DOCSLIB.ORG

Trends in Cigarette Demand and Supply in Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trends in Cigarette Demand and Supply in Africa RESEARCH ARTICLE Trends in cigarette demand and supply in Africa Nicole Vellios1*, Hana Ross1, Anne-Marie Perucic2 1 Economics of Tobacco Control Project, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 2 Department for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 Background Since the tobacco epidemic is moving from developed to developing countries, it is impor- OPEN ACCESS tant to understand trends in cigarette demand and supply. We focus on the African market Citation: Vellios N, Ross H, Perucic A-M (2018) since it offers the tobacco industry one of the best expansion potentials. Trends in cigarette demand and supply in Africa. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0202467. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0202467 Data Editor: Neal Doran, University of California San A large variety of data from commercial (Canadean, Euromonitor International, tobacco Diego School of Medicine, UNITED STATES industry reports), governmental (United Nations Comtrade, national statistics), and aca- Received: May 10, 2017 demic sources (Cigarette Citadels Map and journal articles) were utilized. Accepted: August 3, 2018 Published: August 17, 2018 Methods Copyright: © 2018 Vellios et al. This is an open We compile data from multiple sources to study cigarette demand in Africa from 1990 to access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which 2012. We then focus on cigarette production and international cigarette trade to detect struc- permits unrestricted use, distribution, and tural changes in cigarette supply over the past few decades. We contrast data from these reproduction in any medium, provided the original different sources. author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: The sales and production data for Kenya is available from Results DataFirst, titled: `Tobacco Data for Kenya 1990- 2016', produced by the Economics of Tobacco Cigarette demand and supply data in Africa is limited and is sometimes inconsistent across Control Project, Southern Africa Labour and different sources. Given this caveat, we found that the overall demand for cigarettes (mea- Development Research Unit, University of Cape sured by sales) in the 22 countries covered by Canadean, which represents 80% of Africa's Town under the Data on Alcohol and Tobacco in Africa Project 2017 (Available from: https://www. population, increased by 44% (from 165.6 billion cigarettes to 238.5 billion cigarettes) from datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/ 1990 to 2012. This higher demand has been met by cigarette production increasing in these 613/related_materials). Data from Canadean and 22 countries by 106% during the same period. As a result, Africa has moved from being a Euromonitor International (commercial firms) is net importer to a net exporter of cigarettes. At the same time, cigarette production has not publicly available. We have provided website addresses for these companies, where the reader become more concentrated as the tobacco industry has strategically identified certain coun- will be able to track down the cited reports. If they tries as production hubs. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202467 August 17, 2018 1 / 13 Trends in cigarette demand and supply in Africa wish to see the reports, they will need to be Conclusions purchased. Cigarette Citadels Map available from https://web.stanford.edu/group/tobaccoprv/cgi-bin/ Monitoring the production, consumption and trade of cigarettes by improving the quality of map/. UN Comtrade data available from https:// surveillance is necessary to understand the demand and supply of cigarettes not only in comtrade.un.org/data/. Africa, but globally. Funding: This work was supported by Bill & Melinda Gates foundation through the African Capacity Building Foundation (IRMA 20177) (NV). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Introduction While cigarette consumption is decreasing in most developed countries, it is increasing in many developing countries, where markets are often unregulated, cigarette prices are low, and tobacco control laws are weak or not enforced.[1] Well aware of this situation, the tobacco industry aggressively promotes its products in low- and middle-income countries to attract new consumers. Over the past 25 years the global tobacco market has become increasingly concentrated owing to reductions in barriers to trade, foreign direct investment, privatization of State Owned Tobacco Companies (SOTC), and a wave of mergers and acquisitions.[2] The trend is towards further concentration of the four Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTC), which are among the world's largest and most productive firms, with ample ability to restructure their production processes to suit the changing situation.[3] Concentration in the tobacco industry has resulted in substantial consolidation, to such an extent that the four TTCs and one state-run company in China controlled 85% of the global tobacco market in 2014.[2] This agency power of TTCs has been a key driver of tobacco industry globalization.[3] Africa is in a particularly vulnerable position since the majority of its countries are still in the early stages of the tobacco epidemic. Only recently have several African countries begun to monitor the epidemic by conducting reliable surveys [4, 5]. Three countries (Cabo Verde, South Africa and Uganda) have recent, representative and periodic data for both adults and youth and seven (Cameroon, Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius, Senegal, Seychelles, and Togo) have recent and representative data for both adults and youth.[6] To capture the scope of the tobacco epidemic on the continent, we examine cigarette mar- ket trends in Africa by describing trends in both the demand and supply of cigarettes using various data sources. We compare data sources for cigarette sales, production and trade. We consider the locations of cigarette production facilities in Africa and how they change over time as the tobacco industry selects certain countries as production hubs. Data and methods We use a large variety of data from commercial (Canadean, Euromonitor International, tobacco industry reports), governmental (United Nations Comtrade, World Bank, national statistics) and academic sources (the Cigarette Citadels Map and journal articles). These were complemented with Google searches to ensure that no important sources were missed. Euromonitor International and Canadean (previously ERC) are both market research firms. Euromonitor International provides data and information on production, trade, sales, brands and the competitive landscape of cigarettes in eight African countries (Algeria, Camer- oon, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia) for the years 2000±2014. Euro- monitor International sources data from official statistics, trade associations, company reports, trade press and trade interviews. Canadean covers the same eight countries as Euromonitor International, plus an additional 14 countries (Angola, DRC, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202467 August 17, 2018 2 / 13 Trends in cigarette demand and supply in Africa Libya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Sudan, South Sudan, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). Canadean provides similar data as Euromonitor for 1990±2012 for all 22 countries, covering about 80% of Africa's population.[7] Canadean states that it compiles its data from a range of sources including United Nations (UN) Comtrade, national trade statis- tics, US Department of Agriculture and the tobacco industry. Comparing Euromonitor International trade data to Canadean data was limited by the fact that Euromonitor International only has trade data from 2000 for a subset of countries covered by Canadean. In an attempt to cross-verify Canadean and Euromonitor data with official sources, we located sales and production data for Kenya (available from DataFirst [8], original source: Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics) and sales data for South Africa from various sources: Statistics South Africa, Auditor-General, Republic of South Africa and the Tobacco Board. The Cigarette Citadels Map, a project based at Stanford University, locates cigarette facto- ries using an interactive global map that tags factories across the world.[9] Each tag contains information (to various degrees) about an individual tobacco factory, including links to the company's website (where available). Country location of some production facilities is also identified in Euromonitor International, Canadean and tobacco industry reports. UN Comtrade contains official trade statistics on cigarette exports, imports, re-exports and re-imports for different time periods, as reported to the UN by both exporting and importing countries. We searched Google with the following search terms: · ªtobacco productionº and ªAfricaº; · ªcigarette productionº and ªAfricaº; · ªcigarette manufacturingº and ªAfricaº; · ªcigarette manufacturingº and ª(country name)º; and · ªAfrica/(country name)º and ªcigarette factoryº Tobacco industry annual reports and webpages retrieved from this search were useful for locating additional production facilities (Table 1). We consulted news articles and, in the cases of South Africa and Kenya, we were successful in cross-referencing information from govern- ment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act’’
    H. R. 1256 One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the sixth day of January, two thousand and nine An Act To protect the public health by providing the Food and Drug Administration with certain authority to regulate tobacco products, to amend title 5, United States Code, to make certain modifications in the Thrift Savings Plan, the Civil Service Retirement System, and the Federal Employees’ Retirement System, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, DIVISION A—FAMILY SMOKING PRE- VENTION AND TOBACCO CONTROL ACT SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This division may be cited as the ‘‘Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act’’. (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of this division is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purpose. Sec. 4. Scope and effect. Sec. 5. Severability. Sec. 6. Modification of deadlines for Secretarial action. TITLE I—AUTHORITY OF THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION Sec. 101. Amendment of Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Sec. 102. Final rule. Sec. 103. Conforming and other amendments to general provisions. Sec. 104. Study on raising the minimum age to purchase tobacco products. Sec. 105. Enforcement action plan for advertising and promotion restrictions. Sec. 106. Studies of progress and effectiveness. TITLE II—TOBACCO PRODUCT WARNINGS; CONSTITUENT AND SMOKE CONSTITUENT DISCLOSURE Sec. 201. Cigarette label and advertising warnings.
    [Show full text]
  • Tool 2. Stakeholder-Specific Arguments for Tobacco Control
    TOOL 2. STAKEHOLDER-SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS FOR TOBACCO CONTROL This tool provides arguments to convince different sectors and stakeholders to support and actively engage in tobacco control and actively participate in the NCM. The tool will also help health ministry officials answer questions from representatives of other sectors, and articulate a clear vision for why a whole-of-government approach is critical for tobacco control and related sustainable development objectives. Efforts to generate whole-of-government responses to tobacco control typically fail where tobacco is presented as a health challenge only. NCM engagement should be presented as more than just a benefit to, and responsibility of, the health sector. Clear, convincing and sector-specific arguments can take several forms, discussed below. Those involved in tobacco control planning should consider which line of argument or combination of arguments is most likely to persuade in a given context. The first argument is to emphasize whole-of-government efforts and policy coherence as necessary to fulfill WHO FCTC obligations. Entire governments sign the WHO FCTC, and thus it is legally incumbent upon all relevant government sectors to implement the treaty’s provisions. This means that different sectors are legally obliged to reconcile any contradictions between their mandates and the WHO FCTC. That the WHO FCTC is a legally binding international treaty, with reporting requirements, should be considered in priority setting discussions across ministries. Ministries could also be
    [Show full text]
  • Impact-Of-Tobacco-Use-On-Cancer-In
    Page 2 Executive Summary Tobacco use remains the world’s most preventable cause of death. Despite decades of declines in cigarette smoking prevalence, almost one-third of cancer deaths in the United States are still caused by smoking. This report describes the prevalence of tobacco use and its impact on cancers associated with tobacco use in Ohio. Key findings from this report include: • In 2016, 22.5 percent of Ohio adults ages 18 and older were current cigarette smokers compared to the median prevalence of 17.1 percent in the United States. • In Ohio in 2016, 2.7 percent of Ohio adults were cigar smokers, 5.7 percent used electronic cigarettes and 4.7 percent used smokeless tobacco. • The prevalence of current smoking among Ohio adults has decreased over the past 20 years. Groups for which the prevalence of current smoking was higher in 2016 include those ages 25 to 44, males, those with lower household income and education, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults, and those who have a disability or poor mental health. • County-level smoking prevalence among adult residents of Ohio ranged from 14 percent to 25 percent. Smoking was more common among residents of southern counties in Ohio. Cancer incidence and mortality rates were also highest in southern Ohio as well as southeastern Ohio. • Cigarette use among Ohio high school students decreased 74.5 percent from 2000 to 2016; however, this may partially be due to the increase in -e cigarette use in youth. • According to the U.S. Surgeon General, tobacco smoking is associated with 12 cancer sites/types.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control and Federal Retirement Reform
    PUBLIC LAW 111–31—JUNE 22, 2009 FAMILY SMOKING PREVENTION AND TOBACCO CONTROL AND FEDERAL RETIREMENT REFORM VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:41 Jun 25, 2009 Jkt 079139 PO 00031 Frm 00001 Fmt 6579 Sfmt 6579 E:\PUBLAW\PUBL031.111 APPS06 PsN: PUBL031 dkrause on GSDDPC29 with PUBLIC LAWS 123 STAT. 1776 PUBLIC LAW 111–31—JUNE 22, 2009 Public Law 111–31 111th Congress An Act To protect the public health by providing the Food and Drug Administration with certain authority to regulate tobacco products, to amend title 5, United States June 22, 2009 Code, to make certain modifications in the Thrift Savings Plan, the Civil Service [H.R. 1256] Retirement System, and the Federal Employees’ Retirement System, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, Family Smoking DIVISION A—FAMILY SMOKING PRE- Prevention and Tobacco Control VENTION AND TOBACCO CONTROL Act. ACT SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 21 USC 301 note. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This division may be cited as the ‘‘Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act’’. (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of this division is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purpose. Sec. 4. Scope and effect. Sec. 5. Severability. Sec. 6. Modification of deadlines for Secretarial action. TITLE I—AUTHORITY OF THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION Sec. 101. Amendment of Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Sec. 102. Final rule. Sec. 103. Conforming and other amendments to general provisions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Tobacco Harm Reduction Hearing Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives
    CAN TOBACCO CURE SMOKING? A REVIEW OF TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, TRADE, AND CONSUMER PROTECTION OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JUNE 3, 2003 Serial No. 108–31 Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Commerce ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/house VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:52 Sep 04, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 6011 87489.TXT HCOM1 PsN: HCOM1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:52 Sep 04, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 6011 87489.TXT HCOM1 PsN: HCOM1 CAN TOBACCO CURE SMOKING? A REVIEW OF TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:52 Sep 04, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 87489.TXT HCOM1 PsN: HCOM1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:52 Sep 04, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 87489.TXT HCOM1 PsN: HCOM1 CAN TOBACCO CURE SMOKING? A REVIEW OF TOBACCO HARM REDUCTION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, TRADE, AND CONSUMER PROTECTION OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JUNE 3, 2003 Serial No. 108–31 Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Commerce ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/house U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 87–489PDF WASHINGTON : 2003 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:52 Sep 04, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 87489.TXT HCOM1 PsN: HCOM1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:52 Sep 04, 2003 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 87489.TXT HCOM1 PsN: HCOM1 COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE W.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography on Smoking and Health. INSTITUTION Public Health Service (DHEW), Rockville, Md
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 068 857 CG 007 558 TITLE Bibliography on Smoking and Health. INSTITUTION Public Health Service (DHEW), Rockville, Md. National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 344p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 EDRS PRICE MF-S0.65 HC- $13.16 DESCRIPTORS Bibliographic Coupling; *Bibliographies; Booklists; Disease Control; Disease Rate; Diseases; Health; *Health Education; Indexing; Information Retrieval; *Literature Reviews; *Smoking; *Tobacco ABSTRACT This Bibliography includes all of the items added to the Technical Information Center of the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health from January through December 1971. The publication is broken down into eleven major categories. These are: (1) chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology; (2) mortality and morbidity;(3) neoplastic diseases;(4) non-neoplastic respiratory diseases; (5) cardiovascular diseases; (6) other diseases and conditions;(7) behavioral and educational research;(8) tobacco economics;(9) bills and legislation; and (10) general references. Also included in this bibliography are a cumulative author and organizational index and a cumulative subject index. U00 1971 NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR SMOKING AND HEALTH BIBLIOGRAPHY on SMOKING AND HEALTH U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTII. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Health Services and Mental Health Administration FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY 1 PREFACE This Bibliography includes all of the items added to theTechnical Information Center of the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health fromJanuary through December 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • Restricting Youth Access and Exposure to Tobacco and Nicotine Delivery Products
    Regulation of the Amherst Board of Health Restricting Youth Access and Exposure to Tobacco and Nicotine Delivery Products I. Statement of Purpose: Despite state laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to youth, access by youth to tobacco and nicotine delivery products is a major problem. In the interest of public health, it is the policy of the Town of Amherst to discourage youth from accessing and experimenting with tobacco and nicotine delivery products. The purpose of this regulation is to regulate establishments that sell tobacco and nicotine delivery products in a way that will: 1. reduce the number of youth who use tobacco and nicotine delivery products; 2. prevent the sale of tobacco and nicotine delivery products to individuals under the age of 21; 3. educate shop owners and employees who sell tobacco and nicotine delivery products within the Town of Amherst; and 4. reduce life-long consequences associated with tobacco and nicotine delivery product use. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court has held that "...[t]he right to engage in business must yield to the paramount right of government to protect the public health by any rational means"[Druzik et al v. Board of Health of Haverhill, 324 Mass.129 (1949)]. Now, therefore the Amherst Board of Health intends to regulate the sale of tobacco and nicotine delivery products. II. Supporting Evidence: Tobacco use remains the number one cause of preventable disease, disability and death in the United States. Approximately 34 million American adults currently smoke cigarettes. Most tobacco product use begins during adolescence. In recent years, tobacco products have evolved to include various smoked, smokeless and electronic products(Adams, 2020; Wang et al, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Health Consequences of Smoking
    The Health Consequences of Smoking Executive Summary This report of the Surgeon General on the health This approach separates the classification of the effects of smoking returns to the topic of active smok- evidence concerning causality from the implications ing and disease, the focus of the first Surgeon General’s of that determination. In particular, the magnitude of report published in 1964 (U.S. Department of Health, the effect in the population, the attributable risk, is Education, and Welfare [USDHEW] 1964). The first considered under “implications” of the causal deter- report established a model of comprehensive evidence mination. For example, there might be sufficient evi- evaluation for the 27 reports that have followed: for dence to classify smoking as a cause of two diseases those on the adverse health effects of smoking, the but the number of attributable cases would depend evidence has been evaluated using guidelines for as- on the frequency of the disease in the population and sessing causality of smoking with disease. Using this the effects of other causal factors. model, every report on health has found that smoking This report covers active smoking only. Passive causes many diseases and other adverse effects. Re- smoking was the focus of the 1986 Surgeon General’s peatedly, the reports have concluded that smoking is report and subsequent reports by other entities the single greatest cause of avoidable morbidity and (USDHHS 1986; U.S. Environmental Protection Agen- mortality in the United States. cy [EPA] 1992; California EPA 1997; International Agen- Of the Surgeon General’s reports published since cy for Research on Cancer [IARC] 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Control in Ukraine
    Tobacco Control in Ukraine The National report Ministry of Health of Ukraine ABSTRACT This report describes the status of tobacco control and tobacco control policies in Ukraine in mid–2008. It reviews progress following the adoption of national tobacco control legislation in 2005, and establishes a baseline for monitoring the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (ratified in 2006) and the national tobacco control programme, which is being prepared by the government. The document presents an overview of the situation regarding tobacco use and related harm in Ukraine and policy responses and implementation of tobacco control measures at national and local levels. Keywords SMOKING – adverse effects – prevention and control HEALTH POLICY HEALTH PROMOTION TOBACCO – legislation TOBACCO INDUSTRY– legislation GUIDELINES UKRAINE Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Smuggling in Eritrea
    MOJ Public Health Review Article Open Access Tobacco smuggling in Eritrea Abstract Volume 7 Issue 6 - 2018 This paper discusses tobacco smuggling in Eritrea with focus on cigarette smuggling. It reports on how cigarettes and other tobacco products are smuggled into and through Zemenfes Tsighe,1 Stifanos Hailemariam2 Eritrea. Various cigarettes brands, both genuine and counterfeit, from different 1National Higher Eructation and Research Institute, Eritrea countries are smuggled into the country and marketed mostly through women and 2College of Business and Economics, Eritrea children street vendors. The illicit cigarettes are marketed at prices at 2-5 times lower that legal cigarettes, making them affordable even to price-sensitive smokers. All Correspondence: Zemenfes Tsighe, National Higher of the illicit cigarettes fail to comply with the packaging, health-warning labelling Eructation and Research Institute, Eritrea, and marketing requirements of Proclamation 143/2004: A Proclamation to Provide Email for Tobacco Control, rendering the tobacco control provisions of the Proclamation inconsequential. Tobacco smuggling is conducted within broader smuggling Received: July 06, 2018 | Published: December 28, 2018 operations and seems to be an entrenched activity. Compared to customs officers and other law enforcement entities, smugglers are better resourced, better networked and better organized. Keywords: Tobacco, cigarettes, smuggling, illicit tobacco, street vending, tobacco taxes, Customs Department, tobacco industry Introduction materials, tyres, boats, etc. to smuggle cigarettes and other tobacco products.1 Wholesale or large-scale smuggling, which is also called Tobacco smuggling also referred to as illicit tobacco, which the organized smuggling or transit fraud,4 is a phenomenon in which 1 Department of State defined as “..
    [Show full text]
  • Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health in India
    Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health in India Scientific Editors Prakash C. Gupta Monika Arora Dhirendra Sinha Samira Asma Mark Parascondola Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India or of the organizations that authors and editors are affiliated to. Suggested citation: Gupta PC, Arora M, Sinha DN, Asma S, Parascandola M (eds.); Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health in India. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; New Delhi; 2016. Editorial Assistants Cecily S. Ray Manu Raj Mathur Lauren Bartell Message ,QGLDKDVDOZD\VUHDI¿UPHGLWVSRVLWLRQDVWKHJOREDOOHDGHULQWKHDUHDRIWREDFFRFRQWURO ,FRPPHQGP\0LQLVWU\IRUWDNLQJFRQFUHWHVWHSVLQDGYDQFLQJWREDFFRFRQWUROLQLWLDWLYHV DW1DWLRQDO6WDWHDQG6XE1DWLRQDOOHYHOVWKURXJK1DWLRQDO7REDFFR&RQWURO3URJUDPPH 7REDFFRXVHLVWKHIRUHPRVWSUHYHQWDEOHFDXVHRIGHDWKDQGGLVHDVHJOREDOO\DV ZHOODVLQ,QGLD$VSHUWKH*OREDO$GXOW7REDFFR6XUYH\ *$76 ±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
    [Show full text]
  • INDEPTH Supplemental Resources
    INDEPTH Supplemental Resources E-Cigarettes/Vapes Fact Sheets • American Lung Association: E-cigarettes, "Vapes" and JUULs: What Schools Should Know • American Lung Association: E-cigarettes, "Vapes" and JUULs: What Teens Should Know • American Lung Association: The Impact of E-Cigarettes on the Lung • American Lung Association: E-Cigarette Resources • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: E-cigarettes and Youth: What Educators and Coaches Need to Know • American Nonsmokers Rights Foundation: Electronic Smoking Devices and Secondhand Aerosol • Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids: Where Do Youth Get Their E-Cigarettes? • Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids: Summary Of The 2018 National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering, And Medicine (Nasem) Report, The Public Health Consequences Of E-Cigarettes • Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids: JUUL and Youth: Rising E-Cigarette Popularity • Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids: Electronic Cigarettes and Youth • Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids: Electronic Cigarettes: An Overview of Key Issues Policy • American Nonsmokers Rights Foundation: Electronic Smoking Devices (ESDs) & Smokefree Laws • American Nonsmokers Rights Foundation: Electronic, or E-Cigarette, and other Electronic Smoking Devices Policy Adoption Trends 2009-2017 Parent & Grandparent Education • American Lung Association: E-cigarettes, "Vapes" and JUULs: What Parents Should Know • American Lung Association: How to Talk to Your Kids About Vaping • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention: E-cigarettes and Youth: What Parents Need to Know • Centers for
    [Show full text]