Blockbuster. Ästhetik, Ökonomie Und Geschichte Des Postklassischen Hollywoodkinos 2003

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Blockbuster. Ästhetik, Ökonomie Und Geschichte Des Postklassischen Hollywoodkinos 2003 Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Robert Blanchet Blockbuster. Ästhetik, Ökonomie und Geschichte des postklassischen Hollywoodkinos 2003 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/13841 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Buch / book Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Blanchet, Robert: Blockbuster. Ästhetik, Ökonomie und Geschichte des postklassischen Hollywoodkinos. Marburg: Schüren 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/13841. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: https://doi.org/10.17192/ep2004.3.1773 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0/ Attribution - Share Alike 4.0/ License. For more information see: Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Robert Blanchet Blockbuster sthetik, Ökonomie und Geschichte des postklassischen Hollywoodkinos Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Die deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet unter http://dnd.ddb.de abrufbar. Schüren Verlag Universitätsstraße 55 · D-35037 Marburg www.schueren-verlag.de © Schüren 2003 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Gestaltung: Erik Schüßler Druck:฀WB-Druck,฀Rieden Videostills: Robert Blanchet Covermotiv: Carrie-Ann Moss in THE MATRIX von Andy und Larry Wachowski, Quelle: cinetext Bild- und Textarchiv Printed in Germany ISBN฀3-89472-342-4 Inhalt Einleitung 7 1 ฀sthetik 13 1.1 Der neoformalistische Ansatz: Grundlagen und Begriffe 13 1.1.1 Devices 16 1.1.2 Motivation 17 1.1.3 Syuzhet und Fabula 18 1.1.4 Style 19 1.1.5 Narration 19 1.2 Damals wie heute: Klassischer Erzählstil im kontemporären Hollywoodkino 21 1.2.1 Narrative Organisationsprinzipien des klassischen Hollywoodstils 22 1.2.2 Zeitliche Organisationsprinzipien des klassischen Hollywoodstils 46 1.2.3 Räumliche Organisationsprinzipien des klassischen Hollywoodstils 60 1.3 Resümee 76 2 Ökonomie 79 2.1 Makrostruktur der amerikanischen Filmindustrie 79 2.2 Das Package-Unit-System 89 2.2.1 Der Produzent 90 2.2.2 Studiodeals und Negative Pick-ups 92 2.2.3 Unabhängige Filmfinanzierung 94 2.3 „Hollywood Accounting“: Kino und Nebenmärkte, Geschäftspraktiken und Finanzpolitik der Majorstudios 96 2.3.1 Die Auswertungskette 97 2.3.2 Kino 97 2.3.3 Video 105 2.3.4 Fernsehen 113 117 2.3.5 Merchandise, Tie-ins und Product Placement 120 2.4 Resümee: Kostenexplosion und der globale Markt 3 Geschichte 127 3.1 „Boom and Bust“: Krise und Reformierung des Studiosystems nach 1945 127 3.1.1 Die Consent Decrees von 1949 127 6 Inhalt 3.1.2 Der große und der kleine Bildschirm 130 2.1.3 Konglomeration und Globalisierung 134 3.1.4 „Violence ... Sex ... Art“: New Hollywood und der Fall des Production Codes 135 3.1.5 THE GODFATHER –JAWS –STAR WARS: Von der Kunst zum Kassenschlager 143 3.2 High Concept: Film und Marketing in den Achtzigerjahren 153 3.2.1 „25 words or less“: High Concept und „Marketing Hooks“ 154 3.2.2 Differenz und Wiederholung: High Concept und „Recycle-Kino“ 160 3.2.3 Blitzkrieg-Marketing und Phantomfilme: Der Saturation Release und seine Folgen 165 3.2.4 Designerlook und Videoclips 176 3.3 Ereigniskino, Attraktionen, Ironie: Hollywood in den Neunzigerjahren 184 3.3.1 Film als Event 184 3.3.2 Visual Effects und CGI 186 3.3.3 Digitaler Mehrkanalton 194 3.3.4 Deep Impact: Schnitt, Kameraführung und die „performative“ Achse der Kinoerfahrung 204 3.3.5 „A ride you’ll never forget“: Die Rückkehr des „Kinos der Attraktionen“ 212 3.3.6 „It’s all one great big movie“: Postmoderne, Intertextualität, Selbstreferenz und Doppelcodierung 226 3.4 Resümee und Ausblick 242 Bibliographie 247 Glossar 253 Index 266 Einleitung Am 19 Mai. 1999 war es endlich soweit. 22 Original-Trilogie auf Fernsehsendern wie Jahre nach dem bahnbrechenden Erfolg ProSieben oder dem amerikanischen Fox- des ersten Teils wurde das lang erwartete Network wiederholt, ebenso wie THE „Prequel“ zu George Lucas’ STAR WARS-Tri- PHANTOM MENACE, für den Fox die Pay- logie (1977 ff) auf dem amerikanischen TV-Rechte gleich mit erworben hatte, um Markt lanciert. Fast 3000 Kinos und eine sich und seinen Werbekunden eine exklu- weitaus größere Zahl an Multiplex-Sälen sive Premiere zu sichern. standen bereit, um den zu erwartenden Wie 20th Century Fox, der weltweite Ansturm auf EPISODE I: THE PHANTOM Verleiher des Films, gehört auch das Fox- MENACE (1999) in Empfang zu nehmen. Network zu Rupert Murdochs globalem Wie kaum zuvor hatten Fansites und Me- Medien-Imperium News Corporation. dien über die Rückkehr der Jedi-Ritter be- Von den mit STAR WARS generierten richtet. Auf den Online-Trailer soll nach Einnahmen, wird das australische Unter- Angaben von Apple über 10 Millionen nehmen in diesem Fall aber dennoch nur mal zugegriffen worden sein. Und um wenig profitieren können: Trotz ihres un- ganz auf Nummer Sicher zu gehen, hatte verhohlen kommerziellen Charakters manch einer schon Wochen vor dem Start handelt es sich bei EPISODE I um eine Inde- seinen Campingstuhl in einer der von pendent-Produktion, die nicht von einem Countingdown.com organisierten Warte- der Major-Hollywoodstudios, sondern mit schlangen฀aufgestellt. Lucas’ eigenen Mitteln finanziert wurde. Bereits am ersten Wochenende spielte Grundlage dafür bildet Lucas’ eigenes klei- THE PHANTOM MENACE fast 65 Mio. US-$ nes Filmimperium, zu dem neben Lucas und damit mehr als die Hälfte seiner auf Sound und THX vor allem das weltweit 115 Millionen geschätzten Produktions- führende Visual-Effects-Haus „Industrial kosten ein. Mittlerweile hat der Film über Light and Magic“ gehört. 925 Mio. US-$ an der Kinokasse einge- Wie bei den meisten Hollywoodfilmen nommen und steht damit hinter TITANIC basiert der Appeal von STAR WARS auf einer (1997) und HARRY POTTER AND THE SORCE- einfachen, universell verständlichen und RER’S STONE (2001) auf Platz drei der welt- in diesem Fall ausgesprochen infantilen weiten Box-Office-Charts. Am Ende wird Geschichte, die nach den klassischen Er- dieses Ergebnis aber nur einen Bruchteil zählprinzipien des amerikanischen Main- des Umsatzes ausmachen, der in Verbin- streamkinos arrangiert worden ist – vor al- dung mit dem Film generiert worden ist. lem aber auch einer Fülle von visuellen Abgestimmt auf den Filmstart wurden und in akustischen Special Effects: Ameri- der Soundtrack und eine kaum übersehba- kanische Kinobetreiber, die sich Lucas’ re Flut von Merchandise-Artikeln in Kauf- Film sichern wollten, mussten sich nicht häusern und den Filialen von Tie-in-Part- nur zu einem außergewöhnlich strengen nern wie Pizza Hut und Taco Bell platziert. Reglement verpflichten, das sie zwang, Seit April 2000 gibt es EPISODE I auch auf den Film zwölf Wochen in ihren Top-Sälen Video und seit Oktober 2001 auch auf zu spielen, sondern auch dazu, ihre digita- DVD. Just vor dem Kinostart von EPISODE len Mehrkanaltonanlagen auf ein von II: ATTACK OF THE CLONES (2002) wurde die THX und Dolby neu entwickeltes Zusatz- 8 Einleitung system aufzurüsten, um der Klangqualität se Phase wohl kaum möglich gewesen wä- des Films und seinen dynamischen Sur- ren. roundsound-Effekten gerecht zu werden. Unsicherheit herrscht vor allem über Lediglich 250 der 2200 Einstellungen von die Frage, was denn das wirklich Neue am THE PHANTOM MENACE wurden nicht mit- neuen Hollywoodkino sei, beziehungswei- tels digitaler Bildbearbeitung manipuliert se ob die zahlreichen und zum Teil sicher- und wie seine Vorgänger enthält auch der lich nachhaltigen Veränderungen, die die neue, erste Teil der STAR WARS-Saga mit amerikanische Filmindustrie und ihre Pro- dem so genannten „pod race“ eine der für dukte seit Ende des zweiten Weltkriegs er- Lucas typischen Geschwindigkeitssimula- fahren haben, tatsächlich einen funda- tionssequenzen, die nicht nur bereits vor- mentalen Bruch mit den Prinzipien der weg für ein gleichnamiges Computerspiel klassischen Studioära darstellen. adaptiert wurde und sich bestens für die Postklassisches Hollywoodkino, so Einrichtung einer Themenparkattraktion eine der häufigst wiederholten Thesen, wie „Star Tours“ eignet, sondern auch hat die Kunst des Geschichten-Erzählens schon das Kinoerlebnis des Films selbst in verlernt und versucht gar nicht mehr je- die Nähe derart immersiver Unterhal- nen narrativen „Realismuseffekt“ herzu- tungsformen rückt. stellen, der für die klassische Periode prä- All dies macht THE PHANTOM MENACE gend und viele Kritiker eines der Haupt- zu einem idealen Beispiel für die ästheti- übel des kommerziellen Unterhaltungski- schen, ökonomischen, technologischen nos war. Statt dessen haben wir es heute und historischen Veränderungen, die das mit Filmen zu tun, die bar jeder narrativen amerikanische Mainstreamkino in der Logik und Motivation aus einer mehr oder zweiten Hälfte des letzten Jahrhunderts weniger losen Ansammlung von Special und seit der Auflösung des alten Studiosys- Effects und spektakulären Actionsequen- tems Ende der Vierzigerjahre erfahren hat zen bestehen.1 und damit für das, was von Filmwissen- Zurecht hat Kristin Thompson, die schaftlern mitunter als das postklassische, sich gemeinsam mit David Bordwell seit neue oder auch einfach zeitgenössische Hol- jeher für ein anderes Verständnis von klas- lywoodkino bezeichnet wird. sisch narrativem Kino eingesetzt hat, in Bereits hier fangen aber die ersten ihrem Buch Storytelling in the New Holly- Schwierigkeiten
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