Inclusion of Rural Communities in National Archival and Records System: a Case Study of Blouberg-Makgabeng-Senwabarwana Area

Tlou Setumu

Inclusion of rural communities in national archival and records system: a case study of Blouberg-Makgabeng-Senwabarwana area

Tlou Setumu (PhD) generally poor, less educated and underdeveloped. As Robben Island Museum a result, they are constantly involved in day-to-day [email protected] struggles for survival, hindering them from participating in archiving activities. Abstract Key words: community participation, national archival and records system, Previously colonised, marginalised communities Blouberg-Makgabeng-Senwabarwana (BMS) rarely participate in the mainstream archival and area, indigenous communities records systems throughout the world. Archiving as it is known today is preserving records on paper, electronic, audio-visual and microfilm formats. These Introduction media were not present in the pre-colonial era hence the stories, histories and heritage of most The current archival records preserved in communities, such as those in Africa, are not South Africa’s mainstream archives largely represented in the mainstream archives. The African consist of documents and materials which tradition had always been oral in which stories and were generated after the arrival of heritage are transmitted and preserved by word of Europeans in this part of the world. These mouth. The purpose of this paper is to identify the records, which are stored in archives in factors such as the non-keeping of written records paper, electronic, audio-visual and microfilm which had been preventing previously colonised formats, reflect very little about the communities from participating in archiving their indigenous communities. That is because of histories. The paper seeks to find ways in which such the historical phenomena and factors which communities could be galvanised into participating in will be investigated and unpacked in this the mainstream archival and records systems. The paper. paper will use the communities in the Blouberg- Communities in rural, peripheral areas in the Makgabeng-Senwabarwana (BMS) area, in countryside rarely participate in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, as a case study. mainstream archiving and record-keeping Researched works and projects in different systems throughout the world. This is professional fields, as well as oral history conducted probably because the communities in the in the BMS area will be used as references in this countryside are generally either poor, less study. The communities in this area are mainly educated or underdeveloped, and are mostly rural and poor, and they represent the previously involved in day-to-day struggles to survive, disadvantaged groups which had not been able to as compared to their affluent counterparts in participate in archiving their stories. While this middle and upper class strata of society who paper uses the BMS communities as a case study, it are in a better position to influence political is actually a viewpoint article in which the lack of and socio-economic issues and community participation in national archival and developments in a given country. Although records systems is interrogated and critiqued, and is each country has its own peculiar historical found to have been mainly attributed to historical background, in the African context, decades factors related to colonialism and apartheid. Other of slavery, colonialism and apartheid (in key findings in this paper include the fact that South Africa), compounded the problems communities in peripheral areas such as BMS are and added limitations in archiving activities

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and participation of the indigenous indigenous communities such as those in the communities who were defeated, subjugated BMS area in archiving their stories, histories and ruled by foreign forces. In the process, and heritage. After outlining its findings, the the stories of the indigenous communities paper then concludes by making were systematically uprooted and replaced recommendations on how communities in by the foreign forces’ narratives, while at the the BMS area (and in other areas) could be same time the memories, histories and drawn into systematically participating into heritage of the local communities were formal, coordinated ways in order to greatly engineered and manipulated. contribute to the entire, mainstream archival and records system from local, regional and Archiving systems became a prerogative and national levels in South Africa. domain of the victorious European occupying forces, while the local African Contextual setting communities were passive subjects. However, the indigenous communities’ past This paper uses the BMS area as a case stories, histories and heritage proved to be study to investigate community participation so resilient as they were sustained through in national archival and records systems. among other things, oral tradition. They The BMS area is a geo-cultural heritage were transmitted by word of mouth from landscape found towards the north-western one generation to the next. As a result, in corner of the province of Limpopo, almost the general mainstream of archival and next to the South Africa’s borders with record systems, there is a gap of indigenous Botswana and Zimbabwe. This landscape communities’ participation hence the has been thoroughly researched and archival documents and materials are mostly documented by various institutions and Eurocentric and colonial in character. This professionals including historians, paper focuses on the Blouberg-Makgabeng- archaeologists, anthropologists, zoologists, Senwabarwana (BMS) area, in Limpopo botanists, geologists, rock art students, etc. Province, South Africa, in order to Above all, the BMS landscape was investigate the gap in the mainstream designated as one of the iconic heritage archival and records system that resulted places with rich natural features (fauna and from the non-participation of indigenous floral), as well as culturally significant sites. local communities due to the historical The BMS landscape is a home of one phenomena hinted above. provincial heritage site declared as such in 2007 by the Limpopo Heritage Resources The paper studies and uses examples in Authority, namely, the Malebogo-Boer War which archival materials were produced in Battlefield. the area and how local communities participated (or did not participate) in those The first letter in the triangular reference of processes. The paper adopts a historical “BMS” stands for “Blouberg”. This is an approach outline in which the archival and area with deep and extensive histories, records systems in South Africa in general, which include those of the legendary using the BMS case study, are investigated Bahananwa people. The histories of the and interrogated from the pre-colonial era; early European travellers, explorers, traders, colonial/apartheid period; up to the post- missionaries, and later the Boer and British colonial/-apartheid times. As a viewpoint colonial settlers also have traces in Blouberg. article, the paper interrogates and critiques The 1894 war between the Bahananwa of the issues of participation/non- Kgoši Seketa Ratšhatšha Lebogo, and the participation/lack of participation of Boers of Paul Kruger, is one of the significant historical developments in the

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Blouberg area. That was why the battlefield BMS pre-colonial stories within was declared a provincial heritage site. the archival and record systems The second component of the “BMS”, The pre-colonial historical gap “Makgabeng”, is in reference of a beautiful The pre-colonial indigenous communities scenic plateau in the area which is known like those of the BMS areas did not “read for its world-class rock art paintings of the and write” as reading and writing are San, Khoikhoi and the Basotho. The understood today. They used their own ways Makgabeng rock art paintings qualify it to be of “reading and writing” embodied in what declared a world heritage site. The last letter is today generally referred to as indigenous of “BMS”, the “S”, is standing for knowledge systems. For example, they could “Senwabarwana”, which literally means, read astrological phenomena, seasons, “where the San people drank water”. This is weather, etc. They could count their also an iconic area linked with its natural and livestock; they could accurately plan their cultural significance to the general BMS buildings’ construction; they could write and landscape. inscribe on rocks; and so on. However, the This paper will use this BMS landscape rich “reading and writing” systems and methods in stories, histories and heritage to of those pre-colonial communities had investigate and interrogate the participation/ always been regarded as if they were no- non-participation/ lack of participation of existent. This has been done deliberately as a communities in the national archival and colonial project in which indigenous records systems. knowledge systems were undermined by either being claimed by colonial settlers, The approach in this paper is mainly to diluted, demonised or even attacked. The formulate a viewpoint around the issue in indigenous communities’ histories, heritage question in accordance with the sources and cultures were transmitted from one available. The study is mainly an opinion generation to the other by word of mouth. piece of work, and with it, the following Oral history became a lifeline of the past of observations were made: the indigenous communities such as those in the BMS.  There is a gap in the national With this deliberate intent to suppress the archival and records systems in indigenous communities’ histories, heritage which the indigenous communities’ and cultures – which was part of a bigger records are lacking due to historical scheme of political colonial project of factors discussed thus far. subjugating indigenous communities – the  There is abundance in the national local content was never regarded as archives of the records on the mainstream. Pre-colonial history was almost periods of the European early regarded as non-existent. In fact, some travellers, missionaries, as well as views which appeared in colonial literature colonial and apartheid eras. plainly and openly declared that regions  The post-1994 governments took such as Africa had no history prior to the initiatives of mainstreaming the arrival of colonial forces. For example, the records of the previously excluded German Friedrich Hegel once notoriously indigenous communities into the declared, “Africa did not have history and national archival and records system did not contribute to anything mankind by even ensuring community enjoyed”. (www.azquotes.com). Much of the participation. literature generated through such stereotypical approaches reflects this

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historical gap, in which subjects such as hunting and gathering wild food. Their South African history, are pegged at the finely painted rock art is still indelible in the arrival of the Europeans in this part of the BMS area, particularly in the Makgabeng world. This historical gap is reflected in the Mountain. The Khoikhoi rock art paintings national archival and records systems of in the BMS area depict mostly coarser South Africa which are heavily Eurocentric geometric figures (the San mostly depicted in content and in outlook. animals in fine print), and such evidence verifies that they were once inhabitants of that area (Eastwood; 2002). The presence of Archaeology, rock art and oral the pre-colonial Bantu-speaking evidence communities such as the Batau, Bakone, The pre-colonial communities such as those Babirwa, Batšhadibe and the Bahananwa in in the BMS area did not have archival and the BMS area is also evidenced by rock art records systems as we know them in the and archaeological evidence (Eastwood & modern days, kept in the form of paper, Van Schalkwyk; 2002). electronic, audio-visual and microfilm. Their stories, histories and heritage which predate In addition to rock art and archaeological the arrival of foreign forces, are today evidence, oral history has been a significant known because of oral accounts as well as source of information on the pre-colonial other professional reconstructions such as communities such as those in the BMS area. archaeological surveys and rock art studies. Oral transmission of stories, histories and These sources shed light on the past of the heritage ensured their preservation and pre-colonial communities and data that is conservation over centuries, from one collected through them is sometimes generation to the other. Older members of deposited into the national archives systems. the communities would orally transmit The process of collecting data about the poetry, folktales, proverbs, idioms, legends, pre-colonial communities such as those in riddles, and all forms of educative content the BMS area, and the eventual depositing to the younger generations, who would in of such data into the mainstream archival turn relay it to the generations coming after and records systems, is mainly done by them. professionals such as historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, zoologists, botanists, geologists, rock art specialists, etc. Early Europeans and missionaries In such elitist academic exercises, local records communities, who are descendants of the pre-colonial communities, rarely participate With the factors explained in the previous in such archiving processes. paragraphs about the colonial project of Archaeological and rock art evidence subjugating indigenous communities, the indicate that before the arrival of the first colonial powers’ systems became dominant early European explorers, hunters, traders official mainstream in all walks of life: and travellers, and later the missionaries as political, social, economic, religious, well as the Boer and British colonial settlers educational, etc. That is why today the around BMS, the area was home to the national archives are full of paper, indigenous San, Khoikhoi and the Bantu- electronic, audio-visual and microfilm speaking communities (Eastwood & Van records starting with the arrival of Schalkwyk; 2002). The San, notably the Europeans this part of the world, while the earliest of all the groups, traversed the BMS period prior to that does not have records. area, nomadically moving in small units,

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The indigenous communities were therefore of his hometown back in Germany. In 1870 never part of such systems as participants. another mission station was established in Makgabeng among the people of Available records indicate that the Monyebodi. This was an extension of the Europeans touched the southern African station in Sehlong and different missionaries th shores as early as the 15 century (Maylam; presided over these stations in the BMS 1986). The advent of ships, combined with during different periods. The amount of the “push and pull” factors, led to archival records generated by the adventurous journeys across the seas missionaries during their stay in the BMS resulting in Europeans touching the shores area is massive. of other continents. The records of the earliest Europeans such as Vasco da Gama, The missionaries were deployed from Bartholomeo Diaz, Jan van Riebeeck, etc., Europe with clearly defined mandates and are currently in abundance in the national were funded by their respective archival record systems of South Africa. denominations. The basic objective of the missionary societies was to dispatch their In the BMS area, the earliest Europeans to foot soldiers, the missionaries, to places like touch base were mainly hunters, travellers, Africa, to teach their kind of religion, in traders and other similar smaller groups order to convert the other nations which which were on the move. They would move they believed were “barbaric”, “savage” from one place to the other as they engaged “heathens” who needed salvation (Sack; in their various missions. Coenraad de Buys, 1890). In executing their duties, the a white rebel who broke away from the missionaries were expected to constantly European traditions, in his nomadic fashion, compile reports about what they were is one of the earliest Europeans recorded to exactly doing. So, the missionaries’ reports, have touched the area referred to as BMS diaries and other documents, became today (Maylam; 1986). Because the earliest significant documents which are currently Europeans could not settle for longer available in abundance in the national periods on one area, as they were on their archives of South Africa. Although most of various missions such as hunting and those missionaries’ archival records are in trading, their records which are in the the German language, they are still valuable archives are not as abundant as the ones archival material which shed important light generated by the later groups, viz., the about that period of the history of the BMS. missionaries and the colonial settlers. Even though those records were written from narrow missionaries’ perspectives and The first missionaries to set foot in what is are overloaded with stereotypes and the BMS area were from the Berlin prejudices against the indigenous people and Missionary Society of Germany (Beyer; their cultures, they are still significant 1870). By the time those German primary sources available. With regard to missionaries arrived in the BMS area, they community participation, certainly the had already established themselves in communities did not take part in generating different areas such as GaSekhukhune, the missionary archival records. The GaMokopane and GaMatlala. After missionaries would engage the local protracted negotiations with the ruler, Kgoši communities, organise and try to convert Matsiokwane of the Bahananwa, eventually them into their European belief systems, Missionary Beyer established the first and then go on to write reports about what missionary in the BMS area on 9 March they think they understood about the 1868 in Sehlong village(Beyer; 1870). Beyer named the station Leipzig, in remembrance

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indigenous communities such as those in the subjugated and subjected under colonial BMS area. rule. The victorious European colonial powers Colonial and apartheid systems then imposed their authority over the defeated and dispossessed territories and For obvious reasons some of which were communities politically, economically, hinted in the preceding paragraphs, the socially and even culturally. Where the records of the colonial and apartheid missionaries earlier on preached for periods are abundant in the South African conversion, the colonial powers enforced archives just like those of the early their authority. The colonial powers took European travellers’ and missionaries’ away not only the indigenous communities’ periods. After the Europeans’ adventurous right to rule themselves, but they also took explorations in which they “discovered” away their land with all its resources and other parts of the world such as Africa, their their livestock. The colonial project in what contact with those areas increased and is South Africa today went through different intensified with time as they interacted for phases as time went on: from the 1652 various reasons. The invention of transport DEIC outpost to the British occupation in modes such as ships enabled and 1795; the 1830s Great Trek; the 1899-902 encouraged greater adventure. Trading, “Anglo-Boer” War; the 1910 Union; and hunting and sometimes sheer curiosity, 1948 apartheid. motivated such adventurous trips; and later more purposeful missions such as those of In all those colonial and apartheid periods, the missionaries took place. When the huge volumes of archival records were European colonial powers decided to generated about the dominant ruling, formally lay claim on foreign lands as their colonial, political forces. No wonder today own possessions in the form of colonies, there are stacks and stacks of archival groundwork was already laid down by the materials about the colonial and apartheid earlier groups. Actually, the early European eras in South Africa. The indigenous travellers and the missionaries enabled and communities, who were by then defeated, actively facilitated the colonial project. subjugated and occupied, did not participate in generating these records. They were only In what is South Africa today, although scantly referred to as subjects, as they were there had been earliest traces of touching mainly regarded as troublemakers who were bases by Europeans as far back as the 15th constantly hunted down and attacked as century, the earliest signs of a more they resisted trying to defend their land, permanent colonial settlement can be livestock and freedom, from the marauding attributed to the arrival of the Dutch East and plundering colonial forces. India Company (DEIC/VOC) group under Jan van Riebeeck in 1652. The expansion of Post-colonial/apartheid systems the DEIC outpost that was initially meant to be a refreshment station for the ships New dispensation travelling on trade missions to the East, later The year 1994 is regarded in South African became a huge colonial project, especially history as a significant milestone of political when the British entered the scene towards change, although there are still the end of the 18th century. By the end of disagreements about the extent and impact the 19th century in what is South Africa of that change on the people, especially today, all the indigenous communities were about the material conditions of the defeated in ruthless colonial wars and were previously oppressed communities. The new

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democratically constituted government had with in their efforts to address the to deal with huge challenges of backlog of imbalances of the past with regard to centuries of destructive systems of slavery, preserving heritage and archival records in colonialism and apartheid. Coupled with an inclusive society: Arts and Culture White those challenges, there were great Paper (1996); National Archives and expectations from the new government by Records Service Act (1996); National Film the black majority who had been left in the and Video Foundation Act (1997); Cultural doldrums of poverty by the successive Institution Act (1998); National Library Act colonial and apartheid governments of the (1998); Local Government Transformation, white minority. Municipal Structures Act (1998); World In the new dispensation ushered in by the Heritage Convention Act (1999); National democratically elected government in 1994 Heritage Resources Act (1999); National work needed to be done to address issues Heritage Council Act (1999); National on all fronts: political, economic, social, Heritage Resources Act (1999); Traditional educational and cultural fronts. The new Leadership and Governance Framework Act government was mainly concerned with (2003); National House of Traditional reconciliation issues as well as bread and Leaders Act (2009); and National Heritage butter priorities, and in that obsession, Transformation Charter (2009). cultural issues such as heritage preservation became secondary in terms of prioritisation. Because in the new dispensation the people The departments which dealt with arts, are at the centre of policy and culture and heritage issues were mostly implementation, communities are mostly allocated fewer budgetary resources than engaged, like in the archival and record those which deal with, for instance health, systems in the post- colonial/apartheid housing, etc. However, despite limited period. In the subsequent paragraphs it will resources allocated to matters of arts, be demonstrated how in the new culture and heritage, there were tangible dispensation the communities such as those efforts in trying to address the past legacy of in the BMS area were engaged in the excluding the stories, histories and heritage archival and records processes and systems. of the previously marginalised communities. Efforts to close the pre-colonial The new post-1994 governments embarked gap through archaeology, rock art on new policy initiatives in the arts, culture and oral history projects and heritage sector in which draft papers, Numerous projects have been undertaken in bills and then legislation, were formulated. the BMS area in order to uncover the pre- Specific laws on heritage, museums, colonial past that had been neglected in the archives, arts and culture were passed and colonial and apartheid literature that was they were mainly aimed at transforming regarded as the mainstream South African those sectors which were previously history. These projects, as well as groups’ dominated by the white minority and individuals’ initiatives were conducted at governments. The principle of inclusivity various periods and spots on varying was adopted in which heritage of all South extents. Some of such efforts were scattered Africans was to be preserved as compared and their outputs were never really collated to the previous dispensation from which the and consolidated into tangible results that indigenous majority communities were could be referred to. However, despite this excluded. These are some of the policy and type of limitation, professional and academic legislative framework the new institutions researched variously on the democratically elected governments came up history, heritage and culture of the BMS

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area. In some instances, communities were rock art in Makgabeng, most notably, Jonas engaged in such initiatives. In citing the Tlouamma, whom he groomed to become a examples of such initiatives, this paper will rock art specialist and heritage practitioner point out which ones involved community in his own right. Eastwood, Tlouamma, participation. joined by other locals such as Elias Raseruthe, expanded the rock art documentation and heritage awareness as The Pretoria-based National History and well as community participation around the Culture Museum conducted significant BMS area towards the end of the 1990s right archaeological surveys in the BMS area into the 2000s. under Dr. Johnny van Schalkwyk towards the end of the 1990s and early 2000s (Van In addition to those archaeological surveys Schalkwyk; 1998). Van Schalkwyk would and rock art documentations, there were camp in the BMS area for weeks while also oral history initiatives in which local conducting archaeological excavations. He communities were interviewed about their would rope in young promising students past histories. In 2002, under the auspices of from the area as his assistants. One such the South African Heritage Resources young student, Phophi Raletjena, became an Agency (SAHRA) managed by Ron Viney in important link to get the local communities Limpopo, the author of this paper led the to participate in such projects and initiatives Makgabeng Oral History project in which (Van Schalkwyk; 1998). Although the extent over fifty interviews were conducted. The to which such efforts covered communities project yielded valuable data which ensured cannot be measured, the fact that students that communities participated in the like Phophi introduced Dr. Van Schalkwyk’s documentation, and ultimate archiving, of and his work to the Bahananwa traditional their histories and heritage. A PhD thesis authority and the Blouberg local was another form of documentation which municipality, are evidence that there were resulted out of that project. The Limpopo community participation in uncovering, Heritage Resources Authority (LIHRA) documenting and eventually archiving of which was established in 2004, built on the their pre-colonial stories. Those earlier archaeological surveys, rock art communities were therefore beginning to documentation and oral history participate in archival and record systems, programmes. starting locally, through to the provincial level, up to the national mainstream. LIHRA continued research in the BMS area which included community participation, Another similar research initiative was that and the result was the declaration of the of the Wits University Institute of Rock Art, Malebogo-Boer War Battlefields as a under Professor Benjamin Smith, which was Provincial Heritage Site in 2007 in concentrating on the hundreds of world- accordance with the National Heritage class rock arts sites in the BMS area, which Resources Act of 1999. The world-class are mostly concentrated in the Makgabeng rock art paintings of Makgabeng have been plateau (Eastwood, Van Schalkwyk & Smith; on the radar of SAHRA for declaration at 2002). Rock art specialist, Ed Eastwood, national level, in which the ultimate goal contributed the most in physically tracing would be a possible declaration of the sites and documenting hundreds of the at international level by UNESCO. Another Makgabeng San, Khoi and Sotho rock art initiative worth mentioning in the BMS area paintings. Eastwood recruited local residents is the Malebogo-Boer War documentary whom he taught about the significance of which was funded by the National Heritage

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Council and implemented by the author of Zoutpansberg. Extension of this paper between 2007 and 2008. The jurisdiction of Native and Sub- activities around this particular project, Native Commissioners, 1903. especially the interviews, ensured that local  Volume 7103, Blaauwberg natives communities participated in documenting on farm Ritterhouse no 1016, their histories and heritage to a point where 1918—1936. the end product is archived.  Volume 585, Part 1, Blackhill 1069, Miltodrift 1062, Lom; Gallashiels All these initiatives of archaeological 1067, Millbank 1066 Portion of surveys, rock art research and oral history in Niewe Jerusalem District withdrawal the BMS area – in which communities were from prospecting. Enquiry R Rights, mostly engaged – were intended to uncover, 1921—1921. document, and ultimately archive the stories, histories and heritage of that are. The  Volume 2/2/45, Purchase of communities were therefore made to Harriets Wish no 991 by Chief participate in the archival and records Mamabolo and tribe, 1926—1947. systems of this country.  Volume 7130, Pietersburg Natives on Old Langsyne 1014, 1928—1928. Conclusions and  Volume 7728, Removal of John Morudu from farm Gemarke 1012, recommendations Pietersburg, 1933—1933.

 Volume 2/2/42, Part 1, Purchase of This paper concludes by noting that Farms Early Dawn 995 and community participation in national and Millstream no. 996. Bakone Tribe archival system is essential so that the under Chief Sekgoare Matlala, records in the archives could reflect and 1944—1946. represent the South African society in its entirety, as compared to the previous  Volume 3813, Farms Bonne records characterised by historically-induced Esperance no 1088, Dela Roche no gaps. The paper recommends that the 1087, Les Fountaines, 1945—1946. present and future governments should  Volume 2173, Ketting nommer 994 continue on a transformational trajectory en Disseldorp nommer 1090. and channel more efforts and resources in Pietersburg. 1947—1948. ensuring that the stories, histories and heritage of the previously excluded and Translated German Missionary oppressed indigenous communities are well records researched, well documented, and well archived into the mainstream.  Anon “Makchabeng.” Berliner Misionberichte (1878:11/12) p.249.  Anon. “Makchabeng and Blauberg” References Berliner Missionsberichte (1893:19/20) p.476—481. Archival records (1893:21/22)p. 490—491.  [Baumbach]. Nachrichten von TAB (Transvaal Archives Depot) unserer Station Makchabeng SNA (Secretary of Native Affairs) (Noord-Transvaaal) Berliner  Volume 113 NA575/ 05, Part 1, Missionsberichte Native Commissioner (1879:21/22)p.388—392.

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 Anon. Nachrichten von unserer Blouberg, Northern Province”. Station Ga Matlale Berliner National Cultural Historical Missionsberichte (1889:19/20) Museum. 1998. p.479—486.  Anon. “Blauberg” 12 Berliner Books Missionberichte (1880:11/12) p. 208  Mason, R., Prehistory of the  Berliner Missionsberichte Transvaal, Johannesburg, 1969. (1872:19/20) p.350—354 [Baumbach]. Nachrichten von  Maylam, P., A History of the African unserer Station Makchabeng people of South Africa: From early Berliner Missionsberichte iron age to the 1970s, London, 1986. (1882:21/22)p.416—420.  Smith, B.W. and Van Schalkwyk,  Beyer “Zweiter Halbjahrsbericht J.A., The White Camel of the (1868) der Station 1 Blauberg”, Makgabeng, Cambridge, 2002. Berliner Missiosberichte (1870) p.  Sonntag, C., My Friend Malaboch, 136, 138. Chief of the Blue Mountain. Ed.  Sack “ Nachrichten von unserer Konrad Sonntag. Pretoria, 1983. Station Makchabeng” Berliner Missionsberichte (1890:19/20) Interviews p.433—441. Jonathan Laka, Samson Phukubje, Matome Johannes Seanego, Israel Journal Articles Ramoroka, Samuel Tlhaahlaa Ngwepe,Moses Ngwepe, Sania

 Boshier, A., “First Transvaal Rock Ramoroka, Nkadi Ngwepe, Blantina painting of Domestic Animals”. The Setumu, MmaChuene Georgina Star. September, 6, 1962, Setumu, MmaNkoloto Elisa Setumu, Johannesburg. Desia Ramoroka, and Sebasa  Boshier, A., “Madam Witchdoctor”. Ngwepe. Perspective. 3, 1966.  Eastwood, E. B., “The rock art of Legislation the Makgabeng plateau, The Rock Engravings and Paintings of Too Arts and Culture White Paper Late”. Paleo-Artfield Services. 3, (1996); National Archives and 2002. Records Service Act (1996); National  Eastwood, E. B. and Van Film and Video Foundation Act Schalkwyk, J.A., “The rock art of the (1997); Cultural Institution Act Makgabeng plateau”. Palaeo-Artfield (1998); National Library Act (1998); Services. Pretoria, 2002. Local Government Transformation, Municipal Structures Act (1998);  Eastwood E. B., Van Schalkwyk, J. World Heritage Convention Act A. and Smith B., “Archaeological (1999); National Heritage Resources and Rock Art survey of the Act (1999); National Heritage Makgabeng plateau, Central Council Act (1999); National Limpopo Basin”. The Digging Stick. Heritage Resources Act (1999); 19 (1), April 2002. Traditional Leadership and

 Van Schalkwyk, J. A., Governance Framework Act (2003); “Archaeological investigation of the National House of Traditional Beauley early iron age site in the

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Leaders Act (2009); and National Heritage Transformation Charter (2009).