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Component 1A the Age of the Crusades, C1071-1204
History Paper 1A (A-level) Specimen Question Paper Question 02 Student 1 Specimen Answer and Commentary V1.1 12/08/15 Strictly confidential Specimen Answer plus commentary The following student response is intended to illustrate approaches to assessment. This response has not been completed under timed examination conditions. It is not intended to be viewed as a ‘model’ answer and the marking has not been subject to the usual standardisation process. Paper 1A (A-level): Specimen question paper 02 To what extent was effective leadership responsible for the establishment of the crusader states in the years 1096 to 1154? (25 marks) Student Response There are a number of reasons why the crusader states were successfully established in the years 1097-1154, but by far the most important of these reasons was that they had effective leadership, for the most part. From the outset, the crusader states relied on effective leadership. For example, on the First Crusade, the leadership of Bohemond of Taranto was pivotal both at the Battle of Dorylaeum and the Siege of Antioch. Even after the First Crusade, when the crusader states were “little more than a loose network of dispersed outposts” (Asbridge), the leadership of Baldwin I of Jerusalem was important in establishing this nascent kingdom. Through a clever use of clemency mixed with ruthlessness, Baldwin was able to take Arsuf, Caesarea, and Acre in quick succession by 1104. As there was a real threat to Baldwin’s kingdom from Egypt, he had to not only pacify the region between Egypt and Syria, but also create a loyal and subservient aristocracy, which he did. -
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 1 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed to the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract The Latin principality of Antioch was founded during the First Crusade (1095-1099), and survived for 170 years until its destruction by the Mamluks in 1268. This thesis offers the first full assessment of the thirteenth century principality of Antioch since the publication of Claude Cahen’s La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche in 1940. It examines the Latin principality from its devastation by Saladin in 1188 until the fall of Antioch eighty years later, with a particular focus on its relationship with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This thesis shows how the fate of the two states was closely intertwined for much of this period. The failure of the principality to recover from the major territorial losses it suffered in 1188 can be partly explained by the threat posed by the Cilician Armenians in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. -
Breaching the Bronze Wall: Franks at Mamluk And
Breaching the Bronze Wall Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Series Editors Wolfgang Kaiser (Université Paris i, Panthéon- Sorbonne) Guillaume Calafat (Université Paris i, Panthéon- Sorbonne) volume 2 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cmed Breaching the Bronze Wall Franks at Mamluk and Ottoman Courts and Markets By Francisco Apellániz LEIDEN | BOSTON The publication of this book has been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) [Advanced Grant n° 295868 “Mediterranean Reconfigurations: Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism in historical perspective”] This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: Vittore Carpaccio, Group of Soldiers and Men in Oriental Costume, Tempera on wood, 68 × 42 cm, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Apellániz Ruiz de Galarreta, Francisco Javier, 1974- author. Title: Breaching the bronze wall : Franks at Mamluk and Ottoman courts and markets / Francisco Apellániz. Description: Boston ; Leiden : Brill, 2020. | Series: Mediterranean reconfigurations, intercultural trade, commercial litigation, and legal pluralism, 2494-8772 ; volume 2 | Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Appendix: Masters of the Hospital
Appendix: Masters of the Hospital Note: square brackets are used of those who were temporarily in charge (like Lt. Masters) or are doubtful. Gerard (1099–1120) [Roger, Lieutenant Master?] Raymond of Puy (1120–1158×1160) Auger of Balben (1158×1160–1162)1 [Arnold of Comps? (1162–1163)] Gilbert of Assailly (1163–1171) Cast of Murols (1171–72) [Rostang Anti-master? (1171)] Jobert (1172–1177) Roger of Moulins (1177–1187)2 [Ermengol of Aspa, Provisor (1188–1190)] Garnier of Nablus (1190–1192) Geoffrey of Donjon (1193–1202)3 Alfonso of Portugal (1203–1206) Geoffrey Le Rat (1206–1207) Garin of Montaigu (1207–1227×1228) Bertrand of Thessy or Le Lorgne (1228–1230×1231) Guérin (1230×1231–1236)4 Bertrand of Comps (1236–1239×1240)5 Peter of Vieille Bride (1240–1241) William of Châteauneuf (1241–1258) [ John of Ronay, Lieutenant Master (1244–50)] Hugh Revel (1258–1277×1278) Nicholas Lorgne (1277×1278–1285) John of Villiers (1285–1293×1294) Odo of Pins (1293×1294–1296) William of Villaret (1296–1305) Fulk of Villaret (1305–1317×1319) 233 Notes Explication and Acknowledgements 1. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx, Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100–1310) (Paris, 1904); Hans Prutz, Die geistlichen Ritterorden (Berlin, 1908). 2. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c.1050–1310 (London, 1967). 3. Rudolf Hiestand, ‘Die Anfänge der Johanniter’, in Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas, ed. Josef Fleckenstein and Manfred Hellmann (Sigmaringen, 1980); Alain Beltjens, Aux origi- nes de l’Ordre de Malte (Brussels, 1995); Anthony Luttrell, ‘The Earliest Hospitallers’, in Montjoie, ed. -
The Crusades and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Onward Christian Soldiers 1 Onward Christian Soldiers The Crusades and The Kingdom of Jerusalem Rules for The Second Crusade; 1148 & The Third Crusade; 1191-1192 a Richard H. Berg Game Design Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................ 2 9. Naval Rules ................................................................ 20 2. Components ............................................................... 2 10. Resources and Communication ................................. 22 3. General Course of Play .............................................. 4 11. Neutrals and Assassins ............................................... 22 4. The Activation Markers (2C/3C only) ....................... 5 12. Events ......................................................................... 23 5. Leaders and Manpower .............................................. 5 Scenario 1: The Second Crusade ....................................... 24 6. Land Movement, Continuation, and Attrition ............ 7 Scenario 2: The Third Crusade (Historical) ...................... 26 7. Land Combat.............................................................. 10 The Third Crusade: Barbarossa (What if?) ....................... 29 8. Towns, Cities, and Castles ......................................... 15 Counterscan (sheet 3) ........................................................ 31 GMT Games, LLC P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 www.GMTGames.com © 2006 GMT Games, LLC 2 Onward Christian Soldiers The Towns and Cities are all -
Nur Al-Din Mahmud B. Zangi (1146-1174): One of the Prominent Leaders of the Struggle Against the Crusaders*
Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 59 (2014 / 1), İstanbul 2014, s.57-78 NUR AL-DIN MAHMUD B. ZANGI (1146-1174): ONE OF THE PROMINENT LEADERS OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE CRUSADERS* Ebru ALTAN** Abstract Nur al-Din Mahmud, the son of Imad al-Din Zangi, Atabeg of Mawsil and Aleppo, upon his father’s death in 1146, having taken his father’s land in Syria under his control, became the most dangerous Muslim enemy of the Crusaders thereabouts. Nur al-Din Mahmud extending his dominance up to Egypt ensnared the Crusaders from both East and West. He paved the way for the conquest of Jerusalem. Nur al- Din was a great ruler who was also known for his sense of justice and humbleness, and considered culture and arts gravely important. This paper discusses Nur al-Din Mahmud’s struggle against the Crusaders and his personality as well as various qualifications and features of him. Keywords: Nur ad-Din Mahmud, Crusaders, Egypt, Syria, Saladin. Öz HAÇLILARA KARŞI MÜCADELENİN ÖNDE GELEN LİDERLERİNDEN NÛREDDİN MAHMUD B. ZENGÎ (1146-1174) Musul-Haleb Atabeyi İmadeddin Zengi’nin oğlu olan Nûreddin Mahmud, Ba- basının 1146 yılında ölümü üzerine Haleb’e hâkim olduktan sonra bölgedeki Haç- lıların en tehlikeli Müslüman rakibi oldu. Onun gayretleri sayesinde Haçlı Seferleri döneminde ilk kez, Halep ve Dımaşk tek bir hâkimiyet altında birleşti. Nûreddin Mahmud, bundan sonra hâkimiyetini Mısır’a kadar genişleterek Haçlıları doğudan ve batıdan kıskaç içine aldı. Yürüttüğü amansız mücadele ile Kudüs’ün fethi için gerekli şartları hazırladı. Nûreddin, aynı zamanda adaleti ve mütevazılığı ile tanınan, kültüre ve sanata büyük önem veren mükemmel bir hükümdar oldu. -
Journal of Religious Culture Journal Für Religionskultur
__________________________________________________________ Journal of Religious Culture Journal für Religionskultur Ed. by / Hrsg. von Edmund Weber in Association with / in Zusammenarbeit mit Matthias Benad, Mustafa Cimsit, Alexandra Landmann, Vladislav Serikov & Ajit S. Sikand Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main in Cooperation with the Institute for Religious Peace Research / in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Wissenschaftliche Irenik ISSN 1434-5935 - © E.Weber – E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/irenik/religionskultur.htm; http://irenik.org/publikationen/jrc; http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/series/id/16137; http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/irenik/ew.htm; http://irenik.org/ __________________________________________________________ No. 188 (2014) The Military Role of the Fief of Tibnīn against the Muslims in the Age of the Crusades (AH 498-583/ AD 1105-1187) By • Ahmed Mohamed M. Abdelkawy Sheir • M.A of Arts in Medieval History, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany. Assistant Lecturer of Medieval History, Damanhour University, Egypt. Email: [email protected] I would like to thank a lot Prof. Aly al- Sayed, Damnhour University, Egypt. and Prof. Dr. Frank Rexroth, Göttingen University, Germany, for their help, patience, encouragement throughout all the stage of researching and writing this work. I could not have been written this work without their advices, instructions, comments and extensive help. 2 Abstract The Crusade movement is one of the most important occurrences of medieval history. It took place throughout two centuries in the Levant and affected both Muslims and Crusaders and in turn changed the way in which West and East related to one another.1 When the Crusaders took control of the Holy Land and many Islamic cities in the Levant, they transferred their feudal European system there. -
Crusades.Pdf
12272-Crusades & the Christian (reprint) 7/6/09 2:39 PM Page i The Crusades and the Christian World of the East 12272-Crusades & the Christian (reprint) 7/6/09 2:39 PM Page ii THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor Edward Peters, Founding Editor A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher 12272-Crusades & the Christian (reprint) 7/6/09 2:39 PM Page iii The Crusades and the Christian World of the East Rough Tolerance Christopher MacEvitt University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia 12272-Crusades & the Christian (reprint) 7/6/09 2:39 PM Page v Contents Note on Transliteration and Names vii Map viii Introduction 1 The Twelfth-Century Middle East 3 Historiography of the Crusades 13 Rough Tolerance: A New Model of Religious Interaction 21 1 Satan Unleashed: The Christian Levant in the Eleventh Century 27 A Brief History of the Christian East 29 Contact and Knowledge Between Eastern and Western Christians 43 2 Close Encounters of the Ambiguous Kind: When Crusaders and Locals Meet 50 Responses to the First Crusade 54 The Franks in Edessa 65 Armenian Resistance 71 3 Images of Authority in Edessa, 1100–1150 74 Frankish Authority 75 Armenian Authority: A Response to the Franks 81 Edessa Under Joscelin I 92 Edessa and the Frankish East 97 4 Rough Tolerance and Ecclesiastical Ignorance 100 Local Christians from a Latin Perspective 102 Local Priests and Patriarchs in the Frankish Levant 106 Architecture and Liturgy 126 Pilgrimage 132 12272-Crusades & the Christian (reprint) 7/6/09 2:39 PM Page vi vi Contents -
Islam at War: a History
Islam at War ISLAM AT WAR A History George F. Nafziger and Mark W. Walton Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nafziger, George F. Islam at war : a history / George F. Nafziger and Mark W. Walton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–275–98101–0 (alk. paper) 1. Islam—History. I. Walton, Mark W., 1949– II. Title. BP50.N335 2003 297Ј.09—dc21 2002044957 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 2003 by George F. Nafziger and Mark W. Walton All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002044957 ISBN: 0–275–98101–0 First published in 2003 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 CONTENTS Introduction vii 1. Birth of Islam: Islamic Expansion and Muhammad as Battlefield Commander 1 2. The Great Conquests 15 3. Islam and the Crusades 37 4. The Sword and India: The Moghul Conquest 51 5. Egypt in the World of Islam 63 6. The Muslim Conquest and Loss of Spain 81 7. The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 91 8. The Sick Man of Europe: The Balkans and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire 109 9. The Sword and the Sea: Muslim Navies, Lepanto, and Malta 141 10.