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NRDC (Nuclear Program Document) © 1945-2005 The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists November/December 2004, Volume 60, Number 6, pp. 74-75 Prepared for Robert Norris (205.138.206.34) on August 16, 2005 at 7:15 pm GMT When the November/December 2004 issue was published, the Doomsday Clock remained at 7 minutes to midnight, where it had been since February 27, 2002 when the United States rejects a series of arms control treaties and announces it will withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Terrorists seek to acquire and use nuclear and biological weapons. REVIEWS Details Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside directly from the author at coster@ bomb. By attending several reunions Story of Little Boy and Fat Man execpc.com.) of the 509th Composite Group, By John Coster-Mullen Coster-Mullen’s research approach Coster-Mullen discovered a bevy of Self-published, 2004 to the material focuses on a detailed valuable primary sources. Among 359 pages; $45.00 explication of how the two bombs others, Coster-Mullen interviewed were built. He has sought to recreate six of the 12-man Enola Gay crew Reviewed by Robert S. Norris the exact dimensions and (which dropped Little configurations, internally Boy on Hiroshima), eight THE LITERATURE ON THE MANHATTAN and externally, of the of the 13-man Bockscar Project is vast, but there is always Little Boy and Fat Man crew (which dropped Fat room for interesting new research bombs—something that Man on Nagasaki), and that deepens our understanding of has not before been ac- 10 members of Project perhaps the most important event of complished on this scale. Alberta (the scientific the twentieth century, the atomic Armed with calipers team sent from Los Alam- bombing of Japan. John Coster- and a tape measure, os to Tinian Island). The Mullen has proven that with his Coster-Mullen climbed 509th reunions have also book Atom Bombs: The Top Secret over mock Little Boy and been instrumental in stim- Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Fat Man bombs on dis- ulating several other Man. For many years, Coster-Mullen play at various museums, measuring books by scholars and 509th veter- has been printing his manuscript at every aspect that he could, often tak- ans that deserve wider readership, in- Kinko’s (adding to and revising it ing pictures. He supplemented this cluding Richard H. Campbell’s They along the way) and selling spiral- fieldwork by closely examining key Were Called Silverplate, Robert bound copies at conferences or over documents and photographs in the Krauss’s Wendover Memories, and the internet. It is most unfortunate National Archives and elsewhere and Harlow W. Russ’s Project Alberta. that a publisher has not yet been by interviewing more than 150 scien- After opening Atom Bombs with found for this important book. tists, engineers, and other central some preliminary history, Coster- (Atom Bombs can also be ordered participants who worked on the Mullen gets down to business, de- scribing in explicit detail the Fat Man outside the assembly building on Tinian; a cross section by Coster-Mullen of the Little Boy bomb and the Hi- bomb’s implosion sphere. One set of the 32 lenses, inner charges, and detonators is depicted. roshima mission. Nothing else in the Manhattan Project litera- ture comes close to his exacting breakdown of the bomb’s parts. Coster-Mullen describes the size, weight, and composi- tion of many of Little Boy’s components, including the nose section and its target case; the uranium 235 target rings and tamper; the arming and fuzing system; the forged steel 6.5-inch diameter gun barrel through which the uranium 235 projec- NATIONAL ARCHIVES; JOHN COSTER-MULLEN (DIAGRAM) 74 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists November/December 2004 S that went on aboard the than 40 minutes for the photo plane Enola Gay that made the to show up at the rendezvous point mission a success, such as and by taking more than one bomb how Capt. William “Deak” run over cloud-covered Kokura. Parsons loaded the four The main text of Atom Bombs is cordite powder bags that supported by 32 pages of valuable would propel the projectile endnotes, as well as several appen- down the bomb’s gun bar- dices listing such things as the Hi- rel, or when Col. Paul W. roshima and Nagasaki plane crews. Tibbets turned over control Another appendix lists the 15 spe- of the plane to bombardier cially modified B-29s that were on Maj. Thomas W. Ferebee, Tinian Island as part of the 393rd who released Little Boy. Bombardment Squadron: Nine par- The Fat Man bomb was a ticipated in either the Hiroshima or more complicated design Nagasaki missions; four participated than Little Boy, and Coster- in both. As Coster-Mullen outlines, Mullen devotes 26 pages to the Enola Gay was the Kokura the many problems that the weather plane on the Nagasaki mis- scientists needed to over- sion, and the Great Artiste was the come to make it work. This instrument plane on both missions. perspective is absent in Before the Hiroshima and Nagasaki some Manhattan Project bombings, 509th Composite Group books whose authors aren’t aircraft practiced bombing Japanese Little Boy in the loading pit under the Enola Gay; well versed in the technical cities with mock Fat Man bombs, a cross section of the bomb’s major mechanical components. details—not a problem for nicknamed “Pumpkins,” on 16 spe- Coster-Mullen. For exam- cial missions. tile was fired at the target rings; and ple, he discusses how the scientists The book includes 100 pages of the tail section—to cite just a few. solved the challenge of focusing the photographs and diagrams and an- This degree of technical detail might high explosives inward to crush the other 100 pages of primary docu- not be everyone’s cup of tea, but by plutonium core to criticality. They ments from the National Archives, looking closely at the separate pieces had to determine the optimal shapes Los Alamos, and the air force. A few and showing how they fit together, of the lenses to maximize the force, of the photographs are familiar, but Coster-Mullen lets the reader watch what the lenses should be made of, Coster-Mullen has unearthed some over the shoulder of those who as- how they should be cast, and how remarkable photos from Los Alamos sembled the bomb. they would fit together. They also and the National Archives, for exam- Coster-Mullen gives close attention had to figure out how to make all of ple, one in which Little Boy sits on a to the chronology, people, and places the high-explosive lenses detonate transport carriage in a loading bay surrounding the construction and the simultaneously—within a millionth under the Enola Gay (see photo use of the bombs, giving long over- of a second of one another—so there above). Coster-Mullen includes sev- due credit to many unsung heroes for would be uniform inward compres- eral original, high-quality close-up their contributions. Los Alamos, sion. Coster-Mullen traces how they photographs that he shot of display New Mexico; Wendover Field, Utah; did it and who deserves the credit. bombs, as well as new photos of and Tinian Island in the Pacific— On the afternoon of August 8, 1945, other components like the “handle- where the bombs were either de- Fat Man was raised into the bomb bar” detonator. signed, fabricated, test-dropped, or bay of the Bockscar, ready to go. Atom Bombs fills an important assembled for use—are the main lo- Unlike the Hiroshima mission, gap in the literature about the mak- cales in Coster-Mullen’s account. By which was nearly flawless, almost ing of the atomic bomb and de- the end of July 1945, Little Boy was nothing during the Nagasaki mission serves a prominent place on the ready at Tinian’s North Field. On went according to plan. Among the shelf of books about the Manhattan August 5, the bomb was loaded 509th veterans, many of whom Project. aboard the Enola Gay, the crew was Coster-Mullen quotes, there are still briefed, and in the early morning sharp differences of opinion about the Robert S. Norris is author of Racing for hours of August 6, the plane took off. near mishaps and who was responsi- the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Coster-Mullen’s careful recon- ble. For example, Bockscar jeopar- Manhattan Project’s Indispensable Man NATIONAL ARCHIVES; JOHN COSTER-MULLEN (DIAGRAM) struction illuminates the activities dized the mission by waiting for more (2002). November/December 2004 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75.
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