago palm), Arenga pinnata (aren, sugar palm), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pandanus spp. (pandan), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) 40. Sexava karnyi Lfs.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, tanaman, Indonesia: Sulawesi (Tengah: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; coconut) buah, Kepulauan Togean & Una- belalang sexava,sexava Orchidaceae (anggrek, daun, una), ) grasshopper orchids), Asplenium nidus rimpang, (kadaka, bird’s nest fern), sabut, Salacca edulis (salak, snake- tanah skin palm), Metroxylon sagu (sagu, sago palm), Arenga pinnata (aren, sugar palm), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pandanus spp. (pandan), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger)

441

41. Sexava nubila Stal.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, tanaman, Indonesia: Sulawesi (Utara), Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; coconut) buah, Kepulauan Sangihe dan belalang sexava, sexava grass Orchidaceae (anggrek, daun, Talaud, Maluku (Seram, hopper, coconut treehopper orchids), Asplenium nidus rimpang, Buru), Papua,, Biak, Papua (kadaka, bird’s nest fern), sabut, Oceania: Papua New Guinea. Salacca edulis (salak, snake- tanah skin palm), Metroxylon sagu (sagu, sago palm), Arenga pinnata (aren, sugar palm), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pandanus spp. (pandan), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) 42. Thosea monolancha Meyrick (= II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, bagian Indonesia: Sulawesi, Papua, Thosea moluccana); coconut), Elaeis guineensis tanaman Sumatera, Maluku, Maluku Lepidoptera: Limacodidae (kelapa sawit, oil palm) Utara Asia: Philippines Oceania: Papua New Guinea

II. TUNGAU (MITES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No. PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Aceria guerreronis Keifer; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, Indonesia:Sulawesi, (=Eriophyes guerreronis); coconut), Sygarus bagian Kepulauan Riau, Kalimantan Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; romanzoffiana (queen palm) tanaman di Timur, Ternate, Papua (Biak) coconut mite Borassus flabellifer (toddy atas tanah Africa: Benin, Cameroon, palm),Lytocaryum Ivory Coast, Gambia, weddellianum Mozambique, Nigeria, Sao

442

Tome & Principe, Tanzania, Togo America: Anguilla, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela, Costa Rica Asia: India, Malaysia, Maldives, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Oman Europe: Hungary, Poland Oceania: Australia 2. Calacarus II Camellia japonica, Capsicum tanaman Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera carinatusGreen;(=Calacarus spp., Viburnum spp. dan bagian Africa: Kenya, Mauritius adornatus =Eriophyes carinatus Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) tanaman di America: USA =Phyyocoptes carinatus atas tanah Asia: Cambodia, Georgia =Phytoptus carinatus (Republic), India, Indochina, =Typhlodromus Japan, Republic of Korea, carinatus)Eriophyidae, Laos, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Arachnida; purple mite, purple Vietnam. tea mite, ribbed tea mite Europe: Spain Oceania:Australia, New Zealand. 3. Eutetranychus orientalis Klein.; II Citrus, Abelmoschus bagian Indonesia: Sumatera, Jawa (=Anychus latus =A. orientalis esculentus (okra, lady’s tanaman di Barat =A.ricini =Eutetranychus finger), Codiaeum atas tanah Africa: Cape Verde, Egypt, anneckei =E. latus =E.monodi variegatum, Carica papaya Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, 443

=E.sudanicus); (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Prostigmata:Tetranychidae; Ficus carica (ara, fig), Mozambique, Nigeria, citrus brown mite, oriental Gossypium barbadens Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, mite, oriental red mite, oriental (kapas, cotton), Morus alba Swaziland spider mite (murbei, mulberry), Asia: Afghanistan, Nephelium lappaceum Bangladesh, China, India, (rambutan, rambutan), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Plumeria, Ricinus communis, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Solanum melongena (terung, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi eggplant), Phaleria Arabia, Thailand, Turkey, macrocarpa (mahkota dewa) Yemen Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, Europe: Cyprus, Greece, cassava), Musa paradisiaca Spain (pisang kepok, plantain), Oceania: Australia Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitun, olive), Prunus amygdalus (almon, almond), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Caladium spp. (keladi) 4. Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner); II Camellia sinensis, Coffea daun, Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera (=Acarus coffeae spp. (kopi, coffee), Coffea tanaman Africa:Congo, DR Congo, =Matatetranychus bioculatus arabica(kopi arabika, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, =Oligonychus bioculatus =O. arabica coffee) Malawi, Mauritius, South merwei =Paratetranychus Anacardium occidentale, Africa, Tanzania. bioculatus =P. terminalis Citrus, Cinnamomum America: Colombia, Costa =Tetranychus camphora, Corchorus Rica, Ecuador, USA bioculatus)Prostigmata: capsularis, Elaeis Asia: Bangladesh, China, Tetranychidae; tea red spider guineensis(kelapa sawit, Georgia (Republic), India, mite, red coffee mite oilpalm), Eucalyptus Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, globulus, Gossypium, Hevea Philippines, Sri Lanka, brasiliensis(karet, rubber Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. 444

tree), Indigovera, Europe: Russia Lagerstroemia, Manihot Oceania:Australia. esculenta(ubi kayu, cassava), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Morus alba(murbei, mulberry), Vigna mungo, Ricinus communis(jarak kepyar, castor oil bean), Terminalia catappa, Vitis vinifera(anggur grapevine) 5. Phyllocoptruta oleivora II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) daun, Indonesia: Jawa Ashmead; (=Ariphyes oleivorus buah, Africa: Angola, Congo, Kenya, =Phyllocoptes oleivorus batang Madagascar, Malawi, =Phyllocoptrata oleivorus Mauritania, Mauritius, =Typhidromus oleivorus); Mozambique, Nigeria, Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; Senegal, South Africa, citrus rust mite, buckskin, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia mite lemons America:Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordania, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam Europe: Cyprus, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia and 445

Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand 6. Raoiella indica Hirst; II Areca catechu (pinang, buah, Indonesia: Jawa, Kalimantan Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae; Betelnut palm), Cocos daun, (Tarakan), Ternate Selatan, red palm mite,coconutmite, nucifera (Kelapa, batang, Lombok frond crimson mite, leaflet false coconut),Dictyosperma bagian Africa:Benin, Egypt, spider mite, red date palm album,Heliconia sp. (flower tanaman di Mauritius, Reunion, Sudan, mite, scarlet mite banana), Musa spp. (pisang, atas tanah Tanzania banana), Phoenix dactylifera America: Barbados, Brazil, (date palm), Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Acer (maple), Acoelorrhaphe Dominican Republic, wrightii, Adonidia arecina, Grenada, guadaloupe, Haiti, Aiphanes minima, Aplinia Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, purpurata (red ginger), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Alpinia vittata, Alpinia Saint Vincent and the zerumbet, Archontophoenix Grenadines, United States alexandrae, Arenga pinnata Virgin Island, Venezuela (sugar palm), Bactris Asia: India, Iran, Oman, plumeriana, Beccariophoenix Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi madagascariensis, Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bismarckia nobilis, Butia United Arab Emirates capitata, Calathea arundinacea (variegated calatea), Calathea lutea (calathea), Caryota mitis, Chamaedorea, Coccothrinax argentata, Coccothrinax mitaguama, Corypha umbtaculifera, Curcuma longa (turmeric), Cycas, 446

Cyrtostahys renda, Dypsis decaryi, Dypsis lutescens, Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, African oil palm), Elaeondendron transvaalense, Ettingera elatior, Eucalyptus deglupta, Eugenia uniflora, Heliconia, Heliconia caribaea,Heliconia caribaea x bihai, Heliconia episcopalis, Heliconoa latispatha, Heliconia marginata, Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia rostrata, Latania lontaroides, Licuala grandis, Licualaspinosa, Livistonis chinensis, Microcycas calocoma,Ocimum basilicum, Pandanus utilis, Phaseolus, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix reclinata, Phoenix roebelenii, Phoenix rupicola, Pritchardia pacifica, Pritchardia vuylestekeana, Pseudophoenix vinifera, Ptychosperma elegans, Ptychosperma macarrthuri, Ravenala madagascariensis, Renealmia alpinia, Renealmia aurantifera, Rhapis excelsa, Roystonea borinquena, Sabal black

447

\burniana, Sabal mauritiformis, Schippia concolor, Strelitzia reginae, Syagrus romanzoffianum, Syagrus schizophylla, Thrinax radiata, Veitchia arecina, Veitchia merrillii, Washingtonia filifera, Washingtonia robusta, Wodyetia bifurcata,Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger), palmae 7. Tenuipalpus orchidarum Parfitt; II Orchidaceae (anggrek, tanaman Indonesia: Jawa Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae; orchids) red mite of orchid

III. KEONG (SNAIL) DAN SIPUT (SLUG) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR / KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN No INANG/ HOSTS PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. PilapolitaJeshayes; II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy), tanaman Indonesia:Sumatera, (=Ampularia pagoda); berbagai tumbuhan air Jawa(Timur) Ampullariidae; Apple snail tawar Asia: Thailand, Kambodia, India, China 2. Pomaceainsularum; II Tumbuhanair tanaman, Indonesia:Kalimantan Ampullariidae; (aquaticplants), berbagai bagian America: South America Island apple snail tipe vegetasi tanaman tanaman (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay) Asia: Thailand

448

IV. NEMATODA (NEMATODES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ / GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Aphelenchoides besseyi I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy biji, umbi, Indonesia: Sumatera, Jawa, (Christie); (=Aphelenchoides tidak ), Fragaria ananassa daun, Kalimantan (Selatan). oryzae diproses (stroberi, strawberry), stolon, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, =Asteroaphelenchoides II. jika MP Oryza glaberrima (African batang, Burundi, Cameroon, Central besseyi); Aphelenchida: diproses rice) tanah African Republic, Chad, Aphelenchoididae; pucuk Allium cepa (bawang Comoros, Congo, Ivory putih padi / rice leaf bombay, onion), Coast, Egypt, Gabon, nematode, white tip Chrysanthemum Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, nematode of rice, summer morifolium (krisan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, crimp nematode chrysanthemum), Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Colocasia esculenta Leone, South Africa, (talas, taro), Cyperus iria Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, (rice flatsedge), Digitaria Zambia, Zimbabwe. sanguinalis (large America: Brazil, Cuba, crabgrass), Dioscorea Dominica, Dominican (yam), Dioscorea trifida Republic, Ecuador, El (cushcush yam), Glycine Salvador, Guadeloupe, max (kedelai, soyabean), Mexico, Panama, USA, Hibiscus (rosemallows), Hawaii Ipomoea batatas (ubi Asia: Afghanistan, jalar, sweet potato), Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Polianthes tuberosa Cambodia, China, Georgia, (tuberose), Zea mays India, Iran, Japan, North (jagung, corn), Oryza Korea, South Korea, breviligulata, Setaria Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, 449

viridis(green foxtail) Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea. 2. Aphelenchoides fragariae I: jika MP Fragaria ananassa biji, buah, Indonesia: Jawa (Ritzema Bos) (Chriestie); tidak (stroberi, strawberry), bunga, (Barat/Bogor, Banten, (=Aphelenchoides diproses Lilium spp., Anthurium batang, Sukabumi, DKI Jakarta) olesistus=A.olesistus var. II. jika MP andreanum, stolon, America: Canada, Cuba, longicollis =A.pseudolesistus diproses Rhododendron spp. daun, umbi, Mexico, USA =Aphelenchus fragariae (azaleas), Barleria bagian Asia: China, India, Israel, =A.olesistus =A.olesistus var. cristata(philippine violet), vegetatif, South Korea, Kirgyztan, longicollis =A.pseudolesistus); Begonia spp., pupuk Japan, Turkey Aphelenchoididae; bud and Chloranthus spicatus, kandang, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, leaf nematode, fern Hibiscus rosa –sinensis tanah Denmark, Estonia, France, nematode, strawberry crimp (kembang sepatu, china- Germany, Hungary, Ireland, nematode, strawberry spring rose), Hosta spp., Italy, Latvia, Moldovia, dwarf nematode Hydrangea Netherlands, Norway, macrophylla(French Portugal, Poland, Russia, hydrangea), Maranta Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, leuconeura(Banded Sweden, Ukraine, UK arrowroot), Peony, Oceania: Australia, New Pimpinella diversifolia, Zealand, Papua New Guinea Primula sp., Psychotria nervosa, Rhododendron simsii(Sim's azalea), 450

Ruscus hypophyllum, Saintpaulia ionantha (African violet), Saxifraga spp.(saxifrage), Tolmiea menziesii(pick-a-back plant), Veronica arvensis(Corn speedwell), Viola odorata(English violet), Wulfenia carinthiaca, Andrographis paniculata (sambiloto, king of bitter plant) Cornus Canadensis(creeping dogwood), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Ficus macrophylla(moreton Bay fig), Lamium maculatum(Spotted deadnettle), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Anigozanthos sp., Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Asplenium nidus (bird’s- nest fern), Capsella bursa-pastoris(shepherd's purse), Chenopodium 451

album(fat hen), Cobotium chamissoi, Erigeron annuus(annual fleabane), Ficus elastic(rubber plant), Western Sword- fern, Polygonum blumei(tufted knotweed (USA)), Pteris spp., Rorippa atrovirens, Senecio vulgaris, Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Stellaria media(common chickweed), Ageratum conyzoides (babadotan), Acalypha lanceolata (pulus hayam), Oxalys sepium (calincing), Borreria sp., Lindernia sp. (gulma daun sirih), Pleocnemia sp. 3. Ditylenchus angustus (Bul)l.; I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, biji, bunga, Indonesia:Jawa, Kalimantan (=Anguillulina angusta tidak paddy, rice) daun, bibit, (Selatan). =Tylenchus diproses Echinochloa colona batang, Asia: Bangladesh, India, angustus);Anguinidae; rice II. jika MP (junglerice), Leersia jerami, Malaysia, Myanmar, stem nematode, ufra disease diproses hexandra (southern cut tanah Philippines, Thailand, grass), Sacciolepsis Vietnam. interrupta 4. Globodera pallida (Stone) I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi, alat Indonesia: JawaTengah Mulvey & Stone; tidak (kentang, potato), pertanian, (Dieng, Cilacap, (=Heterodera pallida); diproses Lycopersicum esculentum pupuk Banjarnegara); Jawa Barat Heteroderidae; white cyst II. jika MP (tomat, tomato), Solanum organik, (Bandung), Jawa Timur nematode, pale potato cyst diproses melongena (terung, tanah (Batu, Malang) 452

nematode, potato cyst eggplant) Africa: Algeria, Tunisia, nematode, potato root Datura (thorn-apple), America: Argentina, Bolivia, eelworm Datura stramonium Canada, Chile, Columbia, (kecubung, jimsonweed), Costa Rica, Falkland Islands, Hyoscyamus niger (black Ecuador, Panama, Peru, henbane), Lycopersicon Venezuela, USA pimpinellifolium(currant Asia: India, Iran, Pakistan, tomato), Oxalis tuberosa, Turkey Solanum acaule, Solanum Europe: Austria, Belgium, americanum, Solanum Netherlands, Bosnia- aviculare (kangaroo Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Czech apple), Solanum Republic, Croatia, Cyprus, cardiophyllum, Solanum Denmark, France, Faroe ehrenbergii, Solanum Islands, Greece, Hungary, gilo(gilo), Solanum Ireland, Italy, Iceland, indicum, Solanum Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, mauritianum(tree Luxembourg, Malta, tobacco), Solanum Moldova, Norway, Poland, marginatum(white-edged Portugal, Romania, Serbia, nightshade), Solanum Spain, Slovenia, Sweden, nigrum(black nightshade), Switzerland, UK, Ukraine Solanum oplocense, Oceania: New Zealand. Solanum quitoense(Narangillo), Solanum sarrachoides (green nightshade (UK)), Solanum scabrum, Solanum spegazzinii, Solanum aviculare, Solanum sarrachoides.

453

5. Globodera rostochiensis I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum biji, umbi, Indonesia: Jawa Barat (Wollenweber) Mulvey & tidak (kentang, potato), akar akar, (Bandung), Jawa Tengah Stone; (=Heterodera scachtii diproses Lycopersicum esculentum tanah, (Banjarnegara), Jawa Timur solani = H. Scachtii II. jika MP (tomat, tomato), Solanum umbi, (Batu, Malang) Sulawesi rostochiensis =H. diproses melongena (terung, batang Selatan (Jeneponto, Gowa) Rostochiensis = eggplant) Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Heteroderidae; nematoda Datura Sierra Leone, South Africa, sista (kentang) / golden cyst stramonium(jimsonweed), Tunisia. nematode, potato golden Lycopersicon America: Bolivia, Canada, nematode pimpinellifolium (currant Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, tomato), Solanum Mexico, Panama, Peru, USA, (nightshade), Solanum Venezuela. aviculare (kangaroo Asia: Armenia, India, Iran, apple), Solanum gilo (gilo), Japan, Lebanon, Oman, Solanum indicum (Indian Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Nightshade), Solanum Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey. marginatum (white-edged Europe: Albania, Austria, nightshade), Solanum Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia- mauritianum (tree Hercegovina, Bulgaria, tobacco), Solanum nigrum Croatia, Cyprus, Czech (black nightshade), Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Solanum quitoense Faroe Islands, Finland, (Narangillo), Solanum France, Germany, Greece, sarrachoides(green Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, nightshade (UK)) Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Scotland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island.

454

6. Hemicriconemoides I: jika MP Citrus spp. (jeruk, akar, bibit, Indonesia: Jawa. mangiferaeSiddiqi; tidak orange), Nephelium litchii bonggol, Africa:Ivory Coast, Egypt, (=Hemicriconemoides diproses (leci, lychee), Mangifera tanah Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, birchfieldi) Criconematidae; II. jika MP indica (mangga, mango), Sudan. sheath nematode diproses Musa spp. (pisang, America: Brazil, Costa Rica, banana), Zea mays Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, (jagung, corn), rumput- Grenada,Mexico, Peru, Saint rumputan (Poaceae) Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Alnus (alders), Ananas Trinidad and Tobago, USA, comosus (nenas, Venezuela. pineapple), Artocarpus Asia:Bangladesh, Brunei heterophyllus (nangka, Darussalam, China, India, jackfruit), Artocarpus Iran, Israel, South Korea, integer (cempedak, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, champedak), Anacardium Saudi Arabia, Thailand, occidentale (cashew nut), Vietnam. Bambusa vulgaris Oceania:American Samoa, (bambu, common Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua bamboo), Carica papaya New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga. (pepaya, papaya, papaw), Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Dimocarpus longan (longan tree), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Grewia asiatica (phalsa), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Manilkara zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Persea americana 455

(avokad, avocado) Phoenix dactylifera (date- palm), Piper (pepper), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Rosa (mawar, roses), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Salix (willows), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Umbellularia californica(California laurel), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 7. Heterodera glycines I: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, akar, umbi, Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera (Ichinohe); Heteroderidae; tidak soyabean) bibit, pupuk (Lampung). soyabean cyst nematode diproses Aeschynomene indica organik, Africa: Egypt. II. jika MP (Indian jointvetch), Beta peralatan America: Argentina, Brazil, diproses vulgaris (bit, beetroot), pertanian, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Cajanus cajan (kacang tanah Paraguay, Puerto Rico, USA. gude, pigeon pea), Asia: China, India, Iran, Fabaceae, Geranium, Japan, South Korea, North Kummerowia striata Korea, Mongolia. (Japanese lespedeza), Europe: Italy, Russia Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Lamium purpureum (purple deadnettel), Lespedeza cuneata 456

(sericea lespedeza), Lupinus (lupins), Lupinus albus (white lupine), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Penstemon, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Sesbania exaltata (coffeebean (USA)), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Verbascum thapsus(Aaron's-rod), Vicia villosa, Vigna aconitifolia (moth beans), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna mungo (black gram), Vigna radiata (mung bean) 8. Macroposthonia I: jika MP Syzygium aromaticum akar, tanah Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera onoensis;Criconematidae; tidak (cengkeh, clove), Citrus, (Selatan, Lampung). ring nematode diproses Mangifera indica America: Trinidad, Tobago. II. jika MP (mangga, mango) Asia: India. diproses 9. Meloidogynegraminicola(Sled I: jika MP Oryzasativa(padi,paddy), akar, tanah Indonesia: ge&Golden) tidak Poaceae (grasses), Jawa(Yogyakarta, Whitehead;Meloidogynidae;ri diproses Serealia Tengah). ce rootknot nematode II. jika MP Allium cepa Africa:South Africa diproses (bawangbombai, onion), America:Brazil, 457

Alopecurus (foxtails), Colombia,USA Ammania pentandra, Asia:Bangladesh,China, Andropogon (beardgrass), India,Laos,Malaysia,Myanma Blumea, Brassica, r,Nepal, Brassica oleracea var. Pakistan,Philippines,Singapo capitata (kubis, cabbage), re, Sri Lanka, Cynodon dactylon Thailand,Vietnam (Bermuda grass), Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge), Cyperus procerus, Cyperus pulcherrimus, Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge), Digitaria filiformis (slender crabgrass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Fimbristylis complanata, Fimbristylis dichotoma (tall fringe rush), Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis), Fuirena glomerata, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Grangea madraspatensis, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Ischaemum 458

rugosum (saramollagrass), Ludwigia (waterprimrose), Monochoria vaginalis (pickerel weed), Panicum miliaceum (millet), Panicum repens (torpedo grass), Paspalum scrobiculatum (ricegrass paspalum), Phyllanthus urinaria (leafflower), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Ranunculus (Buttercup), Scirpus articulatus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sphaeranthus, Sphenoclea zeylanica (wedgewort), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 10. Meloidogyne hapla I: jika MP Actinidia chinensis akar, stolon, Indonesia: Jawa (Chitwood); Meloidogynidae; tidak (Chinese gooseberry), polong, Africa: Algeria, Ivory Coast, northern root knot nematode diproses Arachis hypogaea umbi, tanah Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, II. jika MP (kacang tanah, Morocco, Nigeria, South diproses groundnut), Beta vulgaris Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, var. saccharifera Zimbabwe (sugarbeet), Cichorium America: Argentina, Brazil, intybus (chicory), Daucus Canada, Chile, Colombia, carota (wortel, carrot), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fragaria ananassa Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, 459

(stroberi, strawberry), Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Glycine max (kedelai, USA, Venezuela soyabean), Lycopersicon Asia: Armenia, China, esculentum (tomat, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, tomato), Medicago sativa Japan, Kazakhstan, South of (alfalfa, lucerne), Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Pelargonium Mongolia, Pakistan, (Pelargoniums), Rosa Philippines, Sri Lanka, (Mawar, rose), Solanum Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, tuberosum (kentang, Turkey, Turkmenistan, potato), Tanacetum Uzbekistan cinerariifolium Europe: Belarus, Belgium, (Phyretrum), Trifolium Bulgaria, Bosnia and (clover) Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Allium cepa (bawang Estonia, Finland, France, bombay, onion), Anemone Germany, Greece, Hungary, (windflower), Beta, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Brassica napus var. Macedonia, Moldova, napus (rape), Brassica Netherlands, Norway, oleraceae var. capitata Poland, Portugal, Romania, (kubis, cabbage), Cajanus Russia, Slovakia, Spain, cajan (kacang gude, Switzerland, Serbia, pigeon pea), Camellia Slovenia, Croatia, sinensis (teh, tea), Montenegro, Ukraine, UK, Capsicumanuum (bell Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, peper), Chenopodium Bosnia and Herzegovina, quinona (quinona), Montenegro, Macedonia Chrysanthemum spp. Oceania: Australia, New (daisy), Coffea (kopi, Zealand, Norfolk Island, coffee), Cucumis (melon, Papua New Guinea melons, cucumbers, gerkins), Cyclamen, 460

Dianthus caryophillus (Carnation), Fabaceae (leguminous plants), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Mentha (mints), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Olea europeae subsp. Europeae (zaitun, olive), Phaseolus (kacang, beans), Raphanus sativus (radish), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Sinapsis alba (white mustard), Solanum (nightsade), Vicia (vetch), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 11. Pratylenchus brachyurus I: jika MP Arachis hypogea (kacang akar, Indonesia: Sumatera (Aceh (Godfrey) Filipjev & tidak tanah, peanut), Ananas polong, dan Sumatera Barat), Jawa. Schuurmans Stekhoven; diproses comosus (nenas, umbi, tanah Africa: Cameroon, Ivory (=Pratylenchus pratensis); II. jika MP pineapple), Zea mays Coast, Egypt, Guinea, Kenya, Pratylenchidae; smooth diproses (jagung, corn), Glycine Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, headed nematode, root lesion max (kedelai, soyabean), South Africa, Togo, Uganda, nematode Solanum tuberosum Zimbabwe. (kentang, potato), America: Belize, Bolivia, Camellia sinensis (teh, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, tea), Vigna cylindrica Cuba, French Guiana, (kacang panjang, long Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, bean), Citrus spp. (jeruk, Peru, Puerto Rico, USA, orange), Coffea spp. Hawaii, Venezuela 461

(kopi, coffee), Gossypium Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Japan, Malaysia, Oman, Hevea brasiliensis (karet, Pakistan, Philippines, rubber tree), Dacryodes Singapore, Sri Lanka, edulis (kenari, African Turkey, Vietnam. pear), Nicotiana tabacum Europe: Bulgaria, Russia. (tembakau, tobacco), Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Oryza sativa (padi, Tonga. paddy),Persea Americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa). 12. Pratylenchus loosi Loof; I: jika MP Camellia sinensis (teh, umbi, daun, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat) Pratylenchidae; rootlesion tidak tea), Coffea spp. (kopi, bibit, Africa: Senegal. nematode, meadow diproses coffee) batang, America:North America (USA, nematode, Loos' root lesion II. jika MP Abelmoschus moschatus stolon, Florida), Central America nematode diproses (okra, lady’s finger), bonggol, and Caribbean (Guadeloupe), Citrus spp. (jeruk, akar, tanah South America (Chile) orange), Cinnamomum Asia: Bangladesh, China, camphora, Convallaria India, Japan, Iran, Sri spp., Dioscorea spp., Lanka, Taiwan Diospyros kaki (kesemek, Europe:Bulgaria persimmon), Fragaria Oceania:American Samoa, ananassa (stroberi, Australia, New South Wales, strawberry), Malus Cook Islands domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Musa paradisiaca (pisang 462

kepok, plantain), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Poncirus trifoliata, Prunus avium, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Acacia deccurens, Alternanthera sessilis, Artemisia vulgaris, Cassia alata, Catharanthus roseus, Cestrum, Cymbopogon nardus, Cyperus, Cyperus rotundus, Grevillea robusta, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum repens, Sesbania cannabina, Solanum nigrum, Tagetes, Tecoma stans, Tephrosia, Tithonia diversifolia

463

V. GULMA (WEEDS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ DAERAH SEBAR/ GOLONGA MEDIA PEMBAWA/ No SCIENTIFIC NAME/ GEOGRAPHICAL N/ GROUP PATHWAY SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON DISTRIBUTION NAME 1. Asystasia gangetica (Nees) II Tanaman perkebunan (plantation Indonesia: Sumatera, Jawa Ensermu; (=Asystasia crops), Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, (Barat), Kalimantan (Timur, intrusa);Acanthaceae; chinese oil palm), Hevea Barat) violet brasiliensis(karet,rubber) Africa: Daerah Tropis dan Sub Tropis. Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore Oceania: Guam 2. Cuphea balsamona Cham. & II Solanum tuberosum(kentang,potato), Indonesia: Sulawesi Tengah, Schltdl.; (=Cuphea Brassicaoleracea(cabbage),Daucuscarot Jawa Barat, Sumatera Barat carthagenensis); Lythraceae; a(wortel,carrot), tanaman sayuran America: Argentina, Bolivia, sete sangrías, colombian (vegetable crops) Brazil, Colombia, Chile, wackweed Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana, Central America, Southern USA Asia: China, Malaysia 3. Rivina humilis L.;(=Rivina II Tanaman perkebunan (plantation Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera, laevis); Phytolaccaceae; crops) Bali pigeonberry, rouge plant, baby America: Southern USA, peppers, bloodberry, coralito Karibia, Central America, South America.

464

VI. CENDAWAN (FUNGAL/ FUNGAL LIKE ORGANISM/ PSEUDOFUNGI) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ DAERAH SEBAR/ GOLONGA INANG/ PEMBAWA No SCIENTIFIC NAME/ GEOGRAPHICAL N/ GROUP HOST / SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON DISTRIBUTION PATHWAY NAME 1. [a]: - I: jika MP Acacia decurrens (green umbi, Indonesia: Jawa, [s]: CeratocystisfimbriataEllis tidak wattle), Acacia mangium buah, Kalimantan,Sumatera & Halst.; ( =Ceratostomella diproses (brown salwood), Acacia media (Aceh, Riau). fimbriata (Ellis & Halst.) II. jika MP mearnsii (black wattle), tanam, Africa: DR Congo, Ivory J.A. Elliott diproses Alocasia, Annona, Cajanus daun, Coast, Ghana, Seychelles, =Endoconidiophora cajan (pigeon pea), Camelia bibit, akar, South Africa, Uganda. fimbriata (Ellis & Halst.) sinensis (teh, tea), Carya batang America: Brazil, Canada, R.W. Davidson cordiformis (bitternut Colombia, Costa Rica, =Ophiostoma fimbriatum hickory), Cassia javanica Cuba, Dominican (Ellis & Halst.) Nannf. (pink shower), Citrus, Citrus Republic, Ecuador, El =Sphaeronaema fimbriatum aurantium (sour orange), Salvador, Grenada, (Ellis & Halst.) Sacc. Coffea (coffee), Coffea arabica Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, =Rostrella coffeae Zimm. (arabica coffee), Coffea Jamaica, Mexico, =Ophiostoma coffeae canephora (robusta coffee), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, (Zimm.) Arx. =Ceratocystis Colocasia esculenta (taro), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, moniliformis f.sp. coffeae Crotalaria juncea (sunn Saint Vincent and the (Zimm.) =C. Moreau) hemp),Cortalaria, Daucus Grenadines, Suriname, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, carota (carrot), Erythrina Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Sordariomycetes; Ceratocystis spp., Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Hawaii, Venezuela. wilt, cancer, or rot, blight, tree), Fagus (beeches), Ficus Asia: Brunei Darussalam, black rot of sweet potato, carica (fig), Gmelina arborea Cambodia, China, Taiwan, mouldy rot of rubber, trunk (candahar), Hevea India, Japan, Korea DPR and branck canker of coffee, brasiliensis (rubber), Hevea, (North Korea), Korea Penyakit layu,atau kanker, Ipomoea batatas (sweet Republic of (South Korea), atau busuk, hawar potato), Ipomoea, Mangifera Malaysia, Myanmar, indica (mango), Manihot Philippines, Thailand, 465

esculenta (cassava), Vietnam. Metroxylon, Myristica Europe: France, Italy, fragrans (pala), Pimenta Poland, Portugal, dioica (Allspice), Populus Switzerland, UK. (poplars), Prunus (stone Oceania: American Samoa, fruit), Prunus armeniaca Australia, Fiji, New (apricot), Prunus dulcis Zealand, Papua New (almond), Punica granatum Guinea, Samoa, Solomon (pomegranate), Spathodea Islands. campanulata (African tulip tree), Syngonium auritum, Syngonium podophyllum (Arrowhead vine), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Xanthosoma (cocoyam) 2. [a]: - I: jika MP Brassica oleracea var. biji, daun, Indonesia: Jawa, [s]: Phoma lingam (Tode ex tidak capitata (kubis, cabbage), akar, Sumatera (barat), Fr.)Desm.; ( =Phoma diproses Brassica spp., Argemone batang Sulawesi (Selatan, Utara) brassicae Thüm. =Phoma II. jika MP mexicana, Astragalus Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, lingam (Tode) Desm. diproses adsurgens, Avena sativa, Kenya, Mozambique, =Phoma oleracea Sacc. Beta vulgaris, Cardamine Nigeria, South Africa, =Phome napobrassicae bellidfolia, Clematis vitalba, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Rostr. =Phyllosticta Eucalyptus globulus, America: Argentina, Brazil, brassicae (Curr.) Westend. Gentiana cruciata, Hibiscus Canada, Costa Rica, El =Phyllosticta napi Sacc. rosa-sinensis, Iberis Salvador, Guadeloupe, =Plenodomus lingam (Tode) umbellata, Lobularia Mexico, Panama, Puerto Höhn. =Pleospora maculans maritima, Lolium perenne, Rico, USA, Hawaii. (Desm.) Tul. Matthiola incana, Raphanus Asia: Armenia, China, =Sphaerialingam (Tode) Fr. raphanistrum, R. sativus, R. Taiwan, Georgia =Aphosphaeria brassicae sativus var. sativus, Secale (Republic), India, Iran, Thum =Depazea cereale, Sinapsis alba, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, brassicicola Desm. Sisymbrium sp. Korea DPR (North Korea), 466

=Depazea vagans var. Korea Republic of (South brassicae J.J. Kickx Korea), Kyrgyzstan, =Septoria brassicae Malaysia, Pakistan, Westend. & Wallays Philippines, Taiwan, =Phoma densiuscula Sacc. Thailand, Turkey. & Roum. =Phoma lingam Europe: Austria,Belarus, var. napobrassicae (Rostr.) Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Grove =Plenodomus Republic and Slovakia, rabenhorstii Preuss Denmark, Estonia, =Sclerotium sphaeriaeforme Finland, France, Germany, Lib. =Phyllosticta turritis Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lobik) =Leptosphaeria Latvia, Liechtenstein, maculans (Desm.) Ces. & Lithuania, Malta, De Not.; ( =Sphaeria Netherlands, Norway, maculans(Desm.) Sowerby Poland, Portugal, ex Berk. & Broome) Romania, Russia, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Dothideomycetes; Pangkal Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, batang hitam(black leg), Scotland. canker, dry rot, leaf spot Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea. 3. [a]:- I: jika MP Phaseolus vulgaris (kacang biji, daun, Indonesia: Jawa (Bogor) [s]:Phoma phaseoliDesmaz; ( tidak panjang, common bean), batang, Africa: South Africa =Phoma subcircinata Ellis & diproses Phaseolus spp., Capsicum media America: Argentina, USA Everh. =Phoma subcirnata II. jika MP annuum (cabai, hot pepper, tanam Asia: India =Phomopsis phaseoli diproses chilies, red pepper), Europe: Hungary,Italy, =Sphaeria phaseolorum Capsicum sp., Glycine max Romania Cooke & Ellis =Diaporthe (kedelai, soybean), Oceania:Australia, New phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Helianthus annuus (bunga Zealand Sacc; =Diaporthe batatas matahari, sunflower), Vicia Harter & E.C. Field faba (faba bean) 467

=Diaporthe phaseolorum var. Brachyglottis repanda batatatis (Harter & E.C. Field) Wehm.) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; Lima bean pod blight, leaf spot of Lima bean, bean pod blight, bean stem blight, bean stem canker 4. [a]: - I: jika MP Solanum melongena (terung, buah, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat, [s]: Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. tidak eggplant, aubergine) batang, Tengah, Timur) & P. Syd.) Harter(1914); diproses Solanum aculeatissimum, cabang, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, (=Phoma vexans Sacc. & P. II. jika MP Solanum incanum (grey ranting, Mauritius, Senegal, Syd. (1899)=Diaporthe diproses bitter-apple), Solanum daun, biji, Seychelles, South Africa, vexans (Sacc. & P. Syd.) nigrum (black nightshade), bunga, Tanzania, Zambia, Gratz; =Ascochyta hortorum solanum torvum (turkey media Zimbabwe (Speg.) C.O. Sm. =Phoma berry), Solanum virginianum tanam America:Antigua and solani Halst. 1892 =Phoma Barbuda, Argentina, vexans Sacc. & P. Syd. Barbados, Bermuda, =Phyllosticta hortorum Brazil, Canada,Colombia, Speg.) Costa Rica, Cuba, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dominican Republic, El Sordariomycetes; Blight of Savador, Guadeloupe, eggplant, Phomopsis rot of Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, eggplant, brown spot of Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, eggplant, fruit rot of eggplant, Puerto Rico, United States tipover of eggplant Virgin Island, USA, Venezuela Asia:Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, India, Iran, Irak, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic of, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, 468

Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan Europe: Romania Oceania:Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia 5. [a]: - I: jika MP Pogostemoncablin (Nilam) batang, Indonesia: Jawa, [s]: Synchitrium tidak daun Sumatera, Sulawesi pogostemonisS.D. Patil & diproses Mahab. II. jika MP Chytridiomycota, diproses Chytridiomycetes; Kutil (Wart) 6. [a]: - I: jika MP Saccharum officinarum (tebu, bunga, Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi [s]:Ustilago scitamineaSyd. tidak sugarcane) daun, (Selatan) (Sydow); ( =Sporisorium diproses batang, Africa: Burkina Faso, scitamineum (Syd.) M. II. jika MP Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Piepenbr., M. Stoll & diproses DR Congo, Ivory Coast, Oberw. =Ustilago sacchari Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Rabenh) Kenya, Madagascar, Basidiomycota, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Ustilaginomycotina, Morocco, Mozambique, Ustilaginomycetes; Sugarcane Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, pecut api, Sugarcane smut Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 469

Former USSR, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Vietnam. Europe: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Portugal. Oceania: Australia, Fiji. 7. [a]: Alternaria cucumerina(Ell. I: jika MP Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus biji, daun, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat) & Ev.) Elliott.; tidak lanatus (semangka, buah America: Argentina, USA (=Macrosporium diproses watermelon), Cucumis melo Asia: India 470

cucumerinum Ellis & Everth. II. jika MP (melon, melon), Cucurbita sp. =Alternaria brassicae var. diproses (labu, pumpkin) nigrescens Peglion) [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; Cucumber blight, brown spot of cucumber, alternaria leaf blight 8. [a]:Botrytis alliiMunn; ( I: jika MP Allium ascalonicum (bawang biji, umbi Indonesia: Sumatera =Botrytis aclada Fresen. ) tidak merah, shallot), Allium cepa (Barat dan Lampung), [s]:Botryotinia allii (Sawada) diproses (bawang bombay, onion), Jawa. W. Yaman II. jika MP Allium spp. Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, diproses Allium porrum (bawang daun, South Africa, Tanzania, Leotiomycetes; Neck rot of leek), Allium sativum (garlic) Zambia. onions schoenoprasum America: Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama, USA, Venezuela. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, Georgia (Republic), India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Vietnam. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, 471

Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, UK. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 9. [a]:Ephelis oryzae Syd.(1914);( I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), biji, akar, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat, =Ephelis pallida Pat. ) tidak Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) daun, Tengah), Sumatera (Utara, [s]:Balansia oryzae-sativae diproses Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda batang, Barat, Aceh) Hashioka; ( =Balansia II. jika MP grass), Echinochloa crus-galli ranting, Africa: Sierra Leone oryzae (Syd.) Naras. & diproses (barnyard grass), Eragrostis bunga, America: USA Thirum.) (lovegrasses), Leptochloa Asia: China, India,Japan, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, chinensis (Chinese Nepal Sordariomycetes; black choke, sprangletop), Paspalum Oceania:New Caledonia, black ring, false ergot, incense dilatatum (dallis grass), Vanuatu rod, sterility disease, udbatta, Paspalum scrobiculatum udbatta disease of Rice (ricegrass paspalum),Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), Secale cereale (rye), Setaria italica (foxtail millet) 10. [a]: Fusarium I: jika MP Asparagus officinalis bibit, akar, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat, oxysporumf.sp.asparagi tidak (asparaga, asparagus) batang, Timur) (Cohen) diproses media [s]: - II. jika MP tanam Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, diproses Sordariomycetes; Layu, busuk akar (wilt, root rot)

472

11. [a]: Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. I: jika MP Acacia melanoxylon daun, Indonesia: Sumatera passiflorae W.L. Gordon tidak (australian blackwod), akar, (Utara). [s]: - diproses Passiflora edulis (passion batang, Africa: South Africa. Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP fruit), Passiflora media America: Brazil, USA Sordariomycetes; Layu diproses quadrangularis (markisa, tanam Asia: China Fusarium, Fusarium wilt, wilt granadilla, passion-fruit), Oceania: Australia. of passionfruit Samanea saman (rain tree) 12. [a]: Neofusicoccum ribis I: jika MP Casuariana equisetifolia buah, Indonesia: Jawa, (Slippers, Crous & M.J. tidak (casuariana), Persea bunga,bata Kalimantan, Sumatera Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & diproses americana (alpokat, ng/ranting Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, A.J.L. Phillips; ( II. jika MP avocado), Juglans spp. Guinea, Ivory Coast, =Fusicoccum ribis Slippers, diproses (walnut), Macadamia Kenya, Madagascar, Crous & M.J. Wingf. integrifolia (macadamian Malawi, Mauritius, =Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. nut), Macadamia tetraphylla Mozambique, Niger, South =Dothiorella ribis (Fuckel) (Rough-shell macadamia Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Sacc. =Fusicoccum aesculi nut), Macadamia sp., Malus Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Corda =Fusicoccum tingens domesticum (apel, apple), Zimbabwe Goid.) Mangifera indica (mangga, America: Argentina, [s]: Botryosphaeria mango), Populus sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Barbados, ribisGrossend & Duggar; ( (poplars), Prunus persica Chile, Colombia, Costa =Botryosphaeria mali V.A. (peach), Ribes(currants), Rica, Canada, Cuba, Putterill) Rubus spp. (blackberry, Dominica, Grenada, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, raspberry) Honduras, Jamaica, Dothideomycetes; Cane blight, Citrus sp. (jeruk, citrus), Mexico, Panama, Trinidad canker, dieback, fruit rot, Eucalyptus sp., Liquidambar and Tobago, USA, gummosis, panicle and shoot formosa (beautiful sweet Uruguay, Venezuela blight, stem blight, tip gum), Liquidambar Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei dieback, white rot styraciflua (sweet gum), Darussalam, China, Pistia (water lettuce), Prunus Georgia Republic of, amygdalus (almond), Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Rhododendron(azalea) Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, 473

Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey Europe: Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy,Netherland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Micronesia, Federated states of, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands 13. [a]:Oidium tuckeriBerk.; I: jika MP Vitis, Vitis vinifera (anggur, bunga, Indonesia: Jawa (Timur), (=Acrosporium tuckeri tidak grapevine) daun, Bali (Buleleng) (Berk.) Sumst. diproses Ampelopsis, Cissus (grape), bibit, Africa:Algeria, Congo, DR =Pseudoidium tuckeri II. jika MP Cissus rhombifolia (grape batang, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, (Berk.) Y.S. Paul & J.N. diproses ivy), Parthenocissus, Vitis Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Kapoor) vinifera subsp. sylvestris Mauritania, Morocco, [s]: Erysiphe necatorSchwein; Mozambique, Portugal, (=Erysiphe necator var. Sierra Leone, Somalia, necator Schwein. =Erysiphe South Africa, Sudan, tuckeri Berk. =Uncinula Tanzania, Tunisia, necator (Schwennerts) Uganda, Zimbabwe. Burril =Unicula americana America: Argentina, Howe =Uncinula spiralis Bermuda, Barbados, Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Leotiomycetes; Embun tepung Dominican Republic, (Powdery mildew), grapevine Guatemala, Guyana, powdery mildew, grape Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, powdery mildew, powdery Puerto Rico, Trinidad and mildew grapevine Tobago, Uruguay, USA, 474

Hawaii, Venezuela. Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Taiwan, Georgia Republic of, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslavia. 475

Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea. 14. [a]:Rhizoctonia bataticola I: jika MP Abelmoschus esculentus biji, umbi, Indonesia:Jawa (Barat), (Taubenh.) E. J.Butler; tidak (okra), Abies concolor (Rocky bunga, Tangerang (=Rhizoctonia lamellifera diproses Mountain white fir), Actinidia buah, Africa: Benin, Botswana, Small =Sclerotium bataticola II. jika MP chinensis (Chinese akar, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Taubenh.) diproses gooseberry), Albizia lebbeck daun, Central African Republic, =Macrophomina (Indian siris), Alhagi batang DR Congo, Ivory Coast, phaseolina(Tassi) Goid; ( pseudalhagi (Camel-thorn), Agypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, =Botryodiplodia phaseoli Allium cepa (onion), Allium Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, (Maubl.) Thirum. sativum (garlic), Arachis Libya, Madagascar, =Dothiorella cajani Syd., P. hypogaea (kacang tanah, Malawi, Mauritius, Syd. & E. J. Butl. groundnut), Basella alba Morocco, Mozambique, =Macrophoma cajani Syd., (Malabar spinach), Beta Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, P. Syd. & E. J. Butl. vulgaris var. saccharifera Sierra Leone, Somalia, =Macrophoma corchori (sugarbeet), Boehmeria nivea South Africa, Sudan, Sawada =Macrophoma (ramie), Bombax ceiba (silk Swaziland, Tanzania, phaseoli Maubl. cotton tree), Brassica, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, =Macrophoma phaseolina Brassica oleracea var. Zambia, Zimbabwe Tassi =Macrophoma sesami botrytis (cauliflower), America: Canada, Mexico, Sawada =Macrophomina Broussonetia papyrifera USA, Bahama, Cuba, phaseoli (Maubl.) S. F. (paper mulberry), Cajanus Dominica, El Savador, Ashby =Macrophomina cajan (pigeon pea), Capsicum Guadeloupe, Honduras, philippines Petr.) annuum (bell pepper), Carica Jamaica, Puerto Rico, [s]: - papaya (pepaya, papaw), Trinidad and Tobago, Basidiomycota, Carthamus tinctorius Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Agaricomycotina, (safflower), Catharanthus Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Agaricomycetes; Charcoal rot roseus (Pink periwinkle), Uruguay, Venezuela of bean/tobacco, ashy stem Cedrus atlantica (Atlas Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei blight, ashy stem decay of cedar), Cedrus deodara Darussalam, China, India,

476

bean/tobacco, blight of (Himalayan cedar), Cicer Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, bean/tobacco, root rot of arietinum (chickpea), Korea Republic of, Kuwait, bean/tobacco Cichorium (chicory), Citrullus Lebanon, Malaysia, lanatus (semangka, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, watermelon), Citrus reticulata Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Syria, (mandarin), Cocos nucifera Taiwan, Turkey, Yemen (kelapa, coconut), Corchorus Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, capsularis (white jute), Cyprus, Czech Republic Corchorus olitorius (jute), and Slovakia, Denmark, Coriandrum sativum France, Germany, Greece, (coriander), Crocus sativus Hungary, Ireland, Italy, (saffron), Crotalaria juncea Mediterranean countries, (sunn hemp), Cucumis melo Netherland, Romania, (melon, melon), Cucumis Russia, Slovakia, Spain, sativus (mentimum, Switzerland, UK, Serbia cucumber), Cucurbita pepo and Montenegro, (ornamental gourd), Yugoslavia Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Curcuma longa (kunyit, turmeric), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar), Dahlia, Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum), Eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum), Fagopyron, Fragaria (strawberry), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, 477

soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Jasminum (jasmine), Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper), Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar), Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris (lentil), Linum (flax), Lupinus (lupins), Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram), Manihot esculenta (singkong, cassava), Medicago (medic), Momordica charantia (bitter gourd), Narcissus (daffodil), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (olive), Oryza sativa (padi, rice), Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pennisetum glaucum (pearl 478

millet), Phaseolus (beans), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pinopsida (conifers), Pinus canariensis (Canary pine), Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine), Pinus clausa (sand pine), Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine), Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine), Pinus lambertiana (big pine), Pinus pinaster (maritime pine)Pinus pinea (stone pine), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Piper betle (betel pepper), Piper nigrum (black pepper), Pisum sativum (pea), Plectranthus barbatus, Prosopis juliflora (mesquite), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Psidium guajava (jambu, guava), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Sesamum indicum 479

(sesame), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Sterculia urens (kateera gum), Stylosanthes (pencil- flower), Syzygium samarangense (water apple), Trifolium alexandrinum (Berseem clover), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Vicia faba (faba bean), Vigna aconitifolia (moth beans), Vigna mungo (black gram), Vigna radiata (mung bean), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vitis (grape), Zea mays (jagung, maize), Zingiber (jahe, ginger) Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), Artocarpus hirsutus (wild jack fruit), Cannabis sativa (hemp), Chlorophytum, Hibiscus schizopetalus (fringed hibiscus), Incarvillea delavayi, Salvia officinalis (common sage), Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple), 480

Stevia rebaudiana, Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Vanilla planifolia (vanilla) 15. [a]: Sclerotium varium I: jika MP Abelmoschus esculentus umbi, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat, Pers.,(1801) tidak (okra), Actinidia chinensis buah, Tengah) [s]: Sclerotinia diproses (Chinese gooseberry), daun, Africa: Algeria, Congo, DR sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary ( II. jika MP Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), akar, biji, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, =Sclerotinia libertiana diproses Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), batang, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Fuckel =Whetzelinia Allium cepa (bawang tanaman Mauritius, Morocco, sclerotiorum(Lib.) Korf & bombay, onion), Allium Nigeria, St. Helena, South Dumont =Peziza sativum (bawang putih, Africa, Tanzania, sclerotiorum Lib. =Peziza garlic), Anethum graveolens Zimbabwe coemansii J.J. Kickx) (dill), Angelica archangelica America: Bermuda, Costa Basidiomycota, (Angelica), Antirrhinum majus Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Agaricomycotina, (snapdragon), Apium Guatemala, Nicaragua, Agaricomycetes; cottony soft graveolens (seledri, celery), Panama, Canada, Mexico, rot, white rot, Sclerotinia wilt, Apium graveolens var. USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Sclerotinia head rot, Rapaceum (celeriac), Arachis Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Sclerotinia blossom blight, hypogaea (kacang tanah, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Sclerotinia drop Sclerotinia groundnut), Arctium lappa Venezuela soft rot, Sclerotinia stalk rot, (burdock), Asparagus Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Sclerotinia stem rot, collar rot, officinalis (asparagus), Gaza, Georgia Republic of, Sclerotinia pod rot, Sclerotinia Astragalus sinicus (chinese India, Iran, Israel, Japan, canker, Sclerotinia twig blight, clover), Begonia Jordan, Korea Republic of watery pod rot, white mould, tuberhybrida, Bellis perennis (South Korea), Lebanon, sclerotinia disease (common daisy), Beta Nepal, Pakistan, vulgaris var. saccharifera Singapore, Syria, (sugarbeet), Brassica, Tajikistan, Thailand, Brassica napus var. napus Turkey, Uzbekistan, (rape), Brassica oleracea var. Vietnam botrytis (cauliflower), Europe: Albania, Austria,

481

Brassica oleracea var. Belarus, Belgium, capitata (cabbage), Brassica Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, oleracea var. gemmifera Czech, Czech Republic and (Brussels sprouts), Brassica Slovakia, Denmark, oleracea var. gongylodes Estonia, Finland, France, (kohlrabi), Brassica oleracea Germany, Greece, var. italica (brokoli, broccoli), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Brassica oleracea var. viridis Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, (collards), Brassica rapa Malta, Moldova, subsp. chinensis (Chinese Netherlands, Norway, cabbage), Brassica rapa Poland, Portugal, subsp. rapa (turnip), Romania, Brassicaceae (cruciferous Russian,Slovakia, Spain, crops), Camellia, Campanula Oceania: American Samoa, (campanulas), Cannabis Australia, Fiji, New sativa (hemp), Capsicum Zealand, Samoa annuum (bell pepper), Sweden, Switzerland, Capsicum frutescens (chilli), Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Carthamus tinctorius Slovenia, Serbia and (safflower), Carum carvi Montenegro, Yugoslavia, (caraway), Chrysanthemum Bosnia and Herzegovina, (daisy), Cicer arietinum Macedonia, (chickpea), Cichorium (chicory), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Citrus, Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x 482

paradisi (grapefruit), Corchorus olitorius (jute), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin), Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (globe artichoke), Daucus carota (wortel,carrot), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Brassica oleracea var. italica (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (Chinese cabbage), Brassica rapa subsp. rapa (turnip), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops), Camellia, Campanula (campanulas), Cannabis sativa (hemp), Gossypium (cotton), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf), 483

Humulus (hop), Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Iris (irises), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Lilium (lili, lily), Lupinus (lupins), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Melilotus (melilots), Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Morus(mulberrytree), Musa(pisang, banana), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Panax ginseng (Asiatic ginseng), Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Persea americana (avocado), Petunia, Phaseolus (beans), Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Phlox, Pisum sativum (pea), Prunus (stone fruit), Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Rosa (roses), 484

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Saccharumofficinarum (sugarcane), Sesamum indicum (sesame), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Trifolium (clovers), Tulipa (tulip), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna mungo (black gram), Vigna radiata (mung bean), Viola (violet), Zinnia Acroptilon repens (Russian knapweed), Anemone coronaria (poppy anemone), Aquilegia, A. flabellata, Arabidobsis thaliana, Argyranthemum frutescens, Asclepias (Silkweed), Aster ericoides (Heath aster), Berberis (barberries), Borago officinalis (Borage), Brassica carinata (African cabbage), Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, Carduus (thistle), Centaurea 485

(Knapweed), Chenopodium album (fat hen), Citrus limonia (mandarin lime), Cosmos bipinnatus (garden cosmos), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (ornamentalgourd), Cynoglossum officinale (hound's tongue), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Eustoma grandiflorum (Lisianthus (cut flower crop)), Felicia amelloides, Guizotia abyssinica (niger), Hibiscus trionum (Venice mallow), Iberis sempervirens (edging candytuft), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Lantana camara (lantana), Marrubium (horehound), Mentha spicata (Spear mint), Osteospermum, Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercup), Sonchus asper, Thymus citriodorus, Trachyspermum ammi, Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry), Vaccinium 486

virgatum, Xanthium cavanellesii, Xerochrysum bracteatum 16. [a]:Sphaceloma ampelinum de I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (grapevine) buah, Indonesia: Bali Bary; ( =Gloeosporium tidak Rubus fruticosus bunga, Africa: Kenya, ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc. diproses (blackberry), Rubus idaeus daun, Madagascar, Mauritius, =Ramularia ampelophaga II. jika MP (raspberry), Vitis labrusca batang Morocco, Mozambique, Pass. =Torula meyeni Ber. & diproses (fox grape), Vitis rupestris South Africa, Tanzania, Terv. =Ramularia meyeni (sand-grape) Zambia, Zimbabwe Gar. & Catt. =Gloeosporium America: Barbados, venetum Speg. =Manginia Bermuda, Costa Rica, ampelina (de Bary) Viala & Cuba, Dominican Pacottet) Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, [s]: Elsinoe ampelinaShear;( Puerto Rico, Canada, =Uleomyces parasiticus Mexico, USA, Argentina, Henn. =Plectodiscella Brazil, Chile, Colombia, veneta Burkh. =Elsinoë Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, viticola Racib.) Venezuela Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Asia: Afghanistan, Dothideomycetes; Grape Cambodia, China, India, anthracnose; grape black Iran, Japan, Korea spot; grape black rot; bird's Republic of (South Korea), eye spot; bird's eye rot; vine Myanmar, Pakistan, black spot; bird's eye fungus; Taiwan, Turkey anthracnose of grapevine; Europe: Austria, Belgium, bird's eye disease of Bulgaria, Former USSR, grapevine; black spot of France, Germany, Greece, grapevine Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia,

487

Spain, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 17. [a]:Stagonospora sacchariT.T. I: jika MP Saccharum officinarum (tebu, daun Indonesia: Lampung, Lo & K.C. Ling tidak sugarcane) Jawa. [s]: - diproses Africa: South Africa. Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP Imperata cylindrica (cogon America: Argentina, Dothideomycetes; Gosong diproses grass), Miscanthus japonica, Panama, Venezuela, daun tebu(Sugarcane scorch), Miscanthus sinensis (eulalia), Oceania, Papua New leaf scorch Rottboellia cochinchinensis Guinea. (itch grass), Saccharum Asia: China, Taiwan, spontaneum (wild sugarcane) India, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. Oceania: Papua New Guinea 18. [a]: Stemphylium I: jika MP Allium cepa (onion), Allium buah, Indonesia: Jawa vesicarium(Wallr.) E.G. tidak cepa var. aggregatum daun, biji Africa: Egypt, Senegal, Simmons diproses (shallot), Allium sativum South Africa, [s]:Pleospora allii(Rabenh.) II. jika MP (garlic), Asparagus officinalis America: Jamaica, Ces. & De Not. diproses (asparagus), Glycine max Canada, USA, Argentina, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, (soyabean), Solanum Brazil, Chile, Venezuela Dothideomycetes; onion leaf lycopersicum (tomato), Asia: China, India, Iran, blight; garlic leaf blight; Mangifera indica (mango), Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea purple spot of asparagus; Medicago sativa (lucerne), Republic of (South Korea), brown spot of pear; garlic leaf Medicago tribuloides (barrel Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, spot; onion leaf spot; medic), Pyrus communis Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United asparagus leaf spot; (European pear), Solanum Arab Emirates, Stemphylium blight of onion; lycopersicum (tomato) Europe: Belgium, Cyprus, leaf blight: onion; purple spot: Aster, Helianthus anuus France, Germany, Greece, Asparagus spp. (sunflower), Raphanus Italy, Netherlands, sativus (radish) Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, 488

Sweden, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Vanuatu 19. [a];Helminthosporium I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi, Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatra solaniDurieu & Mont; ( tidak (kentang, potato) akar, (Selatan, Utara, Barat, =Cladosporium abietinum diproses tunas Jambi) Zukal =Spondylocladium II. jika MP Africa: Morocco, South atrovirens(Harz.) C. Harz ex diproses Africa Sacc. =Brachysporium America: Argentina, solani (Durieu & Mont.) Bolivia, Brazil,Canada, Sacc. =Dematium atrovirens Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Harz =Helminthosporium Mexico, Peru, USA, atrovirens (Harz) E.W. Venezuela Mason & S. Hughes) Asia: China,Taiwan, [s]: - India,Iran, Israel, Japan, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Myanmar, Singapore, Dothideomycetes; Silver scurf Turkey Europe: Austria,Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Rusia, Swedia,Switzerlands, UK Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 20. [c]: Peronosclerospora I: jika MP Zea mays (maize) biji, daun Indonesia: Sulawesi philippinensis (W. Weston) tidak Avena sativa (oats), Africa: Mauritirus C.G. Shaw; ( =Sclerospora diproses Saccharum officinarum Asia: China, India, Japan, philippinensis) II. jika MP (sugarcane), Saccharum Nepal, Pakistan, 489

Oomycota, Oomycetes; diproses spontaneum (wild Philippines, Taiwan, philippine downy mildew sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor Thailand (sorghum), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte) 21. [c]: Peronosclerospora I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, daun, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat) sorghi(Weston & Uppal) C.G tidak sorghum), Sorghum spp., Zea media Africa: Benin, Botswana, Shaw. (1978); ( =Sclerospora diproses mays (jagung, corn, maize) tanam Burkina Faso, Burundi, graminicola var. II. jika MP Andropogon sorghi, Panicum (tanah) Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, andropogonis-sorghi Kulk. diproses trypheron, Pennisetum Kenya, Malawi, =Sclerospora sorghi W. glaucum, Sorghum halepense, Mauritania, Mauritius, Weston & Uppal (1932) Sorghum almum, Sorghum Mozambique, Nigeria, =Sclerospora andropogonis- arundinaceum, Sorghum Rwanda, Somalia, South sorghi (Kulk.) Mundk. caffrorum, Sorghum Africa,Sudan, Swaziland, =Sorosporium andropogonis- propinquum, Sorghum Tanzania, Uganda, sorghi S. Ito) sudanense, Sorghum Zambia, Zimbabwe Oomycota, Oomycetes, vesicolor, Sorghum virgatum, America: Argentina, Sclerosporales; Sorghum Zea mexicana, Zea Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, downy mildew, mildew of diploperennis, El Salvador, Guatemala, maize and sorghum Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Taiwan, India,Iran, Israel, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Yemen, Vietnam, Europe: Italy Oceania: Australia 490

22. [c]: Peronospora manshurica I: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, biji, bunga, Indonesia: Jawa Timur, (Naum) Syd. (1923); tidak soybean) polong, Jawa Barat (Bogor). (=Peronospora sojae F. diproses daun Africa: Ethiopia, South Lehm. & F.A. Wolf II. jika MP Africa, Zimbabwe. =Peronospora trifolium var. diproses America: Argentina, manchurica Naumov) Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Oomycota, Oomycetes, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Peronosporales; Downy Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA. mildew, embun bulu Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North Korea), Korea Republic of (South Korea), Malaysia, Philippines, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam. Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

491

23. [c]: Phytophthora I: jika MP Citrus spp., Theobroma cacao biji, buah, Indonesia: Sulawesi citrophthora(R.H Sm & E. tidak (kakao, cocoa) daun, (Tengah), NTT (Soe) Sm) Leonia) ( =Pythiacystis diproses Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi), akar, Africa: Algeria, Angola, DR citrophthoraR.E Sm. & E.H. II. jika MP Mandevilla spp., Tabernae batang, Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Sm.) diproses coronaria, Euonymus spp., media Ethiopia, Kenya, Oomycota, Oomycetes; brown Rhododendron spp., Hevea tanam Mauritius, Morocco, rot of Citrus fruit, foot rot of brasiliensis (karet, rubber Mozambique, Senegal, Citrus, cocoa black pod, stem tree), Fagus spp., Ribes South Africa, Tunisia, necrosis, canker, seedling sanguineum, Juglans spp., Zambia, Zimbabwe blight Sandoricum koetjape (kecapi, America: Argentina, kecaphi) Ficus elastica, Cocos Barbados, Brazil, Chile, nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Costa Rica, Cuba, Sesamum indicum (wijen, Dominica, Ecuador, El sesame), Piper nigrum (lada, Salvador, French Guiana, pepper), Pistacia vera, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Fragaria spp., Prunus Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, domestica, Rubus idaeus, Martinique, Mexico, Coptis japonica, Murraya sp., Panama, Peru, Puerto Poncirus trifoliate, Capsicum Rico, Suriname, Trinidad annuum (cabai, hot pepper, and Tobago, USA, chilies, red pepper), Taxus Uruguay, Venezuela spp., Sequoiadendron Asia: Bangladesh, China, giganteum, Abies lasiocarpa Taiwan, Georgia Republic var. arizonica, Acca of, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, sellowiana, Buxus, Castanea Japan, Jordan, Korea sativa (chesnut), Republic of (South Korea), Chamaecyparis lawsonia Lebanon, Malaysia, (Port oxford cedar), Citrullus Pakistan, Philippines, lanatus (semangka, Thailand, Turkey, watermelon), Citrus limetta Vietnam, Yemen (sweet lemon tree), C. limon Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, (lemon), C. maxima Czech Republic, Former 492

(pummelo), C. sinensis (nevel USSR, France, Greece, orange), Diospyros kaki Hungary, Italy, Poland, (persommon), Fragaria regia Portugal, Rusia, Spain, (walnut), Lavandula Switzerland, UK angustifolia (lavender), Oceania:Australia, Cook Ligustrum vulgare, Islands, Fiji, New Nothofagus obliqua, Caledonia, New Zealand Pandorea jasminoides, Pelargonium graveolens, Picea abies, Pistacia vera, Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium, Prunus dulcis, Ribes sanguineum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sciadopitys verticillata,Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Syringa vulgaris, Theobroma cacao, Vaccinium (bluberries) 24. [c]: Phytophthora fragariaeC.J. I: jika MP Fragaria, Fragaria ananassa stolon, Indonesia: Jawa. Hickman; ( =Phytophthora tidak Fragaria vesca (Arbei, akar, Africa: Egypt. fragariae var. fragariae diproses strawberry), Rubus idaeus batang, America: Canada, Chile, Hickman) II. jika MP (raspberry) bibit,media Ecuador, Mexico, USA. Oomycota, Oomycetes; Red diproses Fragaria chiloensis (chilean tanam Asia:India, Israel, China, core, red stele disease, strawberry) Taiwan, Japan, Lebanon, strawberry red stele root rot, Syria. raspberry root rot, red core Europe: Austria, Belgium, disease of strawberry, red core Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech of strawberry, red stele Republic and Slovakia, disease of strawberry, red Denmark, France, stele of strawberry Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, 493

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Scotland. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 25. [p]: Spongospora subterranea I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum umbi, Indonesia: Jawa f.sp. subterranea(Wallr.) tidak (kentang, potato), Solanum bonggol, Africa: Algeria, Burundi, Lagerh.; ( =Sorosporium diproses Solanum lycopersicum(tomat, media Egypt, Kenya, scabies (Berk.) A.A. Fisch. II. jika MP tomato) tanam Madagascar, Mauritius, Waldh.) diproses Capsicum annuum (bell (tanah) Morocco, Mozambique, Plasmodiophoromycota, pepper), Datura stramonium Rwanda, South Africa, Plasmodiophoromycetes; (jimsonweed), Nicandra sebagai Tanzania, Tunisia, Slimy rot,powdery scab, corky physalodes (apple of Peru), vektor: Zimbabwe. scab, corky scab: potato, Nicotiana rustica (wild Potato America: Argentina, powdery scab of potato, tobacco), Physalis peruviana mop-top Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, powdery scab: potato, tomato (Cape gooseberry), Solanum pomovirus Chile, Colombia, Costa powdery scab marginatum (white-edged Rica, Ecuador, Falkland nightshade), Solanum nigrum Islands, Mexico, Panama, (black nightshade), Tussilago Peru, USA, Hawaii, farfara (Colt's-foot), Ullucus Uruguay, Venezuela. tuberosus (Ulluco) Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, 494

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 26. [r]:Physopella ampelopsidis I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun,bata Indonesia: Jawa (Tengah, (Dietel & P. Syd.) (1959); tidak grapevine), Parthenocissus ng Timur), Bali, Sulawesi (=Phakopsora ampelopsidis diproses tricuspidata (Boston ivy), (Selatan) Dietel & P. Syd., (1898) II. jika MP Meliosma sp., Vitaceae, Asia: China, Japan, Korea =Phakopsora ampelosidis diproses Ampelocissus robinsonii, A. Republic of (South Korea), Dietel & P. Syd. (1898) heterophylla, Cissus Nepal, Taiwan. =Angiopsora ampelopsidis yoshimurae, Meliosma Oceania: Australia (Dietel & P. Syd.) (1949) myriantha, Partheocissus thunbergii, P. tricuspidata, Basidiomycota, Quinaria tricuspidata, Vitis Pucciniomycotina, caribaea, V. coignatiae, V. Pucciniomycetes; Karat, Rust flexuosa, V. lanata, V. munsoniana, V. tiliifolia, V.

27. [r]: Uromycladium I: jika MP Sengon, Acacia saligna (Port bibit, Indonesia: Maluku, Jawa tepperianum(Saccardo) Mc. tidak jackson wattle) batang (Timur, Barat, Tengah), Alpine; ( =Uromyces diproses Sulawesi, Sumatera tepperianus Sacc. II. jika MP (Bengkulu), Bali =Caeomurus tepperianus diproses Africa: South Africa (Sacc.) Kuntze) Asia: Malaysia, Filipina Basidiomycota, 495

Pucciniomycotina, Pucciniomycetes; Rust, gall rust

VII. BAKTERI (BACTERI) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ DAERAH SEBAR/ GOLONGA INANG/ PEMBAWA No SCIENTIFIC NAME/ GEOGRAPHICAL N/ GROUP HOST / SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON DISTRIBUTION PATHWAY NAME 1. Burkholderia glumae (Kurita & I Oryza sativa (padi, rice) biji, bibit Indonesia: Jawa, Tabei)Urakami et al., (= Lolium multiflorum (Italian Sumatera, Kalimantan Pseudomonas ryegrass) Asia: China, Taiwan, glumae);Burkholderiales: Japan, Korea, Philippines, Burkholderiaceae;bacterial Sri Lanka, Vietnam grain rot; grain rot; bacterial America: Colombia, rot; rice grain rot; rice rot; Panama, USA rice blight; sheath rot; grain Africa: Burkina Faso sterility of rice; grain discoloration of rice 2. Clavibacter I Capsicum frutescens (cabai akar, Indonesia: Sumatera michiganensissubsp. rawit, hot pepper, chilies), batang, (Barat, Selatan), Jawa michiganensis (Smith) Davis et Capsicum annuum (paprika, daun, (Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, al.;(=Aplanobacter bell-pepper, red pepper), bunga, Banten) michiganensis =Bacterium Lycopersicum esculentum buah, biji, Europe: Austria, Belarus, michiganense (tomat, tomato), Solanum media Belgium, Bulgaria, =Corynebacterium melongena (terung, eggplant, tanam Cyprus, Czech, Belarus, michiganense pv. aubergine) Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, michiganense Solanum mammosum, Moldova, Armenia, =C.michiganense subsp. S.dauglas, S. nigrum, S. Azerbaijan, Georgia, michiganense trifolium Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, 496

=C.michiganense =Erwinia Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, michiganensis (=michiganense) Uzbekistan, Ukraina, =Mycobacterium michiganense Russia, France, Germany, =Phytomonas michiganensis Greece, Hungary, Italy, =Pseudomonas michiganense The Netherlands, Poland, =P. Romania, Russia, michiganensis);Actynomycetal Slovenia, Spain, es: Microbacteriaceae; Switzerlands, Ukraina, bacterial cancer, birds eye UK, Serbia, Croatia, spot Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Republik of Korea (South Korea), Libanon, Syria, Turkey. Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America:Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Mexico, Panama, Peru, USA, Uruguay. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Guam, Fiji, Tonga.

497

3. Leifsonia xylisubsp.xyli(Davis I Saccharum, Saccharum stek, Indonesia: Jawa et al.) Evtushenko et al.); officinarum (tebu, sugarcane) batang Europe: Spain. (=Clavibacter xyli = Clavibacter Zea mays (jagung, corn, (stem Asia: Bangladesh, China, xyli subsp. xyli); maize), Sorghum bicolor stoke), Taiwan, India, Japan, Actynomycetales: (sorgum, sorghum), mata Malaysia, Myanmar, Microbacteriaceae; ratoon Brachiaria spp., Chloris tunas, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri stunting of sugarcane, gayana, Cynodon dactylon, bunga, Lanka, Thailand. sugarcane ratoon stunting Echinochloa colonum, akar, bibit. Africa: Burkina Faso, disease Imperata xylindrical, Panicum Cameroon, Comoros, DR maximum, Pennisetum Congo, Ivory Coast, purpureum dan Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Rhynchelytrum repens. Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe. America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela. Oceania: Australia, Fiji.

498

4. I Pantoea stewartii sub sp. Zea mays (jagung, corn, biji, bunga, Indonesia: Jawa, stewartii(Smith) Mergaert et maize), Zea mexicana daun, Sumatera, Sulawesi, al.; (=Aplanobacter stewartii (teosinte) akar, Lombok batang, =Bacillus stewartii =Bacterium Zea mays subsp. mays Europe: Austria, Yunani, stewartii =Erwinia stewartii (sweetcorn), Zea mays subsp. Vektor: Poland, Russia, Croatia, =Pantoea stewartii subsp. Greece, Italy, Netherland, parviglumis. Chaetocne stewartii =Phytomonas Romania, Serbia, Saccharum officinarum (tebu, m stewartii =Pseudobacterium Switzerland, Yugorslavia stewartii =Pseudomonas sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor pulicaria,A stewartii =Xanthomonas (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum grotis Asia: China, India, stewartii); Enterobacteriales: aestivum (gandum, wheat), manchus, Malaysia, Thailand, Enterobacteriaceae, Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, Chaetocne Vietnam, Korea bacterialblight of maize, mungbean), Cucumis sativus ma America: Bolivia, Brazil, bacterial wilt of maize, maize (mentimun, cucumber), denticulata Canada, Costa Rica, bacteriosis, Stewart's wilt Agrotis alba, Avena sativa, , , Diabrotica Guyana, Mexico, Peru, Coix lacryma-jobi, nigricornis, Puerto Rico, USA, Trinidad Echinochloa americana, D. and Tobago, Argentina, Trapsacumspp., undecimpu Paraguay Panicumspp., Setaria pumila, ctata, D. Zea perennis, berbagai gulma versifera, Poaceae (Gramineae), Hylemya Agrostis gigantea (black cilicrura. bent), Dracaena sanderiana 5. Pseudomonas cichorii(Swingle) I Glycine max (kedelai, biji Indonesia: Jawa Barat Stapp.; Pseudomonadales: soybean), Apium graveolens (Cianjur). Pseudomonadaceae; hawar (selederi, celery), Dahlia, Europe: France, Germany, bakteri Lactuca sativa (selada, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, lettuce), Nicotiana tabacum Portugal, Russia, Spain, (tembakau, tobacco) Ukraine, UK. Apium graveolens (celery), Asia: China, Taiwan, Chrysanthemum (daisy), India, Iran, Japan, 499

Chrysanthemum coronarium Republic of Korea (South (garland chrysanthemum), Korea) Chrysanthemum morifolium Africa: Burundi, South (chrysanthemum (florists')), Africa, Tanzania. Chrysanthemum vestitum, America: Argentina, Cichorium endivia (endives), Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Cichorium endivia subsp. Chile, Cuba, USA, Hawai. endivia (endives), Cichorium Oceania: Australia, New endivia var. crispum (Winter Zealand. endive), Cichorium intybus (chicory), Dahlia Gerbera (Barbeton daisy), Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy), Glycine max (kedelai, soybean)Hibiscus rosa- sinensis (China-rose), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco) Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean) Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, achra), Agaricus, Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha), Barleria cristata (philippine violet), Brassica napus var. napus (rape), Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower), Brassica 500

oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Brassicarapa ssp. oleifera (turnip rape), Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (kChinese cabbage), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Pe-tsai), Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold), Camellia, Capsicum (peppers), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell pepper), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Centaurea cyanus (cornflower), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Cyclamen, Daucus carota (carrot), Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Hedera helix (ivy), Helianthus (sunflower), Hydrangea (hydrangeas), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mentha arvensis (Corn mint), Monstera deliciosa (ceriman), Musa sp. (banana), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Ocimum basilicum 501

(basil), Panax ginseng (Asiatic ginseng), Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy), Papaver orientale (Oriental poppy), Pernettya mucronata (prickly heath (UK)), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Potentilla (Cinquefoil), Primula polyantha, Prunus persica (peach), Pyracantha (Firethorn), Pyrus communis (European pear), Ranunculus acris (Meadow buttercup), Rhododendron catawbiense, Scindapsus, Solanum melongena (aubergine), Spathiphyllum, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Viburnum, Xanthosoma brasiliens 6. Pseudomonas I Cucumis sativus (mentimun, kulit, Indonesia: Jawa Barat, syringaepv.lachrymans; cucumber), Benincasa buah, Jawa Tengah, Banten, (=Bacillus lachrymans hispida, Citrullus lunatus, daun, biji, Sumatera selatan =Bacterium burgeri =Bacterium Cucumis auguria, Cucumis planlet, Europe: Austria, Belarus, lachrymans =Chlorobacter melo, Cucurbita moschata, batang, Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, lachrymans =Phytomonas Cucurbita pepo, Luffa bibit France, Germany, Greece, lachrymans =Pseudomonas acutangula, Sechium edule, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, lachrymans =P.lachrymans f. Solanum melongena (Terung, Netherlands, Poland, cucumis =P.burgeri); eggplant) Romania, Russia, Pseudomonadales: Slovakia, Switzerland, Pseudomonadaceae; Ukraine, UK, Serbia, angularspot of cucumber, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia 502

bacterialspot and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Laos, Philippines, Singapore, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Gabon, Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 7. Pseudomonas syringaepv. I Cannabis sativa (hemp), daun, biji, Indonesia: Jawa mori(Boyer & Lambert) Young Morus bombycis (Japanese batang, Europe: Bulgaria, Czech et al.; Pseudomonadales: mulberry), Morus nigra (black Republic and Slovakia, Pseudomonadaceae; hawar mulberry), Morus rubra (red Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, daun mulberrytree), Phaseolus Estonia, Moldova, lunatus (lima bean) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Morus alba (murbei, Georgia, Kazakhstan, mulberry) Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Morus (mulberrytree) Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, UK 503

Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Korea DPR (North Korea), Republic of Korea (South Korea), Pakistan, Turkey. Africa: South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe. America: Brazil, Canada, Caribbean, USA. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 8. Ralstonia I Syzygium aromaticum bibit, Indonesia: Sumatera syzygii(=Pseudomonas syzygii (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium daun, (Lampung), Jawa, Bali, (Roberts et spp., Eugenia spp. akar, Sulawesi, Kalimantan al).;Pseudomonadales: batang. Selatan Maluku Pseudomonadaceae; bakteri pembuluh kayu Syzygium vektor: aromaticum (cengkeh, clove) Hemiptera, (BPKC) Machaeroti dae: Hindola spp.

VIII. VIRUS (VIRUSES) MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ NO PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM / GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION 1. Banana streak badnavirus I Musa spp. (pisang, Tanaman, Indonesia: Jawa Barat, (BSV);(= Banana streak virus) banana) akar, batang, Lampung,

504

daun, bunga, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, buah Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda. America: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands, Venezuela. Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Europe: Portugal, Spain. Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga. 2. Carnation mottle I Dianthus caryophyllus, suluran Indonesia: Jawa barat carmovirus(CarMV);(= D.barbatus, Begonia spp., (stolon), (Cipanas) Carnation mottle virus) Sapo naria officinalis, tanaman Africa: Egypt Daphne odora, America: Argentina, Colombia D.superbus, Tetragonia Asia: China, India tetragonioides, Vaccaria Europe: Czech, Slovakia, hispanica Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, 505

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Hungary, Italy Oceania: Australia 3. Carnation ringspot dianthovirus I Dianthus (carnation), daun, biji, Indonesia;Jawa barat (CRSV);(=Carnation ringspot Dianthus barbatus (sweet bibit (Cipanas) virus) williams), Dianthus tanaman America: North America, caryophyllus (carnation), Canada, Mexico, USA, Brazil, Malus sylvestris (crab- Colombia apple tree), Prunus avium Europe: Denmark, Finland, (sweet cherry), Prunus France, Germany, Italy, cerasus (sour cherry), Lithuania, Netherlands, Prunus domestica (plum), Poland, Russia, UK Pyrus communis Oceania: Australia, New (European pear), Prunus Zealand salicina (Japanese plum), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) 4. Citrus exocortis pospiviroid I Citroncirus webberi buah, Indonesia: Jawa (CEVd);(=Citrus exocortis viroid) (citrange), Citrus limon polong, Asia: China, India, Iran, Irak, (lemon), Citrus limonia tunasbunga, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea (jeruk limau, mandarin daun, Republic of (South Korea), lime), Citrus reticulata x batang, Lebanon, Malaysia, Oman, Poncirus trifoliata tanaman. Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi (citrumelo), Poncirus Arabia, Syria, Thailand, trifoliate (trifoliate orange) Turkey, United Arab Brassica rapa. Oleifera Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen (turnip rape), Eropa: Cyprus, Serbia, Chrysanthemum vestitum, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Citrus, Daucus carota Herzegovina, Montenegro, (wortel, carrot), Gynura Macedonia, France, Italy, aurantiaca (java velvet Portugal, Russia, Spain. plant), Gynura 506

procumbens, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Petunia hybrida, Solanum melongena (terong, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) 5. Cymbidium ringspot I Orchidaceae (Cymbidium) tanaman Indonesia: Jawa Barat (Bogor, tombusvirus Trifolium repens, Vigna Cipanas) (CymRSV);(=Cymbidium ungiculata Europe: UK ringspot virus) 6. Fiji phytoreovirus I Saccharum officinarum bibit, Indonesia: Papua, Sulawesi, (tebu, sugarcane) tanaman Africa: Madagascar Asia: Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand. Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu. 7. Onion yellow dwarf potyvirus I Allium ascalonicum bibit,umbi Indonesia: Jawa (OYDV);(= Onion yellow dwarf (bawang merah, shallot), Africa: Morocco, South Africa. virus) Allium cepa, Alium porrum, America: Argentina, Brazil, Alium sativum Canada, Chile, Cuba, USA, Uruguay. Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Thailand, Turkey Europe: Austria, Czech 507

Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Scotland. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 8. Papaya ringspot potyvirus I Caricapapaya tanaman, Indonesia: Sumatera (Aceh, (PRSV);(= Papaya distortion Cucurbitaceae bibit, buah, Sumatera Utara), Jawa, Bali mosaic virus, Papaya leaf bunga Africa: Nigeria distortion virus, Papaw America: Bahama, Brazil, distortion ringspot virus, Vektor:Hemi Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Papaw mosaic virus, ptera, Dominica, Ecuador, El Watermelon mosaic virus 1 Aphididae: Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, (type P), Guadeloupe papaya Myzus Mexico, Puerto Rico, Trinidad ringspot, Papaya ringspot - persicae, and Tobago, USA, Venezuela type W, Papaya ringspot virus, Aphis Asia: China, India, Japan, Watermelon mosaic virus 1 coreopsidis, Lebanon, Malaysia, Nepal, potyvirus) A. craccivora, Philippines, Singapore, Sri A. fabae, Lanka, Syria, Thailand, A.gossypii, Yemen Toxoptera Europe: France, Germany, citricida Italy, Bangladesh Oceania: Australia 9. Shallot yellow stripe virus I Allium ascalonicum umbi, bibit Indonesia: Jawa (SYSV) (bawang merah), Allium Asia: China, Thailand. cepa, Allium Vektor:Hemi cepa var. cepa (cv. ptera, Stuttgarter Riesen), Allium Aphididae: sativum, Lilium Acyrthosipho 508

formosanum. n pisum, Myzus cymbalariae 10. Squash mosaic comovirus I Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus biji, tanaman Indonesia: Jawa barat (SqMV);(= Cucurbit ring mosaic vulgaris (semangka, Africa: Egypt, Morocco virus, Musk melon mosaic watermelon), Cucumis Vektor:Coleo America: Argentina, Brazil, como virus, Muskmelon melo (melon), Cucumis ptera, Canada, Honduras, Jamaica, necrotic mosaic virus, Squash sativus (mentimun, Chrysomelid Mexico, Montserrat, USA, mosaic comovirus, Pumpkin cucumber), Cucurbita ae: Venezuela mosaic virus, Watermelon stunt maxima (waluh, labu Acalymma Asia: Bangladesh, China, virus) parang, pumpkin), C. pepo trivittata, A. India, Iran, Israel, Japan, thiemei Jordan, Kazakhstan, thiemei, Lebanon, Philippines, Yemen, Diabrotica Europe: Greece, Italy, undecimpunc Netherland tata Oceania: New Zealand undecimpunc tata, D. bivittula; Coleoptera, Coccinellidae : Epilachna chrysomelina ; E. paenulata 11. Sweet potato feathery mottle I Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, bibit Indonesia: Jawa Tengah, potyvirus (SPFMV);(= Sweet sweet potato) Papua. potato russet crack virus, Sweet Africa: Kenya, Madagascar, potato feathery mottle virus, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Sweet potato internal cork Togo, Uganda, Zambia, virus, Sweet potato leaf spot Zimbabwe, virus) America: Argentina, Brazil, 509

Canada, Peru, United States of America, Venezuela Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Tonga 12. Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus I Solanum lycopersicum Stek, Indonesia: Jawa Barat, (TSWV);(=Pineapple yellow spot (tomat, tomato), Capsicum tanaman Pontianak (Kab. Kubu Raya) virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus annuum (paprika, bell- Africa: Algeria, Burkina Faso, group, Dahlia oakleaf virus, pepper), Lactuca sativa Vektor: DR Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Dahlia ringspot virus, Dahlia (selada, lettuce), Pisum Thysanopter Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, yellow ringspot virus, sativum (kapri, sweet pea), a, Thripidae: Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Groundnut ringspot virus, Mung Nicotiana tabacum Frankliniella Réunion, Senegal, South bean leaf curl virus) (tembakau, tobacco), bispinosa, F. Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Solanum tuberosum Intonsa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe. (kentang, potato), F.fusca, America: Argentina, Bolivia, Solanaceae, Alstroemeria, F.occidenttali Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ananas comosus (nenas, s, F. Costa Rica, Guyana, Haiti, pineapple), Anemone Schultzei, F. Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay, coronaria, Apium Tenuicornis, Puerto Rico, Suriname, USA, graveolens (seladeri, Thrips palmi, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela. celery), Arachys hypogaea T. Setosus, T. Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, (kacang tanah, peanut), Tabaci, Azerbaijan, China, Taiwan, Aster, Begonia, Bidens T.flavus, Georgia (Republic), India, pilosa, Benincasa hispida, Scirtothrips Iran, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Calceolaria, dorsalis Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Chrysanthemum x Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, morifolium, Carica papaya Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan (papaya, pawpaw), Europe: Albania, Austria, Cichorium endivia, Cicer Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, arietinum, Citrullus Cyprus, Czech Republic, lanatus (semangka, Finland, France, Germany, watermelon), Columnea Greece, Hungary, Ireland, hirta, Canavalia gladiata, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, 510

Capsicum annuum (cabai, Macedonia, Netherlands, hot pepper), Callistephus Norway, Poland, Portugal, chinensis, Catharanthus Romania, Russia, Slovakia, roseus, Cucumis sativus Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, (mentimun, cucumber), Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Cucurbita pepo, Crotalaria Scotland, Serbia, Bosnia and juncea, Cyphoman dra Herzegovina,. betacea, Cynara scolymus, Oceania: Australia, Cook Cyclamen, Dahlia, Islands, New Zealand, Papua Dieffenbachia, Eustoma New Guinea. grandiflorum, Ficus elastica, Ficus pumila, Gerbera spp., Gerbera jamesonii, Galinsoga parviflora, Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, cotton), helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Impatiens walleriana, Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Kalanchoe, Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Lathyrus sativus, Lupinus spp. (Lupine), Mentha piperita, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana rustica, Oncidium, Ocimum basilicum, Pelargonium, Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus, Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Vigna mungo, Vigna cylindrica (buncis,

511

common bean), Physalis peruviana, Phalaenopsis, Sechium edule, Senecio cruentus, Stephanotis floribunda, Sinningia, Sinningia speciosa, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Tagetes, Tephrosia purpurea, Vicia faba, Vigna unguiculata, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Valerianella locusta, Zinnia elegans, Zantedeschiaaethiopica, Ageratum conyzoides, Calendula officinalis, Canna indica, Coleus, Mirabilis jalapa, Saintpaulia ionantha, Salvia officinalis, Valeriana officinalis Keterangan: [a] : aseksual [s] : seksual [r] : cendawan karat [c] : chromista I : golongan I II : golongan II MENTERI PERTANIAN,

AMRAN SULAIMAN 512