Las Políticas Para Interconectar Una Nación

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Las Políticas Para Interconectar Una Nación EDEN MEDINA La historia comparada de las redes computacionales ilustra cómo la política DOSSIER Indiana University Bloomington da forma al diseño de sistemas tecnológicos. Este ensayo compara esfuerzos Las políticas Bloomington, USA. _ [email protected] para construir redes computacionales a nivel nacional en la Unión Soviética y Chile. Se argumenta que las redes en la práctica no pueden ser categoriza- para das claramente entre distribuidas, centralizadas o descentralizadas, ni exis- te necesariamente una correlación entre libertad y arquitectura de redes distribuidas o descentralizadas. Este ensayo utiliza esta observación para interconectar sugerir que la configuración de redes distribuidas de la Internet actual no incrementa automáticamente la libertad de información, ni allana las mane- una nación ras en las cuales gobiernos y empresas ejercen poder e influencia. Comparative network histories illustrate how politics shape the design of tech- THE POLITICS OF NETWORKING A NATION nological systems. This essay compares efforts to build national computer net- works in the Soviet Union and Chile. It argues that networks in practice cannot be categorized neatly as distributed, centralized, or de-centralized, nor is there any correlation between freedom and distributed or de-centralized network architectures. The essay uses this observation to suggest that the distributed network configuration of today's Internet does not automatically increment freedom of information or flatten the ways in which governments and enter- prises exert their power and influence. Socialismo _ Internet _ Unión Soviética _ Chile _ Tecnología. Socialism _ Internet _ Soviet Union _ Chile _ Technology. Viktor Glushkov, 1962 Viktor Glushkov, 1962 Un año antes de su muerte en 1982, el pionero soviético en One year before his death in 1982, the Soviet cybernetician cibernética y computación Victor Glushkov publicó el libro and computer pioneer Victor Glushkov published the book ¿Qué es el OGAS? OGAS era el acrónimo en ruso para Sistema What Is the OGAS? OGAS was the Russian acronym for All- Automatizado Estatal para la Recopilación y Procesamiento de State Automated System for Gathering and Processing of Información para la Contabilidad, Planificación y Gobernanza Information for the Accounting, Planning, and Governance de la Economía Estatal, URSS —un buen ejemplo de la of the National Economy, USSR – a good illustration of the tendencia soviética hacia los títulos extensos—. El inesperado Soviet tendency toward lengthy names. The unlikely intended público objetivo del libro: los escolares soviéticos. audience for the book: Soviet schoolchildren. Desde 1962, Glushkov había estado presionando Since 1962 Glushkov had pushed in vain for the Soviet infructuosamente al gobierno soviético para desarrollar una government to develop a national computer network capable red computacional nacional capaz de manejar su economía of running its command economy. This network was supposed planificada. El supuesto era que esta red mejoraría la to improve Soviet economic management, encompass the administración de la economía nacional, abarcando toda la Unión entire Soviet Union by using existing and new telephone wires, Soviética a través de la utilización de líneas telefónicas nuevas and operate as a pyramidal hierarchy. Its base was to be y existentes, y operando dentro de una jerarquía piramidal. 20,000 computer centres connected to 200 midlevel decision Su base serían 20.000 centros computacionales conectados Este artículo es una adaptación del ensayo “The Politics of Networking a Nation”, originalmente publicado en inglés por la editorial Public Books en 2016. Public Books autoriza a Revista Diseña a traducir y publicar el artículo. www.publicbooks.org _ This article is an adaptation of the essay “The Politics of Networking a Nation”, originally published in English by Public Books in 2016. Public Books authorizes Diseña magazine to translate and publish the article. www.publicbooks.org 46 INVESTIGACIÓN ORIGINAL _ ORIGINAL RESEARCH Recepción / Reception: 2 - 2 - 2017 _ Aceptación / Acceptance: 3 - 6 - 2017 Diseña 11 _ Julio, 2017 _ páginas 46 - 60 _ ISSN: 0718-8447 47 Tal como señala Peters, los objetivos políticos de la As Peters shows, Cold War political goals such as 1 Norbert Wiener con Aleksei Guerra Fría, tales como mejorar la administración de la improved economic management created the motivation Lyapunov en Moscú, 1960. economía, crearon las motivaciones para estos sistemas, for these systems, but political interests also thwarted their Norbert Wiener with Aleksei pero los intereses políticos frustraron su construcción. construction. For example, in 1959 the Soviet military scientist Lyapunov in Moscow, 1960. Por ejemplo, en 1959 el científico militar Anatoly Kitov Anatoly Kitov proposed building a computer system that used Fuente/ Source: Gentileza de/ existing military networks. However, his proposal criticized Courtesy of Boris Malinovsky. propuso construir un sistema computacional que utilizara las redes militares existentes. Sin embargo, en su propuesta both military and civilian efficiency and thus led to his 2 Anatoli Kitov en 1954. dismissal from the Soviet military. Anatoly Kitov in 1954. criticaba la ineficiencia tanto militar como civil, lo que le valió Fuente/Source: Archivo personal ser despedido de las fuerzas armadas soviéticas. In the case of the OGAS, competing interests within the Soviet de/Personal archives of Vera bureaucracy also worked to counter attempts to rationalize Viktorevna Glushkova. En el caso de OGAS, conflictos de interés al interior de la economic management with computers. The system called for 1 2 burocracia soviética también se confabularon en contra de los intentos por racionalizar la administración de la economía gathering from the factory floor data that could then be input por medio de computadoras. El sistema requería reunir, to a mainframe computer and analyzed from the comfort of the a 200 centros intermedios de decisión, posteriormente centres, then to a single central processing centre in Moscow. desde la fábrica, información que pudiese ser enviada a un bureaucrat’s office. The system represented Glushkov’s hopes vinculados a un centro de procesamiento central único en These computers would use mathematical modelling to locate, computador central para ser analizada desde la comodidad for a paperless office. Yet Soviet bureaucrats worked in spaces Moscú. Estos computadores usarían modelamiento matemático rationalize and improve inefficiencies. The system would de la oficina del burócrata. El sistema representaba las filled with paper and related technologies, such as typewriters para localizar, racionalizar y corregir ineficiencias. El sistema also make all government documents electronic and permit aspiraciones de Glushkov de una oficina sin papeles, ya que and filing cabinets. Any shift towards a paperless office would también llevaría todos los documentos al formato electrónico, economic workers to access them as needed. require Soviet office workers to change their practices and los burócratas soviéticos trabajaban en espacios repletos de permitiendo a los trabajadores del sector económico acceder a But Glushkov’s 20 years of battling members of the Soviet information infrastructures in substantial ways. documentos y tecnologías afines, como máquinas de escribir ellos según lo requiriesen. government and military diminished the scope of his vision y archivadores. Cualquier cambio hacia una oficina sin The OGAS system also promised to improve the functioning Pero los veinte años que Glushkov tuvo que batallar con el and the chances of its realization. As Benjamin Peters writes papeles requeriría que los oficinistas soviéticos cambiasen of the state by eliminating corruption, identifying inefficiencies, gobierno y los militares soviéticos disminuyeron el alcance in his book How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History radicalmente sus prácticas e infraestructuras de información. increasing the amount of data collected and stored and making de su visión y las posibilidades de materializarla. Tal como of the Soviet Internet, Glushkov’s decision to publish a book information more readily available, all of which also served to El sistema OGAS también prometía mejorar el escribe Benjamin Peters en su libro Cómo no interconectar una about this computer network for a decidedly younger audience implement new forms of state surveillance and control. At the funcionamiento del Estado a través de eliminar la corrupción, Nación: La incómoda historia de la Internet soviética, la decisión reflected “his sense of disappointment with his own generation” same time, those who benefited from black markets, bribes and identificar ineficiencias, incrementar la cantidad de de Glushkov de publicar un libro sobre esta red computacional (2016, p. 181). bartering had little reason to support a technology aimed at información recolectada y almacenada, y hacer la información para un público eminentemente juvenil refleja «su sensación de When a technology becomes part of daily life, its success their elimination. Nor did the different ministries, agencies and más accesible, todo lo cual también servía para implementar desencanto respecto de su propia generación» (2016, pág. 181). conceals the alternative paths not taken. This is certainly true offices in the Soviet state wish to adopt a plan that might limit nuevas formas de vigilancia y control estatal. Mientras tanto, Cuando una tecnología se vuelve parte de la vida diaria, su in the case of computer networks. We know that
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