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Smithsonian and the Enola An Air Force Association Special Report The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay The Air Force Association The Air Force Association (AFA) is an independent, nonprofit civilian organiza- tion promoting public understanding of aerospace power and the pivotal role it plays in the security of the nation. AFA publishes Air Force Magazine, sponsors national symposia, and disseminates infor- mation through outreach programs of its affiliate, the Aerospace Education Founda- tion. Learn more about AFA by visiting us on the Web at www.afa.org. The Aerospace Education Foundation The Aerospace Education Foundation (AEF) is dedicated to ensuring America’s aerospace excellence through education, scholarships, grants, awards, and public awareness programs. The Foundation also publishes a series of studies and forums on aerospace and national security. The Eaker Institute is the public policy and research arm of AEF. AEF works through a network of thou- sands of Air Force Association members and more than 200 chapters to distrib- ute educational material to schools and concerned citizens. An example of this includes “Visions of Exploration,” an AEF/USA Today multi-disciplinary sci- ence, math, and social studies program. To find out how you can support aerospace excellence visit us on the Web at www. aef.org. © 2004 The Air Force Association Published 2004 by Aerospace Education Foundation 1501 Lee Highway Arlington VA 22209-1198 Tel: (703) 247-5839 Produced by the staff of Air Force Magazine Fax: (703) 247-5853 Design by Guy Aceto, Art Director An Air Force Association Special Report The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay By John T. Correll April 2004 Front cover: The huge B-29 bomber Enola Gay, which dropped an atomic bomb on Japan, is one of the world’s most famous airplanes. It is shown here on exhibit at the Smithsonian’s new Udvar–Hazy Center, outside Washington, D.C. Photo by Paul Kennedy 2 August 1945. The Enola Gay returns to Tinian after its world- shaking mission. Half of Hiroshima was destroyed, but the atomic attack helped end a war in which millions died at the hands of Imperial Japan. n AUG. 6, 1945, the B-29 Enola Gay and Congressional outrage, and the Odropped the first atomic bomb museum director was fired. on Hiroshima. A second bomb fell on Under new management, the Air and Nagasaki Aug. 9. Japan surrendered Space Museum returned to its mission Aug. 15. to collect, preserve, and display historic At Hiroshima, more than half the city aircraft and spacecraft. was destroyed in a flash, and 80,000 were From 1995 to 1998, the museum killed instantly. The Nagasaki bomb killed displayed the forward fuselage of the 40,000.1 Enola Gay in a depoliticized exhibit that However, these missions brought an drew four million visitors, the most in the end to a war in which 17 million people museum’s history for a special exhibition. had died at the hands of the Japanese Visitor comments were overwhelmingly empire between 1931 and 1945.2 Until favorable. 1 Counts vary from 60,000 to 80,000 (or more) at Hiroshima, the atomic bombs fell, Japan had not been In December 2003, the museum put the from 35,000 to 60,000 at Nagasaki. ready to end the war. Enola Gay, fully assembled, on permanent Estimates of subsequent deaths due to radiation effects are unreliable. By eliminating the need for an inva- exhibition at its new Steven F. Udvar–Hazy They “have been sharpened by the sion of the Japanese home islands, the Center, adjacent to Dulles Airport at Chan- tendency of anti-nuclear activists atomic bombs prevented casualties, both tilly, Va. in and outside of Japan to inflate the figures for shock value.” Ken American and Japanese, that would have The controversy never died. In recent Ringle, “A Fallout Over Numbers,” exceeded the death tolls at Hiroshima and years, a host of books and articles have Washington Post, Aug. 5, 1995. Nagasaki combined. been written about it by people who have 2 Robert P. Newman. Truman and The bombing of Hiroshima was a not bothered to check the facts. Here is the Hiroshima Cult. Michigan State University Press, 1995, p. 138. famous event, a defining moment of the what really happened. 20th century, but the aircraft that flew the mission was largely forgotten and left to A Museum With a Message deteriorate, until restoration finally began The Smithsonian accepted the Enola in 1984. Gay in good condition July 3, 1949, at Fifty years after Hiroshima, the airplane the Air Force Association Convention in flew into controversy of a different sort. Chicago. It was moved temporarily to In the 1990s, the Smithsonian Institution’s a base in Texas and then, from 1953 to National Air and Space Museum laid plans 1960, was stored outside, unlocked, at to use the Enola Gay as a prop in a politi- Andrews AFB, Md. In 1960, it was disas- cal horror show. It depicted the Japanese sembled and stored at the Smithsonian’s more as victims than as aggressors in restoration facility in Suitland, Md. World War II. Bockscar, the B-29 that flew the When the museum’s plans were Nagasaki mission, has been displayed revealed, initially by an article in Air at the US Air Force Museum in Dayton, Force Magazine in 1994, a raging con- Ohio, since 1961. But even when the troversy ensued. The exhibition was Smithsonian opened the National Air canceled in 1995 in response to public and Space Museum in Washington in 1976, there was no move to exhibit the The museum was influenced signifi- 3 “The Shape of American History,” 3 Washington Post, Jan. 28, 1994. Enola Gay. cantly by historians of the so-called “Revi- 4 Wilcomb E. Washburn, “The In part, the Smithsonian’s reluctance sionist” persuasion, who disputed the con- Smithsonian and the Enola Gay,” to display the Enola Gay was because ventional interpretation of the Cold War The National Interest, Summer it was controversial, but another con- and cast doubt on actions, statements, and 1995. sideration was that the airplane was too motives of the United States.5 In the case 5 Robert James Maddox. The New Left and the Origins of the Cold big—99 feet long, with a wingspan of of the Enola Gay, the Revisionists held War. Princeton University Press, 141 feet—to fit, fully assembled, into the that the bombing of Hiroshima was un- 1973. museum. necessary and immoral. 6 Matin Harwit, interview with John Restoration of Enola Gay finally be- Martin O. Harwit became director of Correll, Feb. 8, 1994. gan in December 1984 and plans to dis- the Air and Space Museum Aug. 17, 1987. play it, or part of it, followed in 1987. Previously, he had been a professor of By then, new political winds were astronomy at Cornell University. Harwit blowing at the Smithsonian Institution. was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, grew In the 1980s, the National Air and up in Istanbul, Turkey, and came to the Flight and Ground Space Museum veered away from United States at age 15 in 1946. While Crews. Front row, (l-r): Sgt. Joseph Siborik its mission to collect, preserve, and serving in the US Army, 1955-57, Harwit (radar operator); SSgt. display aviation and space artifacts. was assigned to the nuclear weapons George Caron (tail It was part of broader cultural tests at Eniwetok and Bikini Atolls in the gun-ner); PFC Richard change at the Smithsonian, which Marshall Islands. Nel-son (radio operator); the Washington Post described as a He acknowledged that the experience Sgt. Robert Shumard “move away from the traditional he- “inevitably” influenced his thoughts about (asst. engineer); SSgt. roes, politicians, and objects in glass the Enola Gay exhibit. “I think anybody Wyatt Duzenberry (flight cases and toward a wide, fluid, social- who has ever seen a hydrogen bomb engineer). Standing: history approach.”3 go off at fairly close range knows that Lt. Col. John Porter “From an ideological point of view,” you don’t ever want to see that used on (ground maintenance 6 officer); Capt. Theodore said Wilcomb E. Washburn, the Smith- people,” he said. Van Kirk (navigator); sonian’s director of American Studies Plans for showing the Enola Gay began Maj. Thomas Ferebee since 1965, the shift “usually meant shortly after Harwit’s arrival. “In October (bombadier); Col. Paul moving to the political left and to a 1987, I assembled a distinguished external Tibbets (509th com- view of the United States as more often advisory committee and first examined mander and pilot); Capt. than not as the cause of the world’s the anticipated complexities surrounding Robert Lewis (co-pilot); problems.”4 a serious exhibition of the Enola Gay,” Lt. Jacob Beser (radar countermeasure officer). Not pictured: Navy Capt. William Parsons (ord- nance officer); Lt. Morris Jeppson (asst. ordnance officer); TSgt. Walter McCaleb (ground crew); Sgt. Leonard Markley (ground crew); Sgt. Jean Cooper (ground crew); Cpl. Frank Duffy (ground crew); Cpl. John Jack- son (ground crew); Cpl. Harold Olson (ground crew); PFC John Les- niewski (ground crew). On Flight: Beser, Caron, Duzenbury, Ferebee, Jeppson, Lewis, Nelson, Parsons, Shumard, Stiborik, Tibbets, and Van Kirk. 4 Harwit said in his 1996 book, An Exhibit The next member of the team, and the Denied: Lobbying the History of the official curator, was Michael J. Neufeld. Enola Gay.7 “When the museum sought in 1990 to In a 1988 interview with the Wash- hire a lead curator for the exhibition ington Post, Harwit described plans for of the Enola Gay we followed federal 7 Martin Harwit, An Exhibit Denied: a series of programs on strategic bomb- procedures and first approached numer- Lobbying the History of Enola Gay.
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