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Zborník Z Konferencie 2008 Výskumný ústav pôdoznalectva Societas pedologica slovaca Lesnícka fakulta TU Zvolen Katedra prírodného prostredia a ochrany pôdy Bratislava Lesníckej fakulty TU Zvolen Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 2 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 Výskumný ústav pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy Societas pedologica slovaca Lesnícka fakulta TU Zvolen Katedra prírodného prostredia LF TU Zvolen PIATE PÔDOZNALECKÉ DNI Téma: pôda – národné bohatstvo Zborník príspevkov Sielnica, október 2008 3 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 Vedecký výbor Organizačný výbor prof. RNDr. Pavol Bielek, DrSc. doc. Ing. Jozef Kobza, CSc. doc. Ing. Jozef Kobza, CSc. RNDr. Jaroslava Sobocká, CSc. RNDr. Jaroslava Sobocká, CSc. doc. Ing. Juraj Gregor, CSc. doc. Ing. Juraj Gregor, CSc. Ing. Ján Styk, PhD. prof. Ing. Bohdan Juráni, CSc. doc. Ing. Dr. Viliam Pichler, PhD. doc. Ing. Dr. Viliam Pichler, PhD. RNDr. Jarmila Makovníková, CSc. RNDr. Emil Fulajtár, PhD. Ing. Erika Gömöryová, PhD. doc. Ing. Juraj Chlpík, CSc. RNDr. Boris Pálka Ing. Ján Kukla, CSc. Ing. Jozef Capuliak Ing. Jozef Mališ Editor: doc. Ing. J. Kobza, CSc. ISBN 978-80-89128-49-5 4 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 Predslov V dňoch 15. – 16. októbra 2008 sa uskutočnili v Sielnici pri Zvolene v poradí už piate pôdoznalecké dni Slovenska na tému: Pôda – národné bohatstvo. Boli organizované pod gesciou Výskumného ústavu pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy a Societas pedologica slovaca so sídlom v Bratislave v spolupráci s Katedrou prírodného prostredia Lesníckej fakulty TU Zvolen, Odborom pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy SAPV, Katedrou pedológie a geológie FAAPZ SPU Nitra, Katedrou pedológie PRIF UK Bratislava a Ústavom ekológie lesa SAV, Zvolen. Cieľom tohto vedeckého podujatia pôdoznalcov bolo prezentovať najnovšie poznatky pri ochrane pôdy a tvorbe legislatívy, hodnotení funkcií pôdy z hľadiska udržateľného využívania krajiny, ako aj hodnotenia vývoja a degradácie pôd vo vzťahu ku kvalite života. Vedeckého podujatia sa zúčastnili takmer všetci špecialisti zameraní na uvedené problematiky pôdoznalectva ako od nás, tak aj zo zahraničia (Česká republika, Maďarsko, Írsko), ako aj z decíznej sféry (MP SR Bratislava). Dúfame, že predložené príspevky prinesú nové impulzy a názory pri hodnotení ochrany pôdy s ohľadom na jej postavenie a potrebu integrujúceho prístupu vo sfére ochrany životného prostredia, ako aj tvorby takej legislatívy, ktorá sa stane účinným nástrojom pri ochrane a ďalšom využívaní našich pôd a krajiny. Je to predsa naše národné bohatstvo. Príspevky sú publikované bez jazykovej úpravy. doc. Ing. Jozef Kobza, CSc. VÚPOP – RP Banská Bystrica e-mail: [email protected] 5 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 Obsah (Contens) Orálne prezentácie (oral presentations) Bielek P. Legislatívna podpora ochrany pôdy: 9 obsahové súvislosti a vývoj v zahraničí Szallayová R. Právna ochrana poľnohospodárskej pôdy 13 Kozák J. Ochrana půd a legislativa Evropské unie 21 Čurlík J. Legislatívne problémy ochrany pôd na Slovensku 25 Vácha R., Čermák P., Skála J., Možnosti legislativní úpravy aplikace rybničních Čechmánková J., a říčních sedimentú na zemědělskou půdu v ČR Horváthová V. 31 Janků J. Ekonomické ocenění znehodnoceného pozemku 39 Juráni B., Gregor J. Funkcie pôdy z hľadiska udržateľného využívania krajiny 45 Bublinec E., Kukla J., Funkcia pôdy a bukového porastu pri sekvestrácii Machava J., Farrell P.E., uhlíka Dubová M. 49 Novák P., Vopravil J., Hodnocení produkčních a envirobmentálnych funkcií Chramostová B., Lagová J. půd 55 Sobocká J., Molčanová J. Nové biofyzikálne kritériá pre delimitáciu území postihnutých prírodnými znevýhodneniami (LFA) 61 Bujnovský R., Vilček J. Právne, ekonomické a etické aspekty ochrany poľnohospodárskej pôdy 69 Kobza J. Vývoj a degradácia poľnohospodárskych pôd vo vzťahu ku kvalite života 77 Pichler V. Vývoj a degradácia pôd vo vzťahu ku kvalite života 83 Várallya Gy. Soil degradation processes and extreme moisture regime as limiting factors of soil multifunctionality and sustainable land use 89 Kukla J., Kuklová M., Vplyv obhospodarovania bučín na sukcesný vývoj Sýkora A. fytocenóz a vlastnosti pôd 99 Prax A., Hybler V. Výrazný antropický vliv na zamokření půd v poddolovaném území Plzeňské pánve 109 Posterové prezentácie (poster presentations) Barančíková G., Identifikácia senzitívnych oblastí na základe Makovníková J., Širáň M. monitorovania zmien pôdnej reakcie, obsahu organickej hmoty a kompakcie 113 Bebej J., Janega A., Pichler V., Inovované postupy na odber pôdnych vzoriek Gőmőryová E., Gregor J. v neporušenom stave, prípravu pôdnych výbrusov a analýzu pôdneho skeletu 121 6 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 Benčaťová B., Kontriš J., Výskum pôdnych pomerov sekundárnych Gregor J., Kontrišová O. vápencových borín a bučín v Pieninskom národnom parku 129 Čurlík J. Globálne funkcie pôd 135 Ďurža O. Arzén a magnetická susceptibilita pôd v povodí toku Kyjov 141 Fulajtár E. Meranie erózie na Slovensku a v okolitých krajinách 147 Gőmőryová E Diverzita pôdnych mikroorganizmov 155 Halas J., Nováková M. Priestorová variabilita pôdnych vlastností ako východisko racionálneho využívania pôdy a jej ochrany 161 Hrivňáková K., Grečo V. Spaľovanie dreva a jeho vplyv na životné prostredie Bezáková Z., Píš V. Marianky 171 Kanianska R. Bilancia plôch v Slovenskej republike s dôrazom na úbytky poľnohospodárskej a lesnej pôdy 179 Kontriš J., Kontrišová O., Vplyv smrekových monokultúr na pôdne vlastnosti Gregor J. mezotrofných jedľobučín Spišskej Magury 187 Kontriš J., Kontrišová O., Vplyv smrekových monokultúr na pôdne vlastnosti Gregor J., Malajterová N. Karpatských dubových lesov 193 Machava J., Bublinec E., Ekologicko-produkčné vlastnosti a funkcie skupiny Farrell P. E. rendzinových pôd 199 Makovníková J. Aktuálny stav a vývoj aktívneho hliníka v kambizemiach 207 Mališ J. Možnosti využitia nedeštrukčných metód pri sledovaní hydrofyzikálneho stavu pôd v masíve Javoria 215 Novák P., Vopravil J., Mapové vyjádření retenční vodní kapacity půd České Chramostová B. republiky 221 Novák P., Vopravil J., Khel T. Mapové vyjádření využitelné vodní kapacity půd české republiky 229 Nováková K., Sobocký I. Dynamika vlhkosti stredne ťažkých pôd Podunajskej nížiny bez vplyvu podzemnej vody 235 Pavlenda P. Kvantifikácia zásob uhlíka v lesných pôdach 243 Petrášová V., Brtnický M., Vliv osevnych postupů na vybrané vlastnmosti Foukalová J., Střalková R., potenciální respirace Pokorný E. 251 Píš V., Hrivňáková K. Hygienický stav pôd na vybraných pozemkoch katastra Sereď 257 Rampašeková Z. Vývoj štruktúry poľnohospodárskej pôdy v jednotlivých obciach okresu Nitra 263 7 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 Richtr J. Fosfor v půdním prostředí, jeho transport a metody stanovení 271 Semančíková E., Holcová V. Matika půdy a hierarchické plánovaní krajiny 281 Styk J., Pálka B., Fulajtár E., Interaktívny model výpočtu intenzity pôdnej erózie Granec M. (vhodný pre poľnohospodársku prax) 289 Šardíková, Ľ. Formovanie environmentálneho povedomia v oblasti využívania vody človekom 297 Šoltysová B., Kotorová D. Vertikálna variabilita vybraných vlastností fluvizeme glejovej 301 Torma S., Halas J., Marinova S. Možnosť využitia očistených vôd z čistiarní Dimitrov P. odpadových vôd pri zavlažovaní poľnohospodárskych pôd 309 Tužinský L., Gregor J., Možné dopady klimatických zmien na Pichler V. vodohospodársku funkciu lesov-vodný režim pôdy 317 Vilček J. Ochrana pôdy-princípy a mementá 323 Vlček V., Brtnický M., Vliv eroze na kvalitu a zdraví půd Pokorný E. 331 Vopravil J., Janeček M., Mapové vyjádření erodovatelnosti půd České Tippl M., Khel T. republiky 337 Vopravil J., Novák P., Mapové vyjadrenie infiltrační schopnosti půd České Vrabcová T. republiky 345 Zaujec A. Bilancie pôdneho organického uhlíka v ekologických hospodárstvach 351 Richard Pospišil 1, Kvalita pôdnej organickej hmoty pri rôznej intenzite 358 Jozef Ržonca 2, hnojenia a využívania trávneho porastu Pavlína Vařeková 3, Marie Svozilová 3 Alois Prax, Milan Palát, Časová řada změn retenční kapacity půdy při 365 Vítězslav Hybler antropogenním ovlivnění úrovně hladiny podzemní vody 8 Piate pôdoznalecké dni 2008 LEGISLATÍVNA PODPORA OCHRANY PÔDY: OBSAHOVÉ SÚVISLOSTI A VÝVOJ V ZAHRANIČÍ SOIL PROTECTION BY LAW: PRINCIPLES AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Pavol Bielek Výskumný ústav pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôd, Gagarinova 10, 827 13 Bratislava e-mail: [email protected] Abstrakt Vývoj starostlivosti o pôdu bol historicky priamo závislý od vývoja a vyspelosti ľudských spoločenstiev. Technický rozvoj najmä v 19. storočí vyvolal tlak na pôdu a súčasne aj požiadavky na jej právnu ochranu. Ochrana pôdy však zaostáva za vznikajúcimi problémami, čo je príčinou ich reálneho výskytu negatívne ovplyvňujúceho ekonomické, eko-sociálne a politické pomery v štátoch a ich spoločenstvách. Kľúčové slová: ochrana pôdy, legislatíva Abstract Soil protection has been historically directly depended from human society development. Science and technology development mainly in 19. century induced negative pressure on soil and its quality and on legislation development as well. Soil protection is still behind of problems rise what lead to really existing impacts on soils, what simultaneously affects many economic, eco-social, and political situations in the countries and among of people. Key words: soil protection, legislation Vývoj starostlivosti o pôdu bol historicky podmienený vývojom nielen vedomia, ale aj z neho vyplývajúceho vzťahu človeka k pôde. Možno teda konštatovať, že vzťah človeka k pôde sa historicky vyvíjal ako súčasť jeho druhového vývoja a rozvoja jeho komunít. V najdávnejších dobách bola v obojstrannom vzťahu človeka a pôdy dominujúca pôda,
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