DOCSLIB.ORG

An Unequal and Unlevel Playing Field

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Unequal and Unlevel Playing Field AN UNEQUAL AND UNLEVEL PLAYING FIELD: CRITICALLY EXAMINING THE RACE-CONSCIOUS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION LEGAL DEBATE IN HIGHER EDUCATION THROUGH THE EYES OF THE COUNCIL ON LEGAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY (CLEO) by Dana N. Thompson BS in Accounting, Lincoln University of Pennsylvania, 1994 Juris Doctor, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 1999 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Social and Comparative Analysis in Education University of Pittsburgh 2007 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF EDUCATION This dissertation was presented by Dana N. Thompson It was defended on April 16, 2007 and approved by Kevin Deasy, J.D., Associate Dean of Students and Professor, School of Law Consuella Lewis, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Administrative and Policy Studies Eugene Lincoln, J.D., Ed.D., Associate Professor, Administrative and Policy Studies Dissertation Advisor: William E. Bickel, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Administrative and Policy Studies ii Copyright © by Dana N. Thompson 2007 iii An Unequal and Unlevel Playing Field: Critically Examining the Race-Conscious Affirmative Action Legal Debate in Higher Education Through the Eyes of the Council on Legal Education Opportunity (CLEO) Dana N. Thompson, J.D., Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2007 Race relations in the United States have a tumultuous and painful history. The current legal battles over race-conscious affirmative action policies simply add more fuel to the fire and rekindle centuries-old racial conflicts and biases amongst many Americans. Some researchers are concerned that the current never-ending legal battles are being used to eliminate race- conscious education programs and destroy the original intent of affirmative action policies to equalize opportunities between Blacks and Whites alike. Researchers fear that the policies will be eradicated before the playing field has been leveled. This study critically examined how the race-conscious affirmative action legal debate in higher education has evolved from the implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 until 2006. The researcher used two constructs of critical race theory – interest convergence and whiteness as property - to guide the study in the examination and analysis of federal race- conscious legal cases in higher education and state anti-affirmative action policies. The researcher evaluated whether the evolution of the legal debates supports white privilege. Additionally, the researcher used case study methodology to investigate whether the legal debates relate to changes in a specific race-based legal education program, the CLEO program. The researcher analyzed multiple sources of evidence inclusive of both qualitative and quantitative data. iv The findings in this study indicate that more reverse discrimination lawsuits are saturating the legal landscape and include multiple White plaintiffs. Concurrently, CLEO, which has assisted underrepresented racial minorities with entering and graduating law school, has experienced significant changes to its funding, programs, and the racial/ethnic and academic profiles of its students. The data support a correlation between the race-conscious affirmative action legal debates for more than 30 years, and the significant changes in CLEO’s funding, the types of programs offered, and the types of students served. The findings show that an unequal and unlevel academic playing field still exists, yet the race-conscious affirmative action legal debate in higher education will continue until all policies and programs are annihilated. The findings also suggest that the evolution of legal cases and anti-affirmative action policies support the maintenance of white privilege in American society. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ XII 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 WHERE THE LEGAL DEBATE BEGAN....................................................... 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM................................................................. 4 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................. 7 1.3.1 Research Questions....................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 Background – The CLEO Program .......................................................... 10 1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK – CRITICAL RACE THEORY (CRT) 18 1.4.1 A CRT Construct - Interest Convergence ................................................ 19 1.4.2 Another CRT Construct – Whiteness as Property .................................. 20 1.5 RESEARCHER’S ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................ 22 1.6 RESEARCHER’S BACKGROUND................................................................ 23 1.7 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.............................................................. 24 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ................................................................... 25 2.0 SECOND CHAPTER ................................................................................................ 26 2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................................... 26 2.1.1 A History of Race-Based Legal Cases and Legislation............................ 27 2.1.2 Race-based Legal Cases in Education....................................................... 36 vi 2.1.3 What is Affirmative Action - The Pros and Cons .................................... 48 2.1.4 Federal Affirmative Action Education Programs.................................... 59 2.1.4.1 TRIO Programs and GEAR UP........................................................ 60 2.1.5 The Origins and Development of Critical Race Theory.......................... 71 2.1.5.1 Major Criticisms of CRT ................................................................... 78 2.1.5.2 CRT and Education............................................................................ 79 2.1.5.3 CRT and Affirmative Action ............................................................. 86 3.0 THIRD CHAPTER .................................................................................................... 91 3.1 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 91 3.1.1 Research Design – The Case Study ........................................................... 92 3.1.2 Setting and Data Sources............................................................................ 95 3.1.2.1 Document and Archival Records ...................................................... 96 3.1.2.2 Interview Sample Selection................................................................ 98 3.1.2.3 Federal Legal Cases and State Anti-Affirmative Action Policies... 99 3.1.3 Data Analysis............................................................................................. 100 3.1.4 Use of CRT Constructs............................................................................. 105 3.1.5 Format of Addressing the Research Questions...................................... 108 4.0 FOURTH CHAPTER .............................................................................................. 109 4.1 THE EVOLUTION OF AN ENDURING LEGAL DEBATE..................... 109 4.1.1 The 1970s – The First Wave of Federal Legal Cases............................. 110 4.1.2 The 1990s – The Legal Debate Gains Momentum ................................. 121 4.1.2.1 Anti-Affirmative Action Policies and Executive Orders............... 130 4.1.3 The 2000s – Revisiting Bakke as the Legal Debate Intensifies.............. 139 vii 4.1.4 Analyzing the Legal Debate from a Critical Race Theory (CRT) Perspective ................................................................................................................ 152 5.0 FIFTH CHAPTER................................................................................................... 167 5.1 THE CLEO PROGRAM: THE FINDINGS ................................................. 167 5.1.1 CLEO’s Operations: Then and Now....................................................... 168 5.1.1.1 CLEO’s Purpose, Funding, and Programs .................................... 173 5.1.2 CLEO’s Students: Past and Present ...................................................... 181 5.1.2.1 Students’ Undergraduate GPAs and LSAT Percentile Scores..... 182 5.1.2.2 Students’ Race/Ethnicity.................................................................. 193 6.0 SIXTH CHAPTER................................................................................................... 206 6.1 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 206 6.1.1 Summary of Research Findings............................................................... 209 6.1.2 Current Climate Surrounding the Legal Debate, Law School, and the Legal Profession ....................................................................................................... 222 6.1.3 Conclusions and Implications .................................................................. 229 6.1.3.1 The Future of Race-Conscious Affirmative Action Legal Debates and the Implications for CLEO and Other Race-Based Programs ............ 230 6.1.3.2 The Future of Underrepresented Minorities in Law Schools and the Legal Profession..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neoformalistická Analýza Televizního Seriálu Community
    Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Neoformalistická analýza televizního seriálu Community Bakalářská diplomová práce Studijní program: Teorie a dějiny dramatických umění Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jakub Korda, Ph.D. Autorka práce: Martina Smékalová OLOMOUC 2013 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně pod odborným dohledem vedoucího diplomové práce a uvedla jsem všechny použité podklady a literaturu. V Olomouci dne ………… Podpis ………….. Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. Jakubu Kordovi, Ph.D., za odborné vedení a konzultování práce. 1. ÚVOD….………………………………………………………………………...…6 1. 1. Struktura práce……………………………………………………………....8 2. TEORETICKÁ ČÁST…………………………………………………………....9 2. 1. Metodologický postup práce………………………………………………..9 2. 2. Použitá literatura a prameny……………………………………………...10 2. 2. 1. Odborná literatura……………………………………………………10 2. 2. 2. Populární literatura…………………………………………………..11 2. 3. Intermedialita a Intertextualita…………………………………...………12 2. 4. Fikční světy podle Mgr. Radomíra Kokeše……………………………....13 2.5. Poznámka k seriálové terminologii a formě seriality…………………….16 3. ANALYTICKÁ ČÁST…………………………………………………………..18 3. 1. Pozadí vzniku seriálu Community………………………………………...18 3. 2. Ocenění a nominace seriálu………………………………………………..20 3. 3. Žánr a forma seriality……………………………………………………..23 3. 4. Analýza postav……………………………………………………………...26 3. 5. Analýza vybraných fikčních světů seriálu Community………………….29 3. 5. 1. Aletický subsvět……………………………………………………...29 3. 5. 2. Alternativní subsvět………………………………………………….32
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships
    LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX PARTNERSHIPS Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships A Study of National, European and International Law Edited by ROBERT WINTEMUTE School of Law, King’s College, University of London and MADS ANDENÆS British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London OXFORD – PORTLAND OREGON 2001 Hart Publishing Oxford and Portland, Oregon Published in North America (US and Canada) by Hart Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services 5804 NE Hassalo Street Portland, Oregon 97213-3644 USA Distributed in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg by Intersentia, Churchillaan 108 B2900 Schoten Antwerpen Belgium © The contributors and editors severally 2001 The editors and contributors to this work have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work Hart Publishing Ltd is a specialist legal publisher based in Oxford, England. To order further copies of this book or to request a list of other publications please write to: Hart Publishing Ltd, Salter’s Boatyard, Oxford OX1 4LB Telephone: +44 (0)1865 245533 or Fax: +44 (0)1865 794882 e-mail: [email protected] WEBSITE: http//www.hartpub.co.uk British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data Available ISBN 1 84113–138–5 (paperback) Typeset by Hope Services (Abingdon) Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd, www.biddles.co.uk Foreword HE LAST QUARTER of the twentieth century saw a dramatic increase in the Tnumber and power of organised gay and lesbian social and political move- ments. This was accompanied by the systematic assertion, through legal strate- gies and challenges, of gays’ and lesbians’ rights to dignity and to full and equal citizenship.
    [Show full text]
  • Thèse Et Mémoire
    Université de Montréal Survivance 101 : Community ou l’art de traverser la mutation du paysage télévisuel contemporain Par Frédérique Khazoom Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques, Université de Montréal, Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès arts en Maîtrise en cinéma, option Cheminement international Décembre 2019 © Frédérique Khazoom, 2019 Université de Montréal Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Ce mémoire intitulé Survivance 101 : Community ou l’art de traverser la mutation du paysage télévisuel contemporain Présenté par Frédérique Khazoom A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Zaira Zarza Président-rapporteur Marta Boni Directeur de recherche Stéfany Boisvert Membre du jury Résumé Lors des années 2000, le paysage télévisuel américain a été profondément bouleversé par l’arrivée d’Internet. Que ce soit dans sa production, sa création ou sa réception, l’évolution rapide des technologies numériques et l’apparition des nouveaux médias ont contraint l’industrie télévisuelle à changer, parfois contre son gré. C’est le cas de la chaîne généraliste américaine NBC, pour qui cette période de transition a été particulièrement difficile à traverser. Au cœur de ce moment charnière dans l’histoire de la télévision aux États-Unis, la sitcom Community (NBC, 2009- 2014; Yahoo!Screen, 2015) incarne et témoigne bien de différentes transformations amenées par cette convergence entre Internet et la télévision et des conséquences de cette dernière dans l’industrie télévisuelle. L’observation du parcours tumultueux de la comédie de situation ayant débuté sur les ondes de NBC dans le cadre de sa programmation Must-See TV, entre 2009 et 2014, avant de se terminer sur le service par contournement Yahoo! Screen, en 2015, permet de constater que Community est un objet télévisuel qui a constamment cherché à s’adapter à un média en pleine mutation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expressive Topography Timothy Zick William & Mary Law School, [email protected]
    College of William & Mary Law School William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications Faculty and Deans 2006 Space, Place, and Speech: The Expressive Topography Timothy Zick William & Mary Law School, [email protected] Repository Citation Zick, Timothy, "Space, Place, and Speech: The Expressive Topography" (2006). Faculty Publications. 276. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/276 Copyright c 2006 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs Space, Place, and Speech: The Expressive Topography Timothy Zick* Introduction Place is central to human existence. It is one of the means by which we structure our lives. Place is often itself an event, a center of meaning. Con­ sider the following places: Ground Zero, the White House, the National Mall, Tiananmen Square, and Auschwitz. These are not mere locales or sites. They are not undifferentiated spaces. They are all dynamic places, expressive aspects of cultures. In their unique ways, these places say something about politics, pain, triumph, and loss. They are repositories of memory, conveyors of rhetoric. The experience of being in these places is very different from the experience of being elsewhere. Contrast these opening observations regarding certain meaningful places with the current First Amendment conception of "place." To the extent that "place" enters constitutional discourse at all, it is as nothing more than a resource, a parcel of property, or an inert element of the expressive back­ ground.1 Even the most sacred place does nothing; it says nothing. The cur­ rent First Amendment conception of "place" as inert res is a distinctly lawyerly one.2 It does not appreciate the importance of place to expressive and associative activity.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Europe Group and New Britain Movement (1931–1935)
    Pioneers of European Federalism: the New Europe Group and New Britain Movement (1931–1935) By: David Graham Page A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of History October 2016 ABSTRACT This thesis is the first in-depth study of the early 1930s Bloomsbury-based New Europe Group (NEG) and New Britain Movement (NBM), which constituted a politicised social movement led by Dimitrije Mitrinović. The Introduction situates the NEG/NBM as the British manifestation of the nouvelles relèves , the northwest European cluster of extra-parliamentary political groups that were neither plainly left-wing nor right-wing, but rather were infused with a spiritually based ideology influenced by the Personalist philosopher Emmanuel Mounier. Chapter 1 scrutinises the NEG/NBM as an antisystem challenger to the National Government, and analyses the movement’s ‘political perfectionist’ antisystemness in the context of the syncretic turn in British extra- parliamentary politics. Chapter 2 discusses the dynamics of the NEG/NBM, including its ‘prefigurative politics’ and Mitrinović’s use of ‘strategic ambiguity.’ Chapter 3 contextualises the European federalist thought of Mitrinović and other prominent figures in the NEG/NBM, and examines their understanding of the ‘European civil war’ and perception of the European and world ‘crisis.’ Chapter 4 begins with a comparative analysis of the proposals for European unity advanced by Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Aristide Briand, and Mitrinović and the NEG/NBM. The chapter then details the lines of reasoning the NEG/NBM used to make a case for Eurofederalism, and explains the movement’s proposals for European governance and federal institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • It Reveals Who I Really Am”: New Metaphors, Symbols, and Motifs in Representations of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Popular Culture
    “IT REVEALS WHO I REALLY AM”: NEW METAPHORS, SYMBOLS, AND MOTIFS IN REPRESENTATIONS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS IN POPULAR CULTURE By Summer Joy O’Neal A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Middle Tennessee State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Angela Hague, Chair Dr. David Lavery Dr. Robert Petersen Copyright © 2013 Summer Joy O’Neal ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There simply is not enough thanks to thank my family, my faithful parents, T. Brian and Pamela O’Neal, and my understanding sisters, Auburn and Taffeta, for their lifelong support; without their love, belief in my strengths, patience with my struggles, and encouragement, I would not be in this position today. I am forever grateful to my wonderful director, Dr. Angela Hague, whose commitment to this project went above and beyond what I deserved to expect. To the rest of my committee, Dr. David Lavery and Dr. Robert Petersen, for their seasoned advice and willingness to participate, I am also indebted. Beyond these, I would like to recognize some “unofficial” members of my committee, including Dr. Elyce Helford, Dr. Alicia Broderick, Ari Ne’eman, Chris Foss, and Melanie Yergau, who graciously offered me necessary guidance and insightful advice for this project, particularly in the field of Disability Studies. Yet most of all, Ephesians 3.20-21. iii ABSTRACT Autism has been sensationalized by the media because of the disorder’s purported prevalence: Diagnoses of this condition that was traditionally considered to be quite rare have radically increased in recent years, and an analogous fascination with autism has emerged in the field of popular culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Verging on the Polemical. Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach to Medieval Religious Polemic
    Verging on the polemical. Towards an interdisciplinary approach to medieval religious polemic Sita Steckel* The present article attempts to take stock of the different definitions and connotations of the concept of religious »polemic« in order to encourage a more interdisciplinary debate on this topic. It argues that the interdisciplinary research fields engaging with religious polemics could generate important historical perspectives on current conflict cultures, and appear to be on the verge of an expansion of the horizon towards the global, connecting an extant, highly active research field on religious encounter in the Euro-Mediterranean area to the study of Asia and Africa. To be able to realize an integrative perspective and to write a com- parative and entangled history of religious polemics, it seems necessary to reflect on the dif- ferences and gaps marking the overlapping research fields. The article therefore offers a brief historiographical sketch concerning the concept of »polemics«, and then offers a pre liminary list of constituents or dimensions of the polemical which have been highlighted in the differ- ent research fields. In a concluding section, case studies from the accompanying contribu- tions in this volume furnish examples on possible further perspectives, with an emphasis on non-traditional approaches cutting across established research fields. Keywords: Religious polemics, inter-religious contact, intra-religious conflicts, medieval Judaism, medieval Latin Christianity, medieval Islam, history of Medieval Studies. 1. Introduction: The problems and potentials of an interdisciplinary approach to religious polemics The study of religious polemics remains a highly active subfield of the study of religion, espe- cially in research concerning the medieval Euro-Mediterranean area.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    The Practice of Community: Assembling Anglophone Poetics in the Post-World War II Era STEPHEN VOYCE A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Graduate Programme in English York University Toronto, Ontario September 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre refinance ISBN: 978-0-494-54112-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54112-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review Essay Of: Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society
    University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository Constitutional Commentary 2000 Brown's Promise, Blaine's Legacy: A Review Essay Of: Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society. Joseph P. Viteritti Richard W. Garnet Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/concomm Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Garnet, Richard W., "Brown's Promise, Blaine's Legacy: A Review Essay Of: Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society. Joseph P. Viteritti" (2000). Constitutional Commentary. 895. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/concomm/895 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Minnesota Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Constitutional Commentary collection by an authorized administrator of the Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BROWN'S PROMISE, BLAINE'S LEGACY CHOOSING EQUALITY: SCHOOL CHOICE, THE CONSTITUTION, AND CIVIL SOCIETY. By Joseph P. Viteritti.1 Brookings Institution Press. 1999. Pp. 284. $29.95. Richard W. Garnetr If nothing else, this Review Essay, like Professor Viteritti's book, should be timely. As I write, the United States Supreme Court in Mitchell v. Helms3 has just decided that publicly funded computers and other educational materials may be loaned to private and religious schools. The decision is widely viewed as signaling, if not determining, the constitutional fate of school­ choice experiments like those in Cleveland and Milwaukee.4 As it happened, just one week before Mitchell, the Sixth Circuit heard oral arguments in Simmons-Harris v. Zelman 5 (the Ohio voucher case) as hundreds of voucher supporters chanted "free­ dom, freedom!" across the street from the federal court in down­ town Cincinnati.6 A challenge to Florida's statewide voucher I.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Debating Society: Negotiating Difference in Historical Argument Cultures
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt WOMEN DEBATING SOCIETY: NEGOTIATING DIFFERENCE IN HISTORICAL ARGUMENT CULTURES by Carly Sarah Woods BA, Mary Washington College, 2004 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts & Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication University of Pittsburgh 2010 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Carly Sarah Woods It was defended on December 3, 2010 and approved by Jessica Enoch, Associate Professor, Department of English Kathryn T. Flannery, Professor, Department of English John R. Lyne, Professor, Department of Communication Ronald J. Zboray, Professor, Department of Communication Dissertation Director: Gordon R. Mitchell, Associate Professor, Department of Communication ii Copyright © by Carly Sarah Woods 2010 iii WOMEN DEBATING SOCIETY: NEGOTIATING DIFFERENCE IN HISTORICAL ARGUMENT CULTURES Carly Sarah Woods, Ph.D University of Pittsburgh, 2010 This dissertation explores the relationship between gender and argumentation, complicating narratives that cast debating as an exclusionary practice that solely privileges elite, educated, white men. Drawing on three case studies of women’s participation in debate, I argue that debating societies functioned as venues for rhetorical education and performance. Each chapter aims to add to our understanding about debate within historical contexts, reveal insight
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Ponds’ in South Africa; Perspectives from a Strategic Niche Management Framework
    A road from municipal wastewater to ‘golden ponds’ in South Africa; perspectives from a Strategic Niche Management framework ENP-80436: Thesis Environmental Policy Submitted By: Svongwa Nemadire Registration Number: 820223–598–090 Supervisor: Dr. ir. Bas J.M. van Vliet August 2011 Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University and Research Centre Page | A road from municipal wastewater to ‘golden ponds’ in South Africa; perspectives from a Strategic Niche Management framework An MSc. thesis report Submitted By: Svongwa Nemadire Registration Number: 820223–598–090 Date: August 2011 Study: MSc. Environmental Sciences Specialisation: Environmental Policy Course Code: ENP-80436 Supervisor: Dr. ir. Bas J.M. van Vliet Chair Group: Environmental Policy (ENP) Hollandseweg 1 6706 KN Wageningen The Netherlands Page | i PREFACE This thesis report is written in partial fulfilment of the requirements of MSc. Environmental Sciences programme at Wageningen UR (University and Research Centre). In 2010, I did an internship with a Dutch regional water authority, which involved the operation and testing of an algae pilot plant for municipal wastewater treatment under Dutch climatic conditions. During the internship, my supervisors constantly told me that for over a decade, the same technology had been tested in South Africa. If implemented in some parts of Africa, the technology would be more appropriate with a potential to make a difference ecologically, socially, economically and in other aspects. But how and when did the technology end up in Africa, is it being accepted, will it play a role? To me, a road had been travelled since the technology came to South Africa. I decided to analyse that journey and hence this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • UNBELIEF AS a THEME in MARK's GOSPEL by SUG-HO LEE Dissertation University of Pretoria Supervisor: Prof. Dr. J. G. Van Der W
    University of Pretoria etd – Lee, S-H (2006) UNBELIEF AS A THEME IN MARK’S GOSPEL by SUG-HO LEE Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Theology University of Pretoria Supervisor: Prof. Dr. J. G. van der Watt March 2006 University of Pretoria etd – Lee, S-H (2006) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people deserve acknowledgement their support of this dissertation. I would first like to express my thanks to J. G. van der Watt, my dissertation supervisor. His guidance and encouragement were unflagging throughout the dissertation process. And his insightful suggestions and careful editing were invaluable. I am grateful as well to the Theology faculty of Pretoria University who provided social-scientific perspectives on Mark’s Gospel. I also want to express my thanks to the Theology faculty of Trinity Western University in Canada, who provided insight into intertestamental literature in various ways. A course with P. Flint and M. G. Abegg helped me to understand more clearly the function of the language ‘hardness of heart’ in Second Temple Judaism. C. A. Evans provided sources of rabbinic literature which was very useful in understanding the functions of Jesus’ rhetorical questions. I owe a great debt to L. Perkins who challenged to my narrative perspective on Mark’s Gospel. Most recently, D. Evans has invested time in many conversations with me that have shaped my understanding of Mark for the better. I am grateful to the brothers and sisters in Torah community who have encouraged me and prayed for my work.
    [Show full text]