Meretuulikuparkide Arendamise Edendamiseks Visuaalse Mõju Hindamise Metoodiliste Soovituste Juhendmaterjal Töö Nr: 20090MT1

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Meretuulikuparkide Arendamise Edendamiseks Visuaalse Mõju Hindamise Metoodiliste Soovituste Juhendmaterjal Töö Nr: 20090MT1 AB Artes Terrae OÜ Reg kood 12978320 Küütri 14, Tartu 51007 Tel 742 0218 [email protected] www.artes.ee Meretuulikuparkide arendamise edendamiseks visuaalse mõju hindamise metoodiliste soovituste juhendmaterjal Töö nr: 20090MT1 Projekti juhid: Mart Hiob, PhD Heiki Kalberg Maastikuarhitekt-planeerija: Kerttu Ots, MLA, CMLI Sotsioloog: Kati Orru, PhD Energeetika ekspert: Andres Annuk, PhD Tellijad: rahandusministeerium, majandus- ja kommunikatsiooniministeerium, tarbijakaitse ja tehnilise järelevalve amet Tellija kontaktid: Suur-Ameerika 1, Tallinn, välkpost [email protected], telefon 611 3558 Tellija esindaja: Triin Lepland Tartu 2020 Versioon: 05 Kuupäev: 31.01.2021 2 / 141 31.01.2021 Mart Hiob, PhD AB Artes Terræ Meretuulikuparkide arendamise edendamiseks visuaalse mõju hindamise ver 05 20090MT1 metoodiliste soovituste juhendmaterjal Sisukord 1 Sissejuhatus .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Juhendmaterjali vajadus ja eesmärk ....................................................................................... 7 1.2 Uuringu koostajad ................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Õiguslik taust ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 Keskkonnamõju hindamine ............................................................................................. 9 1.3.2 Euroopa maastikukonventsioon...................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Eesti mereplaneeringud ja meretuulikuparkide hoonestusload ................................... 10 1.4 Töö metoodika ja uurimisküsimused .................................................................................... 12 1.4.1 Rahvusvahelise praktika uuring ..................................................................................... 12 1.4.2 Intervjuud ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.4.3 Juhendmaterjali koostamine ......................................................................................... 12 2 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju tekitaja ..................................................................................... 14 2.1 Üldised omadused ................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Tuuliku omadused ................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Tuuliku osad .................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Tuuliku värvus ............................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Tuuliku suurus ............................................................................................................... 17 2.2.4 Tuuliku valgustatus ........................................................................................................ 21 2.2.5 Tuuliku laba pikkuse ja torni kõrguse suhe ................................................................... 21 2.2.6 Tuuliku tiiviku pöörlemine ............................................................................................. 21 2.2.7 Tuuliku nähtavus ........................................................................................................... 22 2.2.7.1 Nähtavuse tegurid ..................................................................................................... 22 2.2.7.1.1 Nägemisteravus .................................................................................................. 22 2.2.7.1.2 Maa kumerus ...................................................................................................... 22 2.2.7.1.3 Ilmastikutingimused ............................................................................................ 23 3 Meretuulikupargi visuaalsed omadused ............................................................................... 26 3.1 Tuulikute paigutus ................................................................................................................. 26 3.1.1 Tuulikute paigutuse olulisus .......................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 Tuulikute paigutuse ja tootlikkuse suhe ........................................................................ 26 3.1.3 Tuulikupargi tuulikute paigutuse põhimõtted .............................................................. 27 3.1.4 Mitme tuulikupargi paigutamise põhimõtted ............................................................... 34 4 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju hindamise protsess ................................................................... 36 4.1 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju hindamise etapid ...................................................................... 36 4.2 Tuulikupargi kujundamine ..................................................................................................... 38 4.3 Uuringuala määramine .......................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Tuulikupargi nähtavuse analüüs............................................................................................ 39 4.5 Olemasoleva olukorra analüüs .............................................................................................. 39 4.6 Vaatekohtade valik ja vaadete analüüs ................................................................................. 40 4.7 Välitööd ................................................................................................................................. 41 4.8 Visualisatsioonid .................................................................................................................... 41 4.9 Avalik väljapanek ................................................................................................................... 41 AB Artes Terræ 31.01.2021 3 / 141 Meretuulikuparkide arendamise edendamiseks visuaalse mõju hindamise 20090MT1 ver 05 metoodiliste soovituste juhendmaterjal 4.10 Leevendusmeetmed .............................................................................................................. 42 4.11 Muutuse hindamine valitud vaatekohtades .......................................................................... 43 4.12 Mõju hindamine .................................................................................................................... 43 5 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju hindamise metoodika ................................................................ 45 5.1 Mõju hindamise eesmärk ...................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju olemus ....................................................................................... 45 5.3 Tuulikupargi suhestus meremaastiku omadustega ............................................................... 45 5.4 Meretuulikupargi suhe sisemaaga......................................................................................... 48 5.5 Maastiku ja vaatleja tundlikkus muutusele ........................................................................... 51 5.5.1 Maastiku ja vaatleja tundlikkus ..................................................................................... 51 5.5.2 Maastiku väärtus ........................................................................................................... 51 5.5.3 Maastiku vastuvõtlikkus tuulikupargist tingitud muutusele ......................................... 53 5.5.4 Maastiku tundlikkuse määramine ................................................................................. 55 5.5.5 Vaatleja tundlikkus ........................................................................................................ 56 5.6 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju ulatus ......................................................................................... 58 5.6.1 Muutuse ulatuse hindamine.......................................................................................... 58 5.6.2 Kumulatiivse ehk koosmõju ulatuse hindamine ............................................................ 60 5.7 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju olulisus....................................................................................... 62 6 Visualisatsioonide valmistamise juhend ............................................................................... 65 6.1 Visualisatsioonide tõepärasus ............................................................................................... 65 6.2 Visualisatsioonide ettevalmistamine ..................................................................................... 68 6.2.1 Pildistamine ................................................................................................................... 68 6.2.2 Vaateväli ja vaatenurgad ............................................................................................... 69 6.2.3 Vaatekauguse arvutamine ............................................................................................. 70 6.3 Maastiku ja visuaalse mõju hindamise visualisatsioonid ...................................................... 70 6.3.1 Visualisatsioonid 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