Senwabarwana GWS May2011.Docx May 2011 Ii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY for SENWABARWANA GWS REPORT NO

CONTRACT WP 9711 DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY - FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

CAPRICORN DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY BLOUBERG LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR THE SENWABARWANA GROUND WATER SCHEME

Incorporating the settlements of: Bochem, Bochem North, Bochum, Borkum, Cumbrae (Senwabarwana), Ga-Mashalane and Witten

DRAFT VERSION 1.4

MAY 2011

Prepared by Prepared for: SRK Consulting Department of Water Affairs PO Box 55291 Directorate: National Water Resources Planning NORTHLANDS Private Bag X313 2116 PRETORIA, Tel: +27 (0) 11 441 1111 0001 E-mail: [email protected]

RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR SENWABARWANA GWS REPORT NO. {1}

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY - FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY, FOR THE SENWABARWANA GROUNDWATER SCHEME IN BLOUBERG LOCAL MUNICIPALITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The strategy objectives and methodology are presented in a separate report titled “Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ” that should be read in conjunction with this document.

Location and Background Information This document focuses on the Senwabarwana Groundwater Scheme (GWS) which is situated in the south eastern region in the Blouberg Local Municipality. This scheme falls within the Limpopo Water Management Area (WMA), in the quaternary catchment A72A.

Capricorn District Municipality is the Water Service Authority (WSA) throughout the study area. Agriculture is the main economic activity within the municipality.

Demographics, water requirements and availability The population of Senwabarwana GWS was estimated for 2007 at 15 775 people. This is projected to increase to between 23 676 for a low growth scenario and 26 034 given high growth, by 2030. The level of service within this scheme area is low. The majority of the population (44%) is supplied with water services that are below RDP level; the remainder of the population is either at (22%) or above (34%) the RDP level of service. As an increased level of service becomes a necessary focus for improvement, more water will be required.

Domestic water is currently sourced from the local aquifer by individual boreholes around each of the settlements. Calculations of the Utilisable Groundwater Exploitation Potential (UGEP) indicate that only a small volume, 0.744 Million m 3/s is available from the aquifer. This is insufficient to meet the future needs of the scheme. It is estimated that a minimum supply of 0.750 Million m 3/a would be needed to meet the needs to a reasonable standard over the next five years (2015). With the expected growth in population and a continued planned improvement in services, this requirement increases to between 1.125 and 1.237 Million m 3/a by the year 2030.

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The water quality in some areas is poor, due to high nitrate level but is not treated prior to distribution. The potential exists for mixing of good and poor water qualities to improve the overall distribution quality.

There are 41 boreholes servicing this supply scheme, of which only 10 are not operational. The continual maintenance of this infrastructure is highlighted as an issue, due to the insufficient water supply.

Due to the low UGEP calculated for the area, the sustainable use of the aquifer needs to be confirmed and monitored to prevent overutilization.

A feasibility study conducted on the availability of water from the Glen Alpine Dam indicates a potential supply volume of 1.381 Million m 3/a to the scheme. By utilising the existing groundwater resources in conjunction with this supply, only an additional 0.500 Million m 3/a will be required from the Glen Alpine Dam.

Strategy/Recommendations • Undertake a detailed investigation to determine actual water usages, sustainability of source and availability of future supply. The current groundwater abstraction should then be adjusted to ensure that the aquifer is not over utilised. • Augment the current supply with water from the Glen Alpine Dam. • Develop and implement a Water Conservation and Demand Management plan with clear performance targets. This must include limiting the wasteful use of water in order to control water consumption and utilise the available resources to their full potential and also limit wasteful water use. • As a critical step when introducing measures to encourage water conservation, it is important to have an accurate set of baseline data against which any progress can be measured. The first priority must therefore be to ensure that there is an adequate network of water meters and accurate readings are recorded on a regular basis • Implement comprehensive monitoring of the groundwater table and of groundwater use by all users (domestic and agricultural) in the area to ensure sustainable use.

• Register existing water use and ensure that planned increases in water use are registered with the DWA.

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Augmentation Options

Confidence level of Information available for the study area The information used in this report is of a medium confidence level as existing documentation, project reports and municipality communications were consulted in gather of information. Some conflicting usage volumes were encountered in various reports. The population data is of a low confidence level.

Priority rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy:

The Senwabarwana GWS is considered to have a Priority 3 (medium/high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as the cluster will be deficit within the next 5 years.

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This strategy for the Senwabarwana GWS has been accepted and signed by Capricorn District Municipality, Blouberg Local Municipality, DWA Limpopo Regional Office and the DWA Head Office (D: NWRP) as follows:

Town WMA DM WSA WSDP Status

Senwabarwana Limpopo Capricorn Capricorn Under GWS District District Capricorn Municipality Municipality District Municipality

Names:………………………………………. Names:………………………………………. Signature:…………………………………… Signature:…………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Position:…………………...... Position:…………………………… Blouberg Local Municipality Capricorn District Municipality

Names:………………………………………. Names:………………………………………. Signature:…………………………………… Signature:…………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Position:………………………………… Position:……………………………… DWA Regional Office DWA D: National Water Resource Planning

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Study area ...... 1

1.2 Regional Setting ...... 1

1.3 Economic Drivers ...... 2

1.4 Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area ...... 4

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 4

3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS ...... 4

3.1 Present water requirements and historical water use ...... 4

3.2 Level of Services ...... 4

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS UNTILL 2030 ...... 5

4.1 Future water requirements ...... 5

5 WATER RESOURCES ...... 6

5.1 Surface water ...... 6

5.1.1 Water Allocations ...... 6

5.1.2 Other water users from the same source ...... 6

5.1.3 Quality ...... 6

5.2 Groundwater ...... 6

5.2.1 Water allocation/s ...... 6

5.2.2 Other water users from the same source ...... 7

5.2.3 Quality ...... 7

5.2.4 Re-use ...... 7

6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 8

6.1 Priority to develop a water supply reconciliation strategy ...... 8

7 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 10

7.1 Water treatment plants ...... 10

7.2 Distribution network and reservoirs ...... 10

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8 SANITATION ...... 11

8.1 Level of services ...... 11

8.2 Waste water treatment works (WWTW) and sanitation infrastructure ...... 12

8.2.1 Return flows ...... 12

8.2.2 State of WWTW ...... 12

9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 13

9.1 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) ...... 13

9.2 Rain water harvesting ...... 13

9.3 Groundwater ...... 13

9.4 Re-use ...... 13

9.5 Local surface water ...... 14

9.6 Buy-out of water allocations/rights ...... 14

9.7 Water Transfer ...... 14

10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 14

10.1 Water balance ...... 14

11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 16

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 16

REFERENCES ...... 17

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Locality Plan ...... 3

Figure 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for the Senwabarwana GWS Cluster ...... 9

Figure 10-1: Augmentation Options ...... 15

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1: Current service levels ...... 5

Table 4-1: Water requirement projections ...... 5

Table 5-1: Other Water Users Dependent on the Water Resource ...... 7

Table 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for Senwabarwana GWS Cluster ... 8

Table 7-1: Water supply infrastructure ...... 11

Table 8-1: Current sanitation service levels ...... 12

Table 10-1: Future status with reconciliation measures ...... 14

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ABBREVIATIONS

AADD Average Annual Daily Demand ALC Active Leakage Control CBD Central Business Districts CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research D: NWRP Directorate: National Water Resource Planning DM District Municipality DMA District Meter Area DWA Department of Water Affairs DPLG Department of Provincial and Local government FC Fibre Cement IDP Integrated Development Plan IRP Integrated Resource Planning LOS Level of Service LM Local Municipality MDG Millennium Development Goals Million m 3/a Million cubic metre/ annum NRW Non Revenue Water NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective NGDB National Groundwater Database PRV Pressure Reducing Valve RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SA South Africa SDI Spatial Development Initiative SDF Spatial Development Framework UFW Unaccounted for Water WARMS Water Authorisation and Registration Management System WC/WDM Water Conservation and Water Demand Management WMA Water Management Area WRC Water Research Commission WRSM2005 Water Resources Simulation Model 2005

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WSA Water Services Authority WSDP Water Services Development Plan WSNIS Water Services National Information System WSP Water Services Provider WTW Water Treatment Works WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be abstracted

Allocation A water allocation is an authority to take water in areas covered by a resource operations plan

Catchment The land area drained by a river and its tributaries

Demand/ A measure of the need for a portion of the supply of water requirement

Demand Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand reduction and improve water use efficiency: for example, water restrictions

Entitlement A water entitlement is the general term used to describe water authorities granted under the Water Act, 1998 . This can be either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence

Non Revenue This is the difference between the volume of water into a system and the Water billed authorised consumption for the area being supplied by the system

Reliable yield The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from a supply source or supply option with a specified degree of certainty and predictability, which is determined through analysis.

Reliability of The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given supply operating conditions for a specified period of time

Supply The quantity of water available for meeting a demand

Supply option A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change to water availability, infrastructure or reliable take that will result in the total available supply being increased.

Water balance The differential of demand and supply baseline.

Yield The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or supply option to meet a specified demand at a specified service level. Yield is always associated with some measure of probability of occurrence, whether that is reliability or probability of achieving a level of service. That is, yield is the volume of water drawn to meet demands in a sustainable sense

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1 INTRODUCTION

The Department of Water Affairs has initiated a study for the development of reconciliation strategies for towns throughout the country in order to ensure effective and efficient management of water resources now and into the future.

The Northern Region study area comprises the water management areas of Limpopo, Luvuvhu and Letaba, Crocodile (West) and Marico, and Olifants and encompasses the Limpopo and portions of Gauteng, North West and Mpumalanga provinces.

This report should be read in conjunction with a separate report titled “ Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Towns Study – Northern Region ”.

1.1 Study area

This document focuses of on the settlements of Bochem, Bochem North, Bochum, Borkum, Cumbrae (Senwabarwana), Ga-Mashalane and Witten . These settlements form the Senwabarwana Ground Water Scheme (GWS) and are located in the south eastern portion of the Blouberg Local Municipality (BLM).

Water is sourced from the groundwater, where the individual settlements are equipped with boreholes.

This scheme falls within the Limpopo Water Management Area (WMA), in the quaternary catchment A72A of the Mogalakwena sub catchment.

Capricorn District Municipality is both the Water Service Authority and Water Service Provider for BLM [6].

The locality map is presented in Figure 1-1.

1.2 Regional Setting

Blouberg Local Municipality, (BLM) is one of five local municipalities that together form the Capricorn District Municipality, within the Limpopo Province of the Republic of South Africa. BLM is situated in the north eastern region of the Capricorn District Municipality, which forms part of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. It is boarded by the following Local Municipalities: Munisa to the north, Makhado to the east, Mogalakwena, Aganang and Molemole to the south and Lephalale to the west.

The municipality covers an area of approximately 5054 km 2 with 18 wards and around 139 settlements.

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The municipality was established in 2000 from the amalgamation or the Northern District Council and the Bochum/My Darling Traditional Local Council. The residents are mostly Bahananwa people, with small portions of Vha-Venda, Afrikaans and English speaking people. Historically, the traditional communities disapproved of the Bantustan and trust systems imposed by the government. The Bantustan government then denied the communities of basic infrastructure and related development, resulting in the current status of being the least developed region in the province and having the countries lowest income levels.

1.3 Economic Drivers

BLM has a low level of development and consequently has the countries lowest income level. A large percentage of the population is below 21 years of age, creating an economic challenge of unemployment, high dependency ratio and poverty. It is found that an increasing number of households are headed by children, as the parents seek work away from home.

Various processes have been identified by the municipality as having the potential to improve the economy and elevate poverty, these include agro-processing of fruits and the running of an abattoir with offshoot industries such as a hide tannery, beef packaging and deboning factory [3].

The focus of the economy in the region is agriculture. The Marula tree is found in abundance and is used to make traditional beer called Morula, which is sold to create income for the communities. The Capricorn District Municipality has launched small scale farming programs to assist with farming equipment and advice for emerging farmers. Other projects in the municipality include: poverty alleviation projects, land care projects (fencing of grazing camps), funding of livestock equipment as well as goat and cattle breeding projects.

The BLM is situated over mineral deposits such as coal, diamonds, marble, gold, lead, barite and platinum. Although some of these minerals have already been mined, potential for small scale mining still exists in various areas around the municipality, although the economic viability of abstracting these resources needs to be considered [3].

There are two nature reserves in the municipality, the Maleboho and Blouberg Nature Reserves. The Makgabeng Mountains are known as a historic site for rock art paintings. The Blouberg Mountain is situated in the centre of the municipality (to the south of the Taaiboschgroet GWS) and has become a tourist attraction through the development of the African Ivory Route camp at the foot of the mountains.

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Figure 1-1: Locality Plan

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1.4 Confidence Level of Information Available for the Study Area

The information used in this report is of a medium confidence level as existing documentation, project reports and municipality communications were consulted in gather of information. Some conflicting usage volumes were encountered in various reports. The population data is of a low confidence level.

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population data for the cluster is included below in Table 4-1. Various demographics and geographical spatial information data sources were utilised to obtain population data. The methodology is explained in the separate document, “ Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ”. Two scenarios have been analysed, one being a high growth, while the other a low growth projection.

The low, and high growth scenario for the Senwabarwana GWS were assessed. The cluster was found to have positive growth potential and this scenario is therefore used in estimating future water requirements. The population is anticipated to increase from the 2007 figure of 15 775 to 26 034 in 2030 for the high growth scenario.

3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Present water requirements and historical water use

The scheme sources its water from the local aquifer. The water is not treated, but distributed directly to the settlements via interconnecting reticulation systems.

3.2 Level of Services

Level of Hardship (LOH) is used to evaluate the standard of water services provided to the communities based on the RDP criteria as specified in the methodology.

WS NIS data was consulted to assess the level of service. Within the supply scheme 34% of the population receives a level of service above RDP requirements for water provision, 22% are at the RDP level, while the remaining 44% are below the RDP level. The current service levels are detailed in Table 3-1.

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Table 3-1: Current service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP None/ own Service level House Yard Supply Supply resources/ connection connection (<200m) (>200m) supply (>500m) WSNIS, 2007 20% 14% 22% 12% 32%

It can be calculated, from the tabulated data that the Level of Hardship (LOH) for water is 44%.

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS UNTILL 2030

4.1 Future water requirements

The future water requirements until 2030 are presented in Table 4-1. The assumptions used for the generation of these calculations are summarised as follows: Population Projections: The projections are calculated using high growth and low growth population estimates, as indicated in Table 4-1. Current Level of Service (LOS) Estimates: the current level of water consumption was used to calculate the future water requirements, 189 l/cap/day for dwellings with house connections, 101 l/cap/day for dwellings with yard connections and 40 l/cap/day for the dwellings supply at or below RDP level. Future Requirements : For planning purposes, the future requirements are projected using “Scenario 3” i.e. LOS assumed to be at a minimum of a Yard Connection by 2015, with a 5% growth in house connections by 2015 and a further 15% growth in house connections by 2020 (total growth in house connections of 20%).

Table 4-1: Water requirement projections

Population Water Water Population Year High Requirements Requirements Low Growth Growth High Growth Low Growth

2007 (1) 15 775 15 775 0.578 0.578 2010 17 116 17 336 0.635 0.643 2015 19 046 19 705 0.750 0.776 2020 20 814 21 985 0.932 0.985 2025 22 151 23 877 1.052 1.134 2030 23 676 26 034 1.125 1.237

• Base population is provided for 2007.

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5 WATER RESOURCES 5.1 Surface water The Senwabarwana GWS is located over A72A quaternary catchments of the Limpopo WMA.

There is one non-perennial river within the scheme area, the Brak. The Brak River flows through the cluster in a south-east to north-west direction.

This river is not utilised for domestic use.

5.1.1 Water Allocations

Surface water is not utilised for domestic use, therefore there are no domestic supply allocations.

5.1.2 Other water users from the same source

No other surface water allocations are noted within the supply area.

5.1.3 Quality

No information available.

5.2 Groundwater The 1:500 000 General Hydrogeological Map for South Africa published by DWAF (2000), 1:250 000 Geological map series and GRAII data have been used to describe the geology and hydrogeology for the area.

Geology in the area is predominated by meta-arenaceous rocks (quartzite, gneiss, migmatite, granulite). The Senwabrwana GWS is situated on the Hout River Gneiss, with pockets of Bandelierskop scattered throughout the cluster.

Groundwater is utilised for domestic, industry and agricultural supply.

5.2.1 Water allocation/s

Groundwater is the only source of domestic water in the area. However, no registered domestic water supply abstractions are indicated on WARMS database. Water Services data indicates that the average yield of boreholes within the area is around 0.124 Million m3/a. The Master Plan [6] indicated 41 boreholes which are used for domestic supply; using an average yield of 0.124 Million m 3/a would indicate an available supply in excess of 5.084

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Million m 3/a. However the Senwabarwana GWS possesses an Utilisable Groundwater Exploitation Potential (UGEP) of only 0.744 Million m 3/a and thus, the groundwater is potentially over utilized.

5.2.2 Other water users from the same source

Other water users registered for use under the WARMS database include a 0.221 Million m3/a allocation for Irrigation and a 0.007 Million m 3/a for Industrial purposes.

Table 5-1: Other Water Users Dependent on the Water Resource

Licensed abstraction (Million m 3/a)

Name Domestic Mining Irrigation Industry Commercial Local Boreholes - - 0.221 0.007 -

5.2.3 Quality

5.2.4 Re-use

No known water re-use is occurring within the study area.

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6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

The current and future water surplus/shortfalls are summarised in Table 6-1 and graphically illustrated in Figure 6-1 for the Senwabarwana GWS. The projected water demand is balanced against the water availability, provided the current water availability is accessible until 2030.

Table 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for Senwabarwana GWS Cluster

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 (Million m 3/a) Available Supply Groundwater 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 Total Available Supply 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 Low Growth 0.578 0.635 0.750 0.932 1.052 1.125 Water Requirements High Growth 0.578 0.643 0.776 0.985 1.134 1.237 Low Growth 0.166 0.109 -0.006 -0.188 -0.308 -0.381 Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.166 0.101 -0.032 -0.241 -0.390 -0.493

6.1 Priority to develop a water supply reconciliation strategy The Senwabarwana GWS is considered to have a Priority 3 (medium/high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as the cluster will be deficit in the next 5 years.

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1.400

1.200

1.000 /a 3 0.800

0.600 Million m Million

0.400

0.200

0.000 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 Years

Groundwater Supply Estimated Future Requirements (Low growth scenario) Estimated Future Requirements (High growth scenario)

Figure 6-1: Current and Future Water Requirements for the Senwabarwana GWS Cluster

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7 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

The level of service in the supply area indicates that a large portion (44%) of the population is supplied with water below RDP standard, indicating a lack of supply infrastructure and reticulation. In 2008/2009 the Capricorn District Municipality budgeted R15 Million towards enhancing basic service delivery though the provisions of water to communities within the Senwabarwana GWS.

7.1 Water treatment plants Water is utilised directly from abstraction, no treatment is currently taking place. 7.2 Distribution network and reservoirs The internal reticulation and infrastructure was assessed in the Master Plan [6], the following summarises the findings from this report:

• Although the infrastructure is in place, inadequate operation, maintenance and management has lead to disrepair of the water service infrastructure. The refurbishment and upgrading of the water infrastructure is estimated at R15 Million. • There are 9 reservoirs and 7 tanks situated within the supply area, a total storage capacity of 5,079 m3. • There are 19 boreholes utilised by the individual settlements, all electric operated. 4 pumps are noted to be not operational. Each settlement has individual supply boreholes and distribution pipeline. A breakdown of the infrastructure at each settlement is given in Table 7-1.

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Table 7-1: Water supply infrastructure

Storage (m 3) Boreholes Settlement Reservoir Tank Type Operational 3 x 600kl 1 x 4 x Bochem 1 x 200kl 104kl Electric Y 3 x N 11 x Bochem North 1 x 200kl Electric 8 x Y 1 x 1 Ml 2 x 600kl 3 x N 11 x Borkum 1 x 150kl Electric 8 x Y 1 x 1 Ml 2 x 600kl 3 x N Cumbrae 11 x (Senwabarwana) 1 x 150kl Electric 8 x Y 4 x Ga - Mashalane 10,000l Electric Y 1 x 5000l 2 x Y 1 x 3 x Witten 1 x 600kl 10000l Electric 1 x N

Source: Master Plan [5]

8 SANITATION

WS NIS database gives in indication of a substantial lack of sanitation infrastructure, with the majority of the population being supplied with sanitation that is below RDP level. These systems pose a risk to the groundwater quality and the potential for water borne diseases increases. Only small percentage of the population is connected to a sewerage system.

8.1 Level of services The WS NIS database indicates that 17% of the population is above RDP level of service, 21% are at the RDP level, and the remaining 62% are below the RDP level. This is detailed further in Table 8-1.

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Table 8-1: Current sanitation service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP Septic tanks, Flush toilet digester, de- Pit latrine Service level None, chemical, (connected to sludger, effluent with bucket or pit latrine sewerage discharge to an ventilation without ventilation system) oxidation pond, (VIP) etc

WS NIS, 2008 14% 3% 21% 62%

8.2 Waste water treatment works (WWTW) and sanitation infrastructure No information available regarding waste water treatment. The majority of the supply scheme is equipped with substandard sanitation services.

A sanitation assessment was also carried out for the Master Plan where the adequacy of the sanitation infrastructure was reported on and R10 Million was budgeted towards enhancing basic sanitation services within the Senwabarwana GWS cluster.

8.2.1 Return flows

No information available.

8.2.2 State of WWTW

No information available.

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9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

The Senwabarwana GWS is supplied with groundwater for its domestic needs. This supply is sufficient to cater for the current and future needs of the community.

The reconciliation options for the Senwabarwana GWS are presented on Figure 10-1.

9.1 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM)

The Capricorn District Municipality, as the Water Services Authority, does not have a WC/WDM strategy in place for the Gorkum GWS. Consequently, there is no estimation of “unaccounted for water” (UFW) nor specified reduction targets. It is important to have an accurate set of baseline data against which any progress can be measured; therefore it is imperative that there is an adequate network of water meters from which accurate readings must be recorded on a regular basis.

A priority must be given to encourage water conservation and to utilise water resources to their full potential.

For the reconciliation purposes in this study, it has been assumed that if a WC/WDM strategy is implemented the water demand requirements will reduce by 1% per annum from 2010 to 2013 and 2% per annum from 2013 to 2018.

9.2 Rain water harvesting

BLM is considered to be a hot area with seasonal summer rains. The average rainfall varies between 360 and 550 mm and high evapo-transpiration rates. The area is prone to drought which affects the communities’ water supply, especially with regards to the agricultural farming economy. The potential for rainwater harvesting is therefore low.

9.3 Groundwater

The Senwabrwana GWS possesses an Utilisable Groundwater Exploitation Potential (UGEP) of only 0.744 Million m 3/a. Based on calculations on the current available groundwater infrastructure and average borehole yields, it is a potential risk that the groundwater is being over utilised. More detailed investigations are needed to confirm the current abstraction volumes and sustainable use of the aquifer. It is not recommended that groundwater be used as an augmentation option.

9.4 Re-use

Not applicable.

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9.5 Local surface water

A feasibility study has been conducted to utilise the Glen-Alpine Dam for water supply within the BLM [1]. The Master Plan [6] quotes an allocation of 1.381 Million m 3/a (3835 kl/d) to Blouberg LM (Senwabarwana). Based on the current available groundwater, only an additional 0.500 Million m 3/a will be required from Glen Alpine Dam to augment domestic supply.

9.6 Buy-out of water allocations/rights

Not considered.

9.7 Water Transfer

Not considered.

10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

10.1 Water balance

Table 10-1: Future status with reconciliation measures

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 (Million m 3/a)

Available Supply Groundwater 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 0.744 Augmentation Glen Alpine Dam 0.000 0.300 0.300 0.500 0.500 0.500 Total Available Supply 0.744 1.044 1.044 1.244 1.244 1.244 Low Growth 0.578 0.635 0.750 0.932 1.052 1.125 Water Requirement High Growth 0.578 0.643 0.776 0.985 1.134 1.237 Low Growth 0.000 0.006 0.067 0.121 0.137 0.146 WC/WDM measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.006 0.070 0.128 0.147 0.161 Low Growth 0.166 0.416 0.362 0.433 0.328 0.265 Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.166 0.407 0.338 0.387 0.257 0.168

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1.40

1.20

1.00

/a 0.80 3

0.60 Million m Million

0.40

0.20

0.00 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Years Groundwater Supply Augmentation Measures (Glen Alpine Dam) Estimated Future Requirements (Low growth scenario) Estimated Future Requirements (High growth scenario) WC/WDM Measures (High growth scenario) WC/WDM Measures (Low growth scenario)

Figure 10-1: Augmentation Options

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11 CONCLUSIONS • The Senwabarwana GWS has a current water demand estimated at 0.578 Million m3/a, which is projected to increase to 1.237 Million m 3/a by the year 2030. • Water is sourced from local boreholes and a current domestic supply. The cluster is calculated to have a UGEP of 0. 744 Million m 3/a. This is insufficient to meet the future needs of the scheme and thus augmentation from an alternative resource is required. • A feasibility study conducted on the availability of water from the Glen Alpine Dam indicates a potential supply volume of 1.381 Million m3/a to the scheme. By utilising the existing groundwater resources in conjunction with this supply, only an additional 0.500 Million m 3/a will be required from the Glen Alpine Dam. • The water quality in some areas is poor, due to high nitrate level but is not treated prior to distribution. The potential exists for mixing of good and poor water qualities to improve the overall distribution quality. • There are 41 boreholes servicing this supply scheme, of which only 10 are not operational. The continual maintenance of this infrastructure is highlighted as an issue, due to the insufficient water supply. Due to the low UGEP calculated for the area, the sustainable abstraction from the aquifer needs to be confirmed and monitored. • A large portion of the population (44%) utilised pit latrines which are below RDP standard. There is no WWTW servicing the scheme.

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS

• Undertake a detailed investigation to determine actual water usages, sustainability of source and availability of future supply to ensure that there is no over abstraction from the aquifer. • Augment the current supply with water from the Glen Alpine Dam. • Develop and implement a Water Conservation and Demand Management plan with clear performance targets. This must include limiting the wasteful use of water in order to control water consumption and utilise the available resources to their full potential and also limit wasteful water use. • As a critical step when introducing measures to encourage water conservation, it is important to have an accurate set of baseline data against which any progress can be

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measured. The first priority must therefore be to ensure that there is an adequate network of water meters and accurate readings are recorded on a regular basis • Implement comprehensive monitoring of the groundwater table and of groundwater use by all users (domestic and agricultural) in the area to ensure sustainable use. • Register existing water use and ensure that planned increases in water use are registered with the DWA.

REFERENCES [1] Feasibility Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 2008. Feasibility Study: Study (2008) Glen Alpine RWS LPR008. Preparation for Project Implementation in future years (2008/2009 and after). Regional Bulk Infrastructure Grant. Prepared by EVN Africa (Pty) Ltd, assisted by Murango Consultants. [2] GRA2 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (2005), Groundwater Resource Assessment Phase 2 . Pretoria [3] IDP (2002) Capricorn District Municipality. 2002. Integrated Development Plan [4] IDP (2008) Blouberg Municipality. 2008/2009. Integrated Development Plan and Budget [5] ISP (2004) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 2004. Internal Strategic Perspective: Limpopo Water Management Area : Prepared by Goba Moahloli Keeve Steyn (Pty) Ltd, in association with Tlou & Matji (Pty) Ltd and Golder Associates (Pty) Ltd. on behalf of the Directorate National Water Resources Planning. Report No. PWMA 01/000/00/0304. [6] Master Plan Capricorn District Municipality. 2008. Water and Sanitation Master (2008) Plan for the Blouberg Municipality. Prepared by BKS Pty (Ltd), assisted by EVN Africa (Pty) Ltd [7] Reference Capricorn District Municipality. 2006. Water Services Planning Framework Reference Framework. Draft 1: discussion document. Prepared by (2006) Inviromap and GPM Consultants on behalf of the Directorate Water Services Planning & Information, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. [8] Water Department of Water Affairs. 2008. Water Services Reference Services Framework Decision Support System. Reference Framework (2008) Knowledge Base Structure , Project Process & Time Flow. Prepared by Inviromap in association with Mr S Marais, DWAF National Planning and Iinformation on behalf of the Directorate: Water Services Planning & Information

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[9] Website Blouberg Local Municipality Website: http://www.blouberg.gov.za Accesses July 2010

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